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1、OFFSHORE WIND MARKET REPORT 2024 EDITIONNREL is a national laboratory of the U.S.Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency&Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy,LLC This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)at www.nrel.go

2、v/publications.Contract No.DE-AC36-08GO28308 Technical Report NREL/TP-5000-90525 August 2024 Offshore Wind Market Report:2024 Edition Angel McCoy,1 Walter Musial,1 Rob Hammond,1 Daniel Mulas Hernando,1 Patrick Duffy,1 Philipp Beiter,1 Paula Prez,1 Ruth Baranowski,1 Gage Reber,2 and Paul Spitsen3 1 N

3、ational Renewable Energy Laboratory 2 Boston Government Services LLC 3 U.S.Department of Energy Suggested Citation McCoy,Angel,Walter Musial,Rob Hammond,Daniel Mulas Hernando,Patrick Duffy,Philipp Beiter,Paula Prez,Ruth Baranowski,Gage Reber,and Paul Spitsen.2024.Offshore Wind Market Report:2024 Edi

4、tion.Golden,CO:National Renewable Energy Laboratory.NREL/TP-5000-90525.https:/www.nrel.gov/docs/fy24osti/90525.pdf.NOTICE This work was authored in part by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory,operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy,LLC,for the U.S.Department of Energy(DOE)under Contract No.

5、DE-AC36-08GO28308.Funding provided by U.S.Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Wind Energy Technologies Office.The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S.Government.This report is available at no cost from the National Ren

6、ewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)at www.nrel.gov/publications.U.S.Department of Energy(DOE)reports produced after 1991 and a growing number of pre-1991 documents are available free via www.OSTI.gov.Cover Photo by Joe DelNero:NREL 90979.Wind turbine construction in October 2023 at Vineyard Wind 1 off th

7、e coast of Massachusetts.NREL prints on paper that contains recycled content.ii This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Acknowledgments The authors would like to extend thanks to Cynthia Bothwell,Jocelyn Brown-Saracino,Patrick Gi

8、lman,Liz Hartman,Eric Lantz,Monica Maher,Nate McKenzie,and Isaac Ward-Fineman of the U.S.Department of Energy Wind Energy Technologies Office(WETO)for their support,review comments,and strategic guidance.The authors would also like to thank the following reviewers and contributors from the National

9、Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL):Matt Shields,Brian Smith,and Paul Veers.This report was peer-reviewed by a diverse group of offshore wind energy industry stakeholders,including developers,wind turbine manufacturers,state government representatives,consultants,and regulators:Rain Byars,Atlantic Sho

10、res Offshore Wind Brandon Burke,Ramboll Alana Duerr,DNV Ross Gould,Oceantic Network Marty Heinz,Bureau of Ocean Energy Management(BOEM)Mark Jensen,BOEM Josh Kaplowitz,Locke Lord Jeff Kehne,Magellan Wind Dan Kuchma,Tufts University Christy Lan,Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement(BSEE)Kris

11、Ohleth,Strategic Initiative for Offshore Wind Claire Richer,American Clean Power Jeffrey Stewart,BSEE Necitas Sumait,BOEM.The following individuals from NREL also supported this effort:Amy Brice provided editing,formatting,and coordination;John Frenzl and Alfred Hicks created graphics;David Dunn pro

12、vided project management;and Sheri Anstedt,Katie Carney,and Jackson Davis provided communications support.This annual report was produced by NREL for WETO.The underlying data used for analysis in this report can be accessed at https:/www.nrel.gov/docs/fy24osti/90525data.xlsx.iii This report is avail

13、able at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.List of Acronyms BNEF Bloomberg New Energy Finance BOEM Bureau of Ocean Energy Management BSEE Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement CAISO California Independent System Operator CapEx capital expendit

14、ures COD commercial operation date COP Construction and Operations Plan CTV crew transfer vessel DOE U.S.Department of Energy DOT U.S.Department of Transportation GW gigawatt IRA Inflation Reduction Act IRS Internal Revenue Service ITC investment tax credit km kilometer kW kilowatt LCOE levelized co

15、st of energy m meter MW megawatt MWh megawatt-hour NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory NY PSC New York Public Service Commission NYISO New York Independent System Operator NYSERDA New York State Energy Research and Development Authority OCS Outer Continental Shelf OEM original equipment manufa

16、cturer OREC Offshore Wind Renewable Energy Certificate OWDB offshore wind database SGRE Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy SOFR Secured Overnight Financing Rate SOV service operation vessel USD U.S.dollars WTIV wind turbine installation vessel iv This report is available at no cost from the National Re

17、newable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Executive Summary The Offshore Wind Market Report:2024 Edition provides detailed information on the U.S.and global offshore wind energy industries to inform policymakers,researchers,and analysts about technology,economic,and market trends.The re

18、port provides the status of more than 322 operating offshore wind energy projects in the global fleet through Dec.31,2023,as well as the broader global pipeline of projects in various development stages.To provide current information and discussion on the emerging offshore wind industry in the Unite

19、d States,this report tracks significant U.S.domestic progress and events from Jan.1,2023,to May 31,2024.Maps of the U.S.pipeline activity and Call Areas are shown in Figure ES-1.U.S.Offshore Wind Energy Market The first commercial-scale1 offshore wind power plant in the United States,the 132-megawat

20、t(MW)South Fork Wind Farm off Rhode Island,began delivering power to New York in November 2023 and was fully commissioned on March 14,2024.Another commercial-scale offshore wind power plant,the 806-MW Vineyard Wind 1 project,also achieved first power in January 2024 with the installation of several

21、operating turbines and remained under construction through the publication of this report(August 2024).2 As of May 31,2024,there were 174 MW of offshore wind power in operation.The U.S.offshore wind energy pipeline had 4,097 MW under construction as of May 31,2024.Three projects contribute to this t

22、otal:Vineyard Wind 1(806 MW),Revolution Wind(704 MW),and Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind(2,587 MW).This is an increase of more than 300%from the 938 MW under construction reported in the Offshore Wind Market Report:2023 Edition(Musial et al.2023).By May 31,2024,the U.S.offshore wind energy project de

23、velopment and operational pipeline reached a potential generating capacity of 80,523 MW.The U.S.offshore wind energy pipeline grew 53%(27,836 MW)from the previous edition of this report.Notable additions include the following:Eight proposed lease areas in the Gulf of Maine provided 15,702 MW of pipe

24、line growth,two proposed lease areas in the mid-Atlantic provided 4,499 MW,two proposed lease areas off the coast of Oregon provided 3,156 MW,and four proposed lease areas in the Gulf of Mexico added 6,638 MW.Finally,one research lease area in the Gulf of Maine contributed 144 MW in potential capaci

25、ty to the U.S.offshore wind industry pipeline.3 1 In this report,projects greater than 100 MW are considered commercial scale.2 Projects that have not placed all turbines in service are categorized as under construction for the purposes of this report.3 Note that the listed developments add up to mo

26、re than the total pipeline growth because of recalculations of other project capacities in the pipeline from changes to or the loss of offtake agreements.v This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Figure ES-1.Locations of U.S.offs

27、hore wind energy pipeline activity and Call Areas as of May 31,2024.Maps created by John Frenzl,National Renewable Energy Laboratory The U.S.floating offshore wind energy market has approximately 25,116 MW in the pipeline as of May 31,2024,which includes lease areas and proposed lease areas on the w

28、est and east coasts.Of the 25,116 MW floating total,6,042 MW of floating offshore wind potential are in the“site control”phase4 following the December 2022 auction of five lease areas in California.The remaining 19,074 MW are in the planning phase,including the Gulf of Maine where a May 2024 propose

29、d sale notice published by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management(BOEM)identified eight floating offshore wind energy lease areas for an auction planned in 4 See Section 1.2.2 for a discussion of site control.vi This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.

30、nrel.gov/publications.October 2024.On April 24,2024,U.S.Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland announced the new BOEM leasing plan through 2028(U.S.Department of the Interior 2024),with 7 of the 12 new proposed offshore wind energy auctions in deep water suited for floating offshore wind technology.O

31、n March 22,2024,the Internal Revenue Service issued guidance that updated the eligibility criteria for offshore wind projects seeking the Energy Communities Bonus Credit5 passed under the Inflation Reduction Act.Offshore wind projects with multiple points of interconnection may benefit from bonus cr

32、edits if they locate any power conditioning and transfer equipment at one of their points of interconnection within an energy community.Also,projects may now qualify for bonus credit benefits if their supervisory control and data acquisition system is situated at an“eligible project port”within an e

33、nergy community.The U.S.Department of Energy(DOE)estimates that$10 billion has been announced or invested in the U.S.offshore wind supply chain since the beginning of 2021.This$10 billion figure includes$2.1 billion in 2023 alone for port development,vessel orders,workforce development,research,and

34、other supply chain investments in the U.S.offshore wind energy market(DOE 2024).The National Renewable Energy Laboratory estimates that an investment of at least$22 billion in ports,large installation vessels,and major manufacturing facilities will be needed to establish the U.S.offshore wind supply

35、 chain(Shields et al.2023).The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management advances leasing in 2024.BOEM held a competitive lease auction in August 2023 for the Gulf of Mexico and awarded one lease area.New lease activity has advanced in four regions where proposed sale notices have been issued,and lease area

36、s are being prepared for auction in 2024.The proposed wind energy lease sales in 2024 are the Central Atlantic(Aug.14,2024),the coast of Oregon(October 2024),and the Gulf of Maine(October 2024)(BOEM 2024a).Eight states have set procurement mandates that total 45,730 MW of offshore wind capacity by 2

37、040.The U.S.offshore wind energy market continues to be driven by state-level offshore wind procurement,planning activities,and energy policies.As of May 31,2024,state mandates totaled 45,730 MW from eight states.Five other states have set formal planning targets that,when combined with the state ma

38、ndates,total 115,130 MW by 2050.While planning goals do not require agencies to take direct action for offshore wind,procurement mandates are statutory requirements for the state to achieve a predetermined quantity of offshore wind generation on a scheduled timeline.As of May 31,2024,15 contracts to

39、 purchase 12,378 MW of electricity from offshore wind power plants have been signed.Multiple state procurements were open as of May 31,2024.This total does not include projects for which offtake agreements have been canceled.In 2023,increased costs driven by macroeconomic pressures,market volatility

40、,and limited hedging made many projects with existing fixed-price power offtake contracts financially 5 Energy communities are located at sites that are historically affected by industrial pollution,communities affected by closed coal mines or coal-fired power plants,or communities that had a depend

41、ence on fossil fuel industries(through jobs or tax revenues)that are now facing higher than average unemployment.For more information,refer to https:/energycommunities.gov/energy-community-tax-credit-bonus/.vii This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.

42、nrel.gov/publications.nonviable.Eight projects canceled their offtake contracts:SouthCoast Wind 1,New England Wind 1 and 2,Empire Wind 2,Beacon Wind 1,Ocean Wind 1 and 2,and Skipjack Wind.Challenges such as cost increases driven by inflation and rising interest rates impacted developers with signed

43、offtake agreements who were attempting to bring projects online before 2030.Figure ES-2 summarizes state planning goals,procurement mandates,and offtake contracts awarded in the U.S.offshore wind energy market.States have quickly responded to economic headwinds and power contract cancellations.Most

44、states have reaffirmed their original offshore wind commitments and timelines.Multiple states have restructured their procurement strategies and opened new solicitation rounds to enable canceled projects to re-bid with updated offtake prices,such as by introducing inflation indexing.Most projects wi

45、th canceled offtake agreements are still in active development and are seeking new offtake opportunities.Figure ES-2.Cumulative capacity of U.S.offshore wind energy state planning goals,procurement mandates,and offtake agreements awarded Global Offshore Wind Energy Market In 2023,6,326 MW of offshor

46、e wind energy were deployed globally,bringing total installed capacity to 68,258 MW as of Dec.31,2023.More than 13,096 operating offshore wind turbines in 319 operating projects contributed to this total installed capacity.The capacity installed in 2023 represents the fourth largest capacity install

47、ed in a single year.The global generating capacity potential in the pipeline for all offshore wind energy projects reached 453.6 gigawatts(GW)by the end of 2023 for both installed and planned projects.European projects dominate the future project pipeline.Most projects in advanced viii This report i

48、s available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.development stages are in Europe and China,but a significant portion of projects in the development pipeline are also moving forward in the United States and Oceania.The global pipeline for floating off

49、shore wind energy increased 1.8%to 104,399 MW.This increase is one of the lowest percentage changes observed since the annual report started tracking global pipeline growth in floating offshore wind.Since the publication of the Offshore Wind Market Report:2023 Edition(Musial et al.2023),10%of the ca

50、pacity was delayed and recharacterized in the planning stage.The growth is attributed in part to the Gulf of Maine lease area announcements.New capacity for global floating offshore wind energy projects nearly doubled in 2023,bringing the total global capacity to 231.4 MW.The 88-MW Hywind Tampen flo

51、ating offshore wind plant in Norway was fully commissioned in 2023 and is the largest operational floating offshore wind plant in the world(Equinor 2023).Other floating offshore wind energy projects came online near Marseille,France(25 MW)(SBM Offshore 2023);Bilbao,Spain(2 MW)(RWE 2023);Longyuan Nan

52、ri Island,China(3.6 MW)(Shanghai Electric 2023;M.Lewis 2023);and on the Wenchang oilfield off the coast of China(7.25 MW)(Buljan 2023a;China National Offshore Oil Corporation 2023).Offshore Wind Energy Technology Trends Larger offshore wind turbines are advancing toward commercial production.Offshor

53、e wind turbines have grown substantially over the past decade.The average installed turbine rating grew from 7.7 MW in 2022 to 9.7 MW in 2023 as developers began shifting to the new 15-MW turbine technology platform.Some original equipment manufacturers(OEMs),such as Vestas,and other industry expert

54、s have expressed a hesitation to continue increasing turbine size to allow supply chain and R&D investments to be paid off and to allow the benefits of industrialization,standardization,and industry learning to lower costs.This hesitation became apparent when General Electric dropped plans for an 18

55、-MW turbine and announced a shift to its new 15.5-MW turbine.Vestas secured the first orders of its 15-MW turbine model and plans to make the first deliveries in 2025(Vestas 2024)but has been steadfast in its position to remain at this scale.Siemens Gamesa has secured grants to develop and deploy wh

56、at was announced as the“worlds most powerful”offshore wind prototype and plans to start operations in early 2025(European Commission 2023).Chinese OEMs have also announced plans to develop 18-MW to 22-MW turbines.Offshore Wind Energy Cost and Price Trends Rising interest rates,supply chain constrain

57、ts,and higher commodity prices during 20212023 have led to higher offshore wind energy costs globally and in the United States.Rising costs affect projects planned for commercial operation between 2023 and 2026 the most because of a lag of at least 13 years between the placement of supply chain orde

58、rs and the start of commercial operations.Projects planned for later commercial operation might be less affected because of the actions taken at the state and federal levels and may have time to wait for macroeconomic conditions to return to prior levels.ix This report is available at no cost from t

59、he National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Reporting by a set of consultancies and research entities6 suggests an unsubsidized levelized cost of energy for a hypothetical,commercial-scale offshore wind project in the United States of$125 per megawatt-hour(MWh)in 2023(on ave

60、rage and using mid-case estimates).7 The same sources report a wide range of$75/MWh to$149/MWh across scenarios(due to,for example,favorable siting conditions,closer proximity to port and grid infrastructure,varying financing assumptions,and other factors).These costs represent an average increase o

61、f more than 45%when compared to the 2023 edition of this report(Musial et al.2023).Future Outlook The U.S.offshore wind energy pipeline grew to almost 81 GW.Forecasts from 4C Offshore(2024)and Bloomberg New Energy Finance(BNEF)(2023)estimate that U.S.offshore wind energy deployment could reach 40 GW

62、 and 42 GW,respectively,by the end of 2035.Forecasted global projections for offshore wind energy indicate strong market growth with more than a fivefold increase in offshore wind energy projected over the next decade.Forecasts from BNEF(2023)indicate that global offshore wind energy will reach 492

63、GW by 2035,and 4C Offshore(2024)forecasts 422 GW by 2035.The most prominent trend in the 2035 forecast is the estimated growth of Chinas market(from 52.2 GW to 188.9 GW by 2035).U.S.installed capacity is forecast to be 9%(4C Offshore 2024;BNEF 2023)of the global total by 2035.In the United States,ke

64、y offshore wind energy market indicators,such as permitting,interconnection,commercial leasing,state energy planning targets,procurement policies,offtake agreements,and federal support for U.S.jobs and supply chain development,point toward sustained,long-term market growth when viewed together.But t

65、he macroeconomic hurdles facing the first generation of commercial offshore wind energy projects continue to linger,and ongoing challenges with the deployment of those first projects make the prospects for long-term growth of offshore wind in the United States more uncertain.6 The consultancies and

66、research entities referenced include those cited with Figure 28 in Section 5.2.1:Bloomberg New Energy Finance(2024b),the U.S.Energy Information Administration(2023),DNV(2023),the International Energy Agency(2023),Lazard(Bilicic and Scroggins 2023),and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory(2024).7

67、 Mid-case estimates refer to a baseline,business-as-usual or“most likely”scenario.x This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Table of Contents Executive Summary.iv 1 Introduction.1 1.1 About This Report.2 1.2 Approach and Method.2

68、 1.2.1 National Renewable Energy Laboratory Offshore Database.2 1.2.2 Classification of Project Status.3 1.3 Report Structure.4 2 U.S.Offshore Wind Market Assessment.6 2.1 Offshore Wind Industry Overview.6 2.2 U.S.Offshore Wind Energy Market Potential and Project Pipeline Assessment.7 2.2.1 U.S.Offs

69、hore Wind Energy Pipeline.10 2.3 Federal and State Policy Activities.22 2.3.1 Federal Activity.22 2.3.2 State Offshore Wind Procurement Policy and Status.23 2.4 Regulatory Activity.26 2.4.1 Federal Permitting Status of U.S.Lease Areas.27 2.4.2 Lease Activity and New Site Identification.27 2.5 U.S.Of

70、fshore Wind Energy Infrastructure Trends.30 2.5.1 Vessels and Logistics.32 2.5.2 Ports and Supply Chain.34 2.5.3 Electric Grid.36 3 Global Offshore Wind Energy Development.38 3.1 Global Offshore Wind Energy Industry Current Status.38 3.1.1 Aggregate Global Deployment Summary.38 3.1.2 Floating Offsho

71、re Wind Technology Deployment Summary.39 3.1.3 Total Global Offshore Wind Energy Pipeline.40 3.1.4 Floating Offshore Wind Energy Pipeline.41 3.2 Announced Deployment Through 2029.41 3.2.1 Announced Projects.42 3.2.2 Announced Floating Projects.43 3.3 Country-Specific Offshore Wind Energy Markets.44

72、4 Offshore Wind Energy Technology Trends.46 4.1 Global Offshore Wind Energy Siting Trends.46 4.2 Offshore Wind Energy Substructures.48 4.3 Offshore Wind Turbines.50 4.4 Offshore Wind Technology Summary.54 5 Cost and Price Trends.56 5.1 Cost and Price Overview.56 5.2 Fixed-Bottom Offshore Wind Energy

73、.56 5.2.1 Long-Term Cost Trends.56 5.2.2 Short-Term Cost Trends.57 5.2.3 Capital Expenditure Trends.61 5.3 Floating Offshore Wind Energy Cost Trends.62 5.4 Offshore Wind Tax Credits.64 5.4.1 Eligibility for Bonus Credits.64 5.4.2 Clarification on Power Conditioning and Transfer Equipment.65 5.4.3 Tr

74、ansferability Framework.65 6 Future Trends.66 6.1 U.S.Offshore Wind Energy Market Forecasts to 2035.66 xi This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.6.2 Forecasted Global Projections for Offshore Wind Energy.67 6.3 Summary of Key Fi

75、ndings and Future Trends.69 References.71 Appendix A.Global Offshore Wind Energy Targets.86 Appendix B.Global Pipeline Database Updates.91 Appendix C.Commissioned U.S.-Flagged Vessels.93 xii This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publication

76、s.List of Figures Figure ES-1.Locations of U.S.offshore wind energy pipeline activity and Call Areas as of May 31,2024.v Figure ES-2.Cumulative capacity of U.S.offshore wind energy state planning goals,procurement mandates,and offtake agreements awarded.vii Figure 1.U.S.project pipeline classificati

77、on by status.9 Figure 2.U.S.project pipeline by state.10 Figure 3.U.S.offshore wind energy pipeline in the North Atlantic,including the Gulf of Maine.11 Figure 4.U.S.offshore wind energy pipeline(mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic).14 Figure 5.U.S.offshore wind energy pipeline(Gulf of Mexico).17 Figure

78、 6.U.S.offshore wind energy pipeline(Pacific).19 Figure 7.U.S.offshore wind energy pipeline(Hawaii).20 Figure 8.U.S.offshore wind energy state planning goals,procurement mandates,and offtake agreements awarded.26 Figure 9.U.S.offshore wind energy lease prices.28 Figure 10.Offshore wind leasing sched

79、ule.29 Figure 11.Announced and active port,vessel,and supply chain activity in the United States.31 Figure 12.Announced and operational manufacturing facilities,ports,and vessels as of May 31,2024.35 Figure 13.Global cumulative offshore wind energy deployment(top)and annual capacity additions(bottom

80、)through Dec.31,2023.38 Figure 14.Global offshore wind energy installations in 2023.39 Figure 15.Total global offshore wind energy pipeline by regulatory status.41 Figure 16.Offshore wind energy capacity under construction by country as of Dec.31,2023.42 Figure 17.Estimated cumulative fixed-bottom a

81、nd floating offshore wind capacity by country based on developer-announced CODs.43 Figure 18.Estimated cumulative floating offshore wind capacity by country based on announced CODs through 2029.44 Figure 19.Total regional offshore wind energy targets.45 Figure 20.Distance to shore for global offshor

82、e wind energy projects(excludes floating).46 Figure 21.Maximum water depths for global fixed-bottom offshore wind energy projects(excludes floating).47 Figure 22.Offshore wind substructure technology types used in operating projects.48 Figure 23.Announced offshore wind substructure technology for fu

83、ture projects.49 Figure 24.Global average offshore wind turbine capacities,hub heights,and rotor diameters.50 Figure 25.Comparison of offshore wind turbine prototypes with commercial offshore wind turbine capacity growth.52 Figure 26.Offshore wind turbine manufacturer market share for operating proj

84、ects.53 Figure 27.Global offshore wind turbine manufacturer market share for announced projects.54 Figure 28.Unsubsidized levelized cost of energy estimates for fixed-bottom offshore wind energy in the United States.57 Figure 29.Developers petitions with the NY PSC suggest offshore wind ORECs in NYS

85、ERDAs portfolio(nominal$/MWh)have increased by nearly 50%compared to their initially established contract price.59 Figure 30.Offshore wind commodity price index(left axis)and SOFR(right axis),20182024.60 Figure 31.Capital expenditures for global offshore wind energy projects.62 Figure 32.Unsubsidize

86、d levelized cost of energy estimates for floating offshore wind technologies in the United States.63 Figure 33.Industry projections of U.S.offshore wind energy development through 2035.66 Figure 34.Industry forecasts for global offshore wind energy deployment to 2035.68 Figure 35.Long-term cumulativ

87、e floating offshore wind energy deployment projections.69 xiii This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.List of Tables Table 1.Offshore Wind Energy Project Pipeline Classification Criteria.4 Table 2.U.S.Offshore Wind Energy Pipeli

88、ne by Classification Status.7 Table 3.Offshore Wind Energy Project Pipeline(North Atlantic).12 Table 4.Offshore Wind Energy Project Pipeline(Middle and South Atlantic).15 Table 5.U.S.Offshore Wind Energy Project Pipeline for the Gulf of Mexico.18 Table 6.U.S.Offshore Wind Energy Project Pipeline for

89、 the West Coast and Hawaii.21 Table 7.State Planning Goals,Mandated State Procurements,and Offtake Contracts Awarded by Year.24 Table 8.BOEM Call Areas on U.S.Outer Continental Shelf.28 Table 9.Operational and Announced U.S.-Flagged Vessels To Serve the Offshore Wind Energy Industry.33 Table 10.Inve

90、stments in Offshore Wind Ports and Manufacturing Facilities From Jan.1,2023,to May 31,2024.36 Table 11.Indicative Change in the Price of Key Offshore Wind Commodities Between the Time of Bid Submission and the Fourth Quarter(Q4)of 2023.61 Table A-1.National Offshore Wind Energy Targets for Countries

91、 in Europe.86 Table A-2.National Offshore Wind Energy Targets for Countries in Asia.89 Table A-3.National Offshore Wind Energy Targets for Countries in Other World Regions.90 Table B-1.Global Floating Offshore Wind Energy Pipeline by Country and Project Phase.92 Table C-1.Commissioned U.S.-Flagged V

92、essels To Serve the Offshore Wind Energy Industry.93 1 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.1 Introduction Offshore wind is a growing sector of the wind energy market that enables large-scale utility generation near populated

93、areas where there is insufficient area on land for wind farms.Locating offshore wind farms several miles from shore can reduce conflicts with nearshore wildlife,such as birds and bats,and human use activities while accessing significantly more energy than land-based renewable sources.In addition to

94、offshore winds clean energy contributions,the infrastructure upgrades needed to deploy offshore wind energy are revitalizing marine waterfronts in the United States,creating thousands of good-paying jobs in coastal regions around the country(American Clean Power 2023a).In addition to the 42 megawatt

95、s(MW)generated by the two flagship offshore wind projects at Block Island(30 MW)and Coastal Virginia(12 MW),two commercial offshore wind energy projects began construction in 2023:the 806-MW Vineyard Wind 1 project south of Massachusetts and the 132-MW South Fork Wind project off Rhode Island.South

96、Fork began delivering power to eastern Long Island,New York,in November 2023 and was fully commissioned in March 2024.Vineyard Wind 1 delivered power for the first time(termed“first power”)in January 2024 with several operating turbines and remained under construction through the publication of this

97、 report(August 2024).Since May 31,2023,the cutoff date for the Offshore Wind Market Report:2023 Edition(Musial et al.2023),offshore wind has experienced significant market restructuring at a state level,driven by rising costs from inflation,higher interest rates,and supply chain bottlenecks.Macroeco

98、nomic impacts have been felt by the industry globally.More positively,new lease activity by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management(BOEM)has advanced in three regions where proposed sale notices have been issued,and lease areas are being prepared for auction in 2024.Market restructuring,manifested in

99、multiple project cancellations,redesign of state auctions,rebidding of projects,and higher offtake pricescombined with new leasinghas resulted in substantial changes to the offshore wind pipeline and to key market indicators in this report.At a state level,the 2023 market disruptions tested policy c

100、ommitments and state resolve.Although changes to the states approaches to offshore wind energy procurement are still underway,states have not terminated their original offshore wind procurement targets,commitments,and timelines.The near-term market turmoil and project cancellations did not reduce th

101、e pipeline size,but project delays will likely result.However,in the long term,the restructuring could increase market stability and economic viability.At the federal level,the Inflation Reduction Act(IRA)passed in 2022 at the height of inflationprovides an important means of softening the macroecon

102、omic impacts affecting offshore wind project costs.The IRA extends and expands the tax credits available to offshore wind energy.In particular,offshore wind projects are eligible for a 30%investment tax credit or an inflation-adjusted production tax credit at$27.50 per megawatt-hour(MWh)(in 2023)if

103、they meet prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements.The IRA also established bonus credits of 10%each for meeting domestic content requirements or building key project facilities in energy communities that have had recent coal closures,that have brownfields,or that have a high local economic d

104、ependence on fossil fuel jobs and high unemployment.The IRA is intended to offset the hurdles that threaten to prevent this nascent industry from achieving commercial 2 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.success.In addition

105、to the economic benefits,the IRA also put U.S.territories under BOEM jurisdiction,allowing offshore wind to move forward in these regions.The long-term market outlook is positive,contingent on sustained state and federal policies combined with strong federal regulatory support.Overall,the key market

106、 drivers are still in place despite the recent macroeconomic and supply chain disruptions.Although developers have reported that there will be delays in many offshore wind energy project schedules,projections of long-term U.S.deployment capacities appear to be consistent with past projections.1.1 Ab

107、out This Report This report includes detailed information on the domestic offshore wind energy industry,providing context to help industry stakeholders navigate technical and market barriers and opportunities.The reporting period for this report covers the U.S.offshore wind industry from June 1,2023

108、,to May 31,2024(unless otherwise noted)and the global offshore wind industry from Jan.1,2023,through Dec.31,2023(in the global section of this report,the U.S.offshore wind industry only goes through Dec.31,2023,as well).The report provides details and analysis on a broader global pipeline of project

109、s at varying stages of development.This report is also a companion to the Land-Based Wind Market Report:2024 Edition(Wiser et al.2024)and the Distributed Wind Market Report:2024 Edition(Sheridan et al.2024),which are also funded by the U.S.Department of Energys Wind Energy Technologies Office and ar

110、e authored by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,respectively.These companion reports review the status of utility-scale and distributed land-based wind energy in the United States,providing quantitative data and context for the wind energy industry and i

111、ts stakeholders.1.2 Approach and Method 1.2.1 National Renewable Energy Laboratory Offshore Database The Offshore Wind Market Report:2024 Edition uses the National Renewable Energy Laboratorys(NRELs)internal offshore wind database(OWDB),which contains information on more than 3,279 offshore wind ene

112、rgy projects located in 61 countries(NREL 2023).The database includes fully operational projects dating back to 1990,dormant projects,decommissioned and canceled projects,and anticipated future deployment that may or may not have announced commercial operation dates(CODs).The database is built from

113、internal NREL research using a wide variety of data sources,including press releases,industry news reports,manufacturer specification sheets,subscription-based industry databases,global offshore wind energy project announcements,and peer-reviewed literature.Unless stated otherwise,the data analysis

114、in this reportboth global and domesticis derived by NREL from the OWDB and reflects the best judgment of the authors and industry subject matter experts that were consulted.To ensure accuracy,NREL verified the OWDB against the following sources:4C Offshore Wind Database(4C Offshore 2024)BOEM online

115、published data and direct consultations 3 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Bloomberg New Energy Finances(BNEFs)Renewable Energy Project Database(BNEF 2023).Although we validated and harmonized the data with these other sou

116、rces,minor differences in their definitions and methodology8 may cause the data in this report to vary from other published reports.Despite annual variability and potential future project-level uncertainty,trends reported elsewhere are consistent with long-term market trends in the OWDB.Cost and pri

117、cing data gathered for the OWDB span many years and are reported in different currencies.To analyze and compare these data,we normalized all information in this report into 2023 U.S.dollars(USD)by:Converting costs and prices to USD,using the exchange rate for the year in which the latest data were r

118、eported(FiscalData n.d.)Inflating the values,which are in nominal USD after the exchange rate conversion,to 2023 USD using the U.S.Consumer Price Index(U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics n.d.).1.2.2 Classification of Project Status The“pipeline”in this report is an offshore wind energy development and o

119、perating project tracking process that provides the status of a project from early-stage planning through decommissioning.We aligned the primary tracking method with the U.S.offshore wind regulatory process,but the methodology generally applies to tracking global projects as well.All offshore wind p

120、rojects in federal waters must navigate the regulatory process that formally begins when state and federal officials initiate the leasing process to designate a wind energy area,which may lead to a lease being competitively awarded.This classification system is also used in nonfederal waters of the

121、United States where the regulatory process is overseen by state governments(e.g.,the Great Lakes).The“pipeline”is defined as the set of all offshore wind energy areas and projects,including potential generating capacity of designated lease areas that are being prepared for auction,potential generati

122、ng capacity of sites where developers hold offshore wind leases,nameplate capacity of projects under development,operational project capacity,and capacity of decommissioned projects.If known,we provide information on a projects power offtake agreements and financial contracts as well(Mulas Hernando

123、et al.2023).Table 1 describes the classification criteria used in this report for tracking the development of offshore wind energy projects in the United States,but these criteria are also applied to the global project classification.However,some differences between the domestic and global regulator

124、y processes may not allow for direct comparisons,especially during the earlier stages of planning,because some countries have other methods of establishing“site control.”Generally,the site control step is applied to U.S.projects because they are clearly defined based on the BOEM auction process,but

125、in other countries,site control is more ambiguous.Therefore,we assign global early-stage projects to“planning”unless more information is available.8 For details on year-over-year global pipeline accounting updates,see Appendix B.4 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energ

126、y Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Table 1.Offshore Wind Energy Project Pipeline Classification Criteria Step Phase Name Start Criteria End Criteria 1 Planning Starts when a developer or regulatory agency initiates the formal site control process(e.g.,designation of a lease area under a propo

127、sed sale notice)Ends when a developer obtains control of a site(e.g.,through competitive auction or a determination of no competitive interest in an unsolicited lease area United States only)2 Site Control Starts when a developer obtains site control(e.g.,a lease or other contract)Ends when the deve

128、loper files major permit applications(e.g.,a Construction and Operations Plan COP or is selected for offtake agreement negotiations for electricity sales)3 Permitting=COP or Offtake Pathway Starts when the developer files major permit applications(e.g.,a COP)or is selected for offtake agreement nego

129、tiations for electricity sales Ends when regulatory entities authorize the project to proceed with construction and certify its offtake agreement 4 Approved Starts when a project receives regulatory approval for construction activities Ends when the sponsor announces a“financial investment decision”

130、and has signed contracts for construction work packages 5 Financial Close Starts when the sponsor announces a financial investment decision and has signed contracts for major construction work packages Ends when the project begins major construction work 6 Under Construction Starts when major constr

131、uction work is initiated Ends when all wind turbines have been installed and the project is connected and generating power to an electrical grid 7 Operating Starts when all wind turbines are installed and transmitting power to the grid;commercial operation date marks the official transition from con

132、struction to operation Ends when the project has begun a formal process to decommission and stops feeding power to the grid 8 Decommissioned Starts when the project has begun the formal process to decommission and stops transmitting power to the grid Ends when the site has been fully restored and le

133、ase payments are no longer being made 1.3 Report Structure The remainder of this report is structured as follows:Section 2 summarizes the status of the offshore wind energy industry in the United States,providing in-depth coverage of the project development pipeline,regulatory 5 This report is avail

134、able at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.activity,offtake mechanisms,infrastructure and vessel trends,and regional developments.Section 3 provides an overview of the global offshore wind energy market.Operational and proposed future projects are trac

135、ked by country,status,COD,and capacity.Developments on international floating offshore wind energy projects are also covered in detail,and national targets are summarized by country and year.Section 4 describes offshore wind energy siting and technology trends focusing on wind turbine technologies,t

136、urbine manufacturers,fixed-bottom and floating substructures,and electrical power systems.Section 5 provides insight into global and domestic offshore wind capital and operating costs,procurement prices,and financing trends for both fixed-bottom and floating technologies.Section 6 provides a general

137、 outlook and insights for long-term offshore wind development and trends based on global forecasts.6 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.2 U.S.Offshore Wind Market Assessment 2.1 Offshore Wind Industry Overview In 2023,increa

138、sed costs driven by macroeconomic pressures,market volatility,and shifting market conditions made many projects with existing fixed-price power offtake contracts financially nonviable.In total,eight projects canceled their offtake contracts and are searching for alternative pathways to secure offtak

139、e contracts(SouthCoast Wind 1,New England Wind 1 and 2,Empire Wind 2,Beacon Wind 1,Ocean Wind 1 and 2,and Skipjack Wind).The Offshore Wind Market Report:2023 Edition(Musial et al.2023)updated capacity density assumptions to 4 megawatts per square kilometer(MW/km2)for lease areas where project capaci

140、ties have not been announced.As of May 31,2024,the U.S.wind energy pipeline grew more than 53%(27,836 MW)to a total of 80,523 MW,from the 2023 edition of this report.The 27,836 MW of total pipeline growth came from the following developments9:o 15,702 MW came from the eight proposed lease areas in t

141、he Gulf of Maine.o 4,499 MW came from the two proposed lease areas in the Central Atlantic.10 o 3,156 MW came from the two proposed lease areas off the coast of Oregon.o 6,638 MW came from the four proposed lease areas in the Gulf of Mexico.11 o 144 MW came from one research lease area in the Gulf o

142、f Maine.Ongoing challenges that began in late 2022 continued to impact developers who had previously signed offtake agreements and were attempting to bring projects online before 2030.Developers reported significant cost increases driven by inflation and rising interest rates that potentially render

143、ed their projects financially nonviable(Lloyd-Williams 2023;American Clean Power 2023b).12 In April 2024 the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority(NYSERDA)announced that no final awards would be made for the 2022 third Offshore Wind Solicitation.On Oct.24,2023,NYSERDA had provisio

144、nally awarded three offshore wind projects to Attentive Energy One(1,404 MW),Community Offshore Wind(1,314 MW),and Excelsior Wind(1,314 MW),as well as a New York State grant to GE Vernova and LM Wind Power for nacelle and blade manufacturing in New Yorks Capital Region,which were associated with the

145、 provisionally awarded projects.Material modifications to the three projects that had bid into New Yorks offshore wind 9 Note that the listed developments add up to more than the total pipeline growth because of recalculations of other project capacities in the pipeline from changes or loss of offta

146、ke agreements.10 BOEM held the Central Atlantic offshore wind energy lease sale on Aug.14,2024.The two proposed lease areas were provisionally awarded to two developers.11 BOEM canceled the 2024 Gulf of Mexico lease sale due to a lack of competitive interest in response to the March 2024 proposed sa

147、le notice.BOEM may decide to move forward with a lease sale at a future time,based on industry interest.12 In this case,financial nonviability could be driven by a project with a preexisting offtake contract that is expected to yield lower revenues than updated project costs,or a project that still

148、has a positive revenue expectation but with a lower return margin that does not satisfy external financial backers relative to other investment opportunities.7 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.solicitation caused complexit

149、ies between provisional awardees and their partners,resulting in the provisionally awarded parties inability to come to terms(NYSERDA 2024a).Despite near-term financial setbacks,the U.S.offshore wind energy market experienced multiple developments that put it on a trajectory for potential long-term

150、growth,as discussed in the following subsections.2.2 U.S.Offshore Wind Energy Market Potential and Project Pipeline Assessment As of May 31,2024,NREL estimates the U.S.offshore wind energy pipeline to have 80,523 MW of capacity,which is the sum of installed projects,projects under construction,proje

151、cts approved for construction,projects undergoing various state and federal permitting processes,existing lease areas,and the potential capacity of yet-to-be-leased wind energy areas.Table 2 breaks down the U.S.offshore wind energy pipeline by project status.Table 2.U.S.Offshore Wind Energy Pipeline

152、 by Classification Status13 Status 2023 Total (As of May 31)Change From Last Year 2024 Total Notes Operating 42 MW 132 MW 174 MW South Fork Wind Farm became operational.Under Construction 932 MW 3,165 MW 4,097 MW Revolution Wind(704 MW),and Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind(2,587 MW)began construction.

153、Financial Close 0 MW No Change 0 MW Approved 1,100 MW 2,278 MW 3,378 MW Empire Wind 1,Sunrise Wind,14 and New England Wind 1 and 2 all had Records of Decision and were approved by BOEM.Permitting 20,978 MW 1,184 MW 19,793 MW New Jersey Board of Public Utilities awarded two new offtakes to Attentive

154、Offshore Wind Energy 2 and Leading Light Wind.Several projects that lost offtake were moved back to site control.Site Control 24,596 MW 1,725 MW 22,870 MW Ocean Wind 1s New Jersey Offshore Wind Renewable Energy Certificate(OREC)award and Record of 13 The report uses developer-specified capacity valu

155、es for operating projects,projects under construction,and projects advancing through the permitting and offtake processes.These projects have announced project plans,a specified site boundary,and definitive design details related to wind turbine size,array density,and nameplate capacity,among others

156、.For projects in more nascent stages of development(e.g.,site control and planning),we use developer-specified capacity where available,or we estimate the potential capacity using a capacity density factor of 4 MW/km2.14 Sunrise Wind and Empire Wind 1 have both entered construction since the report

157、cutoff date of May 31,2024.There are approximately 6 GW of capacity currently under construction.For the purpose of this report,their capacity is attributed to the“approved”stage of the pipeline.8 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publi

158、cations.Status 2023 Total (As of May 31)Change From Last Year 2024 Total Notes Decision were suspended;now in site control category.Skipjack 1 and 2 canceled their Maryland OREC agreement and did not submit a COP.RWE Offshore US Gulf won the Gulf of Mexico Auction 1 lease.Planning 5,039 MW 25,172 MW

159、 30,211 MW New lease area designations occurred in the Gulf of Maine,Central Atlantic,15 and Oregon.Total 52,687 MW 80,523 MW Figure 1 shows the U.S.wind energy pipeline as of May 31,2024,for all categories in Table 2 by project status and state.The U.S.pipeline by project status includes:Three oper

160、ating projects(Block Island Wind Farm 30 MW,Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind Pilot 12 MW,and South Fork Wind Farm 132 MW).Three projects under construction(Vineyard Wind 1 806 MW,16 Revolution Wind 704 MW,and Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind 2,587 MW).Four approved projects:two projects that have their

161、permits approved and an offtake agreement and plan to start construction in late 2024(Empire Wind 1 810 MW and Sunrise Wind which broke ground in July 2024 but not with at-sea construction),17 and two projects that have their permits approved and are attempting to secure offtakes(New England Wind 1

162、and New England Wind 2 1,664 MW combined).Eighteen projects(19,793 MW)that have submitted a Construction and Operations Plan(COP)with BOEM or secured a power offtake contract.Twenty projects in lease areas where the developers have site control with rights to pursue development(a technical potential

163、 of at least 22,871 MW).Sixteen proposed lease areas(29,995 MW)and three proposed state projects(1,281 MW),one of which is a floating demonstration project in California,in the planning stages of development.Vestas Steelhead Americas and Mitsubishi-owned Diamond Offshore Wind also signed agreements

164、with the state of Louisiana to explore development in state waters but are not included in the U.S.project pipeline due to uncertainty and the lack of information available to inform their viability.Note that in Figure 1 we enlarged the vertical scale for operating projects to show them at a higher

165、resolution.15 The Central Atlantic lease areas have been provisionally awarded to two developers since the report cutoff date of May 31,2024.In this report,their capacity continues to be attributed to the“planning”stage of the pipeline.16 Vineyard Wind 1 has achieved first power with several operati

166、ng turbines but has not completed installation of all turbines and is categorized as under construction.17 Sunrise Wind and Empire Wind 1 have both entered construction since the report cutoff date of May 31,2024.There are approximately 6 GW of capacity currently under construction.For the purpose o

167、f this report,their capacity is attributed to the“approved”stage of the pipeline.9 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Figure 1.U.S.project pipeline classification by status Figure 2 shows the same pipeline data but sorted by

168、 state.This figure allocates generating capacities to states based on existing power offtake contracts,which may differ from the geographic location of the closest coastline to a projects lease area.With the six new lease areas in the New York Bight,New York and New Jersey now have a combined estima

169、ted pipeline potential of more than 15,050 MW.Massachusetts has an estimated pipeline capacity of 9,456 MW.Note that projects in planning and site control could ultimately sell their power to multiple adjacent states.10 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laborator

170、y at www.nrel.gov/publications.Figure 2.U.S.project pipeline by state.The asterisks(*)indicate that planning and site control pipeline capacity is subject to reallocating pipeline capacity to a different state after offtake agreements are negotiated.2.2.1 U.S.Offshore Wind Energy Pipeline All 80,523

171、 MW that make up the U.S.offshore wind energy pipeline are listed as individual projects or project opportunities in Tables 36 with corresponding maps shown in Figures 37.These maps show U.S.leasing activity for the Gulf of Maine and North Atlantic,Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic,Gulf of Mexico,Paci

172、fic Coast,and Hawaii,respectively.The tables and maps also include Call Areas,but because those areas are subject to change,the capacities are not included in the pipeline.In total,there are 65 sites in these tables for U.S.offshore wind energy development activity(as shown on the five maps,compared

173、 to 59 sites in the Offshore Wind Market Report:2023 Edition).Included in this activity are three projects in state waters:the operating Block Island Wind Farm in Rhode Island,New England Aqua Ventus I in Maine,and the CADEMO project off Vandenberg Space Force Base in California.11 This report is av

174、ailable at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Figure 3.U.S.offshore wind energy pipeline in the North Atlantic,including the Gulf of Maine.Image by John Frenzl,National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)12 This report is available at no cost from the Na

175、tional Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Table 3.Offshore Wind Energy Project Pipeline(North Atlantic)No.Locationa Name Developer Lease Areab Offtake Agreement Status Capacity 1 ME New England Aqua Ventus 1 University of Maine,Diamond Offshore State Lease Power Purchase Agreem

176、ent(PPA)ME Permitting 12 MW 2 ME Maine Research Array State of Maine TBD TBD Planning 144 MW 3 ME Proposed Lease Area TBD OCS-A 0562 TBD Planning 1,964 MW 4 ME Proposed Lease Area TBD OCS-A 0563 TBD Planning 2,143 MW 5 ME Proposed Lease Area TBD OCS-A 0564 TBD Planning 1,786 MW 6 ME Proposed Lease A

177、rea TBD OCS-A 0565 TBD Planning 1,866 MW 7 ME Proposed Lease Area TBD OCS-A 0566 TBD Planning 2,062 MW 8 ME Proposed Lease Area TBD OCS-A 0567 TBD Planning 1,993 MW 9 ME Proposed Lease Area TBD OCS-A 0568 TBD Planning 2,172 MW 10 ME Proposed Lease Area TBD OCS-A 0569 TBD Planning 1,716 MW 11 RI/MA/C

178、T Revolution Wind rsted/GIP OCS-A 0486 PPA RI(400 MW)PPA CT(304 MW)Under Construction 704 MW 12 RI/MA/CT South Fork Wind rsted/GIP OCS-A 0517 OREC NY Operational 132 MW 13 RI Block Island Wind rsted State Lease PPA RI Operational 30 MW 14 RI/MA/CT Sunrise Wind18 rsted OCS-A 0487 OREC NY Approved 924

179、 MW 15 RI Sunrise Wind(Residual)rsted OCS-A 0487 TBD Planning TBD 16 RI/MA/CT New England Wind 1 and 2 Avangrid OCS-A 0534 TBD Approved 1,644 MW 17 RI/MA/CT Bay State Wind rsted OCS-A 0500 TBD Site Control 2,334 MW 18 Sunrise Wind has entered the construction phase since the May 31,2024,report cutof

180、f.13 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.No.Locationa Name Developer Lease Areab Offtake Agreement Status Capacity 18 RI/MA/CT Vineyard Wind 1 Vineyard Offshore OCS-A 501 PPA MA Under Construction 806 MW 19 RI/MA/CT Beacon Wi

181、nd 1 and 2 BP OCS-A 0520 TBD Permitting 2,085 MW 20 RI/MA/CT SouthCoast Wind 1a,1b,and Residual Ocean Winds OCS-A 0521 TBD Permitting 2,062 MW 21 RI/MA/CT Vineyard Northeast Vineyard Offshore OCS-A 0522 TBD Site Control 2,600 MW a CT=Connecticut;MA=Massachusetts;ME=Maine;RI=Rhode Island b OCS=Outer

182、Continental Shelf 14 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Figure 4.U.S.offshore wind energy pipeline(mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic).Image by John Frenzl,NREL 15 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable

183、 Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Table 4.Offshore Wind Energy Project Pipeline(Middle and South Atlantic)No.Locationa Name Developer Lease Area Offtake Agreement Status Capacity 22 NY Empire Wind 119 Equinor OCS-A 0512 OREC NY Approved 810 MW 23 NY Empire Wind 2 Equinor OCS-A 0512 TBD

184、 Site Control 621 MW 24 NY Excelsior Wind Vineyard Offshore OCS-A 0544 TBD Site Control 697 MW 25 NY Bluepoint Wind OW Ocean Winds East,LLC OCS-A 0537 TBD Site Control 1,158 MW 26 NJ Attentive Energy One TotalEnergies,Rise Light&Power,and Corio Generation OCS-A 0538 TBD Site Control 1,365 MW 27 NJ A

185、ttentive Energy Two Total Energies,Rise Light&Power,and Corio Generation OCS-A 0538 OREC NJ Site Control 1,342 MW 28 NJ Community Offshore Wind RWE Offshore,National Grid OCS-A 0539 TBD NY Site Control 1,314 MW 29 NJ Community Offshore Wind(Residual)RWE Offshore,National Grid OCS-A 0539 TBD Site Con

186、trol 725 MW 30 NJ Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind Bight EDF/Shell OCS-A 0541 TBD Site Control 2,500 MW 31 NJ Leading Light Wind Invenergy OCS-A 0542 OREC NJ Permitting 2,400 MW 32 NJ Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind North EDF/Shell OCS-A 0549 TBD Site Control 1,313 MW 33 NJ Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind

187、South 1 EDF/Shell OCS-A 0499 OREC NJ Permitting 1,510 MW 34 NJ Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind South 2 EDF/Shell OCS-A 0499 TBD Permitting 1,350 MW 35 NJ Ocean Wind 1 rsted OCS-A 0498 TBD Site Control 1,223 MW 19 Empire Wind 1 has entered the construction phase since the May 31,2024,report cutoff.16 T

188、his report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.No.Locationa Name Developer Lease Area Offtake Agreement Status Capacity 36 NJ Ocean Wind 2 rsted OCS-A 0532 TBD Site Control 1,375 MW 37 DE Garden State Offshore Energy rsted OCS-A 0482 TBD

189、 Site Control 1,080 MW 38 DE Skipjack 1 rsted OCS-A 0519 TBD Site Control 426 MW 39 DE Skipjack 2 rsted OCS-A 0519 TBD Site Control 40 MD MarWin US Wind OCS-A 0490 OREC MD Permitting 300 MW 41 MD Momentum Wind US Wind OCS-A 0490 OREC MD Permitting 809 MW 42 MD MarWin Residual US Wind OCS-A 0490 OREC

190、 MD Site Control 600 MW 43 DE Proposed Lease Area TBD OCS-A 0557 TBD Planning 1,642 MW 44 VA Proposed Lease Area TBD OCS-A 0558 TBD Planning 2,857 MW 45 VA Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind Pilot Dominion Energy OCS-A 0497 Utility Owned Operational 12 MW 46 VA Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind Commercial

191、Dominion Energy OCS-A 0483 Utility Owned Under Construction 2,587 MW 47 NC Kitty Hawk North Avangrid OCS-A 0559 TBD Permitting 631 MW 48 NC Kitty Hawk South Avangrid OCS-A 0508 TBD Site Control 1,351 MW 49 NC/SC TotalEnergies TotalEnergies OCS-A 0545 TBD Site Control 889 MW 50 NC/SC Duke Energy Duke

192、 OCS-A 0546 TBD Site Control 893 MW a DE=Delaware;MD=Maryland;NC=North Carolina;NJ=New Jersey;NY=New York;SC=South Carolina;VA=Virginia 17 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Figure 5.U.S.offshore wind energy pipeline(Gulf of

193、 Mexico).Image by John Frenzl,NREL 18 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Table 5.U.S.Offshore Wind Energy Project Pipeline for the Gulf of Mexico No.Locationa Name Developer Lease Area Offtake Agreement Status Capacity 51 LA

194、 RWE Offshore US Gulf LLC RWE OCS-G 37334 TBD Site Control 1,659 MW 52 TX Proposed Lease Area TBD OCS-G 37962 TBD Planning 1,659 MW 53 TX Proposed Lease Area TBD OCS-G 37963 TBD Planning 1,567MW 54 TX Proposed Lease Area TBD OCS-G 37964 TBD Planning 1,752 MW 55 LA/TX Proposed Lease Area TBD OCS-G 37

195、965 TBD Planning 1,660 MW a LA=Louisiana;TX=Texas 19 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Figure 6.U.S.offshore wind energy pipeline(Pacific).Image by John Frenzl,NREL 20 This report is available at no cost from the National R

196、enewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Figure 7.U.S.offshore wind energy pipeline(Hawaii).Image by John Frenzl,NREL 21 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Table 6.U.S.Offshore Wind Energy Project Pipeline for

197、 the West Coast and Hawaii No.Locationa Name Developer Lease Area Offtake Agreement Status Capacity 56 OR Proposed Lease Area TBD OCS-P 0566 TBD Planning 991 MW 57 OR Proposed Lease Area TBD OCS-P 0567 TBD Planning 2,166 MW 58 CA California North Floating CIP OCS-P 0562 TBD Site Control 1,117 MW 59

198、CA Canopy Offshore Wind RWE OCS-A 0561 TBD Site Control 1,025 MW 60 CA Golden State Wind EDPR/ENGIE OCS-P 0564 TBD Site Control 1,302 MW 61 CA Even Keel Wind Invenergy OCS-P 0565 TBD Site Control 1,302 MW 62 CA Atlas Winds Equinor OCS-P 0563 TBD Site Control 1,296 MW 63 CA CADEMO Floventis,Cierco,SB

199、M State Lease TBD Permitting 60 MW 64 HI Oahu North Call Area N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 65 HI Oahu South Call Area N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A a CA=California;HI=Hawaii;OR=Oregon 22 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.2.3 Federal and State

200、 Policy Activities 2.3.1 Federal Activity In April 2024,the U.S.Department of Energy(DOE)released its Pathways to Commercial Liftoff:Offshore Wind report(DOE 2024).The report describes how the U.S.offshore wind sector is adapting to market challenges and is poised for progress in job creation and ex

201、panded access to clean energy.The report finds that“liftoff”of the U.S.offshore wind industry is achievable and lays out a pathway to more than 100 gigawatts(GW)of offshore wind capacity by 2050.The report also identifies several key gaps and challenges that must be addressed in the near and long te

202、rm.Key takeaways include:The 1015 GW of U.S.offshore wind projects in advanced stages of the pipeline will lay the foundation for long-term deployment,carbon reductions,and economic benefits.Current market structures expose the sector and developers to exogenous risks and require early-mover project

203、s to bear the costs of long-term industry build-out needs.Improved sequencing of offtakes with the permitting process and incorporating risk mitigation strategies can help overcome this challenge.Recent offtake cancellations caused by macroeconomic conditions created funding gaps and timing uncertai

204、nty for near-term sector build-out.States are responding with additional competitive procurements for affected projects,and improved risk mitigation is being built into industry planning through state and federal leadership and policy as well as the resources made available through the Bipartisan In

205、frastructure Law and the IRA.While costs increased due to inflation,rising interest rates,supply chain constraints,and schedule delays,new offtake agreements de-risk the advancement of offshore wind.Governments at the federal and state levels are working together with industry to improve procurement

206、 processes,supply chain,and transmission planning to make infrastructure investments.Offshore wind offers unique value in its ability to decarbonize coastal population centers and revitalize maritime infrastructure and U.S.-based manufacturing.It complements other clean energy resources to support g

207、rid reliability and resource diversification.The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and IRA support the advancement of offshore wind by providing significant incentives to increase the economic attractiveness of offshore wind energy projects,catalyze domestic manufacturing and supply chain investments,ac

208、celerate permitting and project interconnection,and develop a highly skilled and diversified workforce.To overcome market volatility,these new federal laws extended long-term tax credits that increase cost certainty and make project financing more likely.The tax credits provide additional bonuses fo

209、r developers that use domestically produced iron and steel products and manufactured products and/or ensure the projects economic benefits accrue to communities who have historically been negatively impacted by energy production or have had a historical reliance on fossil fuel employment.The IRA als

210、o creates a manufacturing tax credit to spur equipment manufacturers to make new investments in manufacturing capacity for wind turbine blades,nacelles,towers,floating foundations,fixed-bottom foundations,and related offshore wind vessels.Funds have also been made available to enhance transmission p

211、lanning,especially 23 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.focused on offshore wind,to ensure projects maintain high system reliability when they are interconnected to the grid.BOEM and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adm

212、inistration received additional federal support to bolster their permitting staff to ensure timely and robust project reviews and safe project implementation.20 2.3.2 State Offshore Wind Procurement Policy and Status The U.S.offshore wind energy market continues to be driven by an increasing amount

213、of state-level offshore wind procurement activities and policies.In this years report,we differentiate between state planning goals and state procurement mandates.Planning goals are aspirational and do not require agencies to take any direct action.On the other hand,procurement mandates are statutor

214、y requirements for the state to achieve a predetermined quantity of offshore wind generation on a scheduled timeline.There are various pathways to securing offshore wind energy generation,including power purchase agreements,ORECs,or direct utility ownership of projects.As of May 31,2024,12 states ha

215、ve set planning targets or procurement mandates:The planning targets total 115,130 MW of offshore wind capacity by 2050.The mandated procurement totals 45,730 MW of offshore wind capacity by 2040(Table 7).As of May 31,2024,15 offtake agreements have been signed,which are associated with 12,378 MW of

216、 contracted capacity.Figure 8 illustrates that substantial additional deployment and projects advancing through the pipeline stages are needed to achieve 2040 state mandate requirements and the 2050 planning goal targets.20 For more information,see(DOE and BOEM 2024).24 This report is available at n

217、o cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Table 7.State Planning Goals,Mandated State Procurements,and Offtake Contracts Awarded by Year State Planning Targets Mandated Procurement Offtake Contracts Awarded(MW)Awarded Projects(MW)Supporting Policies and Docume

218、nts Capacity(MW)Year Capacity(MW)Year ME 3,000 2040 3,000 2040 12 Aqua Ventus(12)An Act Regarding the Procurement of Energy From Offshore Wind Resources(2023)MA 23,000 2050 5,600 2035 806 Vineyard Wind 1(806)An Act Driving Clean Energy and Offshore Wind(2022)RI 1,430 2030 1,430 2030 430 Block Island

219、 Wind Farm(30)Revolution Wind(400)Request for Proposals for Long-Term Contracts for Offshore Wind Energy(2022)CT 2,000 2030 2,000 2030 304 Revolution Wind(304)An Act Concerning the Procurement of Energy Derived From Offshore Wind(2019)NY 20,000 2050 9,000 2035 1,866 South Fork Wind(132)Empire Wind 1

220、(810)Sunrise Wind (924)Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act(2019)NJ 11,000 2040 11,000 2040 5,252 Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind South(Project 1)(1,510)Attentive Energy Two(1,342)Leading Light Wind(2,400)New Jersey Executive Order 307(2022)MD 8,500 2031 8,500 2031 1,109 MarWin(300)Momentum

221、 Wind(809)Promoting Offshore Wind Energy Resource Act(2023)VA 5,200 2034 5,200 2034 2,599 Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind(Pilot)(12)Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind(Commercial)(2,587)Virginia Clean Economy Act(2021)NC 8,000 2040-North Carolina Executive Order 218(2021)25 This report is available at no

222、cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.State Planning Targets Mandated Procurement Offtake Contracts Awarded(MW)Awarded Projects(MW)Supporting Policies and Documents CA 25,000 2045-Offshore Wind Energy Development off the California Coast:Maximum Feasible Cap

223、acity and Megawatt Planning Goals for 2030 and 2045(2022)LA 5,000 2035-Louisiana Climate Action Plan(2022)OR 3,000 2030-Relating to Floating Offshore Wind Energy;and Prescribing an Effective Date(2021)Total 115,130 2050 45,730 2040 12,378 26 This report is available at no cost from the National Rene

224、wable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Figure 8.U.S.offshore wind energy state planning goals,procurement mandates,and offtake agreements awarded 2.4 Regulatory Activity BOEM and the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement(BSEE)oversee the responsible development of offshore ren

225、ewable energy resources on the U.S.Outer Continental Shelf(OCS).BOEM transferred the inspection and enforcement functions pertaining to safety,environmental oversight,and compliance to BSEE in January 2023.Since then,BSEEs involvement in post-COP activities has increased significantly.BSEE now has a

226、uthority to review and object or not object to facility design reports and fabrication and installation reports along with BOEM.Both reports are submitted following a COP approval.BOEM continues to lead wind energy area identification,leasing,permitting,and project approvals.To accompany the reorgan

227、ization of BOEM and BSEE roles in offshore wind regulatory authority,the U.S.Department of the Interior proposed the Renewable Energy Modernization Rule in January 2023.The rule modifies Title 30 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 585(30 CFR 585)in accordance with the Outer Continental Shelf La

228、nds Act,Title 43 of the United States Code 1337(43 U.S.C.1337),as amended by the Energy Policy Act of 2005.The rule also modified 30 CFR 285 and created a new 30 CFR 586.The rule was finalized May 15,2024(Renewable Energy Modernization Rule 2024).The final rule clarifies BOEMs renewable energy regul

229、ations facilitating offshore renewable energy development in a manner that is safe,is environmentally sound,and provides fair return to U.S.taxpayers.The final rule also helps meet commitments of Executive Order 14008,Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad,by supporting renewable energy prod

230、uction in offshore waters.27 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.2.4.1 Federal Permitting Status of U.S.Lease Areas BOEM issues a Record of Decision following the completion of an environmental impact statement analyzing the

231、potential impacts of a proposed offshore wind energy project in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act.The Record of Decision is the document setting the basis for the agencys permit approval.Following the issuance of a Record of Decision,BOEM would then issue its approval of a COP,ap

232、proval with modifications,or disapproval of a COP for developers to build an offshore wind energy project in the United States.Since the start of 2021,the Biden-Harris administration has approved eight commercial-scale offshore wind projects totaling more than 10 GW of power capacity.21 2.4.2 Lease

233、Activity and New Site Identification The IRA limits the issuance of future offshore wind energy leases by requiring that BOEM hold an offshore oil and gas lease sale in which at least 60 million acres are offered for development within the year preceding the issuance of offshore wind energy leases.O

234、n Dec.14,2023,the U.S.Department of the Interior approved the 20242029 National OCS Oil and Gas Leasing Program,which includes three potential oil and gas lease sales,fulfilling the IRA requirements and allowing BOEM to issue offshore wind energy leases(BOEM 2023).BOEM held its first competitive auc

235、tion for offshore wind in the Gulf of Mexico on Aug.29,2023.There were three lease areas available for auction,but only one received bids.RWE Offshore US Gulf LLC was the winner of the Lake Charles Lease Area for$5.6 million,which has the potential to provide approximately 1.24 GW of offshore wind c

236、apacity.Lease prices from 2013 through 2023 are shown in Figure 9.21 For more information on the status of project permits,visit the Permitting Dashboard for Federal Infrastructure at permits.performance.gov and filter by“Lead Agency Bureau”Bureau of Ocean Energy Management(Permitting Dashboard n.d.

237、).28 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Figure 9.U.S.offshore wind energy lease prices BOEM publishes Calls for Information and Nominations(calls)to initiate the commercial competitive leasing process and assess commercial c

238、ompetitive interest for offshore wind energy development on specific parcels of ocean acreage in federal waters.Since 2021,BOEM has identified new areas,refined existing areas,and/or developed previously identified Call Areas.Since the previous edition of this report,BOEM has not initiated any new a

239、rea identification.Table 8 lists the active offshore wind Call Areas on the OCS.BOEM is likely to initiate new calls for sales in 2025 and after.Table 8.BOEM Call Areas on U.S.Outer Continental Shelf State Name Year Designated Area(km2)Likely Substructure Type HI Oahu North Call Area 2016 1,331 Floa

240、ting HI Oahu South Call Area 2016 626 Floating On April 24,2024,the U.S.Department of the Interior announced a new 5-year offshore wind leasing schedule that includes up to 11 competitive offshore wind lease sales across the Atlantic,Gulf of Mexico,Pacific,and the U.S.territories(BOEM 2024a).Lease s

241、ales are planned for the Central Atlantic,Gulf of Maine,and offshore Oregon in 2024 with a total of 12 proposed lease areas.BOEM anticipates holding a lease auction in October for eight proposed lease areas in the Gulf of Maine,and another auction in October for two proposed lease areas offshore Ore

242、gon(Figure 10).22,23 22 BOEM canceled the 2024 Gulf of Mexico lease sale due to a lack of competitive interest in response to the March 2024 proposed sale notice.BOEM may decide to move forward with a lease sale at a future time,based on industry interest.23 The Central Atlantic lease areas have bee

243、n provisionally awarded to two developers since the report cutoff date of May 31,2024.29 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Figure 10.Offshore wind leasing schedule.Figure from BOEM 30 This report is available at no cost fro

244、m the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.2.5 U.S.Offshore Wind Energy Infrastructure Trends Progress to build the enabling infrastructure needed for offshore wind energyincluding ports,vessels,manufacturing,and the electric gridcontinued in the United States.Figure 11

245、shows announced domestic supply chain and infrastructure projects up to May 31,2024.DOE estimates that about$10 billion in investments have been announced in the U.S.offshore wind supply chain since the beginning of 2021,including$2.1 billion just in 2023 for port development,vessel orders,workforce

246、 development,research,and other supply chain investments(DOE 2024).Despite this momentum,substantially more investment will be required to develop a robust domestic supply chain;for example,NREL reported in 2023 that at least$22 billion in ports,large installation vessels,and manufacturing facilitie

247、s will be needed to achieve the 30-GW-by-2030 target(Shields et al.2023).DOE also reports that more vessels are needed to meet state construction goals,highlighting that many announced supply chain facilities face obstacles because of uncertain demand,especially for projects with planned completion

248、between 2025 and 2030 due to uncertain project timelines(DOE 2024).31 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Figure 11.Announced and active port,vessel,and supply chain activity in the United States.Image by Al Hicks and John Fr

249、enzl,NREL 32 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.2.5.1 Vessels and Logistics The U.S.offshore wind vessel fleet has 22 vessels in operation and 30 vessels announced as of May 31,2024.The greatest share of these vessels are cr

250、ew transfer vessels(CTVs)and service operation vessels(SOVs),essential for both the construction and the operation and maintenance stages of an offshore wind farm.CTVs are designated for fast transport of personnel and light equipment in day trips,whereas SOVs are dynamically positioned vessels from

251、 which technicians“walk to work”directly from vessel to turbine.SOVs have onboard living quarters and recreation facilities designed for 2-week deployments.Other key specialized vessels like wind turbine installation vessels(WTIVs),feeders,heavy-lift vessels and cable-lay vessels are also essential

252、for the construction stages of an offshore wind farm.WTIVs are self-propelled heavy-lift jack-up vessels designed for the installation of offshore wind turbines.Feeders can support turbine or monopile installation by transporting components from a U.S.staging port.Heavy-lift vessels are heavy-load c

253、arriers with high-capacity crane and dynamic positioning,designed for installing fixed-bottom foundations and substations.Cable-lay vessels are equipped with one or two high carousels capable of spooling long lengths of array and/or export cables and typically have a redundant dynamic positioning sy

254、stem.This year,there have been major development updates on the offshore wind vessel fleet.The most important announcements are listed below:In April 2024,the only Jones Act compliant WTIV,Charybdis,was successfully launched to water in Brownsville,Texas;its estimated time of arrival after sea trial

255、s is expected to be late 2024 or early 2025(Dominion Energy n.d.,2024).Two barges and two tugs will be built by Maersk Supply Service and Edison Chouest Offshore for delivery in 2026.These vessels are expected to support Maersk Supply Services foreign-flagged WTIV,which is expected to come to U.S.wa

256、ters in 2026 to support Equinors Empire Wind project24(Maersk Supply Service 2022,2024).An SOV constructed in Edison Chouest shipyard in Louisiana was delivered in May 2024 and is expected to be in operation in the same year for the operations and maintenance support of the rsted Northeast portfolio

257、(Ferry 2023a;rsted 2024).Another Edison Chouest SOV is under construction in Louisiana to support Equinors Empire Wind project(Empire Wind 2022;American Clean Power 2024).Crowley and Danish offshore maritime leader ESVAGT will build and operate an SOV under a long-term charter with Siemens Gamesa Re

258、newable Energy for Dominion Energys Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind project.The vessel is under construction in the Fincantieri shipyard in Sturgeon Bay,Wisconsin,and is expected to be operational in 2026(American Clean Power 2024;Crowley 2023).In May 2024,the keel for Acadia,which will become the fi

259、rst U.S.-built subsea rock installation vessel for the offshore wind industry,was laid at the Philly Shipyard in Philadelphia,Pennsylvania(Buljan 2024).24 The announcement stated that the contract was awarded by the joint venture between Equinor and bp for the support of U.S.offshore wind farms Empi

260、re 1 and 2.Since Equinor took ownership of bps 50%stake in the Empire Wind 1 and 2 projects,we took bps name out of the award.33 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Table 9 shows the number of operational Jones Act-compliant

261、offshore wind vessels by vessel type as of May 31,2024,according to DOEs Clean Energy tracking efforts(DOE n.d.),as well as additional announced vessels of the same type.There is also one announced rock installation vessel,one announced WTIV,one announced multipurpose feeder,and one announced cable-

262、lay vessel.The complete list of commissioned U.S.-flagged vessels to date can be found in Table C-1(Appendix C).Table 9.Operational and Announced U.S.-Flagged Vessels To Serve the Offshore Wind Energy Industry Vessel Category Operational Announced Total Crew transfer vessel 13 18 31 Service operatio

263、n vessel 3 4 7 Barge 3 2 5 Tug 3 2 5 Even though there has been progress in the commissioning of vessels for offshore wind purposes,the insufficient availability of WTIVs and other key vessels may pose considerable challenges and risks to the U.S.offshore wind energy sector.American Clean Powers est

264、imation of 2 to 3 years for offshore installation per project and the requirement of at least 25 vessel types per project across all stages underscores the critical role of vessel availability(American Clean Power 2021).Shields et al.(2023)reported that without substantial investment in large instal

265、lation vessels like WTIVs,heavy-lift vessels,and feeder barges,there is a risk of delays for up to half of the 30-GW pipeline targeted for installation by 2030.Ocean Wind 1 and 2 cancellations serve as recent examples of setbacks to project timing due to major vessel delays,among other issues such a

266、s increased inflation and interest rates and other supply chain hurdles(rsted 2023).The capital-intensive nature of WTIVs,which cost more than$600 million each in the United States(compared to more than$325$400 million for an Asian-built WTIV),further exacerbates the challenge,as the U.S.market will

267、 likely need 46 dedicated WTIVs to meet the national 30-GW-by-2030 offshore wind energy target(Dominion Energy 2023;Shields et al.2023;Foxwell 2023a;Sakurai 2019;P.Lewis 2023;Lepic 2024).Efforts are underway to increase the availability of WTIVs with the expected arrival of Charybdis in 2025 and Mae

268、rsks foreign-flagged option in 2026.Despite these measures,sourcing additional WTIVs from foreign markets remains necessary to prevent potential project delays in the short to medium term.In 20232024,the U.S.market managed to attract two foreign WTIVs at the same time(DEMEs Sea Installer for Vineyar

269、d Wind 1 and Van Oords Aeolus for South Fork Wind).However,Spinergie projects a peak in the global deficit of heavy-lift vessel and WTIV supply by 2029,indicating that relying on foreign large installation vessels may not be sustainable in the future(Spinergie 2024).In the financing landscape,vessel

270、s present significant hurdles,particularly in raising capital for specialized vessels without long-term contracts(Brady 2024).Despite the promising prospects that offshore wind vessels offer in a global growing renewable energy market,many lenders perceive the sector as inherently risky.However,desp

271、ite these challenges,developers have begun proactively securing long-term agreements on installation vessels to support a pipeline of offshore wind projects.An example of this approach occurred in April 2024 when rsted 34 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laborat

272、ory at www.nrel.gov/publications.announced a landmark long-term global lease agreement for a WTIV in partnership with Cadeler,spanning from the first quarter of 2027 to the end of 2030(Cadeler 2024).This partnership exemplifies how a developer can provide suppliers with the clarity and scale needed

273、to invest in new technology and capabilities,ultimately increasing the supply of installation vessels for current and future offshore wind projects(Cadeler 2024).Acknowledging the imperative to attract investment in offshore wind vessels,the U.S.Department of Transportations(DOTs)Maritime Administra

274、tion has designated them as Vessels of National Interest.This designation opens doors to financial support through initiatives like the Title XI Federal Ship Financing Program,advertising credit loans with extended terms and reduced interest rates(DOT 2022).As of April 2024,the Title XI program is a

275、ctively processing four Vessels of National Interest loan applications totaling more than$415 million in requested loans(DOE and BOEM 2024).Funding initiatives of this type may push sponsors closer to agreement for shipbuilding contracts.2.5.2 Ports and Supply Chain From January 2023 to May 31,2024,

276、the offshore wind industry in the United States has made significant port and supply chain developments and investments.Several key announcements are listed below:In January 2023,Nucor unveiled Elcyon,a new sustainable heavy-gauge steel plate product tailored for Americas offshore wind sector.The st

277、eel plates will be produced at the$1.7 billion Nucor Bradenburg mill in Kentucky,which started operations in December 2022(Memija 2023d).In April 2023 rsted announced the investment of$14 million in the co-development of a steel fabrication facility in Maryland with American contractor Riggs Distler

278、,25 highlighting the commitment to supply chain development and workforce enhancement(Ferry 2023b).NYSERDA provisionally awarded$300 million in October 2023 for GE Vernova and LM Wind Power to establish nacelle and blade manufacturing facilities in New Yorks Capital Region,associated with three prov

279、isionally awarded offshore wind projects.However,technical and commercial complexities,including GE Vernovas pivot from the 18-MW platform to a 15.5/16.5-MW platform,prevented final offtake agreements for the offshore wind projects and resulted in the cancellation of the award to GE Vernova.The$300

280、million grant will be reallocated in future solicitations to support the offshore wind supply chain in New York(GE Vernova 2023;Gerke 2024).The Humboldt Bay Harbor District received$8.6 million in November 2023 to support the development of an offshore wind terminal,funded through the Port Infrastru

281、cture Development Program disbursed by DOTs Maritime Administration(Huffman 2023).In January 2024,the Humboldt Bay Harbor District secured a$426.7 million grant from DOTs Nationally Significant Multimodal Freight&Highway Projects(INFRA)grant program.This funding will support the construction and mai

282、ntenance of offshore wind infrastructure(Huffman 2024).25 The investment was intended to support the Skipjack projects;however,the offtake agreements for these projects were canceled.There has been no public announcement regarding cancellation of this investment;we therefore maintain the facility in

283、 the“announced”category.35 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Also in January 2024,Attentive Energy committed$58.85 million,and Invenergy committed$105.25 million toward the completion of Phase 3 of the EEW Foundation Manufa

284、cturing Facility in New Jersey,as part of the third New Jersey solicitation awards(State of New Jersey 2024a,2024b).In February 2024,US Forged Rings Inc.announced a$700 million investment in a tower and rolled ring fabrication facility,aiming to address critical supply chain gaps in the domestic off

285、shore wind market,with strategic partnerships with Nucor and Ellwood Quality Steels(US Forged Rings Inc.2024).In April 2024,Skanska announced an$861 million contract award to transform the 73-acre South Brooklyn Marine Terminal into one of the nations largest dedicated offshore wind ports,supporting

286、 installation and operation and maintenance of Equinors Empire Wind project(Skanska 2024).Figure 12 illustrates the number of operational and announced manufacturing facilities,ports,and vessels as of May 31,2024,according to DOEs Clean Energy tracking efforts(DOE n.d.).Nine manufacturing facilities

287、 are operational(four of them manufacturing steel plates and secondary steel)and 10 have been announced as of May 31,2024.In terms of port development,five ports have been developed to support offshore wind activity in the United States while 13 remain“announced”for future development and cannot yet

288、 support offshore wind activity.Figure 12.Announced and operational manufacturing facilities,ports,and vessels as of May 31,2024.Some facilities may be double-counted if they produce various component types from different categories,e.g.,a facility that produces turbine components and monopiles.A su

289、mmary of more than$2 billion in announced port and supply chain investments from the beginning of 2023 is provided in Table 10.The data are sourced from DOEs Clean Energy tracking efforts;summary data can be viewed at energy.gov/invest(DOE n.d.).36 This report is available at no cost from the Nation

290、al Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Table 10.Investments in Offshore Wind Ports and Manufacturing Facilities From Jan.1,2023,to May 31,2024 Type of Investment State Port(If Applicable)Announced Investment($million)Funding Source Secondary steel manufacturing MD Tradepoint Atl

291、antic 14 rsted,Riggs Distler Tower manufacturing -700 US Forged Rings Port development CA Port of Humboldt 8.67 DOT Maritime Administration Port Infrastructure Development Program Port development CA Port of Humboldt 426.7 DOT INFRA program Monopile manufacturing NJ Paulsboro Marine Terminal 58.85 A

292、ttentive Wind/TotalEnergies Monopile manufacturing NJ Paulsboro Marine Terminal 105.25 Leading Light Wind/Invenergy Port development NY South Brooklyn Marine Terminal 861 Skanska Total announced investment (Jan.1,2023May 31,2024):2,174.47-2.5.3 Electric Grid Stakeholders have made significant progre

293、ss in investing in grid upgrades to support offshore wind development.Key examples of grid development announcements and published studies from 2023 to May 31,2024,are summarized below:In February 2023,the New York Public Service Commission(NY PSC)approved 62 Phase 2 transmission projects in New Yor

294、k,representing a$4.4 billion investment aimed at integrating clean energy into upstate renewable generation areas(NY PSC 2023a).In June 2023,the New York Independent System Operator(NYISO)selected the$3.26 billion T051 Alternate Solution 5 project to meet Long Islands Offshore Wind Export Public Pol

295、icy Transmission Need(NYISO 2023).Development agreements are in progress for that project(NYISO 2024).The NY PSC also declared a Public Policy Transmission Need for offshore wind integration into New York City,prompting Con Edison to facilitate interconnection information for developers.The New York

296、 City Public Policy Transmission Need project solicitation window opened April 4,2024,and was extended to June 17,2024(NYISO 2024).In November 2023,the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities issued a Prebuild Infrastructure Solicitation and the Offshore Wind Prebuild Solicitation Guidance Document.Thi

297、s document outlines plans for a construction effort aimed at facilitating the connection of up to four offshore wind farms to the Larrabee-Tricollector substation under the State Agreement Approach.The deadline for Prebuild Solicitation applications was April 3,2024,with an award anticipated in Augu

298、st 2024(New Jersey Board of Public Utilities 2024a).One example of a proposal submitted under this solicitation is the 37 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.Garden State Energy Path,proposed by National Grid Ventures and Con

299、 Edison Transmission(Con Edison 2024).In April 2024,the California Independent System Operator(CAISO)released their draft 20232024 Transmission Plan,recommending 26 projects at an estimated cost of$6.1 billion.The largest tranche of funding,$4.59 billion,would be devoted to infrastructure that would

300、 carry offshore wind power from the states isolated northern coast toward hubs of demand like San Francisco.The start of offshore wind generation is anticipated around 2034(CAISO 2024a).While CAISOs plan aligns with the recommendations from the Assembly Bill 525 Offshore Wind Technologies Assessment

301、 published in June 2023which highlighted the importance of state-led transmission planningcertain critical aspects remain unaddressed,such as the challenges for efficient power transmission at deep-water offshore wind farms(Huang,Busse,and Baker 2023).On May 15,2024,CAISO published a revised version

302、 of the 20232024 Transmission Plan draft(CAISO 2024b).The plan received approval from CAISOs Board on May 23(CAISO 2024c).The Northern California and Southern Oregon Offshore Wind Transmission Study,published in October 2023,estimates that developing offshore wind resources on the northern Californi

303、a and southern Oregon coasts requires$35$40 billion in new transmission infrastructure,highlighting the need for proactive,long-term regional planning to optimize costs,reduce environmental impacts,and ensure grid reliability(Zoellick et al.2023).The Atlantic Offshore Wind Transmission Study,publish

304、ed by DOE and NREL in March 2024,addresses gaps in offshore transmission planning along the Atlantic seaboard.It emphasizes the benefits of networking offshore transmission,underscores the importance of early high-voltage direct current technology standards implementation,and advocates for proactive

305、,coordinated approaches to offshore wind transmission planning(Brinkman et al.2024).These initiatives underline the commitment of stakeholders to facilitate the integration of offshore wind energy into the U.S.grid,highlighting the importance of efficient planning,cost-effectiveness,and collaboratio

306、n across regions.38 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.3 Global Offshore Wind Energy Development This section explores offshore wind energy development for both fixed-bottom and floating technologies in key markets around th

307、e world.A summary of global offshore wind activity as of Dec.31,2023,is presented first,followed by forecasts for growth and country-specific offshore wind deployment goals.3.1 Global Offshore Wind Energy Industry Current Status 3.1.1 Aggregate Global Deployment Summary In 2023,6,326 MW of offshore

308、wind energy were deployed globally,bringing total installed capacity to 68,258 MW across 319 operating projects and more than 13,096 operating offshore wind turbines(Figure 13).This growth in cumulative operating capacity represents an increase of 10.2%compared to the end of 2022.26 Figure 13.Global

309、 cumulative offshore wind energy deployment(top)and annual capacity additions(bottom)through Dec.31,2023 26 For details on year-over-year global pipeline accounting updates,see Appendix B.39 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publication

310、s.The amount of capacity installed in 2023 represents the fourth largest annual installed capacity ever(with only the prior three years higher).The year 2021 was exceptional because many projects in China sought to qualify for government-sponsored feed-in tariff incentives that expired at the end of

311、 2021(Barla 2023).Figure 14 shows the 2023 additions of offshore wind energy by country.Figure 14.Global offshore wind energy installations in 2023 Of the 6,326 MW new installed capacity in 2023,nearly half(46.1%)was commissioned in China,totaling 2,918.2 MW.The United Kingdom was the next largest c

312、ontributor,with 1,140 MW of new installations,followed by the Netherlands(759 MW),Taiwan(670.8 MW),Germany(342 MW),and Vietnam(335 MW).Norway,Japan,and Spain installed 160.6 MW combined in 2023.3.1.2 Floating Offshore Wind Technology Deployment Summary Operating floating offshore wind capacity reach

313、ed 234 MW(91%increase in 2023)due to the successful commissioning of pilot projects.The following floating27 offshore wind energy projects larger than 1 MW achieved notable installation milestones in 2023:The 88-MW Hywind Tampen project in Norway was fully commissioned in August 2023,making it the l

314、argest operational floating offshore wind plant in the world(Equinor 27 Floating offshore wind technology allows wind turbines to be deployed in areas with higher-quality wind resources,in deeper waters(approximately 60 meters m or greater),which expands development opportunities,particularly in are

315、as located farther from shore.More than 65%of the total offshore wind resource in the United States occurs over deeper waters;in Europe,that number is 80%(Lopez et al.2022;Komusanac,Fraile,and Brindley 2019).40 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.

316、nrel.gov/publications.2023).There are 11 SG 8.0-167 direct-drive turbines operating at the project(Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy SGRE 2019).The 25-MW Provence Grand Large pilot project installed three turbines(8.4-MW Siemens Gamesa turbines)on tension-leg floating platforms near Marseille,France(S

317、BM Offshore 2023).The 3.6-MW Guoneng Sharing pilot project installed a single turbine on a semisubmersible platform near Longyuan Nanri Island in China(Shanghai Electric 2023;M.Lewis 2023).The 2-MW DemoSATH demonstration project in Spain achieved first power in September 2023(RWE 2023).The China Nat

318、ional Offshore Oil Corporation Limited connected a Mingyang Smart Energy MySE 7.25-MW wind turbine on a semisubmersible platform to the grid of the Wenchang oilfield in May 2023(Buljan 2023a;China National Offshore Oil Corporation 2023).3.1.3 Total Global Offshore Wind Energy Pipeline Figure 15 show

319、s the capacity of the global offshore wind energy pipeline for all operating projects and projects under development by region through Dec.31,2023.The total capacity was assessed to be more than 453 GW,an increase of 27 GW(6.3%)compared to the approximately 426 GW reported in the in the Offshore Win

320、d Market Report:2023 Edition(Musial et al.2023).Figure 15 gives overall announced capacity for all active projects recorded in the NREL OWDB,but it does not provide information about the likely timing or probability of developments within the long-term pipeline.Generally,projects that are further al

321、ong in the pipeline are more likely to reach their announced COD and maintain their announced capacity than those at an earlier stage;however,differences in international regulatory structures can result in a wide range of development timelines.The global project pipeline data indicate that most ins

322、talled projects and those under advanced development are in Europe and China;however,a significant portion of potential future capacity is moving forward in the United States and Oceania.Overall,European projects still dominate the future project pipeline.By project status,the global pipeline includ

323、es 23.5 GW of projects in site control,more than 82 GW of projects in the permitting stage,and more than 35 GW of projects under construction.Globally,there are 68.3 GW of operational offshore wind energy projects.41 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory a

324、t www.nrel.gov/publications.Figure 15.Total global offshore wind energy pipeline by regulatory status 3.1.4 Floating Offshore Wind Energy Pipeline Figure 15 also includes the floating offshore wind energy pipeline.Compared with what was reported in the Offshore Wind Market Report:2023 Edition(Musial

325、 et al.2023),the global floating offshore wind energy pipeline grew 1.8%to 104,399 MW because of the Gulf of Maine lease area announcements;otherwise,10%of the capacity had been delayed and was recharacterized in the planning stage.In the near-term floating offshore wind pipeline(through 2029),there

326、 are approximately 323 MW of projects under construction,a 27.5%drop compared to 2022 that can be explained by capacity coming online without more projects reaching the construction phase in 2023.The capacity in the permitting phase increased from 218 MW in 2022 to 9,507 MW in 2023a more than fortyf

327、old increase driven by projects advancing in Sweden and the United Kingdom.Most of the global floating offshore wind energy pipeline remains in the planning stage,reflecting the nascent stage of floating offshore wind technology.Considering projects with CODs after 2029,the total capacity of floatin

328、g projects in the planning stage is 88,296 MW.Note that more than 6,000 MW of projects in the United States are in the site control phase because of the December 2022 lease auction in California.Appendix B includes a table showing the breakdown of floating offshore wind energy projects by project ph

329、ase for 18 countries.3.2 Announced Deployment Through 2029 To help identify trends in offshore wind energy markets by country or region,we compiled offshore wind deployment projections based on announced project CODs through 2029 using NRELs OWDB.42 This report is available at no cost from the Natio

330、nal Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.3.2.1 Announced Projects Data for projects under construction provide a reasonable basis for understanding near-term deployment because confidence that a project will achieve its announced COD is significantly higher once it reaches financ

331、ial close and is engaged in construction.Figure 16 shows the distribution of 35,573 MW of projects by country that were under construction as of Dec.31,2023.Figure 16.Offshore wind energy capacity under construction by country as of Dec.31,2023 The data indicate that there was approximately 64%more

332、capacity under construction in 2023 compared with what we reported for 2022(21,717 MW)in the Offshore Wind Market Report:2023 Edition(Musial et al.2023).This growth between 2022 and 2023 is attributable to:5,745 MW of capacity that was supposed to have been completed in 2023 but is now estimated for

333、 completion in 2024 An additional 1,875 MW that have been pushed out beyond 2024 19,889 MW of projects that have entered the construction phase.Regionally,Europe had the greatest share of capacity under construction(48.5%),totaling nearly 17,256 MW across 25 projects.Of these,eight projects were in the United Kingdom(totaling 8,880 MW),eight projects were in France(2,521 MW),three projects were in