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1、2024A Double-Edged Sword:How Diverse Communities of Young People Think About the Multifaceted Relationship Between Social Media and Mental HealthThe report authors and project team would like to express their gratitude to all the young people who shared their time,expertise,and lived experiences to

2、help shape the design of the study,who gave their time to take the survey,and who contributed to the interpretation and presentation of the findings.We would also like to thank Susannah Fox and Vicky Rideout,who designed the two previous studies and authored the reports,and Vicky for reviewing this

3、report.You can read the previous reports here:Digital Health Practices,Social Media Use,and Mental Well-Being Among Teens and Young Adults in the U.S.by Victoria Rideout and Susannah Fox(2018)Coping with COVID-19:How Young People Use Digital Media to Manage Their Mental Health by Victoria Rideout,Su

4、sannah Fox,Alanna Peebles,and Michael Robb(2021)CreditsAcknowledgments:This project represents the work of many people from Hopelab,Common Sense Media,and NORC at the University of Chicago.Below,we detail each part of the project and the contributors.Mike Parent,Amy Green,and Emma Bruehlman-Senecal,

5、with support from Amanda Lenhart and feedback from a number of teen and young adult advisorsNORC at the University of ChicagoNORC at the University of Chicago,Mike Parent,Jayla Stokesberry,Amy Green,and Emma Bruehlman-Senecal,with support from Amanda Lenhart,Mary Madden,Angela Calvin,Alexa Hasse,and

6、 many teens and young adultsMary Madden,Angela Calvin,and Alexa Hasse,with support from Amanda Lenhart and the Hopelab teamChristopher Dare and Jennifer RobbChris Arth and Emely GarciaMarisa Naughton,Natalia Garcia,Christian Medina Beltz,Juan Martinez,Robin Raskob,and Phuong PhamSurvey development a

7、nd design:Data collection:Data analysis and interpretation:Report writing:Copy editors:Designers:Communications:2024A Double-Edged Sword:How Diverse Communities of Young People Think About the Multifaceted Relationship Between Social Media and Mental HealthCOMMON SENSE IS GRATEFUL FOR THE GENEROUS S

8、UPPORT AND UNDERWRITING THAT FUNDED THIS RESEARCH REPORTJennifer Caldwell and John H.N.FisherTable of ContentsIntroduction .1Key Findings .3Part 1:Where and Why Youth Spend Their Time on Social Media.12Part 2:What Youth Say About How Social Media Content Impacts Them .20Part 3:How Young People Manag

9、e Their Social Media Experiences.30Part 4:The Current State of Mental Health for Teens and Young Adults.38Conclusion .44Methodology.46Definitions .491 A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.National narratives about youth well-being have increasingly focused on how to address th

10、e youth mental health crisis.The stakes are high;the rate of suicidality for young people has increased dramatically over the past decade,with outsize risks for youth of color and LGBTQ+youth.1 While a multitude of complex factors are contributing to the growth of mental health challenges among youn

11、g people,social media has often landed in the center of the conversation.To better understand youth mental health and its relationship to social media use,researchers have shown that it is critically important to listen to and honor the experiences of youth themselves.2 In pursuit of a richer unders

12、tanding of their experiences with social media and their mental health,this studythe third in a serieshas engaged with and centered young people in the design,execution,and interpretation of the research findings.The lived experiences and context that young people bring to their use of digital techn

13、ologies are critical to understand in all their nuances.However,they are difficult to translate into broad assessments that are generalizable to all youth.The kinds of platforms,content,and communities that youth engage with are deeply important to consider.Each of these vary across different groups

14、 of youth,but also according to the mental health concerns and sensitivities that individual young people bring to their social media use.In a landmark review of existing research on indicators of social media use and adolescent health by the National Academies released this year,the authors conclud

15、ed that:Despite widespread concern about social medias effects,it is hard to offer an overall summary of the relationship between social media and mental health beyond observing that the effects,both helpful and harmful,accrue differently to different users.3This lens of variable impacts,and a focus

16、 on youth who experience both the positive and negative sides of digital tech-nologies more intensely,has helped to inform the analysis in this report.Building upon work from leading scholars who study social medias impact on youth mental health,this study adds to a growing body of research that sup

17、ports the differ-ential susceptibility model for social media.In other words,different users will have different responses to the same plat-formeven when presented with the same content or experience.4 To that end,this report shares the results of a nationally rep-resentative survey of 1,274 teens a

18、nd young adults age 14 to 22 in the United States.It was fielded during October and November of 2023 and includes oversamples of LGBTQ+,Black,and Latino youth to ensure representation and yield statistically meaningful results of these demographic groups in the data set.Trend questions allow for com

19、parisons between two other cross-sectional samples,one from 2018 and one from 2020,that examine the role of digital technolo-gies in youth well-being before,during,and after the COVID-19 pandemic.The survey also includes a set of items that allow us to identify and take a closer look at young people

20、 who are experiencing symptoms of depression,as measured by the PHQ-8 depression scale.5Introduction1 Akkas,F.(2023,March 7).Youth suicide risk increased over past decade.Pew Charitable Trusts.https:/www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2023/03/03/youth-suicide-risk-increased-over-pas

21、t-decade 2 Cortesi,S.,Hasse,A.,&Gasser,U.(2021)Youth participation in a digital world:Designing and implementing spaces,programs,and methodologies.Youth and Media,Berkman Klein Center for Internet&Society.https:/cyber.harvard.edu/publication/2021/youth-participation-in-a-digital-world;Frey,W.R.,Patt

22、on,D.U.,Gaskell,M.B.,&McGregor,K.A.(2020).Artificial intelligence and inclusion:Formerly gang-involved youth as domain experts for analyzing unstructured Twitter data.Social Science Computer Review,38(1),4256.https:/doi.org/10.1177/08944393187883143 National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Med

23、icine.(2024).Social media and adolescent health(supplementary Highlights document).National Academies Press.https:/doi.org/10.17226/273964 Beyens,I.,Pouwels,J.L.,van Driel,I.I.,Keijsers,L.,&Valkenburg,P.M.(2020).The effect of social media on well-being differs from adolescent to adolescent.Scientifi

24、c Reports,10(1),Article 10763.https:/doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67727-75 Kroenke,K.,Strine,T.W.,Spitzer,R.L.,Williams,J.B.,Berry,J.T.,&Mokdad,A.H.(2009).The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population.Journal of Affective Disorders,114(1-3),163173.https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.

25、2008.06.026A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 2 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Summary of Methodology This is a nationally representative survey of 1,274 teens and young adults age 14 to 22 in the United States.The survey was conducted by NORC at the University of Chicago,using their probability-based pan

26、el,as well as online opt-in panels to oversample for those who are LGBTQ+,Black,and Latino.Data was collected from October to November 2023.The survey was fielded online,in English or Spanish.The survey included several open-ended questions for respondents to share personal experiences.Findings were

27、 compared to separate cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2018 and 2020.6 Data was analyzed by gender,age,race/ethnicity,and LGBTQ+identity.A screener was included in the survey to identify levels of depressive symptoms(PHQ-8).Changes over time and differences between subgroups were tested for stat

28、istical significance at the level of p .05.In this report,the term teens refers to people age 14 to 17,the term young adults refers to those age 18 to 22,and the terms youth and young people refer to our entire sample of 14-to 22-year-olds.For additional details,please see the Methodology section of

29、 this report.This study has found that while the rate of youth facing depressive symptoms has declined since the pandemic,retur-ning to 2018 levels,this rate is still high,representing nearly half of young people reporting any type of depressive symptom.Social media use has followed a different patt

30、ern,with youth reports of almost constant use of social media platforms remaining relatively stable from 2020 to 2023,but still higher than 2018.The data suggests that young people experience both distressing and affirming content online,and that they take steps to both avoid content they dislike an

31、d curate their feed to see more of what interests them.Young people also take breaks from social media to avoid spending too much time on it,or in response to harassment or other negative interpersonal experiences.And many youth acknowl-edge that they cannot always manage their online experiences as

32、 well as they would like.Subgroups of social media users also have unique practices and vulnerabilities.Black youth are especially likely to use social media for professional and educational opportunities,and creative expression,even as they are also more likely than their peers to step away from so

33、cial platforms through temporary or permanent breaksespecially in response to harassment or other negative interpersonal experiences.The data in this study also clearly shows that LGBTQ+youth,who are more likely to struggle with depressive symptoms,face greater levels of online exposure to hateful c

34、ontent and stress,even as they also find more solace and community in online spaces than their peers.And youth with depressive symptoms reported more negative and challenging experiences across many dimensions when compared to their peers without symptoms,suggesting that youth with depressive sympto

35、ms are a group that needs continued prioritization in future research under the differential susceptibility hypothesis.In general,the findings discussed throughout the report are those that reflect changes over time or differences across demographic subgroups that are statistically significant.As wi

36、th earlier surveys,this is not a longitudinal study;it is not intended to determine a causal link between patterns of tech-nology use and mental health outcomes for youth.6 As noted throughout the report,this 2020 survey was fielded during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.3 A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD C

37、OMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.1.Depressive symptoms among young people are down from pandemic highs,but comparable to already-elevated 2018 levels.As the pandemic subsides,widespread concern remains about the dramatic increase in mental health distress among young people.To assess changes in

38、 these trends,the survey asked teens and young adults to complete the Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ-8),a commonly used and validated scale for measuring depressive symptoms.Nearly 3 in 10(28%)young people age 14 to 22 report moderate to severe depres-sive symptoms.This rate is down from almost 4

39、in 10(38%)teens and young adults in 2020.However,the 28%rate is similar to the pre-pandemic levels that were reported in 2018(25%).Overall,48%of young people reported any depressive symptoms in 2023,and in 2020,63%of young people reported the same.As in earlier surveys,there are notable differences

40、between LGBTQ+youth and non-LGBTQ+youth in terms of rates of moderate to severe depressive symptoms.Almost half(49%)of LGBTQ+young people age 14 to 22 report moderate to severe symptoms of depression,compared to nearly a quarter(24%)of their non-LGBTQ+counterparts.However,LGBTQ+young peoples rate of

41、 moderate to severe symptoms decreased notably from 65%in 2020 to 49%in 2023.Key Findings*Significantly differs with 2020,at the level of p .05.Q:Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ-8).Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted in 2018(n=1,334),2020(n=1,492),and 2023(n=1,274)with young p

42、eople age 1422 nationwide.Depressive symptoms are down from pandemic highs,but comparable to 2018 levels%of young people age 1422,by year of data collection and by depressive symptomsNoneModerate to severeMild20182020202352%*52%*28%20%38%37%25%25%23%A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 4 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGH

43、TS RESERVED.2.Young people experience both costs and benefits from their use of social media,and many implement strategies to manage the negative aspects.Social media remains a critical and complex piece of young peoples liveshighly valued as a place for many forms of social connection and support,b

44、ut also problematic in serious enough ways that can prompt them to take breaks from or stop using the platforms altogether.Nearly a quarter(24%)of all youth age 14 to 22 report being on social media almost constantly throughout the day,a number that is virtually unchanged from the 25%who reported th

45、e same in 2020.This still reflects a notable increase from the 17%who reported this in 2018.More than half of all social media users age 14 to 22 said the platforms are important for seeking support or advice when they need it;54%reported this in the latest survey,as did 53%in 2020,an increase from

46、the 43%who said this was important in 2018.Similarly,the majority of youth social media users said the platforms are important in helping them feel less alone;55%said this in the current survey,as did 59%in 2020 at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic,up substantially from the 46%who reported the sam

47、e in 2018.However,young people have also observed a range of ways in which their patterns of social media use may be problematic for their day-to-day routines and healthy habits:73%of youth social media users say they unconsciously reach for social media when bored.49%agree that they cant control th

48、eir use or end up using social media for a longer period of time than they originally wanted to.46%say that using social media takes time away from other activities they care about,and the same number say it has reduced their attention span or ability to concentrate.At the same time,most youth have

49、taken breaks from social media and work to improve the content in their feeds:76%of social media users age 14 to 22 put a range of measures in place,over the 12 months prior to the survey,to try to control content they do not want to see.67%said that,over the last year,they have attempted to curate

50、their feed by liking or spending more time on certain content to see more of what interests them.63%have taken a temporary break from a social media account so that they wouldnt be tempted to spend so much time on it;41%have permanently shut down a social media account for the same reason.Note:The d

51、ifferences between 2018 and both subsequent survey waves are significant at the level of p .05.Q:How important is social media to you for:_?.The chart reflects somewhat and very important responses.Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media use

52、rs age 1422 nationwide.Getting support or advice when you need itFeeling less aloneExpressing yourself creativelyGetting inspiration from others2018The importance of social media for connection and creativity grew since 2018%of social media users age 1422,by year43%46%52%57%202053%59%62%68%202354%55

53、%60%70%5 A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.3.Most young people encounter negative attacks on identity and body-shaming comments on social media,as well as identity-affirming and body-positive comments.Hateful and hurtful language that attacks young peoples sense of self or

54、their community can easily proliferate on these platforms.A majority of young people age 14 to 22 who use social media often or sometimes face body shaming(61%),sexist(58%),transphobic(58%),racist(55%),or homophobic(53%)comments that may be directed at others or themselves.That said,social media is

55、not only a space for negative com-ments and experiences.It can offer venues to explore ones identity and uplift others:68%of social media users age 14 to 22 often or some-times come across comments celebrating a range of body shapes,sizes,and capabilities.63%of young people often or sometimes see co

56、mments affirming people of different racial or ethnic backgrounds.63%see comments affirming those from LGBTQ+communities.60%see comments affirming intersectional identities(e.g.,Latino and LGBTQ+).7Notable differences emerge based on age,gender,race/eth-nicity,and LGBTQ+identity.In our current data,

57、compared to those age 14 to 17,young adults age 18 to 22 report that they are more likely to often or sometimes come across LGBTQ+affirming comments(67%vs.57%).Young adults,compared to teens,also report that they more frequently encounter com-ments celebrating intersectional identities(63%vs.56%)and

58、 a variety of body types(73%vs.62%).7 Please note that the items assessing the frequency of encountering identity-affirming comments on social media were not included in the 2018 or 2020 surveys.In regard to gender,compared to men and boys,women and girls are more likely to come across both types of

59、 comments:hurtful and identity-affirming.For instance,with respect to hateful content,women and girls more often report encoun-tering sexist(62%vs.54%)and body-shaming comments(63%vs.56%).On the other hand,women and girls are also more likely to report coming across all types of identity-affirming c

60、omments,including those that support intersectional identi-ties(65%vs.52%),people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds(65%vs.58%),and body positivity(74%vs.64%).Similarly,nearly 7 out of 10(69%)women and girls indicate that they come across comments celebrating LGBTQ+people,versus slightly o

61、ver 5 out of 10(54%)men and boys.Noteworthy differences also emerge with respect to race/ethnicity.For hurtful comments:White youth(60%)and Latino youth(59%)are more likely than Black youth(53%)to encounter body-shaming comments.58%of White youth report coming across sexist com-ments,while 49%of Bla

62、ck youth say the same.56%of Latino youth report frequently encountering racist comments,a higher rate compared to their Black peers(47%).For identity-affirming comments,White youth are more likely to come across nearly every type of comment than their Black or Latino peers.See Key Finding five for s

63、imilar data about LGBTQ+youth.A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 6 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.4.Black young people value connecting with others about mental health,exploring professional and educational opportunities,and expressing their creativity on social media more than White youth.Black and Latin

64、o young people are also more likely to face negative experiences online that lead them to take breaks from a social media account.When compared to their Latino and White peers,Black young people find social media more critical for connecting with people who share similar concerns about their mental

65、health or well-being(77%Black young people vs.60%Latino and 53%White),connecting with family(72%vs.62%and 61%),expressing themselves creatively(79%vs.62%and 56%),and learning about professional or academic opportunities(80%vs.63%and 53%).Latino youth are also more likely to say that social media pla

66、tforms are important for learning about pro-fessional opportunities compared to their White peers.In addition,Black(42%)and Latino(40%)youth are about twice as likely as White youth(21%)to have taken a perma-nent break from a social media accountand more than one and a half times more likely to have

67、 taken a temporary break(48%,47%,vs.30%,respectively)due to harassment or other negative experiences online.Black and Latino youth,in qualitative interviews,reported that because they deal with racism and associated challenges offline,they have developed a lower tolerance for negative content and ex

68、periences online.Note:Differences between White young people,and Black and Latino young people,are statistically significant for both items at the level of p .05.Q:In the past 12 months,how often have you engaged in the following behaviors on social media?Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Se

69、nse conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.LatinoBlackWhiteTaken a temporary break from a social media account due to harassment-related concernsBlack and Latino youth are more likely to take breaks from a social media account due to harassment and other negativ

70、e experiences%of social media users age 1422,by race/ethnicity who have done the following within the last 12 months48%47%30%44%Permanently stopped using a social media account due to harassment-related concerns 42%40%21%7 A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.89%78%82%81%70%81

71、%78%76%75%Non-LGBTQ+LGBTQ+Comments that affirm LGBTQ+identitiesFor LGBTQ+young people,social media is a double-edged sword%of social media users age 1422,by LGBTQ+who encounter the below comments sometimes or more often58%Body-positive comments 66%Comments that affirm intersectional identities56%Rac

72、ist comments52%Body-shaming comments57%Sexist comments55%Homophobic comments49%Transphobic comments55%Comments that affirm people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds60%5.Social media is a double-edged sword for LGBTQ+youth,offering both important opportunities for support and identity affir

73、mation,and greater exposure to harassment and stress.LGBTQ+young people have a complex relationship with social media.On one hand,social media is especially valuable for fighting feelings of loneliness;74%of LGBTQ+social media users say the platforms are important in helping them feel less alone,com

74、pared to 52%of their non-LGBTQ+peers.Yet,close to three out of four LGBTQ+young people(72%)feel that posting content to public accounts would open themselves to harassment,compared to less than half(47%)of their non-LGBTQ+peers.Similarly,LGBTQ+youth are more likely to encounter a range of both posit

75、ive and negative comments on social media:89%of LGBTQ+young people at least sometimes come across comments celebrating LGBTQ+identities,com-pared to 58%of non-LGBTQ+youth.LGBTQ+young people are more likely to have often seen comments that affirm intersectional identities(82%vs.56%)and various body s

76、hapes and sizes(78%vs.66%).However,three-fourths of LGBTQ+youth encounter both transphobic(75%)and homophobic comments(76%)on social media,versus about half of non-LGBTQ+youth(55%and 49%,respectively).LGBTQ+young people are significantly more likely to curate their feeds to improve their experience:

77、89%of LGBTQ+youth social media users say that,over the past year,they have tried to avoid content they dont like on these platforms,compared to just under three-fourths of non-LGBTQ+social media users(74%).LGBTQ+youth are also significantly more likely(78%)to have tried to tailor their feed to bette

78、r align with their interests vs.non-LGBTQ+youth(65%).These findings connect with the feedback from LGBTQ+teens and young adults we spoke with in our qualitative interviews and focus groups.For many LGBTQ+teens,online spaces create valued opportunities for connecting with identity-affirming content a

79、nd supportive LGBTQ+community members,and simultaneously are places where they encoun-ter hateful content about their identities and cruelty from other users,particularly in the comments section of posts.Note:Differences between LGBTQ+and non-LGBTQ+young people are statistically significant for all

80、items at the level of p .05.Q:How often,if ever,have you encountered the following types of comments in social media?Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 8 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESER

81、VED.6.Young adults see more downsides to social media than teens do,and they also do more to manage their engagement and exposure.Young people are more aware of how much and what type of social media they consume than theyre typically given credit for.And when they observe negative consequences asso

82、ci-ated with that use,many are taking proactive steps to manage the role of social media in their lives.Young adults(age 18 to 22),in particular,are more likely than teens(age 14 to 17)to report somewhat or strongly agreeing that a range of negative impacts on their lives are associated with their s

83、ocial media use.For instance:53%of young adults say they cant control their social media use or use it longer than intended,compared to 42%of teens.51%of young adults say social media use has reduced their attention span,while 39%of teens say the same.50%of young adults say social media gets in the

84、way of their sleep,versus 34%of teens.At the same time,young adults are more likely than teens to enact strategies to avoid content they dislike(81%vs.68%)and to curate their feed(71%vs.61%).These findings dovetail with qualitative interview findings suggesting that young adults feel they have devel

85、oped greater skill over time that allows them to notice when social media is negatively impact-ing them,and to avoid content on social media that upsets them.When compared with teens,a larger share of young adults say they have permanently stopped using one of their accounts in the last 12 months so

86、 they would not be tempted to spend so much time on it(45%vs.35%).9 A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.7.Youth with depressive symptoms are more vulnerable to social comparison and pressure to show their best selves on social media.However,they are also more likely to find r

87、esources to support their well-being and to curate their feeds in response to content they dont want to see.For young people who have significant symptoms of depres-sion,the pressures and negatives of social media are far more pronounced.They more often report that they feel stressed and anxious ove

88、r bad news on social media,feel bad about how they look,or view others lives as better than their own.And as the level of severity of depressive symptoms increases,so does the likelihood of agreeing with each of these statements:64%of youth with moderate to severe depressive symp-toms indicate that

89、when they use social media,they feel as if others lives are better than theirs,compared to 38%of those with no symptoms.62%of youth with moderate to severe depressive symp-toms say they see so much bad news on social media that it makes them stressed and anxious,compared to 32%of those with no sympt

90、oms.60%of youth with moderate to severe depressive symp-toms say they see or hear things on social media that make them feel badly about the way they look,compared to 25%of those with no symptoms.In addition,those exhibiting depressive symptoms appear to be the most vulnerable to focusing on measure

91、s of social media popularity and expressing concerns about online harassment:62%of young people with moderate to severe depressive symptoms say that posting content to public social media accounts might open themselves to criticism and harass-ment,compared to 42%of those with no symptoms.36%of those

92、 with moderate to severe depressive symp-toms report that they focus too much on numbers,followers,likes,shares,and comments on social media,versus 17%of those with no symptoms.However,youth with moderate to severe depressive symp-toms also feel that social media is especially important to them for

93、various forms of comfort,support,and connection:78%say that social media is important for cheering them up,compared with 68%of those with no symptoms.66%say that social media is important to them for feeling less alone,compared with 48%of those with no symptoms.65%say that social media is important

94、for connecting with others who have similar mental health concerns,compared with 55%of those with no symptoms.63%say that social media is important to them for getting support or advice when they need it,compared with 51%of those with no symptoms.Youth who reported moderate to severe depressive symp

95、-toms were also considerably more likely to take steps to manage what they see on social media:90%of young people with moderate to severe depressive symptoms have tried to see less of what they do not like on social media,versus 67%of those with no symptoms.81%of youth with moderate to severe depres

96、sive symp-toms have taken actions to try to curate their social media feed,compared to 55%of those with no symptoms.The current survey also included a question about the per-ceived effects of social media use when feeling depressed,stressed,or anxious,and the question format allowed for youth to rep

97、ort a mix of experiences.Overall,39%of all youth social media users say using social media makes them feel better,8%say it makes them feel worse,39%say neither better nor worse,and 13%say a mix of both positive and nega-tive impacts.A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 10 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Note

98、:Differences among those with no,mild,and moderate to severe depressive symptoms are statistically significant for all items at the level of p .05.Q:Do you agree or disagree with the following statements about social media?Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,wi

99、th 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.Moderate to severeMildNoneWhen I use social media,I end up feeling like other peoples lives are better than mineYoung people with depressive symptoms are more likely to report a range of negative impacts associated with social media use%of social media

100、 users age 1422,by depressive symptoms who agree with the following statements64%54%38%44%I see so much bad news in social media that it makes me stressed and anxious62%53%32%44%I see or hear things on social media that make me feel bad about my body or appearance60%44%25%potential spot for photoA D

101、OUBLE-EDGED SWORD 12 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.PART 1:Where and Why Youth Spend Their Time on Social MediaWhile the platforms that teens and young adults use have fluctuated over time,the importance of social media as a cen-terpiece of youth social life has been well documented for almo

102、st two decades.8 Yet accounts that once required deliber-ate engagement while sitting at a computer now travel on smartphones as constant companions,from alerts at the earli-est moments of the day to nudging notifications at night.For young people,the pull of social media primarily reflects the impo

103、rtance of staying connected with friends and tending to relationships at a time in life when peers are paramount.At the same time,social media can be an important release valve for the pressures of growing up.Having fun,goofing off,being creative,and relating to other people the same age can be just

104、 as valuable to young peoples well-being as more formal sources of support.And critically,many teens and young adults say that using social media simply helps them feel less alone.One in four youth say they use social media almost constantly;Black youth report the most frequent use overall.Nearly on

105、e-quarter(24%)of all youth age 14 to 22 report being on social media almost constantly throughout the day.This number is virtually unchanged from the 25%reported in 2020,but still reflects a notable increase from the 17%reported in 2018.About 6 in 10(59%)say they are on social media daily but not co

106、nstantly,and 13%report using social media platforms less than daily.Just 4%say they never use social media.In general,variations by gender and age are not significant,with one exception:Young adults age 18 to 22 are more likely to report that they never use social media compared with teens age 14 to

107、 17(7%vs.2%).In contrast,there are sizable differences by race and ethnicity.A much larger share of Black young people say they are on social media almost constantly when compared with White and Latino young people(37%vs.19%and 22%,respectively).8 Lenhart,A.,Madden,M.,Smith,A.,&Macgill,A.(2007).Teen

108、s and social media.Pew Research Center.https:/www.pewresearch.org/internet/2007/12/19/teens-and-social-media/Further,young people with mild to severe depressive symp-toms are also more likely than those without any depressive symptoms to say that they use social media almost constantly(31%of those w

109、ith mild symptoms and 30%of those with moderate to severe symptoms vs.18%of those with no symptoms).Four in 10 young people who use social media prefer the platforms over in-person communication.The preference for digital communication over in-person interaction has fluctuated slightly since the hei

110、ght of the pan-demic.In the current survey,39%of those age 14 to 22 who use social media say they strongly agree or somewhat agree that they prefer to communicate with people through social media rather than in person,which is not significantly differ-ent from 43%in 2020.However,this still reflects

111、a significant increase from 31%in 2018.Some notable differences emerge by demographic group,especially by race/ethnicity and by LGBTQ+identity.Compared to their White(36%)peers,Black(45%)and Latino(45%)youth are more likely to prefer to communicate via social media versus in person.And a little over

112、 half(52%)of LGBTQ+young people indicate a preference for social media,compared to less than 4 in 10 of non-LGBTQ+youth(38%).In our qualitative interviews and focus groups,LGBTQ+youth said that finding community in person was often fraught in a climate of increased restrictions and hate toward trans

113、 and queer youth,and that online communication often felt safer and more supportive.13 A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.YouTube and Instagram are the most commonly used platforms for youth.Among youth who use social media,YouTube(78%)and Instagram(76%)are the most commonly

114、 used platforms.TikTok(71%)and Snapchat(70%)are a close second,with at least 7 in 10 saying they have ever used each.Just over half(56%)of youth social media users say they have used Facebook,and 39%have used X(formerly Twitter).Another 36%report using Discord,and 34%say they have used Pinterest.A s

115、lightly smaller share,30%,say they have used Reddit,and 25%report using Twitch.The least commonly used platform among those asked about in our survey,BeReal,has been used by just 15%of youth social media users.Looking at variations by gender,women and girls are more likely than men and boys to use I

116、nstagram,TikTok,Pinterest,and BeReal.By contrast,a larger share of men and boys use Discord,Reddit,YouTube,and Twitch when compared with women and girls.YouTube,Instagram,X(Twitter),Discord,Reddit,Pinterest,Twitch,and BeReal are more commonly used by LGBTQ+young people compared with non-LGBTQ+young

117、people.For instance,LGBTQ+youth are more than twice as likely to ever use Reddit(55%vs.26%)and Twitch(48%vs.21%)when com-pared with non-LGBTQ+youth who use social media.In qualitative interviews and focus groups with LGBTQ+young people,they expressed that they tended to observe more support for LGBT

118、Q+communities on YouTube,Discord,Twitch,and Reddit,in particular.For example,one participant noted that platforms such as Discord and Reddit offer specific ways to access particular communities of interest,like ways to search for content tagged as supportive of LGBTQ+people.Another participant discu

119、ssed how YouTube can serve as an educational platform,as well as a form of social media,to explore and learn more about ones identity.A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 14 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.*Differences between women and girls and men and boys are statistically significant at the level of p .

120、05.Q:Which of the following social media platforms have you EVER used?Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.*Differences between LGBTQ+and non-LGBTQ+youth are statistically significant at the level of p .05.Q:Whic

121、h of the following social media platforms have you EVER used?Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.Men/BoysWomen/GirlsYouTubeSocial media platform use varies significantly by gender%of social media users age 1422,

122、by gender82%*75%Instagram70%84%*TikTok66%78%*Facebook53%60%X(formerly Twitter)41%36%Discord45%*24%Pinterest18%50%*Reddit34%*22%Twitch32%*16%BeReal8%21%*Other1%1%Snapchat68%74%LGBTQ+Non-LGBTQ+YouTubeLGBTQ+youth use a wider array of social media platforms%of social media users age 1422,by LGBTQ+89%*76

123、%Instagram83%*75%TikTok69%72%Facebook63%55%X(formerly Twitter)58%*36%Discord62%*32%Pinterest46%32%Reddit55%*26%Twitch48%21%BeReal22%14%Other2%1%Snapchat72%69%15 A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Young People Discuss Why Social Media Is Important to Them Social media support

124、s a wide array of important needs for youth.Social media platforms are a centerpiece of young peoples daily lives.As such,these spaces are often home to the full range of social,emotional,and cultural activity that comes with being a teen or young adult.When asked what functions of social media they

125、 consider most important,the vast majority of young people note that it is very or somewhat important for entertain-ment or just having fun(89%),communicating with their friends(85%),relaxing or unwinding when stressed(83%),and having a place to reduce boredom or kill some time(82%).Young people als

126、o see social media as an important place to find relatable content(77%),connect with others who share their experiences,interests,or identities(73%),cheer themselves up when they are feeling down(71%),and stay informed and up to date on the news(70%).By comparison,53%say it is important for keeping

127、up with influencers or creators they like.Notably,while social media is primarily used for staying con-nected with friends,62%of youth social media users say it is also very or somewhat important for connecting with family.Another 60%say that social media is important to them as a source for learnin

128、g about professional or academic opportuni-ties(such as scholarships or what its like to have a certain job or attend a certain school).More than half of social media users consider the platforms important for inspiration,creative expression,and social and mental health support.When asked about find

129、ing information or resources on mental health and well-being,50%of youth social media users said this was a very or somewhat important function of social media for them.More than half of youth social media users also said the platforms are important for seeking support or advice when they need it;54

130、%reported this in the latest survey,as did 53%in 2020,both an increase from the 43%who said this was important in 2018.The proportion of young people who say using social media helps them feel less alone grew substantially from 46%in 2018 to 59%in 2020 during the height of the COVID-19 pan-demic,and

131、 remains steady at 55%in 2023.For LGBTQ+young people,social media is especially important to feel less alone(74%vs.52%of non-LGBTQ+)and to get inspiration from others(82%vs.69%).In our qualitative interviews and focus groups with teens and young adults,they reflected that their practices for connect

132、-ing with others and expressing themselves changed by necessity during the pandemic,when they lost many opportu-nities for in-person communication.They explained that many of the habits they developed around creative self-expression,getting inspiration,and connecting to others online during the pand

133、emic remain important to them today.Staying connected to family and news is an especially valuable function of social media for young adults.In regard to specific connectionsfamily and friendsmore than 6 in 10 non-LGBTQ+youth(64%)report that social media is very or somewhat important for connecting

134、with family,versus slightly over 5 in 10 of their LGBTQ+peers(53%).Compared to teens(57%),young adults(65%)are also more likely to say that the platforms help them connect with family.In addition,White youth(89%)more often report that social media is very or somewhat important for communicat-ing wit

135、h friends,compared to their Latino peers(84%).Additional noteworthy differences arise by age group and gender.Compared to young adults,teens find social media more important for expressing themselves creatively(65%vs.56%).Among young adults,about three-fourths(74%)say that social media is important

136、for keeping up to date on the news,versus approximately 6 in 10 teens(62%).With regard to gender,women and girls more often report that the platforms are important for getting inspiration from others(76%vs.65%for men and boys),feeling less alone(61%vs.47%),relaxing/unwinding when stressed(87%vs.80%)

137、,and learning about professional opportunities(66%vs.55%).A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 16 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Note:Differences between 2023 and 2018,and between 2020 and 2018,are statistically significant at the level of p .05.Q:How important is social media to you for:_?Source:NORC surve

138、y for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.There are notable differences between Black young people and their peers when it comes to the importance they place on different aspects of social media.Black young people report a greater imp

139、ortance of social media for a number of key tasks and experiences in their lives.Black young people who use social media are more likely than their White peers to say the platforms are important for staying up to date on the news(80%vs.65%),and getting inspiration from others(79%vs.69%).Black and Wh

140、ite youth,compared to Latino youth,are also more likely to view social media as critical for cheering themselves up when feeling down(79%and 73%vs.67%)and a way to reduce boredom/kill time(85%and 84%vs.77%).In addition,Black youth were more likely than White and Latino youth to report that social me

141、dia is important for keeping up with influencers or creators(63%vs.52%and 52%).Notably,when compared with their White and Latino peers,Black young people find social media more critical for con-necting with people who share similar concerns about their mental health or well-being(53%White and 60%Lat

142、ino vs.77%Black).Both Black and Latino young people also place greater importance on finding information or resources about mental health or well-being on social media than their White peers(64%and 59%vs.44%),and using social media to get support or advice when they need it(63%and 60%vs.50%).In addi

143、tion,relative to both White and Latino peers,Black youth more often point to the importance of using social media for connecting with family(72%Black vs.62%Latino and 61%White),and expressing themselves creatively(79%vs.62%and 56%).Black youth(80%)are more likely to say that social media platforms a

144、re important for learning about pro-fessional or academic opportunities than Latino youth(63%),who in turn are more likely than White youth(53%)to report using social media for these purposes.White youth(89%)reported greater importance of social media for communicating with friends than Latino youth

145、(84%).White youth(84%)also reported greater use of social media for relaxing or unwinding when stressed,compared to Black youth(78%).Getting support or advice when you need itFeeling less aloneExpressing yourself creativelyGetting inspiration from others2018The importance of social media for connect

146、ion and creativity grew since 2018%of social media users age 1422,by year43%46%52%57%202053%59%62%68%202354%55%60%70%In our qualitative interviews and focus groups with Black and Latino young people,Black youth stressed that they dont always have access to large in-person networks around college,car

147、eer,and scholarship opportunities,so social media is particularly important for finding these resources.They also mentioned that social media can be a resource for finding more diverse and less stereotypical representations of Black people.Both Black and Latino youth described the impor-tance of bei

148、ng able to turn to social media for mental health support when they face stigma with regard to mental health issues,especially within their families or among older members of their communities.17 A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Note:Bars with different superscripts differ

149、 significantly within each category(p .05).Q:How important is social media to you for:_?Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.84%a85%a77%bEntertainment or just having funBlack and Latino youth are more likely to r

150、ely on social media for a variety of resources and support%of social media users age 1422,by race/ethnicity who say social media is very or somewhat important for.WhiteBlackLatino89%88%89%Communicating with your friends89%a85%ab84%bRelaxing or unwinding when stressedReducing boredom or killing time8

151、4%a78%b83%abFinding relatable content76%83%73%Connecting to people that share your experiences,interests,or identities 74%80%70%Cheering yourself up when youre feeling down73%a79%a67%bStaying informed and up to date on the news65%a80%b69%abGetting inspiration from others69%a79%b70%abConnecting with

152、family61%a72%b62%aExpressing yourself creatively56%a79%b62%aLearning about professional or academic opportunities53%a80%b63%cGetting support or advice when you need it50%a63%b60%bFeeling less alone55%59%54%Connecting with people who share similar concerns about mental health or well-being 53%a77%b60

153、%aKeeping up with certain influencers or creators52%a63%b52%aFinding information or resources about mental health or well-being44%a64%b59%bA DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 18 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Social media is especially important for connecting youth who have elevated depressive symptoms to

154、 sources of comfort,support,and others who share the same mental health concerns.Teens and young adults who report elevated depressive symp-toms are especially likely to say social media is an important resource for making themselves feel better and finding a range of support and advice when they ne

155、ed it.For instance,a larger share of youth who report moderate to severe depres-sive symptoms(78%)and those who report mild symptoms(75%)say that social media is important for cheering them up,compared with those reporting no symptoms(68%).Youth with depressive symptoms are also especially likely to

156、 value social media for the ways it allows them to express them-selves creatively.Those who report moderate to severe symptoms are more likely(68%)to say that social media is important for creative expression,compared with those with mild(55%)and no symptoms(57%).When compared with their peers,the r

157、ole of social media in helping youth feel less alone is far more important for those who report depressive symptoms.Those with moderate to severe depressive symptoms(66%)and those with mild symp-toms(59%)are both significantly more likely than those who report no symptoms(48%)to say that social medi

158、a is impor-tant to them for feeling less alone.Among youth who report at least moderate depressive symp-toms,using social media to connect with people who share similar concerns about their mental health or well-being is also an important feature.A larger share of those who report mod-erate to sever

159、e symptoms say that social media is important for connecting with others who have similar mental health concerns(65%),compared with those reporting mild(56%)and no symptoms(55%).More generally,those with moderate to severe depressive symptoms are considerably more likely(63%)than those with mild(54%

160、)and those with no symptoms(51%)to say that social media is important to them for getting support or advice when they need it.Looking specifically at the importance of social media as a resource for finding information about mental health or well-being,those who report moderate to severe depressive

161、symptoms are significantly more likely(57%)than those who report no symptoms(47%)to say that social media is impor-tant for finding these resources.potential spot for photoA DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 20 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.PART 2:What Youth Say About How Social Media Content Impacts Them

162、 With the explosion of social media use among young people in the United States over the past two decades,there is growing evidence that how they engage with these platforms can impact their development in both harmful and beneficial ways.Social media may be used to build connections with others who

163、 share ones interests,abilities,and identities.It can also connect teens and young adults across different contexts and backgrounds,and this social support may be especially beneficial for those from underrepresented communities.9 At the same time,social media can present unique challenges,such as n

164、avigating the pressures these platforms can put on young peoples daily lives(e.g.,feeling the need to present their best selves),encounter-ing harmful and hateful content online,and balancing social media use with important healthy behaviors(e.g.,getting enough sleep and spending time offline with f

165、riends).109 Craig,S.L.,Eaton,A.D.,McInroy,L.B.,Leung,V.W.Y.,&Krishnan,S.(2021).Can social media participation enhance LGBTQ+youth well-being?Development of the Social Media Benefits Scale.Social Media+Society,7(1),113.https:/doi.org/10.1177/205630512198893110 Alonzo,R.,Hussain,J.,Stranges,S.,&Anders

166、on,K.K.(2021).Interplay between social media use,sleep quality,and mental health in youth:A systematic review.Sleep Medicine Reviews,56,Article 101414.https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2020.10141411 All data in this section is reported out of social media users.Bad news,body image or appearance concerns

167、,and social comparison can take a toll on emotional healthespecially for young adults and women and girls.Social media can take a toll on young peoples emotional well-being,from the stream of bad news exacerbating stress and anxiety,to content that can affect body image.Nearly half(45%)of social med

168、ia users11 age 14 to 22 strongly agree or somewhat agree that they see so much bad news on social media that it makes them stressed and anxious.By comparison,in 2020,close to 6 in 10 youth(57%)felt that the stream of bad news took a toll on their emotional health.Note:Items with different superscrip

169、ts differ significantly across rows within each category(p .05).Q:Do you agree or disagree with the following statements about social media?Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.Among ages 14 to 22,percent of soci

170、al media users who agree thatTotalAgeGenderRace/EthnicityLGBTQ+14 to 1718 to 22Men/BoysWomen/GirlsWhiteBlackLatinoLGBTQ+Non-LGBTQ+I see so much bad news in social media that it makes me stressed and anxious45%36%a50%b41%48%41%a53%b48%b60%a43%bWhen I use social media,I end up feeling like other peopl

171、es lives are better than mine48%45%50%43%a53%b47%54%53%60%a47%bI see or hear things on social media that make me feel bad about my body or appearance39%31%a43%b26%a50%b39%44%37%55%a37%bSocial media and emotional well-being,by age,gender,race/ethnicity,and LGBTQ+identity21 A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD COMMON

172、 SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.It is important to note that this data was collected from September through November 2020during the COVID-19 pandemic and a particularly heated and divisive election season.Social media also impacts how some young people think about their body image and overall appea

173、rance,as well as their lives in comparison to others.Over one-third(39%)agree that they see or hear things on social media that make them feel bad about their body or appearance,and about half(48%)report that after using social media,they feel that other peoples lives are better than their own.Young

174、 adult social media users(age 1822),compared with teens(age 1417),are nearly one and a half times more likely to agree that the barrage of negative news online makes them stressed and anxious(50%vs.36%).As noted in Part 1 of this report,young adults are more likely to say they use social media for n

175、ews than teens,which may contribute to greater exposure to negative news content.In addition,over 4 in 10 young adults(43%)also report that social media has a negative impact on their body image,versus only one-third of teens(31%).In regard to gender,fully half(50%)of women and girls agree that they

176、 feel badly about their bodies and appearance based on what they see and hear on social media compared to only about a quarter of men and boys(26%),and are more likely to agree that when they are using social media,they feel that others lives are better than their own(53%vs.43%).Negative emotions re

177、lated to social media use are also more pronounced for Black and Latino youth,and especially for LGBTQ+young people.Compared to their White peers(41%),Black youth(53%)and Latino youth(48%)more often indicate that they feel the emo-tional toll of negative news consumption.Looking at LGBTQ+respondents

178、,fully 6 in 10 LGBTQ+youth report experiencing the emotional impact of negative news,compared to only 43%of non-LGBTQ+young people.Other noteworthy differences arise for LGBTQ+social media users around body image and negative social comparisons.LGBTQ+social media users,com-pared to their non-LGBTQ+p

179、eers,are more likely to agree that they see or hear things on social media that make them feel bad about their body or appearance(55%vs.37%),and that when they use social media,they end up feeling like other peoples lives are better than their own(60%vs.47%).A majority of youth with depressive sympt

180、oms report that social media can make them feel stressed,anxious,and bad about their bodies and lives.For young social media users who have symptoms of depres-sion,the severity of their symptoms tracks with their likelihood of reporting that they feel stressed and anxious over bad news on social med

181、ia,feel bad about how they look,or like others lives are better than their own.Those with moderate to severe depressive symptoms are more likely(62%)than those with mild symptoms(53%)and no symp-toms(32%)to report that they see so much bad news that they feel stressed and anxious.In addition,young p

182、eople with mild symptoms are more likely to report this compared to youth with no symptoms.Following the same pattern with respect to severity of depres-sive symptoms,young people with moderate to severe symptoms are more likely(64%)than youth with mild symp-toms(54%)and no symptoms(38%)to indicate

183、that when they use social media,they feel as if others lives are better than theirs.Again,youth with mild depressive symptoms are more likely to agree with this sentiment compared to youth with no symptoms.In addition,youth with moderate to severe depressive symp-toms are more likely(60%)than youth

184、with mild symptoms(44%)and youth with no symptoms(25%)to say that they see or hear things on social media that make them feel bad about the way they look.Similarly,young people with mild depressive symptoms are more likely to say they agree with this statement versus those with no symptoms.Over half

185、 of social media users(52%)feel like they always need to show the best version of themselves on social media.Young people may also contend with the pressures that social media can place on them to present themselves in a certain way within these spaces.The sentiment of feeling compelled to present t

186、heir best selves on these platforms has remained stable,at 53%in 2018 and 52%in 2023.1212 This question was not included in the 2020 survey.A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 22 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Note:Differences between LGBTQ+and non-LGBTQ+youth are statistically significant for all items at

187、 the level of p .05.Q:Do you agree or disagree with the following statements about social media?Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.Note:Differences among those with no,mild,and moderate to severe depressive sym

188、ptoms are statistically significant for all items at the level of p .05.Q:Do you agree or disagree with the following statements about social media?Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.Moderate to severeMildNoneW

189、hen I use social media,I end up feeling like other peoples lives are better than mineYoung people with depressive symptoms are more likely to report a range of negative impacts associated with social media use%of social media users age 1422,by depressive symptoms who agree with the following stateme

190、nts64%54%38%44%I see so much bad news in social media that it makes me stressed and anxious62%53%32%44%I see or hear things on social media that make me feel bad about my body or appearance60%44%25%LGBTQ+Non-LGBTQ+Social media may especially take an emotional toll on LGBTQ+young people%of social med

191、ia users age 1422,by LGBTQ+who agree with the following statementsI see so much bad news in social media that it makes me stressed and anxious60%43%I see or hear things on social media that make me feel bad about my body or appearance55%37%When I use social media,I end up feeling like other peoples

192、lives are better than mine60%47%23 A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Self-presentation pressures are particularly salient for women and girls,Black,and youth with depressive symptoms.Women and girls are substantially more likely than men and boys to report that they feel li

193、ke they always need to show their best selves on social media(63%vs.45%).Compared to men and boys,women and girls are also more likely to report that they focus too much on numbers,followers,likes,comments,or shares(30%vs.20%).Black youth,too,are more likely(42%)to hone in on these social media metr

194、ics(e.g.,the number of likes or shares on a post,or the number of followers one has)compared to their White(21%)and Latino peers(29%)fully twice as likely as White youth.Those exhibiting depressive symptomsmoderate to severe and/or mild symptomsare also particularly vulnerable.By way of example,thos

195、e with moderate to severe depressive symptoms and mild symptoms are about twice as likely(36%and 32%,respectively)to report that they focus too much on numbers,followers,likes,comments,and shares on social media versus those with no symptoms(17%).In addition,young people with moderate to severe(62%)

196、and mild symp-toms(56%),compared to those with no symptoms(42%),are more likely to feel that posting content to public social media accounts might open themselves to criticism and harassment.Furthermore,young people with moderate to severe symptoms(62%)and mild symptoms(56%)tended to feel greater pr

197、essure to always show the best version of themselves on social media than those with no symptoms(47%).Note:Differences between those with moderate to severe depressive symptoms and mild symptoms compared to no symptoms are statistically significant for all items at the level of p .05.Q:Do you agree

198、or disagree with the following statements about social media?Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.Moderate to severeMildNonePosting content to public social media accounts would open me up to criticism and harass

199、mentYouth with depressive symptoms report greater self-presentation concerns%of social media users age 1422,by depressive symptoms who agree with the following statements62%56%42%I feel like I always need to show the best version of myself on social media62%56%47%I focus too much on numbers,follower

200、s,likes,comments,or shares on my social media36%32%17%A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 24 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Note:Items with different superscripts differ significantly across rows within each category(p .05).Q:Do you agree or disagree with the following statements about social media?Source:

201、NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted from Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.Among ages 14 to 22,percent of social media users who agree that TotalAgeGenderRace/EthnicityLGBTQ+14 to 1718 to 22Men/BoysWomen/GirlsWhiteBlackLatinoLGBTQ+Non-LGBTQ+I feel like

202、 I always need to show the best version of myself on social media52%50%54%45%a63%b53%52%53%56%53%Posting content to public social media accounts would open me up to criticism and harassment50%43%a55%b47%53%52%50%46%72%a47%bI focus too much on numbers,followers,likes,comments,or shares on my social m

203、edia26%23%27%20%a30%b21%a42%b29%a28%25%Social media and self-presentation,by age,gender,race/ethnicity,and LGBTQ+identity25 A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.LGBTQ+youth are especially concerned that sharing their thoughts and ideas publicly on social media would open them

204、up to harassment.Youth express hesitation about sharing their ideas,thoughts,and feelings on social media.Fully half(50%)are concerned about the possible consequences of sharing content onlinenamely,that posting content to public accounts would open themselves to criticism and harassment.The majorit

205、y of young adults express concern about sharing content(55%),versus slightly over 4 in 10 teens(43%).Close to three in four LGBTQ+young people(72%)feel that posting content to public accounts would open themselves to criticism and harassment,compared with less than half(47%)of their non-LGBTQ+peers.

206、Youth are encountering fewer comments online related to racism,sexism,homophobia,and body shaming compared to 2020,but a majority still see this negative content at least sometimes.In addition to self-presentation concerns,social media can spot-light hateful and hurtful comments that attack people o

207、f different races and ethnicities,LGBTQ+people,and people with different body shapes and sizes.For example,in regard to LGBTQ+identity,a review of 27 studieswith sample sizes ranging from 18 to 20,406 participantsfound that youth from these communities are disproportionately more often victims of cy

208、berbullying compared to their straight and cisgender peers.13 Hateful and hurtful language that attacks young peoples sense of self or their community can easily proliferate on these plat-forms.A majority of young people who use social media are faced often or sometimes with body shaming(61%),sexist

209、(58%),trans-phobic(58%),racist(55%),or homophobic(53%)comments.When we look at the data over time,however,we see declines in exposure to different types of problematic content,though it is important to remember that the 2020 survey data was collected during the pandemic and a highly divisive electio

210、n season.There has been a modest reduction in body-shaming comments,decreasing from 67%of social media users age 14 to 22 who said they often or sometimes encountered these comments in 2020 to 61%in 2023.Similarly,exposure to sexist comments has also declined,from 65%who said they often or sometimes

211、 encountered these com-ments in 2020 to 58%in 2023.Exposure to racist comments has also seen a significant decline,from 65%of social media users who reported that they saw these types of comments often or sometimes in 2020 to 55%of social media users in 2023.Furthermore,the incidence of encountering

212、 homophobic com-ments at least sometimes has decreased significantly from 61%in 2020 to 53%in 2023.Note:Differences between 2023 and 2020 are statistically significant for all items at the level of p .05.The item asking about the frequency of encountering transphobic comments was included only in th

213、e 2023 survey.Q:How often,if ever,have you encountered the following types of comments in social media?Source:NORC surveys for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted in 2020(n=1,442)and in 2023(n=1,231).65%61%65%67%20202023Racist commentsOver the last three years,there has been a modest decrease in expo

214、sure to hateful and hurtful comments online%of social media users age 1422,by year of data collection who say they encounter the below comments sometimes or often 55%Homophobic comments53%Sexist comments58%Body-shaming comments61%13 Abreu,R.L.,&Kenny,M.C.(2018).Cyberbullying and LGBTQ youth:A system

215、atic literature review and recommendations for prevention and intervention.Journal of Child&Adolescent Trauma,11(1),8197.https:/doi.org/10.1007/s40653-017-0175-7A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 26 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.14 Berger,M.N.,Taba,M.,Marino,J.L.,Lim,M.S.C.,&Skinner,S.R.(2022).Social med

216、ia use and health and well-being of lesbian,gay,bisexual,transgender,and queer youth:Systematic review.Journal of Medical Internet Research,24(9),e38449.https:/www.jmir.org/2022/9/e38449/;Craig,S.L.,Eaton,A.D.,McInroy,L.B.,Leung,V.W.Y.,&Krishnan,S.(2021).Can social media participation enhance LGBTQ+

217、youth well-being?Development of the Social Media Benefits Scale.Social Media+Society,7(1),113.https:/doi.org/10.1177/205630512198893115 Please note that the items assessing the frequency of encountering identity-affirming comments on social media were not included in the 2018 or 2020 surveys.More th

218、an two in three social media users say they have encountered identity-affirming or body-positive content.Social media is not only a space for negative content and expe-riences;social platforms can offer opportunities to explore ones identity,uplift others,and build community and connec-tion.For inst

219、ance,research14 has shown that these platforms may promote positive mental health among LGBTQ+youth by creating spaces for identity development and social support.Over two-thirds(68%)of social media users age 14 to 22 often or sometimes come across comments celebrating a range of body shapes,sizes,a

220、nd capabilities.And about 6 in 10 young people often or sometimes see comments affirming people from different racial or ethnic backgrounds(63%),those from LGBTQ+communities(63%),and intersectional identities(60%)(e.g.,Latino and LGBTQ+).15Notable differences emerge based on age,gender,race/eth-nici

221、ty,and LGBTQ+identity.In our current data,compared to teens,young adults report that they are more likely than teens to often or sometimes come across LGBTQ+affirming com-ments(67%vs.57%).Young adults,compared to teens,also report that they more frequently encounter comments cele-brating intersectio

222、nal identities(63%vs.56%)and a variety of body types(73%vs.62%).Women and girls encounter a wider range of both positive and negative comments on social media.In regard to gender,compared to men and boys,women and girls are more likely to come across both types of comments:hurtful and identity-affir

223、ming.For instance,with respect to hateful content,women and girls more often report encoun-tering sexist(62%vs.54%)and body-shaming comments(63%vs.56%).On the other hand,women and girls are also more likely to report coming across all types of identity-affirming comments,including those that support

224、 intersectional identi-ties(65%vs.52%),people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds(65%vs.58%),and body positivity(74%vs.64%).In addition,nearly 7 in 10(69%)women and girls indicate that they come across comments celebrating LGBTQ+people,versus slightly over 5 in 10(54%)men and boys.Noteworth

225、y differences also emerge with respect to race/ethnicity.For hurtful comments,Latino youth(56%)report more frequently encountering racist comments,as compared to their Black peers(47%).White(60%)and Latino(59%)youth are also more likely than Black youth(53%)to encounter body-shaming comments.In addi

226、tion,White youth are more likely than Black youth to report coming across sexist com-ments(58%vs.49%).For identity-affirming comments,White youth are more likely to come across nearly every type of comment.For instance,nearly three-fourths of White youth report coming across body-positive comments(7

227、3%),versus 6 in 10 Latino youth(61%)and only slightly over half(56%)of Black youth.Black youth also report less often seeing comments celebrating intersectional identities(51%)compared to their White and Latino peers(61%for both White and Latino youth),as well as comments affirming members of LGBTQ+

228、communities(53%for Black youth compared to 62%for Latino youth and 65%for White youth).27 A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Note:Items with different superscripts differ significantly across rows within each category(p .05).Q:How often,if ever,have you encountered the follo

229、wing types of comments in social media?Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.Among ages 14 to 22,percent of social media users who have encountered the following comments at least sometimesTotalAgeGenderRace/Ethni

230、cityLGBTQ+14 to 1718 to 22Men/BoysWomen/GirlsWhiteBlackLatinoLGBTQ+Non-LGBTQ+Racist comments55%54%55%55%53%53%ab47%b56%a70%a52%bHomophobic comments53%52%54%49%54%52%47%55%76%a49%bTransphobic comments58%58%58%56%58%56%53%61%75%a55%bSexist comments58%54%61%54%a62%b58%a49%b56%ab78%a55%bBody-shaming com

231、ments61%58%62%56%a63%b60%a53%b59%a81%a57%bEncountering hurtful comments on social media,by age,gender,race/ethnicity,and LGBTQ+identityNote:Items with different superscripts differ significantly across rows within each category(p .05).Q:How often,if ever,have you encountered the following types of c

232、omments in social media?Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.Among ages 14 to 22,percent of social media users who have encountered the following comments at least sometimesTotalAgeGenderRace/EthnicityLGBTQ+14 to

233、 1718 to 22Men/BoysWomen/GirlsWhiteBlackLatinoLGBTQ+Non-LGBTQ+Comments that affirm LGBTQ+identities63%57%a67%b54%a69%b65%a53%b62%a89%a58%bComments that affirm people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds63%60%65%58%a65%b65%58%59%81%a60%bComments that affirm intersectional identities60%56%a63%

234、b52%a65%b61%a51%b61%a82%a56%bBody-positive comments68%62%a73%b64%a74%b73%a56%b61%b78%a66%bEncountering affirming comments on social media,by age,gender,race/ethnicity,and LGBTQ+identityA DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 28 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Social media is a double-edged sword for LGBTQ+youth

235、,offering both important opportunities for support and identity affirmation,and increased exposure to harassment and stress.Almost 9 in 10(89%)LGBTQ+young people at least some-times come across comments celebrating LGBTQ+identities,compared to about 6 in 10(58%)of non-LGBTQ+youth.In addition,compare

236、d to their non-LGBTQ+peers,LGBTQ+young people are more likely to have often seen comments that affirm people from different racial and ethnic back-grounds(81%vs.60%),intersectional identities(82%vs.56%),and various body shapes and sizes(78%vs.66%).Three-fourths of LGBTQ+youth,however,encounter both

237、transphobic(75%)and homophobic comments(76%)on social media,versus only about half of non-LGBTQ+youth(55%and 49%,respectively).LGBTQ+youth are also more likely to encounter racist comments(70%vs.52%of non-LGBTQ+youth),along with body shaming(81%vs.57%)and sexist(78%vs.55%)comments.These findings dov

238、etail with the feedback from LGBTQ+teens and young adults we spoke with in our qualitative interviews and focus groups.For many LGBTQ+teens,online spaces create valued opportunities for connecting to content that is identity-affirming and supportive of LGBTQ+people.Simultaneously,such places are als

239、o where they encounter hateful language about their identities and cruelty from other users,particularly in the comments section of posts.Note:Differences between LGBTQ+and non-LGBTQ+youth are statistically significant for all items at the level of p .05.Q:How often,if ever,have you encountered the

240、following types of comments in social media?Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.89%78%82%81%70%81%78%76%75%Non-LGBTQ+LGBTQ+Comments that affirm LGBTQ+identitiesFor LGBTQ+young people,social media is a double-edg

241、ed sword%of social media users age 1422,by LGBTQ+who encounter the below comments sometimes or more often58%Body-positive comments 66%Comments that affirm intersectional identities56%Racist comments52%Body-shaming comments57%Sexist comments55%Homophobic comments49%Transphobic comments55%Comments tha

242、t affirm people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds60%potential spot for photoA DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 30 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.PART 3:How Young People Manage Their Social Media Experiences Social media platforms have been intentionally designed with features that contribute to

243、 the powerful pull of the screen,from the ping of a new message notification to endless scrolling.16 The buzz of content from these platforms can affect every aspect of a young persons daily life,from the amount of sleep they get each night to how well they can focus.Teens and young adults who use s

244、ocial media have to walk a fine line to balance playing,learning,and socializing on these platforms while man-aging time spent off of them.Young people are not passive users and consumers of social media.They respond to the content they see and the experi-ences they have online,curating their feeds

245、to affirm their identities and engage their interests,and taking temporary or permanent breaks from their accounts.Young people constructively curate their feeds to control content they dislike,are not interested in,or find inappropriate or offensive.In the 12 months prior to our survey,more than th

246、ree-quar-ters(76%)of social media users17 age 14 to 22 put a range of measures in place to try to control what they see on social media.For example,some users attempted to see less of what they dislike,either by selecting a not interested button,flagging inappropriate or offensive content,or blockin

247、g someone whose content bothered them.Close to 7 in 10(67%)young people who use social media say that,over the last year,they have attempted to curate their feed by liking or spending more time on certain content to see more of what interests them.LGBTQ+young people are significantly more likely to

248、have tried to control what they see on social media compared with their non-LGBTQ+peers.16 Radesky,J.,Weeks,H.M.,Schaller,A.,Robb,M.,Mann,S.,&Lenhart,A.(2023).Constant Companion:A Week in the Life of a Young Persons Smartphone Use.Common Sense.https:/monsensemedia.org/research/constant-companion-a-w

249、eek-in-the-life-of-a-young-persons-smartphone-use;Weinstein,E.,&James,C.(2022).Behind their screens:What teens are facing(and adults are missing).MIT Press.;Wells,G.,Horwitz,J.,&Seetharaman,D.(2021,September 14).Facebook knows Instagram is toxic for teen girls,company documents show.The Wall Street

250、Journal.https:/ All data in this section is reported out of social media users.Nearly 9 in 10(89%)LGBTQ+youth who use social media say that,over the past year,they have tried to avoid content they do not like on these platforms,compared with just under three-fourths(74%)of their non-LGBTQ+peers who

251、use social media.LGBTQ+youth are also significantly more likely than non-LGBTQ+youth to have tried curating their feed(78%vs.65%).Echoing insights from Part 2 of the report,this finding aligns with focus group and interview feedback indicating that social media may be a double-edged sword for LGBTQ+

252、young people:It is both an important opportunity for support and identity affirmation as well as an avenue for greater exposure to harassment and stress.These participants expressed that they manage this dynamic by disliking negative comments and engaging with positive content to curate their feed,h

253、elping them to stay on the positive side of social media.Note:Differences between LGBTQ+and non-LGBTQ+youth are statistically significant for both items at the level of p .05.Q:In the past 12 months,how often have you engaged in the following behaviors on social media?Source:NORC survey for Hopelab

254、and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.LGBTQ+Non-LGBTQ+Tried to see less of what you dislikeLarger shares of LGBTQ+youth tailor their feeds and avoid content they dislike%of social media users age 1422,by LGBTQ+who have done the following within

255、 the last 12 months89%74%Tried to curate your feed78%65%31 A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.When compared with teens,a larger share of young adults have attempted to control the kind of social media content they see.In the 12 months prior to the survey,young adults were mo

256、re likely than teens to report trying strategies to avoid content they dislike(81%vs.68%)and curate their feed(71%vs.61%).This finding dovetails with qualitative interview findings sug-gesting that young adults feel they have developed greater skills over time for avoiding content on social media th

257、at upsets them.Young adult interview participants felt they had more awareness and control over their social media behavior com-pared to teens,but they also explained how social media is designed to draw their attention and recognized that they may not be fully in control of just how much the design

258、 of these plat-forms influences their behavior.Youth with depressive symptoms are significantly more likely to take steps to try to tailor the content they see on social media.Fully 9 in 10 young people with moderate to severe depressive symptoms have tried to see less of what they do not like on so

259、cial media,versus 79%of those with mild symptoms and 67%of those with no symptoms.Young people with mild symptoms are also more likely to attempt to see less of what they do not like versus young people with no symptoms.In addition,a similar share of those with moderate to severe(81%)and mild(77%)de

260、pressive symptoms have taken actions to try to curate their social media feed,compared to just over half(55%)of those with no symptoms.Half of social media users struggle to control their use of social media,or say they use it for longer than they want.Young people arent always perfect at curating a

261、nd managing their social media experiences,and can struggle to find balance with other aspects of their lives.Half of social media users age 14 to 22 somewhat agree or strongly agree that they cannot control their use,or that they end up using social media for a longer period of time than they origi

262、nally wanted to.They are also aware of how social media may impact their daily routines and healthy habits,from getting quality sleep to spending time offline hanging out with friends.Close to half say that using social media takes time away from other activities they care about(46%)and has reduced

263、their attention span or ability to concentrate(46%).For most young people,the pull toward social media use when bored is perceived as automaticnearly three in four(73%)say they unconsciously reach for social media when bored.Young adults,LGBTQ+young people,and women and girls report more awareness o

264、f the struggle to control their social media use.Several differences arise by age,gender,and LGBTQ+identity around challenges in managing social media use.Compared to teens,young adults are more likely to agree that social media interferes with their sleep(50%vs.34%),has reduced their attention span

265、(51%vs.39%),and that they tend to reach for social media when bored(76%vs.68%).Black youth also more often report that they gravitate toward using social media when bored compared to their Latino peers(79%vs.69%).Young adults,compared to teens,are also more likely to say that they have a hard time c

266、ontrolling their social media use,or use it for longer than intended(53%vs.42%).As noted previously,in qualitative interviews,young adults indicated that this finding may reflect their increased awareness over time of how social media is engineered to hook attention,rather than being reflective of y

267、oung adults actually having more difficulty with self-control than teens.The majority of women and girls(56%)also find it challenging to control how much time they spend on social media,compared to about 4 in 10 men and boys(42%).When compared to non-LGBTQ+youth,LGBTQ+youth are also more likely to f

268、eel that social media use can be difficult to control(63%vs.47%),gets in the way of their sleep(56%vs.42%),and reduces their atten-tion span(59%vs.44%).A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 32 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.*Differences between LGBTQ+and non-LGBTQ+youth are statistically significant at the l

269、evel of p .05.Q:Do you agree or disagree with the following statements about social media?Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.*Differences between young adults and teens are statistically significant at the leve

270、l of p .05.Q:Do you agree or disagree with the following statements about social media?Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.18-2214-17When Im bored,I reach for social media without thinking about it Social media

271、is more likely to get in the way of young adults daily routines%of social media users age 1422,by age who agree with the following statements76%*68%Using social media gets in the way of my sleep50%*34%Using social media has reduced my attention spanor ability to concentrate,such as at school or when

272、 reading51%*39%I feel like I cant control my use or end up using it for a longer period of time than I originally wanted to53%*42%Using social media takes time away from other activities I care about,like spending time with friends,exercise,or other offline interests47%43%LGBTQ+Non-LGBTQ+LGBTQ+youth

273、 more often say social media interferes with daily life%of social media users age 1422,by LGBTQ+who agree with the following statementsWhen Im bored,I reach for social media without thinking about it 78%73%I feel like I cant control my use or end up using it for a longer period of time than I origin

274、ally wanted to63%*47%Using social media gets in the way of my sleep56%*42%Using social media has reduced my attention span or ability to concentrate,such as at school or when reading59%*44%Using social media takes time away from other activities I care about,like spending time with friends,exercise,

275、or other offline interests53%45%33 A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Young people with depressive symptoms are more likely to report that social media use negatively affects their daily lives.Compared to young people with no depressive symptoms,those with moderate to severe

276、 symptoms and those with mild symptoms are more likely to feel as though they cannot control their social media use,or that they use it longer than intended(61%for moderate to severe,58%for mild,and 39%for no depressive symptoms),and that these platforms have reduced their attention span(59%,53%,and

277、 37%,respectively).Nearly 6 in 10 youth with moderate to severe symptoms(58%),and over half of those with mild symptoms(54%),agree that social media interferes with their sleep,versus only about one-third of those with no symptoms(33%).In addition,the majority of youth with moderate to severe sympto

278、ms(54%)report that social media gets in the way of activities they enjoy,compared to 4 in 10 of those with no symptoms(41%).Those young people with moderate to severe depressive symp-toms are more likely to indicate that they reach for social media without thinking about it when they are bored,compa

279、red to youth with no symptoms(77%vs.67%).However,young people with mild depressive symptoms(85%)are more likely than those with moderate to severe or no symptoms to say they gravitate to social media when bored.A majority of social media users have taken a temporary break from a social media account

280、 to reduce their use;4 in 10 have permanently shut down a social media account.Avoiding negative content and curating their newsfeed to better align with their interests are not the only ways that young people proactively manage their use of social media.Some are also choosing to take temporary or p

281、ermanent breaks in response to the sheer amount of time they spend on social media.More than 6 in 10(63%)youth social media users say they have taken a temporary break from one of their accounts in the last 12 months so they would not be tempted to spend so much time on it.A smaller share(41%)report

282、s that they have permanently stopped using a social media account in the past year to manage the amount of time they spend on social media.Young adults are more likely than teens to have permanently stopped using a social media account to manage their time spent on the platforms(45%vs.35%).Turning t

283、o gender,66%of women and girls who use social media have decided to temporarily take a break from an account due to time-related concerns,com-pared with 57%of men and boys who use social media.Black and Latino youth are more likely to have taken a temporary or permanent break from a social media acc

284、ount than White youth,and they are more likely to do so in response to online harassment.Relative to time-related concerns,fewer young people report taking temporary(37%)or permanent(29%)breaks from an account during the past year due to harassment or other nega-tive experiences with people online.F

285、or breaks related to time concerns and harassment,the stark-est differences across the board arise by race/ethnicity.More specifically,about three-fourths of Black(74%)and Latino(73%)young people who use social media have taken a tempo-rary break from an account due to time concerns,compared to slig

286、htly over half of White youth(56%).In addition,the majority of Black(56%)and Latino(54%)youth chose to take a perma-nent break from an account for this reason,versus only about one in three White youth(32%).Notably,however,Black(42%)and Latino(40%)young people are about twice as likely as White yout

287、h(21%)to have taken a permanent break from a social media accountand more than one and a half times more likely to have taken a temporary break(48%,47%,vs.30%,respectively)due to harassment or other negative experiences online.Focus groups and qualitative interviews with Black and Latino young peopl

288、e included questions about this finding.Black and Latino youth reported that because they deal with racism and challenges offline,they have developed a lower tolerance for negative content and experiences online,and part of their play-book of coping mechanisms involves disconnecting from problematic

289、 spaces.A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 34 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Note:Differences between White youth,and Black and Latino youth,are statistically significant for both items at the level of p .05.Q:In the past 12 months,how often have you engaged in the following behaviors on social media?Sour

290、ce:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.Note:Items with different superscripts differ significantly across rows within each category(p .05).Q:In the past 12 months,how often have you engaged in the following behaviors o

291、n social media?Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.Among ages 14 to 22,percent of social media users who,over the past 12 months,haveTotalAgeGenderRace/EthnicityLGBTQ+14 to 1718 to 22Men/BoysWomen/GirlsWhiteBlac

292、kLatinoLGBTQ+Non-LGBTQ+Taken a temporary break from a social media account so that you wouldnt be tempted to spend so much time on it63%61%64%57%a66%b56%b74%a73%a70%62%Permanently stopped using a social media account so that you wouldnt be tempted to spend so much time on it 41%35%a45%b38%43%32%b56%

293、a54%a38%42%Breaks from a social media account due to time-related concerns,by age,gender,race/ethnicity,and LGBTQ+identityLatinoBlackWhiteTaken a temporary break from a social media account due to harassment-related concernsBlack and Latino youth are more likely to take breaks from a social media ac

294、count due to harassment and other negative experiences%of social media users age 1422,by race/ethnicity who have done the following within the last 12 months48%47%30%44%Permanently stopped using a social media account due to harassment-related concerns 42%40%21%35 A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD COMMON SENSE M

295、EDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Three-quarters of young people with moderate to severe depressive symptoms have taken temporary breaks from a social media account to manage their time,and another 58%have taken temporary breaks due to online harassment.Turning to depressive symptoms,about three-fourths of y

296、oung people with moderate to severe and mild symptoms(76%and 74%,respectively)report that they have temporarily taken a break from a social media account due to time-related con-cerns,whereas only half of young people with no symptoms(51%)have done so.In addition,the majority of youth with moderate

297、to severe symptoms(56%)have taken a permanent break from a social media account due to the amount of time they spend.Only about 4 in 10(43%)youth with mild symptoms have chosen to take a permanent break.And just 3 in 10(32%)youth with no symptoms have done so.In response to online harassment,youth w

298、ith depressive symptoms are more likely to take temporary or permanent breaks from a social media account.The likelihood that young people take temporary or permanent breaks from a social media account related to harassment tracks with the severity of their depressive symptoms.Young people with mode

299、rate to severe depressive symptoms are more than twice as likely to have taken a temporary(58%)and per-manent break(44%)due to online harassment and other negative experiences than those with no symptoms(25%and 20%,respectively).Youth with moderate to severe depressive symptoms are also significantl

300、y more likely than young people with mild symptoms to have taken both temporary(37%for mild)and permanent(29%for mild)breaks.In addition,youth with mild depressive symptoms are more likely to have taken both types of breaks compared to young people with no symptoms.A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 36 COMMON SEN

301、SE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Note:For time-related concerns,in terms of temporary breaks from a social media account,differences between youth with moderate to severe or mild depressive symptoms versus youth with no symptoms are statistically significant at the level of p .05.For all other temporary

302、 or permanent breaks from a social media account,differences among youth with moderate to severe,mild,and no depressive symptoms are statistically significant at the level of p .05.Q:In the past 12 months,how often have you engaged in the following behaviors on social media?Source:NORC survey for Ho

303、pelab and Common Sense conducted Oct.4Nov.14,2023,with 1,231 social media users age 1422 nationwide.44%58%56%76%Moderate to severeTaken a break from a social media accountYouth with depressive symptoms are considerably more likely to take breaks from a social media account due to concerns related to

304、 time and harassment%of social media users age 1422,by depressive symptoms who have done the following within the last 12 months NoneMild51%74%Permanently stopped using a social media account32%43%Taken a break from a social media accountTime-related concernsHarassment-related concerns25%37%Permanen

305、tly stopped using a social media account20%29%potential spot for photoA DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 38 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.PART 4:The Current State of Mental Health for Teens and Young AdultsConcern about the mental health of young people has been growing over the past decade,as an ever-in

306、creasing number of studies shows a steady uptick in mental distress among teens and young adults.This worry grew during the COVID-19 pan-demic,as isolation and stress exacerbated this upward trend.As the pandemic subsides,concern remains about the state of teen and young adult mental health in the U

307、nited States.As part of this survey,teens and young adults completed the Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ-8),a commonly used and validated scale for measuring depressive symptoms.18 We focused on the proportion of young people who had no,mild,or moderate to severe depressive symptoms.A score of 10 o

308、r higher on the scale is considered to indicate moderate to severe depressive symptoms and a warning sign that warrants further attention.Nearly 3 in 10 teens and young adults report moderate to severe depressive symptoms.This is down from 2020 levels but similar to pre-pandemic levels in 2018.Nearl

309、y 3 in 10(28%)young people age 14 to 22 report moderate to severe depressive symptoms.This rate is down from almost 4 in 10(38%)young people in 2020.However,the rate of 28%is similar to the pre-pandemic rate(25%)reported in 2018.Moderate to severe depressive symptoms tend to be higher among young ad

310、ults,but levels have improved significantly since 2020.The survey results show that rates of moderate to severe depressive symptoms are higher among young adults(35%)than among teens(18%).Looking at data across time by age and gender,rates of moderate to severe depressive symp-toms decreased from 20

311、20 to 2023 for teens(from 25%in 2020 to 18%in 2023)and young adults(48%to 35%,respec-tively)as well as for women and girls(39%to 29%)and men and boys(35%to 23%).18 Kroenke,K.,Strine,T.W.,Spitzer,R.L.,Williams,J.B.,Berry,J.T.,&Mokdad,A.H.(2009).The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the gene

312、ral population.Journal of Affective Disorders,114(13),163173.https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026*Significantly differs with 2020,at the level of p .05.Q:Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ-8).Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted in 2018(n=1,334),2020(n=1,492),and 2023(n=1,274)

313、with young people age 1422 nationwide.Depressive symptoms are down from pandemic highs,but comparable to 2018 levels%of young people age 1422,by year of data collection and by depressive symptomsNoneModerate to severeMild20182020202352%*52%*28%20%38%37%25%25%23%Almost half of LGBTQ+youth report mode

314、rate to severe depressive symptoms,compared to nearly one-quarter of non-LGBTQ+youth.As in earlier surveys,there are notable differences between LGBTQ+young people and non-LGBTQ+young people in terms of rates of moderate to severe depressive symptoms.Almost half(49%)of LGBTQ+young people report mode

315、rate to severe symp-toms of depression compared to nearly one-quarter(24%)of non-LGBTQ+youth.However,the rate of moderate to severe depressive symptoms among LGBTQ+young people decreased from 65%in 2020 to 49%in 2023.The rate of moderate to severe depressive symptoms in non-LGBTQ+young people decrea

316、sed from 31%in 2020 to 24%in 2023.39 A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Note:Total amounts may not sum to 100%from the reported subtotals due to rounding.LGBTQ+and non-LGBTQ+youth differ significantly in reports of moderate to severe symptoms at each year of data collection:

317、2018,2020,and 2023(p .05).Q:Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ-8).Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted in 2018(n=1,334),2020(n=1,492),and 2023(n=1,274)with young people age 1422 nationwide.Note:Total amounts may not sum to 100%from the reported subtotals due to rounding.Items with

318、 different superscripts differ significantly across rows within each category(p .05).Q:Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ-8).Source:NORC survey for Hopelab and Common Sense conducted in 2018(n=1,334),2020(n=1,492),and 2023(n=1,274)with young people age 1422 nationwide.Among 14-to 22-year-olds,percent

319、who score in each level of depressive symptoms (PHQ-8,score 0 to 24)Data CollectionAgeGenderRace/EthnicityLGBTQ+20182020202314 to 1718 to 22Men/BoysWomen/GirlsWhiteBlackLatinoLGBTQ+Non-LGBTQ+None(0 to 4)52%a37%b52%a65%a43%b59%a49%b54%49%47%21%a57%bMild(5 to 9)23%a25%a20%b17%a22%b17%a22%b19%21%22%31%

320、a19%bModerate to severe(10 to 24)25%a38%b28%a18%a35%b23%a29%b27%30%31%49%a24%bDepressive symptom levels,by year of data collection,age,gender,race/ethnicity,and LGBTQ+identity in 20232018LGBTQ+59%22%19%202024%11%65%202331%21%49%Moderate to severeLGBTQ+young people report twice the rate of depressive

321、 symptoms when compared to non-LGBTQ+young people at each year of data collection%of young people age 1422,by LGBTQ+and depressive symptomsNoneMild2018Non-LGBTQ+20%22%58%202031%25%44%202324%19%57%A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD 40 COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.How Social Media Makes Young People Feel

322、When Depressed,Stressed,or AnxiousThe influence of social media on mood and well-being,whether positive or negative,can vary among young people.Differences in the impact of social media may be explained by how and why young people use social media on a particular day or over time19 and by the experi

323、ences that young people them-selves bring to their social media use.Social media may make some young people feel bettermany use social media as a place for connection,support,information,creative expres-sion,and as a way to understand their identity.20However,other young people may feel worse after

324、being on social media,particularly after engaging in social comparison,being exposed to harmful content such as hate speech,or feeling like they are wasting time by being distracted from meaningful activities.It is also important to consider that for certain groups of young people,social media may n

325、ot have a substantial impact on well-being at all.21 Further,there has been little research to date examining how social media use may contribute to a mix of emotions,making young people feel both better and worse after using the plat-forms.Social media might alleviate negative feelings one day but

326、aggravate them the next,or its possible that young people can encounter both positive and negative experiences within the same day.22 19 Weinstein,E.(2018).The social media see-saw:Positive and negative influences on adolescents affective well-being.New Media&Society,20(10),35973623.https:/doi.org/1

327、0.1177/1461444818755634 20 Craig,S.L.,Eaton,A.D.,McInroy,L.B.,Leung,V.W.,&Krishnan,S.(2021).Can social media participation enhance LGBTQ+youth well-being?Development of the Social Media Benefits Scale.Social Media&Society,7(1),113.https:/doi.org/10.1177/205630512198893121 Beyens,I.,Pouwels,J.L.,van

328、Driel,I.I.,Keijsers,L.,&Valkenburg,P.M.(2020).The effect of social media on well-being differs from adolescent to adolescent.Scientific Reports,10(1),111.https:/doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67727-722 Frost,R.L.,&Rickwood,D.J.(2017).A systematic review of the mental health outcomes associated with Face

329、book use.Computers in Human Behavior,76,576600.https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.00123 The survey included a question asking how social media affects youth well-being when they are already feeling depressed,stressed,or anxious.Compared to previous reports,in addition to including the options that

330、 social media makes me feel better,makes me feel worse,or makes me feel neither better nor worse,this survey included a response option of makes me feel both better and worse.This question was given to all young people regardless of their depressive symptom scores on the PHQ-8.Almost 40%of young peo

331、ple who use social media say it makes them feel better when depressed,stressed,or anxious;just 8%say social media makes them feel worse.Of young people age 14 to 22 who use social media,39%report that when they are feeling depressed,stressed,or anxious,23 using social media makes them feel better.On

332、 the other hand,8%say it makes them feel worse,39%say neither better nor worse,and 13%say they experience a mix of both positive and negative effects.How social media influences well-being varies by age.Young adult social media users are more likely than teens to report that using social media usual

333、ly makes them feel both better and worse when feeling depressed,stressed,or anxious(16%vs.10%).Non-LGBTQ+youth(41%)are more likely than LGBTQ+youth(28%)to report that social media makes them feel neither better nor worse when feeling depressed,stressed,or anxious.41 A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD COMMON SENSE MEDIA.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Diversion and connection are the top explanations for why social media ma