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1、2022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report2021 was yet another turbulent year for the oil and gas industry,with rising oil prices,tight oil and gas markets,high energy prices,and the ongoing recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic.However,despite these challenges,the UN Climate Change Conference of the Part

2、ies(COP26)and Global Methane Pledge(GMP)underscored once again the growing urgency for governments,companies,and development organizations to accelerate decarbonizing the global economy.This is a pressing need,brought to the fore by the Russian invasion of Ukraine earlier this year and its dramatic

3、impact on energy security across the world.In 2021,144 billion cubic meters(bcm)of gas was needlessly flared at upstream oil and gas facilities across the globe.We estimate that this gas flaring resulted in approximately 400 million tonnes of carbon dioxide(CO2)equivalent emissions globally last yea

4、r.Ending this polluting practice must be central to decarbonization efforts.Not only could the gas wasted displace dirtier fuels and increase energy access in some of the worlds poorest countries,but by utilizing the gas that is currently being flared,the world could make significant progress toward

5、s much-needed energy security.For example,the volume of gas flared worldwide is greater than the European Unions 27 member states gas imports from Russia.Flaring reduction also plays a critical role in mitigating methane emissions,by eliminating a direct source of methane released un-combusted from

6、flares and enabling the gas successfully conserved through reductions in venting and fugitive emissions to be utilized rather than flared.This raises the often-overlooked importance of integrating the decarbonization of the oil and gas sector into wider climate initiatives and discussions.With this

7、in mind,were keen to understand not only how much gas was flared in 2021,but where countries have made progress and where the greatest opportunities for flaring abatement remain.GGFRs 2022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker,a leading global and independent indicator of gas flaring,found that despite strong

8、early progress,reductions in both absolute flare volumes and flaring intensity have plateaued over the last decade;impressive reductions in some countries have unfortunately been offset by concerning increases in others.We explore several oil-producing countries where absolute flare volumes have dec

9、reased and some where they have increased,despite commitments and efforts to end flaring.Unfortunately,flaring increases are not limited to those countries highlighted in this report.We urge all governments and operators to carefully assess how they are producing oil and to identify and seize opport

10、unities for effective decarbonization.With less than a decade to go until the global ambition of Zero Routine Flaring by 2030,it is time for swift and determined action.Our team at the World Bank will continue to support this effort,especially in developing countries,and work closely with government

11、s and oil companies to overcome the barriers to flaring reduction.Zubin BamjiProgram ManagerGlobal Gas Flaring Reduction PartnershipWorld BankForeword 2022 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433Telephone:202-473-1000Internet:www.worldb

12、ank.orgThis work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions.The findings,interpretations,and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank,its Board of Executive Directors,or the governments they represent.The World Bank does n

13、ot guarantee the accuracy,completeness,or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors,omissions,or discrepancies in the information,or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information,methods,processes,or conclusions set forth.Th

14、e boundaries,colors,denominations,and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered

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16、r in part,for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given.Any queries on rights and licenses,including subsidiary rights,should be addressed to World Bank Publications,The World Bank Group,1818 H Street NW,Washington,DC 20433,USAFax:202-522-2625;e-mail:pubrightsworldbank

17、.org.Cover Photo:Leonid Ikan/ShutterstockUsed with the permission.Further permission required for reuse.2022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report32022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report2Plateau at a Time for ProgressDespite strong early progress since satellite observations began in 1996,reductions in f

18、laring have plateaued over the last decade,marking a period of disappointing progress during a time of increased international focus on the urgency of greenhouse gas emissions reduction and the energy transition.Global gas flaring volumes have remained largely static over the last 10 years,plateauin

19、g at around 144 bcm.During this same period,global oil production levels rose slightly before dropping in 2020 due to the impacts of the Covid pandemic,averaging around 80 million barrels of oil per day.However,the global perspective obscures the significant flare reduction progress made by some cou

20、ntries with the reduction achieved only to be offset by increases in flaring by others.A similar story emerges when we consider flaring intensity,the volume of gas flared per barrel of oil produced;the initial improvements are evident,only to plateau again over the last decade.Oil production(mln bbl

21、/d)Gas flaringOil production5075100125150175200225250203010405060708090100Flare volume(bcm)0199620012006201120162021Global gas flaring and oil production 1996 to 2021(flaring only at upstream oil&gas and LNG plants)Source:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,GGFRSource:NOAA,Payne Instit

22、ute and Colorado School of Mines,EIA,GGFR199620012006201120162021GGFR partner countriesGlobalNon GGFR partner countries-50%-45%-25%-30%-35%-40%-20%-15%-10%-5%0-55%Change in flaring intensity-60%Percentage reductions in flaring intensity 1996 to 2021:global average,GGFR and non-GGFR partner countries

23、Source:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,GGFRIncreaseDecreaseTotal020181416121086426.35.13.02.20.6-0.7-0.7-0.7-1.2-1.4-1.4-1.9-2.5-2.5-3.01.3Flare volume change 2012-2021(bcm)IranUnited StatesIraqRussiaMexicoColombiaBrazilAngolaIndonesiaKazakhastanTurkmenistanUzbekistanArgentinaTotal

24、Rest of WorldNigeriaChange in flare volume between 2012 and 2021(individual countries with most significant change(+or 0.6 bcm)indicated,rest of world combined,overall global change of+1.3 bcm)Photo credit:Bulat Iskhakov/ShutterStock2022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report52022 Global Gas Flaring Trac

25、ker Report4Top Ten Countries Account for 75 percent of all FlaringIn 2021,the top 10 flaring countries(on an absolute volume basis)accounted for 75 percent of all gas flaring and 50 percent of global oil production.Seven of the top 10 flaring countries have held this position consistently for the la

26、st 10 years:Russia,Iraq,Iran,the United States,Venezuela,Algeria,and Nigeria.The remaining three;Mexico,Libya,and China,have shown significant flaring increases in recent years.When we consider flaring intensity,fragile,conflict-affected,and insecure countries,such as Venezuela,Syria,and Yemen are a

27、mong the worst performers,flaring more gas per barrel of oil produced than any other country.The intensity perspective also suggests there are opportunities to improve flaring performance in oil-producing countries such as Algeria,the Republic of the Congo,Gabon,and Turkmenistan.Considering again th

28、e top 10 flaring countries on a volume basis,Russia,Iraq,the United States,Nigeria,and Mexico have all committed to the World Banks Zero Routine Flaring by 2030(ZRF)Initiative,which commits governments and companies to(a)not routinely flare gas in any new oil field development,and(b)to end routine f

29、laring in existing oil fields as soon as possible and no later than 2030.However,over the past decade,only the United States has successfully improved the flaring intensity of its oil production.Photo credit:Opsorman/Shutterstock0.0201620172018201920202021201220132014201527,50025,00022,50020,000Flar

30、e volume(bcm)17,50015,00012,50010,0007,5005,0002,500IraqUnited StatesNigeriaLibyaOmanVenezuelaIranAlgeriaMexicoChinaEgyptSaudi ArabiaAngolaMalaysiaIndonesiaKazakhastanGabonCanadaRep of the CongoIndiaTurkmenistanQatarEcuadorArgentinaSyriaYemenUAEBrazilUnited KingdomRussiaFlare volumes for the top 30

31、flaring countries from 2012 to 2021(sorted by 2021 volume,shown in red)Source:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,GGFRSource:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,EIA,GGFR020162017201820192020202120122013201420159080Flaring intensity(m/bbl)70605040302010IraqUnited StatesNig

32、eriaLibyaOmanVenezuelaIranAlgeriaMexicoChinaEgyptSaudi ArabiaAngolaMalaysiaIndonesiaKazakhastanGabonCanadaRep of the CongoIndiaTurkmenistanQatarEcuadorArgentinaSyriaYemenUAEBrazilUnited KingdomRussiaFlaring intensity for the top 30 flaring countries from 2012 to 2021(sorted by 2021 volume,shown in r

33、ed)2022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report72022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report6Key TrendsPromising ReductionsIn this report,we explore promising progress in a few case study countries and connect those findings to those of our Global Flaring and Venting Regulations:A Comparative Review of Policies

34、 study where relevant.We also share some worrying trends in two countries.It should be noted that these case studies are not intended to present a comprehensive analysis of progress(or lack thereof)in flaring reduction.Kazakhstan has achieved the largest overall flare reduction of all countries duri

35、ng the last 10 years,reducing absolute flaring from 4 bcm in 2012 to 1.5 bcm in 2021.In addition to reducing routine flaring over these years,anecdotal evidence suggests there have also been improvements in equipment reliability and production efficiency leading to a reduction in non-routine flaring

36、.This progress has been enabled by strictly enforced regulations that apply financial penalties for gas flaring,coupled with a well-established domestic gas market and integrated gas value chain to incentivize flare gas recovery.The case study for Kazakhstan in Global Flaring and Venting Regulations

37、:A Comparative Review of Policies provides more details on the regulatory frameworks in the country.543210Flare volumeFlare intensity2013201220162018201920202021201720152014012345678Flaring intensity(m/bbl)Flare volume(bcm)Kazakhstan flare volume versus flare intensity,2012 to 2021Source:NOAA,Payne

38、Institute and Colorado School of Mines,EIA,GGFR543210Flaring volumeOil production201320122016201820192020202120172015201400.51.01.52.0Oil production(mln bbl/d)Flare volume(bcm)Kazakhstan flare volume versus oil production,2012 to 2021Source:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,GGFR,EIAT

39、he United States is the only one of the top 10 flaring countries to have successfully reduced absolute flare volumes while increasing production over the last decadedecreasing its flaring intensity by 46 percent.However,in terms of absolute volume reductions,the United States achieved an 8 percent r

40、eduction over the last decade,which somewhat masks the recent progress made to reduce flaring in the shale oil basins of the Permian,Bakken,and Eagleford.These fields represented 89 percent of all US flaring in 2021,and flaring has reduced by 51 percent since 2019,when oil production from these regi

41、ons peaked.This reduction appears to have been achieved by increasing domestic gas utilization and the export of natural gas in the form of liquefied natural gas(LNG),enabled by increased pipeline infrastructure and capacity.Our just-released Global Flaring and Venting Regulations:A Comparative Revi

42、ew of Policies study explores the regulatory context in the main flaring regions,specifically Texas(Permian,Eagleford)and North Dakota(Bakken).In Texas,in particular,there has been significantly increased pressure by multiple stakeholders to reduce flaring over recent years.While regulators made fla

43、ring and venting regulation more stringent in 2020,there is evidence that application and enforcement of the regulations could be more rigorous to support the positive trend in reduced flaring.20151050Flare volumeFlare intensity2013201220162018201920202021201720152014012345678Flaring intensity(m/bbl

44、)Flare volume(bcm)United States flare volume versus flare intensity,2012 to 2021Source:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,EIA,GGFR20151050Flaring volumeOil production201320122016201820192020202120172015201402468101214Oil production(mln bbl/d)Flare volume(bcm)United States flare volume

45、 versus oil production,2012 to 2021Source:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,GGFR,EIA4003002001000-100-200ImportsExportsTotal final consumption1995199020102020201520052000Flare volume(bcm)United States gas import,export and total final consumption indicting increase in both export and

46、 total final consumption over last decade(modified data,taken from IEA,2021)Source:IEAKazakhstan 2021 Flare volume rank:2012-202162%reductionin flaring 2012-202167%reduction in flaring intensity18thThe United States 2021 Flare volume rank:2012-20218%*reductionin flaring 2012-202146%reduction in flar

47、ing intensity4th*51 percent reduction in Shale oil basins between 2019 and 2021 alone2022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report92022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report8Despite not being a significant contributor to overall global flare volumes,Colombias progress in flare reduction and its recent leadersh

48、ip in developing regulation on methane emissions make it worthy of mention.Flare volumes in Colombia reduced from 1 bcm in 2012 to 0.3 bcm in 2021,enabled by a well-established domestic gas market for local gas utilization and strong regulations which strictly prohibit and monetarily penalize any un

49、authorized gas flaring and wasting of gas.In February of this year,Colombia was one of the first countries worldwide to pass regulation on flaring,venting and fugitive methane emissions,following its signing of the GMP during COP26.In addition to government action,the national oil company,Ecopetrol,

50、is a ZRF endorser and has an interim target to reduce flaring by 77 percent by 2022 from 2017 levels.Ecopetrol has linked its targets to Colombias Nationally Determined Contribution(NDC)to the Paris Agreement,which specifically calls out gas utilization as an opportunity.In parallel,Ecopetrol has re

51、cently initiated an aerial survey of methane emissions from its oil and gas production facilities.1.21.00.80.60.40.20Flare volumeFlare intensity20132012201620182019202020212017201520140.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.5Flaring intensity(m/bbl)Flare volume(bcm)Colombia flare volume versus flare intensity,2012 t

52、o 2021Source:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,EIA,GGFR1.21.00.80.60.40.20Flaring volumeOil production20132012201620182019202020212017201520140.00.20.40.60.81.01.2Oil production(mln bbl/d)Flare volume(bcm)Colombia flare volume versus oil production,2012 to 2021Source:NOAA,Payne Insti

53、tute and Colorado School of Mines,GGFR,EIA4.54.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.50Total final consumption1995199020102020201520052000Flare volume(bcm)Colombia total final gas consumption indicating increase in domestic gas consumption as Colombia does not import gas(data taken from IEA,values in petajoules(PJ)c

54、onverted to bcm assuming an average natural gas heating value of 45 cubic meters per megajoule)Source:IEANigeria has made significant progress in flare reduction since observations began,in no small part due to the commissioning and startup of several major projects to recover and export associated

55、gas,including associated gas processing and export via the Bonny liquefied natural gas plant.However,flaring intensity has increased as production has declined over the last 10 years.The satellite data suggests that,while the largest flaring fields have been addressed,there remain many smaller,more

56、disparate fields where flare elimination and gas utilization is more challenging.This issue is not unique to Nigeria and is likely to be experienced by many other oil-producing countries as they advance efforts to eliminate routine flaring.11109123456780Flare volumeFlare intensity2013201220162018201

57、920202021201720152014024681012Flaring intensity(m/bbl)Flare volume(bcm)Nigeria flare volume versus flare intensity,2012 to 2021Source:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,EIA,GGFR302520151050Flaring volumeOil production20011996201620212011200605.06.07.08.01.02.03.04.0Oil production(mln

58、bbl/d)Flare volume(bcm)Nigeria flare volume versus oil production 1996 to 2021,demonstrating significant earlier progress to reduce flare volumesSource:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,GGFR,EIAColombia2021 Flare volume rank:2012-202167%reductionin flaring 2012-202157%reduction in fl

59、aring intensity37thNigeria2021 Flare volume rank:2012-202131%reductionin flaring 2012-202110%*increase in flaring intensity7th*68%reduction since 1996Photo credit:Vanhurck/ShutterstockPromising Reductions2022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report112022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report10Worrying Increas

60、esDespite oil production declining over the last 10 years,Mexico has increased flaring by over 50 percent,with a sharp uptick since 2018,rising from 3.8 bcm to 6.5 bcm in 2021.This increase suggests oil production is occurring at wells with higher gas-to-oil ratios and,with no outlet for the gas,the

61、 additional gas produced is flared.Additionally,in the Marine Region,where the highest gas volumes are flared,the use of nitrogen for artificial lift results in the production of gas with a high nitrogen content,which cannot be accepted in the domestic gas network.As a result,a large amount of this

62、gas is flared both offshore and at onshore gas processing plants.Mexicos focus over the last few years has been on energy security,however the increase in gas flaring has occurred while Mexico has also steadily increased natural gas imports,highlighting the potential flare gas recovery could play in

63、 its energy independence.876435210Flare volumeFlare intensity2013201220162018201920202021201720152014024681012Flaring intensity(m/bbl)Flare volume(bcm)Mexico flare volume versus flare intensity,2012 to 2021Source:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,EIA,GGFR7.06.05.04.03.02.01.00Flaring

64、 volumeOil production201320122016201820192020202120172015201400.51.01.52.02.53.0Oil production(mln bbl/d)Flare volume(bcm)Mexico flare volume versus oil production,2012 to 2021Source:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,GGFR,EIA80706050403020100Gas importsGas productionTotal gas supply1

65、995199020102020201520052000Natural gas volume(bcm)Mexico domestic gas production,import and total final consumption 1990 to 2020,indicating increase in gas export and decrease in production(data taken from IEA,values in petajoules(PJ)converted to bcm assuming an average natural gas heating value of

66、45 cubic meters per megajoule,2020 values provisional)Source:IEAOver the last decade,flaring has steadily increased in Iraq,with volumes rising from 13 bcm in 2012 to almost 18 bcm in 2021,accounting for around 12 percent of total global flaring.At the same time,Iraq is importing natural gas;about 1

67、0 bcm in 2020.Flare gas recovery and associated gas utilization are significant opportunities for Iraq,which is both a GGFR partner and endorser of the ZRF initiative and has gas utilization reduction cited in its NDC.20141618821041260Flare volumeFlare intensity20132012201620182019202020212017201520

68、14042681012141618Flaring intensity(m/bbl)Flare volume(bcm)Iraq flare volume versus flare intensity,2012 to 2021Source:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,EIA,GGFR20181614121086420Flaring volumeOil production201320122016201820192020202120172015201401.02.01.52.53.03.54.04.55.0Oil product

69、ion(mln bbl/d)Flare volume(bcm)Iraq flare volume versus oil production,2012 to 2021Source:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,GGFR,EIA2520151050Natural gas importsDry natural gas productionDry natural gas consumption2005201020202015Natural gas volume(bcm)Iraq natural gas production,imp

70、ort and total consumption (data taken from bp Statistical Review of World Energy,July 2021)Source:IEA,bp Statistical Review of World Energy,July 2021Mexico2021 Flare volume rank:2012-202153%increasein flaring 2012-2021126%increase in flaring intensity8thIraq2021 Flare volume rank:2012-202141%increas

71、ein flaring 2012-20213%increase in flaring intensity2ndPhoto credit:GGFR2022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report132022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report12A Wasteful Practice,Crucial to Tackling Methane EmissionsGas flaring is a wasteful practice that burns a valuable energy source that could be used t

72、o enhance economic development,provide increased energy security,and potentially displace dirtier energy sources.The 144 bcmof natural gas flared in 2021 could have potentially generated some 1,800 Terawatt hours(TWh)of energy,almost two-thirds of the European Unions net domestic electricity generat

73、ion.Tackling gas flaring is also critical,given its role in global methane emissions.Methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2 but has a shorter atmospheric lifetime.Therefore,reducing methane emissions is one of the fastest,most effective ways to slow the rate of climate change.Gas flaring i

74、s a direct source of methane(see box below)and efforts to eliminate flaring also eliminate the associated methane emissions.However,flare elimination efforts also support methane reductions from other sources,such as venting and fugitive releases.Without an outlet to export or utilize the gas,any me

75、thane conserved from these sources will ultimately be sent to flare and while there may be an overall emissions reduction,methane is still released,and this valuable energy source is still wasted.This highlights the importance of flare reduction and gas management to overall oil and gas decarbonizat

76、ion strategies.Why is flaring a source of methane?Methane is emitted from flares as flares do not completely combust all the hydrocarbons in the gas stream.In our estimates,we assume:A flare destruction efficiency of 98 percent,assuming 2 percent methane is released uncombusted.The gas flared has a

77、composition comprising 81 percent methane,with the remaining comprising heavier hydrocarbons(e.g.ethane,propane,butane).Methane has a global warming potential 25 times greater than CO2on a 100-year basis,consistent with the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.With these assumptions,we estimate that 2021 f

78、laring resulted in 400 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent emissions(MMtCO2e),of which 361 MMtCO2e was in the form of CO2 and 39 MMtCO2e was in the form of uncombusted methane.Methane39CO361Estimated emissions from gas flaring in 2021 in million tonnes of CO2 equivalantsSource:NOAA,Payne Institute and

79、Colorado School of Mines,GGFRPhoto credit:Leonid Ikan/Shutterstock2022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report152022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report14-50%0%50%100%-50%0%50%100%150%Change Flare 2016-2021%Change Flare Intensity 2016-2021ZRF endosersNon-ZRF endosers%Change Flare 2016-2021ArgentinaSyriaChin

80、aLibyaIranAlgeriaIndiaTurkmenistanMexicoKazakhstanCanadaMalaysiaIndonesiaRep of the CongoUnited StatesAngolaEgyptGabonSaudi ArabiaNigeriaIraqOmanEcuadorRussiaBetter performance to date:these countries have decreased both flare volumes and flaring intensity since 2016Poor performance to date:these co

81、untries have increased both flare volumes and flaring intensity since 2016Percentage change in flare volume versus flaring intensity between 2016 and 2021,top 30 flaring countries only,ZRF endorsing countries indicated.Bubble size is 2021 flare volumeSource:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School o

82、f Mines,EIA,GGFRMixed Progress Towards Zero Routine FlaringIn 2015,the World Bank launched the ZRF initiative,which commits endorsing governments and companies to end routine flaring by 2030.2022 marks an important mid-point on this journey,so we take an opportunity to reflect on progress to date.Al

83、though 34 governments have endorsed the ZRF initiative,and committed to creating an enabling environment for flare reduction investments,there has been mixed progress to date.Some endorsing governments have successfully achieved both a reduction in absolute flare volume and flaring intensity since 2

84、016,which indicates that flare reductions are not solely due to a decline in production.However,tremendous opportunities for improvement remain for some of the largest flaring countries,such as Russia,Iraq,and Mexico,all of whom were endorsers of the initiative in 2016 and have since experienced an

85、increase in absolute flare volumes and flaring intensity.Non-endorsingcountries39%Endorsingcountries61%Percentage of 2021 flare volumes occurring in ZRF endorsing countriesSource:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,GGFR0%5%10%15%20%-5%201620172018201920202021-10%GlobalZRF endosersNon-Z

86、RF endosersChange in flaring intensity 2016 to 2021:global average,ZRF endorsing countries and non-ZRF endorsing countriesSource:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,EIA,GGFRPhoto credit:Opsorman/Shutterstock2022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report172022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report1

87、6Imported Flare Gas IndexIn last years report,we introduced a new metric,the Imported Flare Gas(IFG)Index,to infer the flaring associated with the crude oil imported by various countries around the world.This new metric highlights the flaring consequences of certain crude imports and shares the burd

88、en of responsibility for flaring reduction between both countries that produce and the countries that import the crude oil.It is based on the premise that if a country is importing crude oil from producing countries,it is also importing the flaring intensity of these producing countries in proportio

89、n to the amount of crude oil imported.The IFG Index can help oil-importing countries assess where flaring hotspots are in their fossil fuel supply chain.This should lead to a dialogue with the countries from which they import oil and potentially to assist in implementing flaring reduction initiative

90、s,thereby significantly improving the carbon emissions intensity of the oil they consume.Analysis of 2021 data suggests that many large crude oil-importing countries,such as Spain,Italy,and the Netherlands,are exposed to high levels of gas flaring as they import crude from countries with a high flar

91、ing intensity,such as Russia,Libya,Algeria,Iraq,and Mexico.Russian FederationLibyaUnited KingdomNigeriaIraqGabonAlgeriaUnited StatesEgyptKazakhstanMalaysiaTunisaMexicoCameroonOthersEstoniaAustraliaSwitzerlandGreeceSpainSlovakiaNorwayItalyImported Flare Gas(IFG)Index(m3/bbl)0AustriaBelarusRomaniaFran

92、ceFinlandLithuaniaBulgariaPolandHungaryCzech RepublicGermnayPortugalNetherlandsUnited KingdomCanadaUnited StatesDenmarkCroatiaSwedenNew ZealandIrelandJapanBelgiumIcelandLuxembourgLatvia1413121110987654321Russian Federation2021 IFG Index ResultsChinaUnited StatesIndiaJapanSouth KoreaGermanyNetherland

93、sThailandFranceUnited KingdomSingaporeBelgiumPolandGreeceItalySpainCanadaSweden0.001.002.003.004.005.006.007.008.009.0010.0001000200030004000Crude Import(Kbbl/day)Imported Flare Gas(IFG)Index(m3/bbl)International AverageFlaring Intensity5000600011000Countries exposed to high flaringIFG Index of Larg

94、est Crude Importing Countries(250 K bbl/day)Source:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,EIA,UN Comtrade,GGFR Source:NOAA,Payne Institute and Colorado School of Mines,EIA,UN Comtrade,GGFR Photo credit:Red_Shadow/Shutterstock.2022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report192022 Global Gas Flaring

95、 Tracker Report18While global flare volumes have remained largely static over the last decade,the very significant reductions achieved by some countries are encouraging and set an example for others.Given the growing international focus on methane emissions and acknowledging the important role the o

96、il and gas industry could play towards achieving climate goals,we call on governments and companies to increase their focus and accelerate their commitment to ending this wasteful industry practice by 2030.On technology:while technology and innovation have an important role to play,it is important t

97、o note that most flaring is not due to a lack of available technology;it is due to a lack of political will and leadership in developing appropriate markets and infrastructure to recover and utilize the gas.On regulation:effective regulation and strong enforcement are paramount;our Global Flaring an

98、d Venting Regulations:A Comparative Review of Policies study explores the many,and varied,policy mechanisms that can be leveraged to both penalize gas flaring and incentivize gas utilization.On methane:eliminating routine flaring can offer a double win in the shared endeavor to reduce global methane

99、 emissions by:eliminating a direct source of methane released un-combusted from flares;and enabling the gas successfully conserved through reductions in venting and fugitive emissions to be utilized rather than flared.On decarbonization:the utilization of flared gas presents an opportunity to put a

100、valuable,wasted energy source to beneficial use.Natural gas can help reduce the carbon intensity of the global energy mix,with the ability to replace coal and liquid fuels quickly,allowing time for the development and implementation of low and no carbon sources such as renewables and green hydrogen.

101、On timing:Infrastructure projects needed to connect flares to markets can take years to be developed and operational.If Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 is to be achieved,action must be swift and determined.Despite the 10-year plateau in flaring,we remain hopeful that significant progress on flaring can

102、 be made over the next few years,but this will require strong regulation and effective collaboration between the public and private sectors.Concluding ReflectionsPhoto credit:eleonimages/Shutterstock.Photo credit:Essam al-Sudani/Shutterstock.2022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report212022 Global Gas Fl

103、aring Tracker Report20Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership(GGFR)Multi-Donor Trust Fund1850 I Street NW,Washington,DC 20006 ggfrworldbank.org MethodologyThe 2022 Global Gas Flaring Tracker Report is produced on an annual basis by the World Banks GGFR,comprised of governments,oil companies,and int

104、ernational institutions working to end routine gas flaring at oil production sites around the world.GGFR,in partnership with the US NOAA and The Payne Institute for Public Policy at the Colorado School of Mines,has developed global gas flaring estimates based upon observations from satellites launch

105、ed in 2012 and 2017.The advanced sensors of this satellite detect the heat emitted by gas flares as infrared emissions at global upstream oil and gas facilities.The Colorado School of Mines and GGFR quantify these infrared emissions and calibrate them using country-level data collected by a third-pa

106、rty data supplier,Cedigaz,to produce robust estimates of global gas flaring volumes.The satellite data for estimating flare gas volumes is collected by NOAAs satellite-mounted Visual and Infrared Radiometer Suite of detectors(VIIRS).VIIRS has a multispectral set of infrared detectors which:at nightt

107、ime respond only to heat emissions and hence are not affected by sunlight,moonlight or other light sources respond to wavelengths where emissions from flares are at a maximum overfly every flare several times per night have excellent spatial resolution.The ability of VIIRS to detect and discriminate

108、 hot sources,such as gas flares,enables flares to be detected automatically with minimal manual intervention.Emissions from non-flare hot sources(e.g.biomass burning)can be removed from the data by selecting only emissions with temperatures above 1100C;other hot sources burn at lower temperatures.In

109、deed,flares burn hotter than any other terrestrial hot sources,including volcanos.Since the first year of year of operation in 2012,VIIRS has automatically detected 10,000 flares annually around the globe.The World Banks role in gas flaring reduction The World Banks GGFR works closely with governmen

110、ts and oil companies to help assess technologies,develop policies and regulations,and build capacity to end routine flaring by 2030.We are also continuing to secure commitments for the Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 initiative,Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 initiative,building upon the 87 government and

111、 oil company endorsers that,together,account for close to 60 percent of global flaring.Ending routine gas flaring is critical if governments and companies are to deliver their products in the cleanest manner possible,meet net-zero targets,and maintain their license to operate,especially in developin

112、g countries where millions lack access to energy.To do this,we must test and scale innovative approaches,while considering new solutions that treat associated gas as an asset,not a waste product.Such approaches must also be tailored to the unique circumstances and context of a particular country,or

113、even a specific oil production site.We need to work collaboratively with governments and oil companies to develop holistic policies,considering a range of incentives and penalties,to finally put an end to this practice.References:Elvidge,C.D.;Zhizhin,M.;Hsu,F.-C.;Baugh,K.E.VIIRS Nightfire:Satellite Pyrometry at Night.Remote Sens.2013,5,4423-4449.https:/doi.org/10.3390/rs5094423 Elvidge,C.D.;Zhizhin,M.;Baugh,K.;Hsu,F.-C.;Ghosh,T.Methods for Global Survey of Natural Gas Flaring from Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite Data.Energies 2016,9,14.https:/doi.org/10.3390/en9010014