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1、Charging ahead:accelerating the roll-out of EU electric vehicle charging infrastructureAPRIL 2024TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY 02THE EUROPEAN PLUG-IN LANDSCAPE 05 AFIR 05 Public charging points:a long way to go 05 Get connected:Type 2 and CCS connectors dominate in Europe 07 Fast or slow?Its a

2、two-speed race 08 Out of sync:charging point deployment and BEV uptake 09 Distribution of charging points 10 Electric cars per charger 11 Other indicators 11 Are we there yet?The long,slow journey to public charge point rollout 12 Charge point operators(CPOs)13A GLOBAL COMPARISON 13 China 13 US 14CL

3、OSING THOUGHTS 15EXECUTIVE SUMMARYTo meet ambitious CO2 targets for cars and vans,sales of electrically chargeable vehicles(ECVs)will need to pick up massively in all EU countries.However,ECV sales only represent part of the story.Appropriate charging infrastructure is required for both types of ECV

4、s:battery electric vehicles(BEVs)and plug-in hybrids(PHEVs).The OECD says access to charging for ECVs is“a significant concern,”1 and the IEA underlines the critical importance of public charging infrastructure for widespread adoption,noting that growth in EV sales relies on accessible and affordabl

5、e private and public charging infrastructure.2The EUs 2016 low-emission mobility strategy called for EV charging to be as easy as filling a conventional vehicle tank,so that EV drivers can travel seamlessly across the EU.3 This means that the public charging network needs to be able to support all e

6、lectric car drivers in the way that the traditional refuelling network supports combustion engine car drivers,ie it should be distributed evenly along motorways and major roads,in towns and villages,right across the EU.This ACEA Automotive Insights report examines the status of public charging infra

7、structure for light-duty ECVs across Europe4,taking a snapshot of the situation at the end of 2023.1.https:/www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/how-green-is-household-behaviour_2bbbb663-en2.https:/www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2023/trends-in-charging-infrastructure#3.https:/op.europa.eu/webpub

8、/eca/special-reports/electrical-recharging-5-2021/en/4.This report is about public charging points for electrically chargeable cars and vans,located in public places for public use.It does not discuss private charging points such as home and off-street charging,workplace charging,or hotels and priva

9、te car parks.It also does not cover hydrogen refuelling stations across the EU,required for fuel-cell electric vehicles which are also zero-emissions.Finally,it also not consider charging infrastructure for heavy-duty vehicles.310 key takeaways1 There were 632,423 public charging points available ac

10、ross the EU at the end of 2023,and around 3 million BEVs on the road.2 In 2023,a total of around 153,000 new public charging points was installed.3 The European Commission is calling for 3.5 million charging points by 2030 to support the level of vehicle electrification necessary to reach the propos

11、ed 55%CO2 reduction for passenger cars.5 Reaching this target would require the installation of nearly 2.9 million public charging points in the next seven years.Thats almost 410,000 per year,or 7,900 per week.4 ACEAs projections suggest a significantly higher demand,estimating the necessity of 8.8

12、million charging points by 2030.Reaching this would require 1.2 million chargers to be installed per year,or 22,438 per week.5 Over the past seven years,sales of BEVs have outpaced the growth of the charging point network by more than threefold.Between 2017 and 2023,electric car sales increased over

13、 18 times,while the number of public chargers in the EU grew merely sixfold during the same period.6 While some countries are powering ahead when it comes to infrastructure rollout,the majority are lagging behind.Indeed,just three EU countries covering over 20%of the EUs surface area the Netherlands

14、,France,and Germany are home to almost two-thirds(61%)of all EU charging points.The other third(39%)of all chargers is distributed throughout 24 member states,covering almost 80%of the regions surface area.7 There is a strong correlation between public charging point availability and BEVs sales.The

15、list of top five countries with the highest BEV sales is broadly similar to that of the countries with the most chargers:Germany,France,the Netherlands and Italy feature on both top 5 lists.8 Charging speed is also a major issue across the continent,as fast chargers(with a capacity of more than 22kW

16、)make up a fraction of the EU total.Only around one in seven of all chargers(13.5%)is capable of fast charging.The majority are normal chargers,with a capacity of 22kW or less(including many common-or-garden,low-capacity power sockets).9 At the end of 2023,there were 29 BEVs per fast charger in the

17、EU,and 53 BEV+PHEVs per fast charger.10 Governments across the EU need to ramp up investments in charging infrastructure,and should swiftly implement the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation(AFIR)bearing in mind that it sets minimum requirements only.At the same time,the European Alternative

18、Fuels Observatory(EAFO)must ensure a robust monitoring system that incentivises member states to deploy infrastructure faster.5.https:/ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_22_77854THE EUROPEAN PLUG-IN LANDSCAPEA comprehensive public charging network will be essential to support the a

19、nticipated surge in EV demand as the European Union phases out the sale of vehicles with internal combustion engines.Under the European Green Deal and the European Commissions Fit for 55 legislative package,the EU is targeting carbon neutrality by 2050,and a 55%reduction in emissions by 2030.The CO2

20、 regulation for cars and vans sets a 100%CO2 reduction target for 2035.To meet these ambitious targets,sales of electrically-chargeable vehicles(ECVs)including battery electric(BEVs)and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles(PHEVs)will need to pick up massively.The availability of public charging infrastr

21、ucture is essential for this to happen.AFIRThe Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation(AFIR)is a new law governing public charging point deployment across Europe.This provides for specific targets that will have to be met in 2025 and 2030.In terms of passenger cars and light commercial vehicles,

22、AFIR aims to:increase the level of power needed for public charging;align the implementation timeline of the Trans-European Transport(TEN-T)core network with that of the TEN-T comprehensive network,while increasing the overall power installed per charging point;introduce a density parameter for char

23、ging points;andstimulate the deployment of fast charging stations.AFIR requires that from 2025,fast recharging stations of at least 150kW must be installed every 60 km along the EUs main transport corridors,the so-called Trans-European Transport Network(TEN-T).It is important to note that AFIR sets“

24、minimum requirements”only,and that its targets remain well below what would is necessary to meet CO2 targets.Public charging points:a long way to goAt the end of 2023,there were 632,423 public charging points across Europe.This falls far short of the number needed.The European Commission is calling

25、for 3.5 million charging points by 2030 to support the level of vehicle electrification necessary to reach the proposed 55%CO2 reduction for passenger cars.ACEAs estimates indicate a much higher demand:8.8 million charging points will be needed by 2030,increasing to 18.8 million by 2035.There is a s

26、ignificant difference between the Commission and ACEA estimations of the number of charging points needed by 2030 due to several factors:the Commission underestimates the number of vehicles on EU roads that will need a charger by 2030:their estimate is 30 million,versus 65 million as estimated by St

27、rategy&and Fraunhofer ISI and used in ACEA calculations.6 ACEA figures include battery-electric vans,which are primarily charged using the same infrastructure as cars,as well as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles,whereas the Commission only counts battery-electric cars;56.https:/www.isi.fraunhofer.de/

28、content/dam/isi/dokumente/cce/2023/2023-12-20_Strategy_Fraunhofer%20ISI%20-%20Fleet%20Electrification%20Study.pdfCHARGING POINTS PER COUNTRY,PLUS PERCENTAGE OF EU TOTAL 2023CountryChargers%of EU totalCountryChargers%of EU totalAustria 18,637 2.9%Italy41,1146.5%Belgium 44,363 7.0%Latvia5350.1%Bulgari

29、a1,6240.3%Lithuania1,3130.2%Croatia1,0740.2%Luxembourg2,3230.4%Cyprus3290.1%Malta1010.0%Czechia4,6640.7%Netherlands144,45322.8%Denmark23,0723.6%Poland6,1021.0%Estonia6830.1%Portugal7,3061.2%Finland11,2471.8%Romania2,7540.4%France119,25518.9%Slovakia2,3800.4%Germany120,62519.1%Slovenia1,6080.3%Greece

30、3,1660.5%Spain30,3854.8%Hungary3,3190.5%Sweden37,1665.9%Ireland2,8250.4%EU 632,423 100%the Commission assumes significantly lower vehicle energy consumption compared to recent real-world monitoring figures(14.8 kWh/100 km for battery-electric vehicles(BEV)and 19.2kWh/100km for plug-in hybrid electri

31、c vehicles(PHEV),versus 20 kWh/100km for BEV and PHEV by ACEA);and the European Commission acknowledges that the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation(AFIR)requirements represent the minimum coverage needed,and will be insufficient to enable the CO2 targets for cars and vans to be met.Number o

32、f charging points(end-2023)632,423New installations in 2023153,027Charging points required to reach 3.5 million by 2030,as of end-2023(European Commission requirements)2,867,577Charging points required to reach 8.8 million by 2030,as of end-2023(ACEA real estimates)8,167,577Number of charging points

33、 installed by 2030 based on new installations in 20231,550,585(With a target of 3.5 million charging points,this leaves a shortfall of 1.9 million.7.2 million with a target of 8.8 million charging points)Annual installations requiredTo reach 3.5 million:409,654(or 7,878 per week)To reach 8.8 million

34、:1.2 million(or 22,438 per week)SOURCE:EAFO SOURCE:ACEA,EAFO,EUROPEAN COMMISSION 6To reach 3.5 million by 2030,nearly 2.9 million public charging points will need to be installed in the next seven years,equivalent to almost 410,000 per year,or 7,900 per week.For context,just 153,027 new public EV ch

35、arging points were installed in 2023.This should increase to 1.2 million per year,or 22,438 per week,if we consider ACEAs 2030 target of 8.8 million charging points.Based on the number of installations in 2023,the public charging network will stand at just 1.6 million units by 2030.These numbers ass

36、ume that those public charging points already in place are maintained and remain in place.Get connected:Type 2 and CCS connectors dominate in EuropePublic charging points7 in Europe are typically equipped with one of two charging connector types:Type 2 is the predominant connector,with the Combined

37、Charging System(CCS)occupying most of the remaining market share.The Type 2 connector has a universal socket capable of delivering up to 22 kW for slow and fast charging.CCS connectors have a combined AC and DC port used for fast or ultra-fast charging,with a maximum power output of up to 350 kW and

38、 the capability to fully charge a BEV in 15 minutes.Total number of publicly accessible AC and DC recharging points across the EU,according to the AFIR classification at end-2023 Slow DC charging point(P 50kW)Fast DC charging point(50kW P 150kW)Ultra-fast DC charging point(P 150kW)Slow AC charging p

39、oint(P 22kW)7.Recharging points can contain several connectors;recharging stations can house several recharging points;and recharging pools are usually home to several recharging stations.However,only one connector per recharging point can be active for recharging at a time.For more detail:https:/al

40、ternative-fuels-observatory.ec.europa.eu/general-information/recharging-systemsAC CHARGING POINTS Total number of publicly accessible AC charging points,according to the AFIR classificationDC CHARGING POINTS Total number of publicly accessible DC charging points,according to the AFIR classification2

41、02020202021202120222022202320230020,000100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,00040,00060,00080,000100,0007SOURCE:EAFO SOURCE:EAFO Fast or slow?Its a two-speed raceTypically,AC chargers are used for slow charging and are best suited to home and workplace charging,as well as public spaces such as sup

42、ermarkets and leisure facilities.DC chargers are most commonly used for fast charging,usually on motorways and main highways,allowing drivers on long journeys to charge quickly en route rather than overnight.But public fast chargers are not exclusive to long distance and motorway driving;their prese

43、nce can help to alleviate range anxiety,and act as an enabler for those without private charging options to consider to buy an ECV.Both AC and DC chargers are suitable for public charging.AC chargers dominate,but of the 632,423 charging points available across the EU at the end of 2023,only around o

44、ne in seven(13.5%)is capable of fast charging(with a capacity of more than 22kW).The majority are normal chargers with a capacity of 22kW or less.PUBLIC CHARGING POINTS IN THE EU BY COUNTRY AND TYPE(AC/DC)2023CountryAC DCCountryAC DCAustria15,2293,408Italy35,1955,919Belgium41,9032,460Latvia296239Bul

45、garia1,165459Lithuania1,039274Croatia675399Luxembourg2,143180Cyprus30623Malta1010Czechia3,3891,275Netherlands140,5613,892Denmark20,8962,176Poland4,4771,625Estonia339344Portugal5,5821,724Finland8,5082,739Romania1,817937France100,76718,488Slovakia1,690690Germany97,70422,921Slovenia1,346262Greece2,9502

46、16Spain24,9315,454Hungary2,742577Sweden32,4134,753Ireland2,355470EU550,51981,904SOURCE:EAFO 8 AC DCOut of sync:Charging point deployment and BEV uptakeThe rate of installation of charging points is clearly slower than the sales of battery electric cars.In 2023,BEVs represented 14.6%of EU new car sal

47、es,with plug-in hybrids accounting for 7.7%,according to ACEA data.The share of battery electric cars is expected to reach almost 30%of the European market by 2025 and to exceed 70%by 2030.8 Over the past seven years,sales of BEVs have outpaced the growth of the charging point network by more than t

48、hreefold.Between 2017 and 2023,electric car sales increased over 18 times,while the number of public chargers in the EU grew merely sixfold during the same period.Charging points Battery electric carsPUBLIC CHARGING POINTS IN THE EU BY TYPE(AC/DC)CHARGING POINTS DEPLOYMENT VERSUS SALES OF BATTERY EL

49、ECTRIC CARS8.https:/www.acea.auto/news/electrification-trends-worldwide/0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000700,0000200,000400,000600,000800,0001,000,0001,200,0001,400,0001,600,0002017201820192020202120222023Charging points:18-fold increase since 20172020 Q12020 Q22020 Q32020 Q42021 Q12021 Q2

50、2021 Q32021 Q42022 Q12022 Q22022 Q32022 Q42023 Q12023 Q22023 Q32023 Q4Battery electric cars:18-fold increase since 2017Charging points:6-fold increase since 20179SOURCE:EAFO SOURCE:ACEA,EAFO Distribution of charging pointsThe strategic placement of charging infrastructure is essential to ensure all

51、customers across Europe feel sufficiently supported in choosing an EV as their next vehicle.However,just three EU countries Netherlands(144,453 charging points),France(119,255)and Germany(120,625)are home to almost two-thirds(61%)of all EU charging points.These countries make up 22%of the entire EU

52、surface area.The Netherlands the country with the highest share of infrastructure has over 52 times more charging points than Romania(2,754),which is roughly seven times bigger.The other 39%(over one third)of all chargers are scattered throughout the remaining 78%of the regions surface area.In 2023,

53、the top five countries with the most EV charging points in the EU were the Netherlands,Germany,France,Belgium,and Italy.The five countries with the fewest public charging points in 2023 were Croatia,Estonia,Latvia,Cyprus,and Malta(among Europes smallest countries).TOP 5:countries with MOST charging

54、pointsTOP 5:countries with LEAST charging points Netherlands144,453 Croatia1,074 Germany120,625 Estonia683 France119,255 Latvia535 Belgium44,363 Cyprus329 Italy41,114 Malta101DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC CAR CHARGING POINTS ACROSS THE EU 61%of all charging points are concentrated in only three EU countr

55、ies02,0005,00025,00050,000150,000Number of charging points,202319%23%19%SOURCE:EAFO 10SOURCE:EAFO Electric cars per chargerThere are approximately 3 million BEVs on the road in the EU for 632,423 public charging points.That equates to approximately 5 BEVs per public charging point.Of course,as the n

56、umber of BEVs increases,the ratio of BEVs per charging points will increase,bearing in mind that BEVs are forecast to account for 30%of the market by 2025,and 70%by 2030.It is important to note that PHEVs also use public charging points,increasing the number of vehicles per charger.The EU recommends

57、 one public charge point for 10 BEVs.Public fast chargers,especially those located along motorways,enable longer journeys,and can address range anxiety,a barrier to EV adoption.At the end of 2023,there were 29 BEV cars on road per fast charger in the EU,and 53 BEV+PHEV cars per fast charger.Other in

58、dicators Looking at other indicators,it is evident that the BEV share is heavily correlated with the availability of charging points.Several countries boasting the highest share of BEV cars on the road also rank among the top five in other indicators,such as the number of charging points per 1,000 i

59、nhabitants or per 10 km of road.For instance,Denmark,leading the EU countries in BEV adoption,also ranks second in the number of charging points per inhabitant,with almost four per 1,000 inhabitants,and fourth in the number of charging points per 10 km of road,with over three.BEV cars per fast charg

60、er BEV+PHEV cars per fast chargerNUMBER OF ELECTRICALLY CHARGEABLE CAR PER FAST CHARGER(P 22KW)By country,2023020406080100120140160LuxembourgIrelandBelgiumHungarySwedenNetherlandsGermanyFinlandEuropean UnionFranceGreecePortugalPolandSloveniaAustriaDenmarkCyprusRomaniaSpainLithuaniaLatviaCroatiaCzech

61、iaItalySlovakiaEstonia11SOURCE:EAFO BEV cars on the road(%share,2022)New BEV cars sold(%share,2023)Charging points per 1,000 inhabitants(2023)Charging points per 10 km of road(2023)EU 1.2%EU 14.6%EU 1.4EU average 1.3TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Denmark 4.0%Sweden 4.0%Netherlands 3.7%Luxembourg 3.1%Austria 2.1

62、%Sweden 38.7%Denmark 36.3%Finland 33.8%Netherlands 30.8%Luxembourg 22.5%Netherlands 8.2 Denmark3.9 Belgium3.8 Luxembourg 3.6 Sweden3.6 Luxembourg 8.0 Netherlands 7.7 Portugal5.1 Denmark3.1 Belgium2.9BOTTOM FIVE COUNTRIES Czechia 0.2%Slovakia 0.2%Poland 0.2%Cyprus 0.1%Greece 0.1%Italy 4.2%Poland 3.6%

63、Czechia 3.0%Croatia 2.8%Slovakia 2.7%Croatia0.3 Bulgaria0.2 Malta0.2 Poland0.2 Romania0.1 Latvia0.1 Estonia0.1 Poland0.1 Hungary0.2 Lithuania0.2In terms of public charging points per 1,000 inhabitants,against an EU average of 1.4,Netherlands is first with 8.2,followed by Denmark(3.9),Belgium(3.8),an

64、d Luxembourg and Sweden each with 3.6.Many of the same countries appear near the top of the list of countries with the highest number of public charging points per 10 km of road;with 1.3 being the EU average.Luxembourg has 8.0,followed by the Netherlands(7.7),Portugal(5.1),Denmark(3.1),and Belgium(2

65、.9).Are we there yet?The long,slow journey to public charge point rollout There are numerous reasons why public charge point deployment varies locally,nationally,and regionally.Red tape,permits,and planning permission are major hurdles to installation.So too are the capacity and resilience of existi

66、ng power grids.In terms of physical deployment,existing service areas on major arterial routes are ideal for fast charger installation.By contrast,crowded urban areas where congestion is an issue and parking is at a premium present challenging conditions for locating slow chargers.Democratising EV a

67、doption requires equity in charging point placement,ensuring the availability of EV charging in all neighbourhoods rural and urban,and not just in wealthier areas.Charge point safety is critical,too charge point users should feel safe stopping to charge,with well-lit and covered charging points inst

68、alled in secure public locations.And they must be accessible to all,not just to able-bodied EV drivers.SOURCE:ACEA,EAFO,EUROSTAT 12Charge point operators(CPOs)In its Global EV Outlook 2023,the International Energy Agency(IEA)noted that an agreement between the European Investment Bank and the Europe

69、an Commission would make over 1.5 billion available by the end of 2023 for alternative fuel infrastructure,including electric fast charging.9Public charging points are managed and maintained by charge point operators(CPOs).The EV charging industry has yet to mature,with the number of CPOs still grow

70、ing and evolving.The charging market remains fragmented,with a high number of small national players,many of them start-ups.Margins are low,and the return on investment is even lower.The next few years are likely to see considerable growth in charging points and considerable consolidation in CPOs,wi

71、th charging eventually becoming a commodity.Against this backdrop of uncertainty,automakers are collaborating on infrastructure with other automakers,utility companies,and other stakeholders.Traditionally,fuelling has been outside the realm of the vehicle manufacturer,but with the success of EV sale

72、s so heavily dependent on the infrastructure,manufacturers have felt the need to accelerate its deployment.However,the roles and responsibilities of public and private stakeholders nationally and locally should be clearly defined to avoid hindering infrastructure rollout and delaying maintenance.A g

73、lobal comparison ChinaEuropes charging point infrastructure pales into insignificance when compared to Chinas,where the public charging network accounts for almost two thirds of the global public charging infrastructure and is growing rapidly.9.https:/www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2023/trend

74、s-in-charging-infrastructureCHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE IN CHINA By country,202300.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82015201620172018201920202021202213SOURCE:INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY(IEA)However,comparisons between Europe and China are largely academic.Chinas considerably greater network of public charging po

75、ints supports BEVs with smaller batteries than are used in Europe.Chargers also deliver lower power output in China than in Europe;this supports affordable mainstream cars with smaller batteries,but is less suited to higher end vehicles which benefit from fast-charging technology.USIn the US,various

76、 provisions in the Inflation Reduction Act(IRA)support the deployment of EV charging infrastructure through incentives for consumers,businesses,and manufacturers.These include tax credits of up to$7,500 per vehicle through 2032;credits up to 30%of the cost of specific alternative fuel vehicle refuel

77、ling property,including electric vehicle charging infrastructure;incentives to enable automakers to meet the demand for electrically chargeable vehicles and charging infrastructure;and requirements via the complementary Bipartisan Infrastructure Law which promote the domestic production and installa

78、tion of charging infrastructure.As of May 2023,the US had over 138,100 charging outlets for battery and plug-in electric vehicles,indicating a substantial foundation for the ongoing expansion of the electric vehicle charging network.CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE IN CHINA Number of charging stations as of

79、31 December 2022PUBLIC ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATIONS AND OUTLETS IN THE US Number of public electric vehicle charging stations and charging outlets in the US as of May 2023(in units)Charging stationsCharging outlets020,00040,00060,00080,000100,000120,000140,00053,393138,111ChinaRest of the worl

80、d1.2 million1.8 million14SOURCE:BLOOMBERG,OXFORD INSTITUTE FOR ENERGYSOURCE:US DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYCLOSING THOUGHTS10.https:/www.acea.auto/fact/electric-commercial-vehicles-tax-benefits-and-purchase-incentives-2023/https:/www.acea.auto/fact/electric-cars-tax-benefits-purchase-incentives-2023/11.http

81、s:/ Range remains a key consideration for consumers accustomed to the long ranges of vehicles with internal combustion engines,despite average daily commuting distances in Europe of typically no more than 40 km.Coupled with range is an expectation of a charging network as dense as the existing fuel

82、station network.And that includes being able to charge quickly.How can we charge ahead?The deployment of public charging points in Europe can be accelerated in a number of ways.These include for instance:Swift AFIR implementation:Member states should swiftly implement the Alternative Fuels Infrastru

83、cture Regulation(AFIR)bearing in mind that it sets minimum requirements,which will be insufficient by themselves to enable the CO2 targets for cars and vans to be met.At the same time,the European Alternative Fuels Observatory(EAFO)must ensure a robust monitoring system that incentivises member stat

84、es to deploy infrastructure faster.Incentives and support:Although there are a number of European initiatives to support infrastructure roll-out,22 EU member states(80%)do not offer any incentives for infrastructure development or installation.10Grid updates:According to McKinsey,substantial upgrade

85、s to utility grids are necessary for the expansion of EV charging stations and increased renewable energy capacity,at an estimated cumulative cost of over 240 billion by 2030.11 Power companies and regulators unprepared for a surge in EV adoption could hinder the deployment of EV charging stations.I

86、nnovation:Technological innovation could help to accelerate the deployment of EV charging infrastructure,as CPOs and utilities enable functions such as vehicle-to-grid,bi-directional flow,smart grid,and grid balancing solutions,as well as rapidly increased charging speeds.Improved customer experienc

87、e:Beyond the deployment of the charging infrastructure itself,CPOs must significantly improve the customer experience.This includes an end to multiple charging point apps,simplification of payment,and the provision of real-time information about charge point reliability and availability.Smoother pro

88、cesses:Red tape,permits,and planning permission are major hurdles to installation of charging points.The public charging network should be treated as critical infrastructure,and the roles and responsibilities of public and private stakeholders clearly defined.There may currently be enough public cha

89、rging points to support todays fleet of ECVs,but the network will quickly become insufficient.It is essential to prepare now for future growth and the continued adoption of ECVs and that requires increased infrastructure investment.15ACEAEuropean AutomobileManufacturers Association+32 2 732 55 THE E

90、U AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY12.9 million Europeans work in the auto industry (directly and indirectly),accounting for 6.8%of all EU jobs 8.3%of EU manufacturing jobs some 2.4 million are in the automotive sector Motor vehicles are responsible for 392.9 billion of tax revenue for governments across key Euro

91、pean markets The automobile industry generates a trade surplus of 101.9 billion for the European Union The turnover generated by the auto industry represents over 7%of the EUs GDP Investing 59.1 billion in R&D per year,automotive is Europes largest private contributor to innovation,accounting for 31%of the EU totalACEA represents europes 15 major car,van,truck and bus manufacturers