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1、Assessing the Needs,Gaps,and Opportunities for Occupational Diving in AquacultureSTANDARDS RESEARCHMarch 2024ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE2csagroup.orgAuthorAnya Keefe,M.Sc.,Anya Keefe ConsultingResearch Advisory PanelDavid Parkes,Dive Certificatio

2、n Board of CanadaJonathan Chapple,Five Bells ConsultingLuke Aymar,Cooke AquacultureWarren Fulton,WorkSafeBCFiona Manning,CSA GroupCandace Sellar,CSA GroupRon Meyers,CSA Group(Project Manager)AcknowledgementsThe author thanks everyone who shared their time and expertise as key informants on this proj

3、ect.The author also wishes to thank Andrew Lichty,Erin Hare,Mahdieh Bazyari,and Tracy Hu for their assistance with the regulatory scan.Image credit for photographs used on pages 13,18,23 and 25:Camcor Diving ServicesDisclaimerThis work has been produced by the author and is owned by the Canadian Sta

4、ndards Association.It is designed to provide general information in regard to the subject matter covered.The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and interviewees.The author and Canadian Standards Association are not responsible for any loss or damage which might occur as a re

5、sult of your reliance or use of the content in this publication.ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE3csagroup.orgTable of ContentsExecutive Summary 51 Introduction 62 Purpose and Methods 62.1 Purpose 62.2 Methods 72.2.1 Review of the Scientific and Grey L

6、iterature 72.2.2 Environmental Scan of Relevant Regulations and Standards 72.2.3 Key Informant Interviews 82.2.4 Evaluation of CSA Z275.2 and CSA Z275.4 83 Aquaculture 83.1 Aquaculture Production:Globally and in Canada 93.1.1 Global Aquaculture 93.1.2 Aquaculture in Canada 103.2 Occupational Health

7、and Safety in Aquaculture 114 Occupational Diving 124.1 Occupational Diving Techniques 124.2 Hazards of Occupational Diving 124.2.1 Diving-Related Hazards and Risks 124.2.2 Diving-Related Risks of Injury and Mortality in Aquaculture 135 Relevant Occupational Diving Standards in Canada 136 Regulation

8、 of Aquaculture and Occupational Diving in Canada 156.1 Regulation of Aquaculture in Canada 166.2 Regulation of Occupational Diving in Canada 166.2.1 Terms Defined in the Occupational Diving Regulations 176.2.2 Scope and Application of the Occupational Diving Regulations 196.2.3 Types of Occupationa

9、l Diving Regulated 19ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE4csagroup.org6.2.4 Prohibitions on SCUBA Diving 206.2.5 Maximum Permitted Depths for SCUBA Diving 216.2.6 Minimum Equipment Requirements for SCUBA and Surface-Supplied Diving 216.2.7 CSA Diving Stan

10、dards Referenced in Regulation 217 Aquaculture-Specific Guidelines and Codes of Practice 227.1 Prince Edward Island Code of Practice 227.2 International Standards and Codes of Practice 227.2.1 United Kingdom 227.2.2 Australia 237.2.3 New Zealand 237.3 How Aquaculture-Specific Guidelines and Codes of

11、 Practice Compare 248 Key Gaps,Challenges,and Opportunities 258.1 Key Gaps and Challenges 258.1.1 Underestimation of Work-Related Injury,Illness,and Mortality 258.1.2 Lack of Consistency in the Occupational Diving Regulations 268.1.3 Absence of Canadian Aquaculture-Specific Guidelines or Codes of Pr

12、actice 268.2 Opportunities for Standardization 278.2.1 A Standalone Standard for Diving in Aquaculture and Seafood Harvesting 278.2.2 Amendment of CSA Z275.2 278.2.3 An Informative Annex for Aquaculture 289 Conclusions 28References 30Appendix A Cross-Jurisdictional Comparison of Relevant Regulations

13、 37A.1 How Key Terms are Defined in Statute or Regulation 37A.2 Cross-Canada Comparison of Relevant Occupational Diving Regulations 47A.3 Cross-Jurisdictional Comparisons of Key Criteria in Aquaculture-Specific Codes of Practice 52ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN

14、 AQUACULTURE5csagroup.orgExecutive SummaryThe rapid growth of aquaculture in Canada and around the world,coupled with the decline in offshore oil and gas-related occupational diving,has resulted in many divers migrating to the aquaculture and seafood harvesting industry.With this influx of workers,t

15、here is a need to understand whether Canadas current occupational diving regulatory framework and voluntary occupational diving standards are meeting the needs of the sector.The research conducted for this report evaluated which diving methods are appropriate for aquaculture,which tools and technolo

16、gies are acceptable,and which skills and competencies occupational divers must possess to perform aquaculture and seafood harvesting jobs safely.This report synthesizes the findings from a review of the scientific and grey literature,an environmental scan of regulations and standards pertaining to o

17、ccupational diving in general and to diving in aquaculture and seafood harvesting specifically,and key informant interviews.Key findings include:Although aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in Canada and around the world,it is understudied when it comes to occupational health and sa

18、fety.Research conducted in Canada,Australia,and the European Union over the past two decades shows that,relative to other industries,aquaculture has high rates of lost time injuries and illnesses and a high incidence of fatalities.Divers in aquaculture experience higher risks of injury and mortality

19、 compared to divers in other industries.Furthermore,because the injury,fatality,and illness rates reported in the literature are based on workers compensation statistics,they likely under-represent actual injury and fatality rates in aquaculture.Despite the presence of a relatively robust regulatory

20、 framework,there are several gaps and inconsistencies in how occupational diving is regulated in Canada.Examples include a lack of alignment in some jurisdictions regulations and two of the standards in CSA Groups suite of occupational diving standards,and a lack of aquaculture-specific guidelines o

21、r codes of practice to assist with interpretation of and compliance with the regulations.Key informants indicated there was value in a standardization solution for aquaculture and seafood harvesting,which would allow for harmonization of occupational diving requirements across the country,as well as

22、 the creation of industry-and task-specific guidance.Two principal options emerged:(a)development of a new standalone standard for diving in aquaculture or(b)amendment of CSA Z275.2,Occupational safety code for diving operations.The preferred option is to amend CSA Z275.2 by creating a new section o

23、n aquaculture and seafood harvesting,which would address the key issues and gaps identified in this report and ensure that CSA Z275.2 reflects the needs of the aquaculture and seafood harvesting industry.In addition to amending CSA Z275.2,key informants indicated there was value in CSA Group develop

24、ing an informative annex with guidelines for aquaculture diving that include preferred or recommended methods aquaculture employers can use to comply with the diving regulations,and that provide guidance to help interpret and achieve compliance with the regulations.ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPOR

25、TUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE6csagroup.org“There is a need to understand which diving methods are appropriate,which tools and technologies are acceptable,and which skills and competencies occupational divers must possess to perform aquaculture and seafood harvesting jobs safely.”1

26、IntroductionOccupational diving standards in Canada fall under the mandate of the CSA Z275 Occupational Diving Technical Committee.CSA Group is looking to strengthen key occupational diving standards that are referenced in occupational health and safety(OHS)regulations across Canada to ensure the st

27、andards continue to be evidence-informed,include leading practices for occupational diving both in Canada and internationally,and are reflective of the needs of growing sectors,such as aquaculture and seafood harvesting.The diving needs and requirements for occupational divers in the aquaculture and

28、 seafood harvesting industry are not well understood and may not be sufficiently addressed in the current suite of the CSA Group occupational diving standards.With the decline in offshore oil and gas-related occupational diving,many divers are migrating to the aquaculture and seafood harvesting indu

29、stry.There is a need to understand which diving methods are appropriate,which tools and technologies are acceptable,and which skills and competencies occupational divers must possess to perform aquaculture and seafood harvesting jobs safely.2 Purpose and Methods2.1 PurposeThis research was conducted

30、 to better understand the needs,gaps,and opportunities for occupational diving in the aquaculture and seafood harvesting industry.The specific objectives were to:Explore the academic literature on occupational diving practices for aquaculture and seafood harvesting;Examine if and how other jurisdict

31、ions are addressing the needs of this sector,including key issues such as supplied air diving versus SCUBA diving,the depths to which these approaches can be used,hoisting and brailing,and the use of specific tools by occupational divers;Identify where the gaps and challenges are in occupational div

32、ing as it pertains to the aquaculture and seafood harvesting sector through targeted key informant interviews;Evaluate CSA Z275.2:20,Occupational safety code for diving operations and CSA Z275.4:22,Competency standard for diving,hyperbaric chamber,and remotely operated vehicle operations,based on th

33、e outcome of the literature review,environmental scan,and key informant interviews;andASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE7csagroup.org Provide recommendations on how future updates to CSA Z275.2 and CSA Z275.4 can address and reflect the needs of occupat

34、ional divers in the aquaculture and seafood harvesting sectors.2.2 MethodsThe following activities were undertaken to achieve the projects objectives:a review of the scientific and grey literature;an environmental scan of occupational diving and aquaculture regulations in Canada and select internati

35、onal jurisdictions;key informant interviews;and an evaluation of CSA Group occupational diving standards(CSA Z275.2 and CSA Z275.4).2.2.1 Review of the Scientific and Grey LiteratureAn iterative strategy was developed to search three bibliographic databases1 of scientific(i.e.,peer-reviewed)and grey

36、 literature.Initial search terms included“aquaculture”,“occupational health”,and“occupational safety”.The initial searches yielded 128 potential articles.The searches were then rerun with“aquaculture”in combination with additional terms such as“occupational diving”,“commercial diving”,“professional

37、diving”,“hazards”,“risk factors”,“safety”,“injuries”,“fatalities”,“decompression sickness”,“entrapment”,“entanglement”,“best practices”,“fish farm”,“shellfish”,and“finfish”.These supplemental searches yielded an additional 23 potential articles.The titles and abstracts of the 151 identified articles

38、 were then screened for relevance to the project.No restriction on publication date was imposed,and only papers published in English were included.Articles were restricted to those that focused on aquaculture and seafood harvesting in North America,the European Union,Australia,and New Zealand.Studie

39、s that focused on occupational hazards or accidents on board commercial fishing vessels(such as falls overboard)or occupational risks for commercial fishers were excluded.Based on these criteria,103 articles were excluded,leaving 48 articles for full text review.1 MEDLINE(Ovid),PubMed,and Google Sch

40、olar.2.2.2 Environmental Scan of Relevant Regulations and StandardsThe environmental scan identified policy instruments that govern both aquaculture and occupational diving.The scope of the scan was delineated by the following terms:“aquaculture”,“occupational diving”,“commercial diving”,and“underwa

41、ter operations”.Within each jurisdiction scanned,the search started with the official website of the organization with responsibility for aquaculture,occupational diving,or OHS(i.e.,the“regulator”).Relevant documents and webpages were downloaded or bookmarked using the hyperlinks and search engines

42、located within the regulators official website.All applicable statutes in Canada(as well as any related regulations,standards,and codes of practice)were examined to identify any reference to occupational diving.Where a policy instrument seemed relevant to the project,the wording of the applicable se

43、ction was extracted verbatim and recorded.A series of tables were developed to summarize the applicable regulatory requirements,examine similarities and differences between jurisdictions,and identify any gaps in the regulatory approaches adopted and implemented.A subset of these tables is included i

44、n Appendix A.The scan focused on seven Canadian provinces(British Columbia,Ontario,Quebec,New Brunswick,Newfoundland and Labrador,Nova Scotia,and Prince Edward Island)and the federal jurisdiction.These provinces were selected due to their prominence in production volume and species farmed.Although C

45、anadian jurisdictions were the primary focus,the scan also included the European Union(Norway),the United Kingdom,Australia,and New Zealand.These jurisdictions were chosen because they have a similar aquaculture industry to Canadas(i.e.,Norway),they have a similar OHS framework to Canadas(i.e.,Austr

46、alia,New Zealand),or they have aquaculture-specific codes of practice to supplement their occupational diving regulations(the United Kingdom,Australia,and New Zealand).ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE8csagroup.org2.2.3 Key Informant InterviewsTo enric

47、h our understanding of the central issues pertaining to occupational diving in aquaculture and seafood harvesting,key informant interviews were conducted with representatives from the East and West coasts of Canada,as well as other prominent individuals identified in the literature review or environ

48、mental scan.Potential key informants were invited via email to participate,and those who agreed were contacted to arrange an interview via Zoom.Prior to the interviews,key informants were provided with a high level overview of the projects objectives and were advised that the interview would focus o

49、n three questions:1.What are the primary issues with diving in the aquaculture and seafood harvesting sector?2.What are the key gaps and challenges?3.Might these gaps and challenges be addressed by a standardization solution?Eight individuals from across Canada were interviewed.All had an understand

50、ing of the hazards of occupational diving and/or the aquaculture and seafood harvesting sector.Key informants represented provincial OHS regulators,the aquaculture and seafood harvesting sector,academia,and occupational diving organizations.Each interview lasted between 45 and 60 minutes,was transcr

51、ibed in real-time using Otter transcription software,and analyzed for common themes using Quirkos qualitative analysis software.Before each interview began,consent was obtained from each participant to participate in the interview and for the interview to be recorded for transcription and data analy

52、sis purposes.2.2.4 Evaluation of CSA Z275.2 and CSA Z275.4The following two standards were evaluated at a high level:CSA Z275.2:20,Occupational safety code for diving operations2 All fish except crustaceans,sea urchins,and other echinoderms,molluscs,shellfish,and marine mammals(e.g.,seals,whales,etc

53、.).CSA Z275.4:22,Competency standard for diving,hyperbaric chamber,and remotely operated vehicle operationsKey issues that emerged from the literature review,the environmental scan,and the key informant interviews were mapped onto relevant sections of each standard to identify areas where gaps exist

54、ed and where there might be opportunities for improvement.3 AquacultureAquaculture is defined as the farming or cultivation of aquatic organisms,such as finfish2,molluscs,crustaceans,other aquatic animals,and aquatic plants in controlled marine or freshwater aquatic environments 1-3.Aquaculture busi

55、nesses breed,rear,and harvest aquatic plants and animals in the ocean,as well as in ponds,rivers,lakes,and“closed”land-based systems 2,3.Marine aquaculture refers to the farming of oceanic species,such as salmon,oysters,and clams,whereas freshwater aquaculture refers to the farming of freshwater spe

56、cies,such as trout 2.As depicted in Figure 1,there are four main types of aquaculture operations 4:1.Inland freshwater net pens and land-based systems;2.Bottom culture shellfish operations in intertidal zones;3.Bottom culture shellfish grow-out areas in subtidal zones;and 4.Long-lines,net pens,and r

57、estocking operations in open water.Although its primary purpose is the cultivation and preparation of aquatic species for human consumption,aquaculture is also used to rebuild populations of endangered and threatened species,restore aquatic habitats,enhance wild stocks of freshwater and marine speci

58、es,produce baitfish,and breed fish for zoos and aquariums 2,3.ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE9csagroup.orgFigure 1:Types of Aquaculture OperationsNote.Reproduced from 4.Freshwaternet penLand-based systemsBottom culture/enhancement-IntertidalLong-line

59、/RaftNet penCultured-basedfisheriesHigh water markLow water markBottom culture/enhancement-Subtidal3.1 Aquaculture Production:Globally and in Canada3.1.1 Global AquacultureAquaculture is one of the fastest growing forms of food production in the world.Since 1950,global aquaculture production has gro

60、wn significantly.3 As shown in Figure 2,it has been the main driver of growth in total fisheries production(includes both capture fisheries4 and aquaculture)for the last four decades 5.Between 1990 and 2020,global aquaculture of aquatic animals 3 In 1950,aquaculture accounted for 4%of total fisherie

61、s production;in 2020,it accounted for 49%.4 Capture fisheries are defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)as the harvesting(i.e.,fishing and catching)of wild fish and seafish via technologies,vessels,and equipment that range from artisanal to highly industrial.5 Ex

62、cludes cultivation and harvesting of algae.Total production,including algae and aquatic animals,in 2020 was 122.6 million tonnes,an increase of approximately 609%over total production in 1990.grew from 13.1 million tonnes of output to 87.5 million tonnes,5 an overall increase of approximately 568%5.

63、During this period,the average annual growth rate was 6.5%for aquatic animal production,7.3%for algae,and 6.7%for all aquaculture production(i.e.,including algae and aquatic animals)5.The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)projects that global aquaculture will continue to gr

64、ow over the coming decade,reaching an estimated 100 million tonnes of output by 2027 and 106 million tonnes by 2030 5.ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE10csagroup.orgFigure 2:Trend in Global Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture Production,19502020Note.Incl

65、udes algae;excludes aquatic mammals,crocodiles,alligators,and caimans.Reproduced from 5.2502001501005001950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020Aquaculture production Capture fisheries production TotalMillion TonnesFinfish farming accounts for the largest share of gl

66、obal production of aquatic animals.In 2020,the total global output from finfish farming was 57.5 million tonnes(or 66%of total aquatic animal production).Of this,49.1 million tonnes was produced through inland aquaculture and 8.3 million tonnes was produced through aquaculture in the ocean and on th

67、e shore 5.In 2020,global production of molluscs and crustaceans was 17.7 million tonnes and 11.2 million tonnes,respectively 5.3.1.2 Aquaculture in CanadaAquaculture is also a growing industry in Canada.In 2021,the total aquaculture production volume was 191,249 tonnes,an increase of approximately 2

68、86%over the 49,594 tonnes produced in 1991 6,7.Farming and fish processing activities in aquaculture provided 21,300 full-time jobs in 2019,driving the economy in many coastal,rural,and Aboriginal communities 8-10.As shown in Table 1,aquaculture occurs in all ten Canadian provinces and in the Yukon.

69、British Columbia is the largest contributor to the industry in Canada,6 The total volume of finfish was 148,710 tonnes and the value was approximately$1.222 billion.followed by New Brunswick,Prince Edward Island,and Newfoundland and Labrador 6.Finfish represents the largest share of aquaculture in C

70、anada,accounting for 78%of the total volume produced in 2021 and 91%of the total value generated6 6,7.Of the 27 finfish species cultivated,salmon dominated in both volume and value 4,6-8.According to Statistics Canada,120,186 tonnes of salmon were produced in 2021(81%of all finfish production)at a v

71、alue of approximately$1 billion(82%of all finfish value)7.Of the 20 species of shellfish cultivated on the East and West coasts,mussels and oysters were the most significant,with 22,567 tonnes and 17,344 tonnes produced in 2021,respectively 4,7,8.The total value of shellfish cultivated in Canada in

72、2021 was$122.3 million 7.Fisheries and Oceans Canada projects a continued,but moderate,growth in the Canadian aquaculture sector into 2027 11.This will be mainly driven by a growth in cultivation of salmonid species in response to a projected increase of 40%(approximately 2 million tonnes)in world s

73、almon consumption by 2027.ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE11csagroup.orgTable 1:Aquaculture in Canada by Species Category and ProvinceProvince or TerritoryPercentage of Total in 2021Species CategoryVolume(tonnes)Value($)FinfishShellfishPlantBritish Co

74、lumbia5055XXXAlberta1XSaskatchewan1XManitoba1XOntario33XQuebec11XXNewfoundland and Labrador1011XXNova Scotia66XXNew Brunswick1619XXXPrince Edward Island134XXYukon1XData sources:https:/www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/stats/aqua/aqua21-eng.htm and Canadian Aquaculture Industry Alliance 8.1 Data were suppressed to m

75、eet confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act(Alberta,Saskatchewan,Manitoba)or was not listed(Yukon).3.2 Occupational Health and Safety in AquacultureWorkers in aquaculture are exposed to a wide range of hazards,including safety(e.g.,diving,underwater entrapment),physical(e.g.,cold temperat

76、ures),chemical(e.g.,antibiotics),biological(e.g.,fish feed,microbes,dead fish),ergonomic(e.g.,repetitive motion),and psychosocial(e.g.,shift work,remote locations,large fish kills)12-18.The extent to which workers are exposed to these hazards depends on a number of factors,including type of operatio

77、n(e.g.,marine vs.freshwater,land-or water-based),volume of production,and specific species farmed or cultured(e.g.,finfish vs.shellfish vs.aquatic plants)12,19.Although OHS in aquaculture is understudied compared to other industries,it has been attracting increasing attention since the 1990s from re

78、searchers in Australia,Norway,Finland,the United States,and Canada 12-17,19-43.Studies have shown that aquaculture has high rates of lost time injuries and 7 Newfoundland and Labrador,New Brunswick,Nova Scotia,and Prince Edward Island.8 Includes claims for both lost time injuries and injuries with n

79、o lost time.9 Norway,Finland,Australia,and the United States.illnesses and a high incidence of fatalities relative to other industries 14,18,21,27,31,36,38-45.The most commonly reported injuries and illnesses in the literature include:musculoskeletal injuries,asthma and other respiratory symptoms,sk

80、in infections and dermatitis,falls,cuts and punctures,entanglement,and decompression sickness 12,14,18,38,42,44.Some research has been conducted on the risk of injuries,illnesses,and fatalities in the Canadian aquaculture industry.An analysis of workers compensation claims data in four Atlantic prov

81、inces7 found lost time injury rates that ranged from 1.76 per 100 workers(Prince Edward Island)to 4.3 per 100 workers(Nova Scotia),and total8 injury rates that ranged from 4.3 per 100 workers(Newfoundland and Labrador)to 11.9 per 100 workers(Nova Scotia)21.The authors noted that although injury rate

82、s among aquaculture workers fluctuated over the study period(1996 to 2016),they exceeded average provincial rates and were higher than rates in other countries,9 where aquaculture is ranked amongst the most hazardous ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE12

83、csagroup.orgindustries 21,43.A similar pattern was seen in British Columbia 43.A 2017 investigation by The Globe and Mail reported that for the period 2011 to 2015,the occupation of“aquaculture and marine harvest labourers”had the sixth highest average traumatic injury fatality rate in Canada at 43.

84、5 per 100,000 46-48.4 Occupational DivingOccupational diving10 is underwater diving that is carried out in the course of employment 49,50.Occupational divers are employed in a spectrum of industries(e.g.,offshore oil and gas,underwater construction and repair,aquaculture,military,and scientific rese

85、arch)and perform a range of tasks that include inspecting,constructing,installing,maintaining,repairing,and removing underwater structures(e.g.,bridges,platforms,vessel hulls,water lines,etc.);installing,maintaining,and repairing sewage lines;fabricating equipment;surveying;welding and cutting;drill

86、ing and blasting;and salvage and recovery of structures that have sunk or fallen into water 49,51-53.The kinds of tasks that occupational divers perform in the aquaculture industry include maintaining nets,lines,pontoons,and jetties;cleaning,untangling,and repairing nets,lines,and pens;feeding fish;

87、and clearing dead fish(i.e.,morts)from pens 19,54.4.1 Occupational Diving TechniquesOccupational divers are trained and certified to dive to a maximum depth that is set out in regulations,standards,or codes of practice.Three principal techniques are used in occupational diving:SCUBA diving,surface-s

88、upplied diving,and closed bell diving 51,55.SCUBA Diving:Divers carry their own cylinders of breathing gas and receive their air supply via a Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus 51,54,55.10 Other terms include professional diving or commercial diving.11 Defined in CSA Z275.2 as“a composite

89、 hose/cable or separate cables,extending from the surface to the diver or to the pressure vessel of occupancy by the diver,that supplies any combination of breathing gas,power,heat,pneumofathometer,communications,and a strength member as required.”12 CSA Z275.2 refers to“closed bell”as a“submersible

90、 compression chamber”(SCC).13 Defined in CSA Z275.2 as“a respirable breathing mixture,other than air,that provides adequate oxygen to support life and is designed to minimize detrimental physiological effects,particularly excessive breathing resistance or impairment of neurological function”.Example

91、s include Nitrox(a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen)and Trimix(a mixture of nitrogen,oxygen,and helium).Surface-Supplied Diving:Divers are connected to the dive location by an umbilical11 and receive their air supply via a Surface-Supplied Breathing Apparatus 51,54-56.Closed Bell Diving:Divers live in

92、 a pressurized environment,are transferred to and from the underwater work site in a hyperbaric chamber12 specifically designed for that purpose,and breathe mixed gas13 51,54-56.The two techniques most relevant to this report are SCUBA and surface-supplied diving.Each has advantages and disadvantage

93、s.The principal advantages of surface-supplied diving are that there is a physical link between the diver and the surface,and the diver has a continuous supply of breathing gas.The lack of a physical link between the diver and the surface and the limited supply of breathing gas are the principal dis

94、advantages of SCUBA diving.The principal disadvantages of surface-supplied diving are that the divers mobility and range is limited by the length of the umbilical cord connecting them to the surface,the umbilical cord can create a hazard in strong currents and situations where entanglement is likely

95、 to occur,and the umbilical cord can potentially become damaged during the diving operation.Conversely,the absence of an umbilical cord is the principal advantage of SCUBA diving(i.e.,the diver has mobility and flexibility to swim in various locations and there are fewer hazards from physical equipm

96、ent attachments).4.2 Hazards of Occupational Diving4.2.1 Diving-Related Hazards and RisksOccupational divers are exposed to a range of hazards,including cold water immersion,hyperbaric conditions,environmental conditions,as well as physical,biological,and chemical hazards associated with the work be

97、ing performed 52,57,58.The physical ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE13csagroup.orgdemands of the job,the type of diving operation,the number of dives,and the nature of the dives performed(i.e.,type of dive,frequency14 and duration of dive)can exacerba

98、te these hazards 52,57.Adverse health effects experienced by occupational divers include gas narcosis,oxygen and carbon dioxide gas toxicities,pain and barotrauma,decompression sickness,and dysbaric osteonecrosis 54,59-61.4.2.2 Diving-Related Risks of Injury and Mortality in Aquaculture Diving is a

99、serious occupational hazard in the aquaculture industry 12-14,18-21,23,26,27,29,31-36,39-43,54,62.The earliest case reports,published in the 1990s and early 2000s,described incidents of decompression illness in divers in the Tasmanian aquaculture industry that appeared to be caused by repeated short

100、 dives 29-31,62,63.In 2016,researchers in Norway reported that in comparison to rescue divers,15 divers in fish farming were three times more likely to(a)experience adverse health outcomes such as decompression sickness,(b)perform physically demanding dives,and(c)often have no day off work after thr

101、ee days of physically demanding diving 35.Divers in fish farming were 8.5 times more likely than other divers to carry on diving after 14 Includes repeated short dives(i.e.,repetitive or bounce/yo-yo diving)and multi-day diving.15 The study compared rescue divers to diving instructors,fish farming d

102、ivers,quay/construction divers,and offshore/oil-related divers.Rescue divers were selected as the reference group because they reported the lowest number of dives.16 Performed as part of a project evaluating the utility of diving computers.a physically demanding dive 35.A study of fatalities in the

103、Norwegian aquaculture industry reported that of the 33 fatalities that occurred between 1982 and 2015,seven occurred on fish farms and of those,four were connected to diving activities 41.Three divers became entangled while collecting dead fish or performing maintenance on the net cage and one got s

104、tuck in the piping at an outlet in a land-based fish farm 41.An analysis of 31 occupational divers treated for decompression sickness at Vancouver General Hospital in British Columbia16 found that of the 19 cases where type of occupational diving was reported,16 were employed in either aquaculture(n

105、=9)or seafood harvesting(n=7)64.5 Relevant Occupational Diving Standards in CanadaThe two occupational diving standards most relevant to this research are CSA Z275.2:20,Occupational safety code for diving operations,and CSA Z275.4:22,Competency standard for diving,hyperbaric chamber,and remotely ope

106、rated vehicle operations.The seventh edition of CSA Z275.2 was published in 2020 and includes 12 sections,12 informative annexes,and criteria written in a manner that allows compliance with the Standard itself and with applicable legislated In comparison to rescue divers,divers in fish farming were

107、three times more likely to(a)experience adverse health outcomes such as decompression sickness,(b)perform physically demanding dives,and(c)often have no day off work after three days of physically demanding diving.”ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE14cs

108、agroup.orgrequirements in Canada 56.The fourth edition of CSA Z275.4 was published in 2022 and includes 33 sections that provide uniform minimum competency requirements for the various levels of occupational SCUBA diving,surface-supplied diving,and deep diving 65.Both CSA Z275.2 and CSA Z275.4 apply

109、 to occupational diving operations“conducted in connection with all types of work and employment”56,65.CSA Z275.2 describes occupational safety requirements(i.e.,equipment requirements and operational procedures)for SCUBA diving,surface-supplied diving,deep diving,one-atmosphere diving,and diving in

110、 contaminated environments 56.CSA Z275.4 describes minimum competency requirements for all levels of personnel17 associated with occupational SCUBA diving,surface-supplied diving,18 and deep diving19 65.Neither CSA Z275.2 nor CSA Z275.4 applies to scientific diving(as defined in Clause 3 of each sta

111、ndard),recreational/sport diving,or recreational/sport dive training;and neither describes work techniques associated with underwater diving operations 56,65.CSA Z275.4 does not include competency requirements for unexploded explosive ordinance diving operations(those are found in CSA Z275.6:16(R202

112、1),Unexploded explosive ordnance(UXO),munitions,and police explosive diving)65.Specific criteria in CSA Z275.2 and CSA Z275.4 relevant to occupational diving in aquaculture include:Working Categories:Clauses 6.2,9.2,10.2,and 29.2 of CSA Z275.4 set out that seafood harvesting and aquaculture are work

113、ing categories for occupational SCUBA divers,restricted surface-supplied divers,unrestricted surface-supplied divers,and nitrox SCUBA divers 65.17 Divers/pilots,tenders,dive supervisors,hyperbaric chamber operators,life support technicians,diving medical technicians,diving safety specialists,diving

114、physicians and hyperbaric physicians,and remote operating vehicle pilots/technicians.18 Covers air(restricted and unrestricted categories),nitrox(restricted and unrestricted categories),and mixed gas.19 Covers bell,saturation,and atmospheric diving system techniques.20 Includes those operating and t

115、hose not currently operable but capable of being operated at any time.21 A process involving the use of high-pressure water streams to remove clogs and clear debris from drainpipes and sewer lines.22 Defined in CSA Z275.2 as“a situation in which a diver is tethered to a vessel under way that is not

116、a DPV.”DPV is the acronym for“dynamic positioned vehicle,”which is defined as“a computer-controlled vessel incorporating a system to automatically maintain a vessels position and heading by using its own propellers and thrusters.”Scope of Working Conditions:Clauses 6.3,9.3,10.3,and 29.3 of CSA Z275.

117、4 describe the scope of environmental working conditions for occupational SCUBA divers,restricted surface-supplied divers,unrestricted surface-supplied divers,and nitrox SCUBA divers 65.Each clause notes that the scope depends on the geographic location of the diving work and lists diving technique-

118、specific examples(e.g.,water currents,visibility,water temperature,ice cover,and marine life hazards)65.Restricted surface-supplied diving is the only technique for which an aquaculture-specific risk is identified.Clause 9.3 states that one of the hazards faced by these divers is entanglement,partic

119、ularly when working around kelp beds and fish nets 65.Prohibitions:Clauses 7.1.3,7.1.4,7.1.6,and 8.1.2 of CSA Z275.2 list the underwater activities from which occupational SCUBA and restricted surface-supplied divers are prohibited 56.Clauses 7.1.3 and 7.1.4 prohibit SCUBA from being used for diving

120、 operations involving underwater intakes/exhausts,20 water control structures,and/or entry into pipes and other penetrations;as well as welding,burning/cutting,high-pressure jetting,21 hoisting,dredging,the use of power tools,planned diving beyond the no-compression limit,diving in a contaminated en

121、vironment,and the use or handling of explosives 56.CSA Z275.2 also provides exceptions to this prohibition for the latter two activities.Clause 7.1.6 prohibits SCUBA in“water with a current of 1 knot or greater,unless the diver is tethered by a lifeline”56.Clause 8.1.2 similarly prohibits restricted

122、 surface-supplied diving on operations involving welding,burning/cutting,high-pressure jetting,explosives,hoisting,dredging,working in a contaminated environment,and liveboating22 56.Because one of the activities in aquaculture ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQ

123、UACULTURE15csagroup.orginvolves the brailing of fish(i.e.,hoisting fish using a brail net),the prohibitions on SCUBA and restricted surface-supplied diving during operations involving hoisting have been flagged by representatives of the aquaculture industry as potential barriers to their adoption of

124、 CSA Z275.2.Maximum Depths:Both CSA Z275.2 and CSA Z275.4 include maximum diving depths for the different categories of divers.Maximum allowable depths are reported in CSA Z275.2 in metres and feet,and in CSA Z275.4 in units of metres of sea water23(msw)and feet of sea water24(fsw).Clause 7.2 of CSA

125、 Z275.2 states that the maximum depth for a SCUBA diver is 30 metres(or 99 feet)56.Clauses 6.1,9.1,10.1,and 29.1 of CSA Z275.4 set out maximum depths for occupational SCUBA divers(30 msw or 99 fsw),restricted surface-supplied divers(30 msw or 99 fsw),unrestricted surface-supplied divers(50 msw or 16

126、5 fsw),and nitrox SCUBA divers(30 msw or 99 fsw)65.The SCUBA restriction applies except when greater depths are permitted by the applicable provincial,territorial,or federal regulator 56,65.Equipment:Clause 7.8.1 of CSA Z275.2 lists the minimum equipment requirements for occupational SCUBA divers,wh

127、ich include:Open-circuit SCUBA,complete with demand regulator and tank with quick-release harness and bailout;A face mask;A suitable,strong and sharp knife;A weight belt with a quick-release closure;A submersible pressure gauge;An exposure suit or protective clothing appropriate for the condition of

128、 work and the temperature of the water;An inflatable buoyancy device;An underwater watch with elapsed time-time indicator;23 Defined as“pressure at an equivalent depth below the surface of sea water,in metres.”24 Defined as“pressure at an equivalent depth below the surface of sea water,in feet.”A su

129、bmersible depth gauge;A device for summoning aid and receiving a recall from the surface while submerged;A rescue beacon or strobe when SCUBA diving operations are to be carried on during the hours of darkness;and A full body harness complete with lifting ring 56.Clause 8.3.1 of CSA Z275.2 states th

130、at surface-supplied divers require the equipment referenced in Clauses 8 and 6,but does not include a discrete list of required items 56.Equipment covered in Clause 8 includes air lines,bailout system,non-return valves,full-body harness,umbilicals,two-way voice communication,and a secondary means of

131、 communication.Equipment covered in Clause 6 includes gauges and metering equipment,compressed breathing air system,oxygen installations,compressed breathing air pipelines,lifeline systems,communications,a strong sharp knife,and a full-body harness with lifting ring 56.6 Regulation of Aquaculture an

132、d Occupational Diving in CanadaThe legal framework for aquaculture includes legislative instruments that address specific aquaculture activities(e.g.,licences,leases,etc.),as well as the broader context in which aquaculture takes place.In Canada,aquaculture is governed by multiple regulatory framewo

133、rks that operate at the federal,provincial and territorial,and local levels.These include fisheries,environment,food safety,maritime safety,and OHS 13,66.Similar fragmentation is seen in other jurisdictions,with multiple government agencies having responsibility and oversight for different aspects o

134、f the industry 12,16,22,23,25,38.For example,in Norway,the aquaculture industry is subject to 12 different safety-related regulations enforced by five different regulatory authorities 22,23,25.ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE16csagroup.org6.1 Regulati

135、on of Aquaculture in CanadaIn Canada,responsibility for management of the aquaculture industry falls under federal,provincial and territorial,or shared jurisdiction 67,68.The federal government has jurisdiction over day-to-day operations and oversight in British Columbia and Prince Edward Island,and

136、 food safety in all provinces and territories 68.Provincial and territorial governments have jurisdiction over site approval in all provinces and territories except British Columbia and Prince Edward Island,land/seabed management in all provinces except Prince Edward Island,and day-to-day operations

137、 and oversight in all provinces except British Columbia and Prince Edward Island 68.The federal and provincial/territorial governments share jurisdiction over site approval in British Columbia and Prince Edward Island,land/seabed management in Prince Edward Island,introductions and transfers of live

138、 eggs and fish in all provinces and territories,and drugs and pesticide approval in all provinces and territories 68.Federally,aquaculture is governed by six regulations25 under the Fisheries Act 69.Fisheries and Oceans Canada is undertaking a phased consolidation of all its aquaculture-specific reg

139、ulatory provisions into one comprehensive regulation,which will be called the General Aquaculture Regulations 70.At the provincial and territorial level,aquaculture is governed by a range of statutes and regulations administered by ministries of fisheries,agriculture,forestry,natural resources,and t

140、he environment 69.Across Canada,the definition of aquaculture varies by jurisdiction 71-79.For example,aquaculture is defined in the federal Aquaculture Activities Regulations and the Pacific Aquaculture Regulations as“the cultivation of fish”76,77.In New Brunswick,it is defined as“the farming of aq

141、uatic organisms for commercial or scientific purposes”74.In Newfoundland and Labrador,it is defined as“the farming of fish,molluscs,crustaceans,aquatic plants and other cultured aquatic organisms with an intervention in the rearing process to enhance 25 Aquaculture Activities Regulations(SOR/2015-17

142、7),Fishery(General)Regulations(SOR/93-53),Marine Mammal Regulations(SOR/93-56),Pacific Aquaculture Regulations(SOR/2010-270),Pacific Fishery Regulations(SOR/93-54),and Management of Contaminated Fisheries Regulations(SOR/90-351).26 The Occupational Health and Safety Act or the Workers Compensation A

143、ct.27 A performance-based regulation is goal-oriented.It establishes the end point and allows the employer to identify the most suitable means of achieving it.28 A prescriptive regulation specifies the end point and the means to achieve it.production by activities such as stocking,feeding,harvesting

144、 and protection from predation,and includes fallowing and the placement,removal and cleaning of aquaculture gear”75.See Table A-1 in Appendix A.1 for a cross-jurisdictional comparison of how the term“aquaculture”is defined.6.2 Regulation of Occupational Diving in CanadaOccupational diving in Canada

145、is regulated under OHS and offshore oil and gas legislative frameworks.The OHS framework is the most relevant to this report.In Canada,OHS falls under federal,provincial,or territorial authority,and responsibility for prevention and enforcement is either held by a government ministry or department(t

146、ypically the Ministry of Labour)or by the agency responsible for the delivery of the workers compensation system 80.OHS provisions are found in statutes26 and subordinate regulations,and are intended to establish a minimum level of protection for all workers or for those in specific industries.Typic

147、ally,the OHS legislative and regulatory framework incorporates general duty clauses,as well as hazard-specific requirements,and sets out the parameters for enforcement and compliance(which may be mandatory or voluntary,performance-based27 or prescriptive,28 depending on the hazard).All eight of the

148、Canadian jurisdictions scanned for this project have occupational diving regulations pursuant to their respective Occupational Health and Safety Act(see Table 2).The OHS regulations in six of the jurisdictions include a specific section that applies to occupational diving.Of these,four(British Colum

149、bia,Quebec,New Brunswick,and the federal government)set out comprehensive requirements for occupational diving,and two(Prince Edward Island,Newfoundland and Labrador)set out that CSA Z275.2 applies to underwater diving operations 81-86.The remaining two jurisdictions(Ontario and Nova Scotia)have ena

150、cted standalone occupational diving regulations 87,88.ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE17csagroup.orgTable 2:Occupational Diving Regulations Pursuant to Occupational Health and Safety Acts BCONQCNLNSNBPECAOHS regulations contain section that sets out c

151、omprehensive diving requirementsXXXXOHS regulations contain section that incorporate CSA diving standards by referenceXXStandalone diving regulationsXXTermsBCONQCNLNSNBPECAatmospheric diving systemXXXXXbail-out systemXXXXXbottom timeXXXXXXXcontaminated environmentXXXXXdecompression schedule or table

152、(s)XXXXXdeep divingXXXXXXdiverXXXXXXdivers tender XXXXXXdiving supervisor XXXXXhyperbaric chamber XXXXXXXliveboating XXXXXXmixed gasXXXXXno decompression limit XXXXXsaturation divingXXXXXSCUBA XXXXXXstage XXXXXXXstandby diver XXXXXsubmersible compression chamber(SCC)XXXXXXXtherapeutic recompression

153、XXXXXTable 3:Occupational Diving-Related Terms Defined by Five or more Jurisdictions Indicates provinces that have incorporated by reference CSA Z275.2 in their regulations.6.2.1 Terms Defined in the Occupational Diving RegulationsAcross the eight jurisdictions scanned,a total of 186 occupational di

154、ving-related terms are defined in the various regulations(see Table A-2 in Appendix A.1).Of these,104 are terms defined in CSA Z275.2 and CSA Z275.4,and they are included in Table A-2 because two jurisdictions(Newfoundland and Labrador,Prince Edward Island)have incorporated by reference CSA Z275.2 i

155、nstead of developing their own requirements for occupational diving.Some terms are defined by only one jurisdiction(e.g.,area of influence,defined in Quebecs regulations),whereas others are defined by up to seven jurisdictions(e.g.,bottom time,defined in all except the federal government).As shown i

156、n Table 3,only 19 terms are defined by five or more jurisdictions.A comparative review of the definitions across the eight jurisdictions identified inconsistencies in some of the terms that are used and how they are defined,including the following:ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUP

157、ATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE18csagroup.org Bottom Time:The regulations in five of the eight jurisdictions(British Columbia,Ontario,Quebec,Nova Scotia,New Brunswick)include a definition of bottom time.Two jurisdictions(Newfoundland and Labrador,Prince Edward Island)have adopted the definition found

158、in CSA Z275.2.The federal regulations do not define bottom time.Across the seven jurisdictions with a definition,the language used to define the term is relatively consistent.(See Table A-3,Appendix A.1.)Contaminated Environment:The regulations in three of the eight jurisdictions(British Columbia,Qu

159、ebec,the federal government)include a definition of contaminated environment.Two jurisdictions(Newfoundland and Labrador,Prince Edward Island)have adopted the definition found in CSA Z275.2.The regulations in Ontario,Nova Scotia,and New Brunswick do not define contaminated environment.Three jurisdic

160、tions(British Columbia,Newfoundland and Labrador,Prince Edward Island)define contaminated environment in the context of endangering the health and safety of a worker;Quebec defines it in the context of a contaminated liquid environment;and the federal government defines it in the context of chemical

161、 or biological effluent(point of discharge or site of accumulation),an oil spill site,or a radioactive spill site.(See Table A-4,Appendix A.1.)Decompression Sickness:Three different terms are used to refer to the physiological effects that occur during decompression that is too rapid:decompression a

162、ccident(Quebec),decompression illness(British Columbia),and decompression sickness(Newfoundland and Labrador,Prince Edward Island,New Brunswick).Although all refer to the formation of gas bubbles due to pressure reduction,the language used to define the term varies across jurisdictions.British Colum

163、bia and New Brunswick refer to the physiological effects as a“dysfunction”and an“illness”,respectively,whereas CSA Z275.2(incorporated by reference in Newfoundland and Labrador and Prince Edward Island)refers to the effects as a“disease”.(See Table A-5,Appendix A.1.)Diver:The regulations in four jur

164、isdictions(Ontario,Nova Scotia,New Brunswick,the federal government)include a definition of diver.Two jurisdictions(Newfoundland and Labrador,Prince Edward Island)have adopted the definition found in CSA Z275.2.Two jurisdictions(British Columbia,Quebec)do not define diver.There is no consistency in

165、how the term is defined.Four jurisdictions(Newfoundland and Labrador,Prince Edward Island,New Brunswick,the federal government)define a diver as a“person who performs work under water”.Three jurisdictions(Newfoundland and Labrador,Prince Edward Island,the federal government)require that the person b

166、e“competent”or“qualified”,and three(Newfoundland and Labrador,Prince Edward Island,New Brunswick)require that the person be paid.Ontario and Nova Scotia are the sole jurisdictions that incorporate a requirement that the work be performed at an atmospheric pressure greater than surface air pressure.(

167、See Table A-6,Appendix A.1.)“Three different terms are used to refer to the physiological effects that occur during decompression that is too rapid:decompression accident(Quebec),decompression illness(British Columbia),and decompression sickness(Newfoundland and Labrador,Prince Edward Island,New Bru

168、nswick).”ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE19csagroup.org SCUBA:The regulations in four jurisdictions(British Columbia,Ontario,Nova Scotia,New Brunswick)include a definition of SCUBA.Two jurisdictions(Newfoundland and Labrador,Prince Edward Island)have

169、adopted the definition found in CSA Z275.2.Three(British Columbia,Ontario,Nova Scotia)define it as a“self-contained underwater breathing apparatus”;the remaining three clarify that the breathing apparatus is open-circuit compressed air.Two jurisdictions(Quebec,the federal government)do not define SC

170、UBA,although Quebec does define“SCUBA diving”to mean“any diving carried out with an open-circuit underwater breathing apparatus attached only to at least one cylinder containing a breathing mixture worn by a diver”.Quebecs regulations also include a definition of“free-swimming SCUBA diving”.(See Tab

171、le A-7,Appendix A.1.)Surface-Supplied Diving:The term used for this type of diving varies across the eight jurisdictions.One jurisdiction(Nova Scotia)refers to it as“surface-supplied dive”,one(the federal government)refers to it as“surface supply dive”,three(British Columbia,Quebec,and New Brunswick

172、)refer to it as“surface supply diving”,and three(Ontario,Newfoundland and Labrador,Prince Edward Island)refer to it as“surface-supplied diving”.The language used to define each term and describe the diving technique varies across the jurisdictions.(See Table A-8,Appendix A.1.)Umbilical:Two terms wit

173、h essentially the same meaning are used across seven of the eight jurisdictions:“umbilical”and“umbilical bundle”.The regulations in two jurisdictions(Quebec,New Brunswick)include a definition of umbilical;the regulations in three jurisdictions(British Columbia,Ontario,Nova Scotia)include a definitio

174、n of umbilical bundle.Two jurisdictions(Newfoundland and Labrador,Prince Edward Island)have adopted the definition of umbilical found in CSA Z275.2.The federal regulations do not define umbilical,although they use the term in their definition of surface supply dive.(See Table A-9,Appendix A.1.)6.2.2

175、 Scope and Application of the Occupational Diving Regulations The regulators in each of the eight Canadian jurisdictions scanned for this report have general duty clauses in their governing statutes or subordinate regulations that require employers to provide workers with a safe work environment tha

176、t is free of recognized hazards.Each jurisdiction also sets out additional parameters to clarify the scope and application of the occupational diving regulations.However,there are some significant differences in what the regulations apply to and what is excluded(see Table A-10,Appendix A.2).For exam

177、ple,Part 24 of British Columbias Occupational Health and Safety Regulation sets out that the occupational diving requirements apply to“all persons involved in any occupational diving operation”81,whereas Section 2 of Ontarios Diving Operations Regulation sets out that the regulations apply in relati

178、on to“any diving operation”and“any function in support of a diving operation”87.Section 2 of Ontarios regulation further clarifies that the regulations do not apply to“any diving operation in which the only underwater breathing equipment used is snorkelling equipment”,as well as recreational diving,

179、recreational dive training,emergency response diving,or any function in support of these types of dives 87.Nova Scotias Occupational Diving Regulations similarly exclude dives“using only a snorkel”as well as scientific dives 88.Quebecs Regulation respecting occupational health and safety excludes th

180、e“teaching and practice of recreational diving”and police diving 82.Finally,the Canada Occupational Health and Safety Regulations exclude diving operations to which the oil and gas diving and offshore area petroleum diving regulations apply 84.6.2.3 Types of Occupational Diving RegulatedThe types of

181、 occupational diving that are regulated in each of the jurisdictions scanned for this report are shown in Table 4.Criteria for SCUBA and surface-supplied diving appear in the regulations of all eight jurisdictions,and all but the federal government provide criteria for deep diving.British Columbia i

182、s the sole jurisdiction with requirements for altitude diving.Of the types of diving regulated in Canada,only SCUBA and surface-supplied diving are used in the aquaculture industry.ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE20csagroup.orgTable 4:Diving Technique

183、s Covered under Canadian Occupational Health and Safety Regulations Diving TechniqueBCONQCNLNSNBPECASCUBA divingXXXXXXXXSurface supply/surface-supplied divingXXXXXXXXDeep divingXXXXXXXOne-atmosphere divingXXXXXXXDiving in contaminated environmentsXXXXXXAltitude divingX Indicates provinces that have

184、incorporated by reference CSA Z275.2 in their regulations.6.2.4 Prohibitions on SCUBA DivingThe regulations in all of the jurisdictions scanned,except the federal government,prohibit the use of SCUBA for a combined total of 23 underwater activities performed during diving operations(see Table A-11,A

185、ppendix A.2).Fourteen of these activities29 are also prohibited in CSA Z275.2.Other than the two provinces(Newfoundland and Labrador,Prince Edward Island)that have incorporated by reference CSA Z275.2 in their diving regulations,no jurisdictions in Canada prohibit all of the activities listed in CSA

186、 Z275.2,but there is variation in the activities that are prohibited.All jurisdictions except the federal government prohibit the use of SCUBA for operations involving diving in a contaminated environment,and six jurisdictions(all but New Brunswick and the federal government)prohibit the use of SCUB

187、A for operations involving welding,burning or cutting,and hoisting.Nova Scotia is the sole jurisdiction that sets out in regulation the permitted uses of SCUBA 88.Section 29 Diving operations involving underwater intakes;underwater exhausts;entry into pipes,tunnels,ducts,and confined spaces;working

188、at a water control structure;welding;burning/cutting;high-pressure jetting;hoisting;dredging;use of power tools;planned diving beyond no-compression limit;diving in a contaminated environment;use or handling of explosives;liveboating;or water current of 1 knot or greater.87 of Nova Scotias Occupatio

189、nal Diving Regulations states that when certain conditions are met:“SCUBA is permitted to be used at non-construction underwater work sites,non-industrial underwater work sites and commercial seafood harvesting underwater work sites for(a)high-pressure jetting;(b)hoisting;(c)using power tools;(d)div

190、ing near underwater intakes more than 10 cm in diameter.SCUBA is permitted to be used at commercial seafood harvesting underwater work sites for(a)diving near underwater intakes less than 10 cm in diameter;or(b)diving near pipes less than 10 cm in diameter”88.The conditions that need to be met for S

191、CUBA use are:(a)SCUBA diving is deemed to be integral to normal operations,(b)the employer has implemented“a written code of practice that includes the dive plan required by Section 20”of the regulations,and(c)the employer has obtained“written confirmation from the Director that the code of practice

192、 is acceptable to the Director”88.ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE21csagroup.org6.2.5 Maximum Permitted Depths for SCUBA DivingThe regulations in six of the eight jurisdictions(all but Quebec and the federal government)explicitly state the maximum dep

193、th to which a SCUBA diver can dive(see Table A-12,Appendix A.2).The maximum depth prescribed and the unit of measure are not consistent across the country.Three jurisdictions(Newfoundland and Labrador,New Brunswick,Prince Edward Island)set the maximum depth at 30 metres,two jurisdictions(British Col

194、umbia,the federal government)set the maximum depth at 40 metres,and one jurisdiction(Ontario)sets the maximum depth at 100 feet.The regulations in two jurisdictions(Quebec,Nova Scotia)reference different depths,but do not explicitly state the maximum allowable depth for SCUBA diving.6.2.6 Minimum Eq

195、uipment Requirements for SCUBA and Surface-Supplied DivingThe regulations in seven of the eight jurisdictions(all except the federal government)list minimum equipment requirements for SCUBA diving(see Table A-13,Appendix A.2).The way in which SCUBA apparatus is described varies across the country.Fo

196、r example,British Columbia requires“a SCUBA unit complete with a quick release harness and a submersible pressure gauge”81,whereas New Brunswick requires“an open-circuit demand apparatus with quick-release harness,a reserve device or a bail-out system”83.Other than the SCUBA apparatus,the only other

197、 pieces of equipment that all seven regulators explicitly require for SCUBA diving are a suitable wet/exposure suit or protective clothing,a weight belt with a quick-release buckle or closure,and a suitable knife.In all eight jurisdictions,the regulations list minimum equipment requirements for surf

198、ace-supplied diving(see Table A-14,Appendix A.2).As with SCUBA,the way in which equipment requirements for surface-supplied diving are described varies across the country.For example,Ontario requires a diving helmet,full face mask,or hookah that is“fitted with an adequate non-return valve”and“attach

199、ed by a hose to an adequate emergency bail-out system”87.Nova Scotia requires a“helmet or face mask that is all of the following:(a)adequate;(b)designed for its intended purpose;(c)fitted with a non-return valve;(d)fitted with an adequate locking or fastening device;(e)attached by a hose to the dive

200、rs bail-out system”88.Other than the breathing apparatus,the only other piece of equipment that all regulators explicitly require for surface-supplied diving is a bailout system.6.2.7 CSA Diving Standards Referenced in RegulationAll eight of the jurisdictions reference CSA Z275.2 in their occupation

201、al diving regulations,but only five reference CSA Z275.4.However,the specific version of the referenced standards varies across jurisdictions.Three jurisdictions(British Columbia,New Brunswick and the federal government)reference the 1992 edition of CSA Z275.2,two(Newfoundland and Labrador,Nova Scot

202、ia)reference the 2004 edition,two(Ontario,Quebec)reference the 2011 edition,and one(Prince Edward Island)references the current edition,which was published in 2020.In terms of CSA Z275.4,one jurisdiction(British Columbia)references the 1997 edition,three(Quebec,Newfoundland and Labrador,Nova Scotia)

203、reference the 2002 edition,and one(Ontario)references the 2012 edition.Three jurisdictions(New Brunswick,Prince Edward Island,the federal government)do not reference CSA Z275.4 at all.ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE22csagroup.org7 Aquaculture-Specifi

204、c Guide-lines and Codes of Practice7.1 Prince Edward Island Code of PracticeAt the time of writing,Prince Edward Island is the sole jurisdiction in Canada with an Aquaculture Safety Code of Practice,which was first published in 2008 and was updated in March 2023.The original version included a compr

205、ehensive chapter on diving safety that listed safe diving procedures and outlined additional requirements for occupational SCUBA diving for aquaculture,and the updated Code of Practice states that CSA Z275.2:20 provides the regulatory guidance for the OHS regulations,and that all diving operations d

206、one at aquaculture workplaces must meet the CSA standard 89.7.2 International Standards and Codes of PracticeAquaculture-specific guidelines to supplement jurisdictional occupational diving regulations were identified in the three international jurisdictions scanned for this report:the United Kingdo

207、m,Australia,and New Zealand.The guidelines,which are all fairly prescriptive,were prepared by each jurisdictions aquaculture industry,in consultation with the relevant regulator.7.2.1 United KingdomThe United Kingdoms Health and Safety Executive has published two guidance documents and an approved c

208、ode of practice to supplement The Diving at Work Regulations 1997 90-93.Health and Safety on Floating Fish Farms:Thisdocument,which was published in 1997,providesguidance on how to design,construct and maintain,and safely use floating fish farm installations 91.It also summarizes key regulatory requ

209、irements,including the diving provisions.It states that“the useof diving as a routine activity needs to be kept to aminimum”and advises that alternative methods areavailable to check anchors,wash nets,and removedead fish or other debris.It also specifies that The Diving at Work Regulations 1997 appl

210、y to diving operations inside and outside cages and that the use of divers with“amateur or no qualifications”is prohibited.Commercial Shellfish Diving in Inshore Water:This document,which was first published in 1998 andupdated in 2021,provides guidance to those involvedin diving projects undertaken

211、to collect shellfish forsale to a merchant or a customer 92.It includesinformation on approved qualifications for diving inthis sector,responsibilities of dive personnel,diveteam size,recommended equipment,dive methods,and specific hazards that may be encountered.BothSCUBA and surface-supplied divin

212、g are permitted,and the document stipulates that the risk assessmentshould identify the safety rationale for the selectedmethod,noting that the“equipment necessary toperform the dive safely and without risk to healthdepends on the type and location of the dive andshould be set out in the diving proj

213、ect plan”92.Itrecommends that,at a minimum,divers should carrythe following equipment:an independent secondarysource of breathing gas with a gauge that can be readby the diver,a means of providing positive buoyancyto float them on the surface while awaiting recovery,a submersible depth gauge,a timin

214、g device(or divecomputer),a suitable cutting tool,and a personallocation beacon or GPS tracking device 92.Approved Code of Practice(ACOP)forCommercial Diving Projects Inland/Inshore:This document,which was first published in 1998and updated in 2014,provides practical advice onwhat diving projects co

215、nducted in support of fishfarming must do to comply with The Diving at WorkRegulations 1997 93.The ACOP covers the followingtopics:responsibilities of diving contractors,divingproject plan and risk assessment,dive teamsand work practices,supervisors and divers,andmedical checks 93.For each topic,it

216、sets out theregulatory language and explains the“preferred orrecommended”methods that can be used to complywith the diving regulations.It also provides guidanceASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE23csagroup.orgto help interpret the regulations and advice

217、on how to achieve compliance.The Diving at Work Regulations 1997 require that the diving project plan be based on a risk assessment;the ACOP sets out that the diving contractor is responsible for the risk assessment and preparation of a diving plan.The ACOP states that the risk assessment should det

218、ermine the diving methods and the required equipment,and that“diving using surface-supplied breathing apparatus is the preferred method of carrying out diving operations under this ACOP because it is considered to be the safest method of diving for the vast majority of diving operations covered”93.T

219、he ACOP also states that,at a minimum,divers should wear a full-face mask,carry an independent secondary source of breathing gas,be connected to the surface by a lifeline,and be provided with appropriate two-way communication 93.7.2.2 AustraliaThe Western Australia Aquaculture Industry Diving Guidel

220、ines were collaboratively developed in the early 2000s by the Western Australian Commercial Fishing Industry and the Aquaculture Council of Western Australia,with support and assistance from WorkSafe Western Australia 94.The objective of these guidelines was to assist those involved in the aquacultu

221、re industry to comply with OHS requirements and to develop and implement safe work procedures.The guidelines provide information on general diving procedures and equipment that applies to all diving operations,as well as responsibilities and procedures for SCUBA and surface-supplied diving.Topics co

222、vered under the section on general procedures and equipment include divers equipment,breathing air quality,dive organization and planning,communications,diving hand signals,hazard management,vessel diving,emergency equipment and emergency preparedness,formal record-keeping(diving records and company

223、 records),and accident procedures and reports.The guidelines also allow both SCUBA and surface-supplied diving,as long as they comply with AS/NZ 2299.1:1999,Occupational diving operations,Part 1:Standard operational practice 94.7.2.3 New ZealandTwo documents from New Zealand are relevant to this rep

224、ort:the New Zealand Aquaculture Industry Diving Good Practice Guidelines and WorkSafe New Zealands consultation paper,Proposed Changes to Occupational Diving Certificate of Competence Categories.New Zealand Aquaculture Industry Diving Good Practice Guidelines:This document,which was first published

225、in 2004 and updated in 2018,is a subset of the joint AustraliaNew Zealand standard AS/NZS 2299,Occupational diving operations,Parts 1 and 2,and focuses on the aquaculture industry in New Zealand 95.It was developed by the New Zealand Aquaculture Industry Diving Working Group and provides information

226、 on preferred work practices and standards for occupational divers in the aquaculture industry.The guidelines apply to SCUBA diving and snorkelling,but do not apply to surface-supplied diving,construction diving on aquaculture farms,power tool use,or diving that involves prolonged“Diving using surfa

227、ce-supplied breathing apparatus is the preferred method of carrying out diving operations under this ACOP because it is considered to be the safest method of diving for the vast majority of diving operations covered.”ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE24

228、csagroup.orgphysical exertion or requires decompression stops.The guidelines set out the scope of duties for general aquaculture diving,finfish farm diving,shellfish farm diving,and plant farm diving 95.Examples of general diving duties include searching,locating,and recovering or attaching a line t

229、o marine farm equipment;untangling ropes or lines;and attaching,replacing,repairing,and maintenance of items that are minor and routine in nature.Examples of finfish farm diving duties include recovering morts,and inspecting and repairing minor net rips or holes in a sea pen.The guidelines also prov

230、ide information on applicable legislation,training and qualifications,dive team personnel,record-keeping,diving equipment and apparatus,emergency procedures,dive plans,and criteria for SCUBA and snorkel diving in aquaculture.Appendix 5 in the guidelines includes 20 task-specific standard operating p

231、rocedures for diving in aquaculture,which cover a range of topics,including underwater inspection on marine farms,locating and attaching a line to a sunken line,attaching lifting rope to marine farm equipment for relocation,cleaning activities on marine farms,untangling ropes on marine farms or from

232、 boat propellors,recovering finfish morts in sea pens,inspecting and mending sea pen nets,scraping bio fouling from sea pen pontoons,installing airlifts for mort recovery in sea pens,and placing or removing weights from salmon nets 95.Each standard operating procedure provides a rationale for the ac

233、tivity;lists the standard SCUBA equipment to be used(as well as any task-specific equipment);and describes task-specific pre-dive requirements(i.e.,emergency procedure plan,minimum personnel requirements,hazard analysis,and dive plan),task-specific dive activities and special safety precautions,and

234、post-dive requirements(i.e.,monitoring the diver after surfacing;debriefing about the job,any hazards encountered,and any variances to the dive plan;completion of the dive log;calculation of surface interval time needed if another dive is to be made;discussion of post-dive travel;washing and storing

235、 dive gear;and cautionary notes30)95.30 Example of a cautionary note:“Avoid hot showers and/or activities causing increased blood flow for a period post diving,as increased blood flow increases the risk of decompression sickness.”Proposed Changes to Occupational Diving Certificate of Competence Cate

236、gories:This consultation paper,which was released by WorkSafe New Zealand in January 2023,proposed a new risk-based model for diving that accounts for the level of risk associated with the type of dive and the type of equipment used,and that recommends the level of qualifications required 96.Under t

237、he new model,aquaculture is assigned to General Diver Class C Common,which permits general diving to a depth of 30 metres.The level of risk depends on the types of activities performed.For aquaculture,risk ranges from low(farm inspection)to moderately high(mort collection)96.The deadline for submiss

238、ions in response to the proposed changes was March 2023.At the time of writing,no changes to the diving certificate of competence regime have been implemented.7.3 How Aquaculture-Specific Guidelines and Codes of Practice CompareThis section presents a cross-jurisdictional comparison of key criteria

239、found in the aquaculture-specific guidelines and codes of practice,and addresses the following key questions:What diving methods are permitted in aquaculture?When is SCUBA diving permitted in aquaculture?What tools and technologies are recommended?What skills and competencies are required for occupa

240、tional divers in this sector?Summary tables detailing the four jurisdictions discussed in this section(Australia,New Zealand,Prince Edward Island,and the United Kingdom)are presented in Appendix A.3(Tables A-15 to A-18).Permitted Diving Methods:Occupational SCUBA diving is permitted in aquaculture i

241、n Australia,New Zealand,and Prince Edward Island.Surface-supplied diving is permitted in Australia and is the preferred method in the United Kingdom.However,although the United Kingdoms ACOP stresses that the safest ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE25c

242、sagroup.organd preferred method is surface-supplied diving,SCUBA diving may be permitted depending on the outcome of a risk assessment.Snorkelling is also permitted in New Zealand.(See Table A-15.)When SCUBA Diving is Permitted:Across the fourjurisdictions,the guidelines and codes of practiceidentif

243、y 17 circumstances in which SCUBA divingis permitted in aquaculture.However,there is littleconsistency in the criteria.For example,of thevarious criteria listed,only one is present in all of theguidelines or codes of practice:when the diver isqualified and medically fit.(See Table A-16.)Accepted or

244、Recommended Tools andTechnologies:Across the four jurisdictions,theguidelines and codes of practice identify 19 tools andtechnologies that are accepted or recommended forSCUBA diving in aquaculture.The recommendedtools and technologies are moderately consistent.The only items required in all jurisdi

245、ctions are a facemask,suitable knife/cutting tool,weight belt withquick-release closure,and an appropriate exposuresuit or protective clothing.A submersible depthgauge and a two-way communication device arerequired by three jurisdictions(although the fourth,New Zealand,does recommend the latter for

246、certaintask-specific activities).(See Table A-17.)Required Skills and Competencies:Table A-18presents a high level overview of the competencyrequirements identified in the guidelines and codesof practice for SCUBA diving in aquaculture,as wellas the Canadian equivalencies listed in the UnitedKingdom

247、s ACOP.The guidelines in all jurisdictionsexcept Australia state that evidence of competence isrequired.The United Kingdom is the only jurisdictionthat explicitly indicates recreational dive certificatesare not acceptable.31 Under-reporting(or under-claiming)occurs when workers or employers do not r

248、eport eligible work-related injuries or illnesses to a workers compensation board.Under-reporting occurs for a variety of reasons,including lack of awareness,deliberate claims suppression,or use of alternative insurance policies.32 For example,agriculture is covered in British Columbia but not in Sa

249、skatchewan.8 Key Gaps,Challenges,and Opportunities8.1 Key Gaps and Challenges8.1.1 Underestimation of Work-Related Injury,Illness,and MortalityAlthough aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in Canada and around the world,the review of the scientific and grey literature showed that it

250、is an understudied industry when it comes to OHS.Research conducted in Canada,Australia,and the European Union over the past two decades indicates that aquaculture has much higher rates of lost time injuries and illnesses relative to other industries,as well as a higher incidence of fatalities.Studi

251、es from Norway have also shown that divers in the aquaculture industry experience high risks of injury and mortality compared to divers in other industries 40,41.However,because the injury,fatality,and illness rates reported in the literature are based on workers compensation statistics,they likely

252、under-represent actual injury and fatality rates in aquaculture 12,21,37,38,97.Factors that affect the accuracy,reliability,and jurisdictional comparability of workers compensation data include under-reporting31 of injuries,illnesses,or fatalities to a workers compensation board or commission;jurisd

253、ictional differences in whether the industry or workforce is covered;32 jurisdictional differences in how the industry and associated occupations are classified and coded;jurisdictional differences in how occupational injuries,illnesses,and fatalities are defined and recognized by legislation or pol

254、icy;and jurisdictional differences in how injury and illness claims are tracked 13,14,21,37,97.ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE26csagroup.orgThe following factors specifically affect the interpretation of workers compensation statistics for the aquacu

255、lture industry:There are inter-jurisdictional differences in how aquaculture is classified for workers compensation purposes.For example,in Canada,aquaculture may be classified as a subsector of the agriculture industry,primary resources,fishing,or a combination thereof.This is significant because i

256、t may not be possible to distinguish injuries,illnesses,and fatalities that specifically occur in aquaculture from those that occur at the broader sectoral level 12,44.Specialty occupations,such as diving,may be subcontracted to companies outside of the aquaculture industry 12,13,21,23,39,41.This is

257、 significant because diving-related injuries,illnesses,or fatalities that occur in aquaculture or seafood harvesting operations are not counted as having happened in aquaculture,but rather in the industry sector where the subcontractor is classified.As a result,the number of injuries,illnesses,and f

258、atalities associated with diving in the aquaculture industry is underestimated.Compared to other industries,aquaculture has a high prevalence of self-employed,young workers,and precariously employed part-time or casual workers 12-14,17,21,38.This is significant because in many jurisdictions,self-emp

259、loyed workers are not fully covered and are likely under-represented in the workers compensation statistics.Furthermore,research shows that young workers and the precariously employed are less likely to submit claims,and as such,are under-represented in the statistics 12,13,98.8.1.2 Lack of Consiste

260、ncy in the Occupational Diving RegulationsDespite the presence of a relatively robust regulatory framework for occupational diving in Canada,the environmental scan identified a number of gaps and inconsistencies in how occupational diving is regulated.These differences are found in the terms that ar

261、e defined,the way terms are defined,the topics covered,and even in the specifics of some of the criteria and requirements.Across the jurisdictions scanned for this report,there were inconsistencies in the scope and application of the diving regulations(i.e.,what was included vs.what was excluded),th

262、e prohibitions on using SCUBA diving for specific underwater activities,the maximum depths permitted for SCUBA diving,the minimum equipment requirements for both SCUBA and surface-supplied diving,and the editions of CSA Z275.2 and CSA Z275.4 referenced in regulation.At present,only two jurisdictions

263、 in Canada(Prince Edward Island,Newfoundland and Labrador)have occupational diving regulations that completely align with CSA Group standards,as they are the only jurisdictions that have incorporated by reference CSA Z275.2 in their regulations.There are,however,differences in the editions reference

264、d in each jurisdiction.Newfoundland and Labrador references the 2004 edition,whereas Prince Edward Island references the latest version(published in 2020).Variation in the specific version of the standard being referenced was not unique to these two jurisdictions.Across the eight Canadian jurisdicti

265、ons that reference CSA Z275.2 in regulation,three reference the 1992 edition,two reference the 2004 edition,two reference the 2011 edition,and one references the 2020 edition.Of the five jurisdictions that reference CSA Z275.4,none reference the 2022 edition,one references the 1997 edition,three ref

266、erence the 2002 edition,and one references the 2012 edition.Three jurisdictions do not reference CSA Z275.4 at all.8.1.3 Absence of Canadian Aquaculture-Specific Guidelines or Codes of PracticeAlthough the occupational diving regulations in Canada cover aquaculture,none of the regulators in Canada,w

267、ith the exception of Prince Edward Island,have published aquaculture-specific guidelines or codes of practice to assist with interpretation of and compliance with the regulations.The Prince Edward Island Code of Practice provides useful information to employers ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNI

268、TIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE27csagroup.orgin aquaculture about their duties to comply with the OHS regulations and the diving requirements 89.It includes a brief chapter on diving that explicitly states CSA Z275.2:20 provides the regulatory guidance for occupational diving in aquacult

269、ure.It then summarizes key applicable requirements from the standard,including diving personnel qualifications,diver medical qualifications,diver training qualifications,diving records,general diver procedures,diving personnel(e.g.,standby diver),adherence to planned procedures,identification of wor

270、k site,diving hazards,emergency services and contingency planning.In contrast to the New Zealand guidelines,the Prince Edward Island Code of Practice does not provide task-specific standard operating procedures.Several key informants noted that while company-specific safe diving procedures exist,the

271、y are proprietary and not available in the public domain.The absence of publicly available aquaculture-specific guidelines or codes of practice,with task-specific guidance,is a major gap that could be addressed by a standardization solution.8.2 Opportunities for StandardizationA key motivator for th

272、is research was the prohibition in CSA Z275.2 on SCUBA and restricted surface-supplied diving during operations that involve hoisting.As noted in Section 5,this prohibition has been flagged by representatives of the aquaculture industry as a potential barrier to their adoption of CSA Z275.2 because

273、the brailing of fish(i.e.,hoisting fish using a brail net)is an important activity in the aquaculture industry.Key informants indicated that there would be value in a standardization solution for aquaculture and seafood harvesting in Canada,which would allow for harmonization of occupational diving

274、requirements across the country,as well as the creation of industry-and task-specific guidance.Two principal options emerged:(a)development of a new standalone standard for diving in aquaculture or(b)amendment of CSA Z275.2.8.2.1 A Standalone Standard for Diving in Aquaculture and Seafood Harvesting

275、Some of the key informants suggested the development of a new standalone standard for diving in aquaculture and seafood harvesting.Based on the outcome of the environmental scan and the key informant interviews,such a standard could help:Resolve inconsistency in the terms that are defined and their

276、definitions.Clarify the scope of practice.The New Zealand guidelines include a description of both general and specific scopes of practice(e.g.,finfish diving),and could serve as a valuable starting point.Clarify accepted diving methods.As highlighted in Section 7,occupational SCUBA diving is permit

277、ted in aquaculture in some jurisdictions(i.e.,Australia,New Zealand,and Prince Edward Island).While surface-supplied diving is the preferred method in the United Kingdom,SCUBA diving may be permitted depending on the outcome of a risk assessment(which must identify the safety reasons for the selecte

278、d method).Develop clear guidance on how to perform a hazard and risk assessment.Although the CSA diving standards and the occupational diving regulations reference the need for such assessments to be performed,no comprehensive guidance is currently available in Canada or internationally.One area tha

279、t would benefit from clearer guidance is the question of what constitutes a contaminated environment.For example,would a regulator or interested party consider clearing fish morts diving in a contaminated environment?If so,providing guidance on how to assess the risk,how to evaluate the risk,and how

280、 to mitigate the risk would benefit the industry.8.2.2 Amendment of CSA Z275.2Several of the key informants and some members of the Research Advisory Panel suggested amending CSA Z275.2 as an alternative to developing a standalone standard.Potential amendments include:ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OP

281、PORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE28csagroup.orgAllowing an exception during operations thatinvolve hoisting.Some key informants suggestedthat because CSA Z275.2 already allows certainexceptions33,clauses 7.1.4 and 8.1.2 could be amendedto allow an exception for SCUBA and restricteds

282、urface-supplied diving during operations thatinvolve hoisting.Creating a new section on diving in aquacultureand seafood harvesting within CSA Z275.2.Another suggested approach was to create a newsection within CSA Z275.2 that specifically addressesdiving in aquaculture and seafood harvesting.Thisse

283、ction could not only incorporate the exceptiondescribed above,but could also address the issuesidentified in Section 8.2.1.8.2.3 An Informative Annex for AquacultureRegardless of whether a standardization solution is implemented for this industry,key informants also indicated there was value in the

284、development and inclusion of an informative annex to CSA Z275.2 with guidelines for aquaculture diving.These guidelines could be structured to include the kind of information found in the standard operating procedures appended to the New Zealand guidelines.For example,the annex could list the standa

285、rd SCUBA diving equipment that is to be used(as well as any task-specific equipment);describe pre-dive requirements(i.e.,emergency procedure plan,minimum personnel requirements,hazard analysis,and dive plan),dive activities and special safety precautions,and post-dive requirements(i.e.,monitoring th

286、e diver after surfacing;debriefing about the job,any hazards encountered,and any variances to the dive plan;completion of the dive log;calculation of surface interval time needed if another dive is to be made;discussion of post-dive travel;washing and storing dive gear);and provide cautionary notes.

287、If a standalone standard were created,the informative annex should be structured in a way that provides information for each specific diving task performed in aquaculture or seafood harvesting.33 Subsections(h)and(i)of Clause 7.1.4 make exceptions to allow for SCUBA diving in operations that involve

288、 a contaminated environment and the use or handling of explosives.9 ConclusionsThe rapid growth of aquaculture in Canada and around the world,coupled with the decline in offshore oil and gas-related occupational diving,has led to many divers migrating to the aquaculture and seafood harvesting indust

289、ry.With this influx of workers,there is a need to understand whether Canadas current occupational diving regulatory framework and voluntary occupational diving standards are meeting the needs of the sector.The objective of this research was to determine which diving methods are appropriate for aquac

290、ulture,which tools and technologies are acceptable,and which skills and competencies occupational divers must possess to perform aquaculture and seafood harvesting jobs safely.The findings revealed that OHS in aquaculture is understudied.Research conducted in Australia,Norway,and Canada shows that c

291、ompared to other industries,aquaculture has high rates of lost time injuries and illnesses and a high incidence of fatalities.Divers in this sector experience high risks of injury and mortality compared to divers in other industries.However,due to limitations in workers compensation data and reporti

292、ng rates,it is likely that the actual injury and fatality rates in aquaculture are under-represented.Specific factors that complicate the interpretation of workers compensation statistics for the aquaculture industry include:Inter-jurisdictional differences in how aquaculture isclassified for worker

293、s compensation purposes;Specialty occupations,such as diving,may besubcontracted to companies outside of the sector,which shifts the burden of injuries and fatalities fromaquaculture to elsewhere;andAquaculture has a high prevalence of self-employed,young,and precariously employed part-time orcasual

294、 workers,which are all categories of workerswho are less likely to report an injury and aretherefore more likely to be under-represented in thestatistics.ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE29csagroup.orgDespite the presence of a relatively robust regulat

295、ory framework in Canada,the environmental scan identified a number of gaps and inconsistencies in the occupational diving regulations across the country.There is also a lack of alignment between some of the regulations and the current versions of CSA Z275.2 and CSA Z275.4,so it is reasonable to conc

296、lude that the needs and requirements for divers in the aquaculture and seafood harvesting sectors may not be sufficiently addressed.One of the main gaps is the lack of aquaculture-specific guidelines or codes of practice to assist with interpretation of and compliance with existing regulations.Key i

297、nformants indicated that there would be value in a standardization solution for aquaculture and seafood harvesting because it would allow for harmonization of occupational diving requirements across the country,as well as the creation of industry-and task-specific guidance.The two solutions that eme

298、rged included the development of a new standalone standard or the amendment of CSA Z275.2 to address the unique aspects of diving in the aquaculture and seafood harvesting industry.The preferred and more pragmatic approach recommended by some members of the Research Advisory Panel is to create a new

299、 section on aquaculture and seafood harvesting within CSA Z275.2.Not only would this address key issues identified in the literature review and environmental scan to ensure CSA Z275.2 is reflective of the needs of aquaculture and seafood harvesting,but it would also align with CSA Groups strategic p

300、riority to reduce the number of Z275 standards,and it would use existing CSA Z275 Technical Committee resources.Key informants also indicated that there would be value in the development and inclusion of an informative annex to CSA Z275.2 with guidelines for aquaculture diving.These guidelines shoul

301、d outline preferred or recommended methods that aquaculture employers can use that align with the diving regulations,and provide guidance to help interpret and achieve compliance with the regulations.ASSESSING THE NEEDS,GAPS,AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL DIVING IN AQUACULTURE30csagroup.orgRefer

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