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1、Coal Mine Methane Recovery and Utilization TechnologiesDevelopment Trends and Outlook Report/November 2024rmi.org/2Coal Mine Methane Recovery and Utilization Technologies:Development Trends and Outlook Authors and AcknowledgementsAuthorsMinhui Gao Yihan Hao Ting Li Wei Wang Canyang XieAuthors listed

2、 alphabetically.All authors from RMI unless otherwise noted.Other ContributorsJunlian Gao,Associate Professor,Department of Management Science and Engineering,China University of Mining and TechnologyContactsWei Wang,wwangrmi.orgMinhui Gao,mgaormi.orgCopyrights and CitationMinhui Gao,Wei Wang,and Yi

3、han Hao,Coal Mine Methane Recovery and Utilization Technologies:Development Trends and Outlook,RMI,2024,https:/rmi.org/insight/coal-mine-methane-recovery-and-utilization-technologies/.RMI values collaboration and aims to accelerate the energy transition through sharing knowledge and insights.We ther

4、efore allow interested parties to reference,share,and cite our work through the CreativeCommons CC BY-SA 4.0 license.https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/.All images used are from iS unless otherwise noted.AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank all the experts who provided comments and sugg

5、estions for this study:Xin Xu,deputy director,Energy Security Unit,Information Institute,Ministry of Emergency Management of China Jing Chen,Zhejiang Yiyang Energy Technology Co.Jianjun Zhou,Shanxi Gaochuang Energy New Technology Co.Special thanks to Global Methane Hub for their support of this repo

6、rt.The contents of this report do not represent the views of the above experts and institutions or those of the project proponents.rmi.org/3Coal Mine Methane Recovery and Utilization Technologies:Development Trends and Outlook About RMIRMI is an independent nonprofit,founded in 1982 as Rocky Mountai

7、n Institute,that transforms global energy systems through market-driven solutions to align with a 1.5 C future and secure a clean,prosperous zero-carbon future for all.We work in the worlds most critical geographies and engage businesses,policymakers,communities,and NGOs to identify and scale energy

8、 system interventions that will cut climate pollution at least 50 percent by 2030.RMI has offices in Basalt and Boulder,Colorado;New York City;Oakland,California;Washington,D.C.;Abuja,Nigeria;and Beijing,Peoples Republic of China.About China University of Mining and TechnologyChina University of Min

9、ing and Technology-Beijing(CUMTB)is a national key university under the Ministry of Education,recognized as part of the“Double First-Class”initiative and a founding member of the Strategic Alliance of Industrial Technology Innovation.With a history dating back to 1909,CUMTB specializes in energy-rel

10、ated disciplines,excelling in Mining Engineering and Safety Science.It is a leader in innovative research,producing significant advancements such as Chinas first mining robot and major breakthroughs in coal-to-oil technologies.The university collaborates extensively with international and domestic p

11、artners,supporting the energy sectors high-quality development.rmi.org/4Coal Mine Methane Recovery and Utilization Technologies:Development Trends and Outlook Table of ContentsIntroduction 5Coal Mine Methane(CMM)Recovery and Utilization:A Positive Initiative for Coal Producers to Reduce Emissions 6C

12、oal Production Is a Source of Greenhouse Gas(GHG)Emissions.6CMM Recovery and Utilization Is a Key Means of Reducing Emissions from Coal Production.7CMM Recovery and Utilization Delivers Multiple Benefits.8Status of CMM Recovery and Utilization 10China Has Established a Technology System for CMM Reco

13、very and Utilization.10China Has Initially Developed Policies for CMM Recovery and Utilization.14Chinas Efforts in CMM Recovery and Utilization Have Begun to Show Results.17Development Potential and Technological Advancements 19CMM Recovery and Utilization Has Ample Room for Improvement.19The Techno

14、logical Readiness and Economics Feasibility of CMM Recovery and Utilization Should Be Improved.21Potential and Cost-Benefit Analysis of CMM Recovery and Utilization Technologies.25Outlook for CMM Recovery and Utilization Technology 26New Policies and New Markets Unlock New Opportunities for CMM Util

15、ization Technology.26Growing Maturity and Decreasing Cost of CMM Recovery and Utilization Technology.29Investment Required and Market Size of CMM Recovery and Utilization Technologies.33Recommendations 36Appendix:List of CMM Recovery and Utilization Technologies 38Endnotes 40rmi.org/5Coal Mine Metha

16、ne Recovery and Utilization Technologies:Development Trends and Outlook IntroductionChinas industries are actively advancing the energy transition and industrial upgrading to meet the countrys ambitious goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.In 2023,clean energy accounted for 26.4%of Chinas t

17、otal energy consumption,an increase of 10.9%over the span of a decade.Simultaneously,China led the world in green energy supply for several years,with installed capacity of renewable energy comprising about 40%of the global total.As of the end of July 2024,Chinas combined wind and solar power capaci

18、ty reached 1.2 billion kilowatts,achieving its planned target 6 years ahead of schedule.While clean energy is expanding rapidly,traditional fossil fuels continue to be part of the energy system and underpin social and economic development.Coal companies are increasingly engaged in green technology i

19、nnovation,optimizing energy management,and pursuing ecological restoration and resource utilization,to reduce their carbon emissions.As one of Chinas key initiatives for carbon emissions reduction in coal production,coal mine methane(CMM)recovery and utilization has yielded remarkable results with t

20、he support of government policy.The gaseous substance associated with the coal production process,commonly known as CMM,is similar to conventional natural gas with methane as its main component.Recovering and utilizing CMM as an energy source not only supplements energy supply,enables resource utili

21、zation,and delivers economic value,but it also directly reduces fugitive emissions from coal production,providing an effective way to avoid methane emissions in the short term.In light of the considerable climate,energy,and economic benefits of CMM recovery and utilization,China has adopted an array

22、 of policies to accelerate the development of CMM technologies since the 11th Five-Year Plan period(20062010).As a result,the amount of CMM utilized has increased steadily,playing a positive role in methane emissions control.China continues to introduce methane emissions control targets and policies

23、,unlocking the potential for further development of CMM recovery and utilization.The Methane Emissions Control Action Plan jointly released by several ministries and commissions in 2023 identifies CMM recovery and utilization as one of the key actions of methane emissions control in the energy secto

24、r.In July 2024,the Ministry of Ecology and Environment solicited opinions on the Methodology of Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Projects:Utilization of Low-Concentration Drainage Methane and Ventilation Air Methane in Coal Mines.These policies have unlocked new opportunities for the CMM

25、 utilization market while also creating development prospects for technologies that,despite having significant potential,face challenges in terms of economic viability,technological maturity,and market acceptance.RMI and China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing)have jointly written this rep

26、ort to enable policymakers,enterprises,investors,and other stakeholders to better identify the potential and possibilities of CMM recovery and utilization.The report analyzes and explores the status of Chinas CMM technology and its recovery potential,while offering an outlook on the maturity,cost,an

27、d investment needs of CMM technology in China and suggestions for next steps.It aims to provide a reference for relevant market participants and policymakers.rmi.org/6Coal Mine Methane Recovery and Utilization Technologies:Development Trends and Outlook Coal Mine Methane(CMM)Recovery and Utilization

28、:A Positive Initiative for Coal Producers to Reduce EmissionsCoal Production Is a Source of Greenhouse Gas(GHG)Emissions As Chinas primary energy source,coal has long provided as solid foundation for the countrys economic and social development.China has a large demand for coal and has thus maintain

29、ed a high level of coal production and consumption.Since 1980,the share of coal in primary energy production and total energy consumption has been over 55%,supporting key industries such as power,steel,construction materials,and chemicals.In the context of carbon neutrality,China is actively promoti

30、ng the transition to new and clean energy sources,while strictly and rationally controlling the total coal consumption.As coal consumption in key industries has plateaued,the share of coal production and consumption has leveled off or declined.In 2023,coal accounted for 67%of total primary energy pr

31、oduction in China down from 77.4%in 2005.Although total energy consumption increased significantly between 2005 and 2023,the portion provided by coal decreased from 72.4%in 2005 to 55%in 2023.1Coal production in China is a source of GHG emissions.Coal production involves coal mining,processing,stora

32、ge,and transportation,which generate carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels in stationary and mobile equipment and fugitive methane emissions from coal mining and post-mining activities.In 2023,the total GHG emissions from coal production was about 600 million tons of CO2e in C

33、hina(Exhibit 1).Emissions from coal production are higher than other key energy-intensive industries 50%higher than those from aluminum and 220%higher than from ammonia production,for instance.Emissions from coal production account for 47%of cement industry emissions and 40%of those generated by the

34、 steel industry.With coals significant share in Chinas greenhouse gas emissions,reducing production-related emissions is crucial to achieving Chinas carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.Emissions from coal production will continue to decline.Coal reserves and policies will promote the centrali

35、zation of coal production in China,optimizing production and transportation.By 2030,emissions from coal production are expected to decrease 20%from 2020 levels,to around 500 million tons CO2e.Implementing emissions reduction initiatives in the coal production process will help China achieve its carb

36、on peaking and carbon neutrality goals.rmi.org/7Coal Mine Methane Recovery and Utilization Technologies:Development Trends and Outlook Exhibit 1 Estimated emissions from coal production in ChinaRMI Graphic.Source:Journal of Natural Resources,https:/ RMI analysis.CMM Recovery and Utilization Is a Key

37、 Means of Reducing Emissions from Coal ProductionThe primary GHG emitted in coal production,and the focus of emissions reduction in the process,is methane.Most GHG emissions in coal production are from energy consumption and fugitive emissions.Energy consumed in coal production mostly comes from raw

38、 coal,oil,gas,and electricity and heat,creating emissions primarily in the form of carbon dioxide,which accounts for about 40%of total GHG emissions from the process.Fugitive emissions,from the escape of methane during activities such as coal extraction,washing,transportation,and storage,constitute

39、a significant portion as much as 57%2 of the total by some estimates and thus are a primary target for emissions reduction(see Exhibit 2).In addition,methane is slowly released from underground coal mines for the 10 to 30 years after they are decommissioned.Currently,China has as many as 10,000 clos

40、ed coal mines,and this number may increase to 15,000 by 2030,3 so methane emissions reduction from abandoned mines is also an area worth tracking.CMM recovery and utilization is a key means of reducing emissions in coal production.Methane emissions from coal production can be effectively recovered a

41、nd utilized through technical means.CMM,like conventional natural gas,can be combusted as a fuel.In this process,methane is oxidized into carbon dioxide and water,while releasing heat for power generation and heating.Methane has a global warming potential 28 times that of carbon dioxide over a 100-y

42、ear period,so CMM recovery and utilization can significantly reduce the climate impact from coal production.At the same time,the electricity and heat generated can replace coal-fired boilers and other facilities in coal mines,further reducing carbon dioxide emissions from on-site coal consumption.80

43、0700600500400300200100020152025E2030E2020Mt CO2ermi.org/8Coal Mine Methane Recovery and Utilization Technologies:Development Trends and Outlook Exhibit 2 Sources of GHG emissions from coal production in ChinaNote:Emissions from production include the process by which raw coal is extracted from under

44、ground or surface coal mines and washed to become a coal product,but not emissions from abandoned mines.RMI Graphic.Source:Advanced Engineering Sciences,http:/ Recovery and Utilization Delivers Multiple BenefitsWhile reducing GHG emissions,CMM recovery and utilization offers multiple benefits includ

45、ing:Energy benefits:CMM contains the same main component,methane,as conventional natural gas.At appropriate concentrations,it can be used directly as natural gas to replace coal.Every 1,000 cubic meters(m3)pure CMM recovered and utilized is equivalent to saving 1.2 tons of standard coal equivalent(t

46、ce).Economic benefits:Electricity and heat generated by CMM utilization can replace coal consumption in mines and reduce the need for purchased electricity,thereby lowering operating costs for mines.Addition-ally,surplus electricity,heat,and gas can be sold to supply energy to other regions,generati

47、ng profits.Safety benefits:CMM recovery and utilization can effectively reduce the risk of gas explosion and minimize production stoppages caused by excessive gas concentrations,thereby significantly improving the safety and operational stability of the mine.Other social benefits:Methane is not only

48、 a potent greenhouse gas,but also a precursor to ozone.CMM utilization can reduce methane emissions and thus reduce ozone growth,benefiting human well-being and food production.The construction and operation of CMM projects also create new jobs in the local community,helping with the re-employment o

49、f miners.1009080706050403020100201020142018201220162020201120152019201320172030EProportion/%Methane emissions from mining and post-mining activitiesCoal consumptionElectricity and heat consumptionOil and gas consumptionrmi.org/9Coal Mine Methane Recovery and Utilization Technologies:Development Tren

50、ds and Outlook CMM utilization can offer coal mines several economic benefits(see Exhibit 3)including:Energy saving in mining areas:Utilizing CMM to replace coal within the mining area allows for local recovery and utilization.It can be used to provide heat and hot water at the mine and its faciliti

51、es,and provide insulation for underground mine shafts thereby reducing coal consumption and the need for purchased heating.Electricity and heat sales:CMM can be used to generate electricity or steam.The electricity can be sold to the grid,and steam can be supplied through pipelines to heat the surro

52、unding areas.Direct sale of pipeline gas:CMM with higher concentrations can be utilized as unconventional natural gas,delivered to the neighboring residential areas for cooking and heating or through pipelines to factories as fuel for industrial boilers.Chemical raw material gas:Highly concentrated

53、CMM can be used as chemical raw material to produce carbon black,methanol,and other products.Exhibit 3 Main utilization methods of CMMRMI Graphic.Water for heating and bathing in miners dormitoriesEnergy saving in coal minesResidential gas supply and heatingProducing carbon black,methanol,etc.Drying

54、 coal dustPower generation to the gridIndustrial boilersProducing other synthetic fuelsCoal mine methaneCoal substitutePower generationResidential/industrial gasChemical raw materialsrmi.org/10Coal Mine Methane Recovery and Utilization Technologies:Development Trends and Outlook Status of CMM Recove

55、ry and UtilizationChina Has Established a Technology System for CMM Recovery and UtilizationCMM emissions during coal production mainly originate from coal mining,post-mining activities,and abandoned mines During the mining process,coal seams are fractured,releasing CMM that was stored in the seams

56、into the atmosphere.Coal mining can be divided into open-pit(surface)mining and underground mining.The gas generated by open-pit mining escapes directly into the atmosphere without going through pipelines,while the gas generated by underground mining is transported to the surface through the drainag

57、e system and ventilation systems.The mining process does not release all CMM.Remaining gas that is slowly released from the coal during subsequent processing,storage,and transportation activities is considered emissions from post-mining activities.In addition,coal mines may continue to release CMM t

58、hrough natural or anthropogenic pathways for a period of time after decommissioning4,leading to both resource waste and an increase in GHG emissions.CMM generated by underground mining can be collected through the ventilation and drainage systems CMM collected through the ventilation system is calle

59、d VAM with a concentration of 0%0.75%,while the concentration of drainage methane is generally 0%90%,which can be transported to oxidation facilities for utilization.By contrast,methane emissions produced from surface mining and postmining activities are diffuse and difficult to recover with existin

60、g technologies.Methane from abandoned mines can also be recovered using technical methods.Gas in well-sealed abandoned mines can be extracted after closure,with methane concentrations ranging from 15%to 90%.5 The gas extracted from abandoned mines can be utilized in a similar way to that from underg

61、round mines.But unlike active underground mines,CMM extraction from abandoned mines requires greater investment to address greater complexity and issues related to mine rights and gas ownership.In China,most methane emissions from coal production over 70%come from underground mining,while emissions

62、from abandoned mines account for 12%.These sources are crucial for the recovery and utilization of methane(see Exhibit 4).Exhibit 4 Main sources of methane emissions in Chinas coal sectorRMI Graphic.Source:Journal of China Coal Society,https:/ Resource Science,https:/ are from RMI estimates.69%15%12

63、%4%Open-pit miningAbandoned minesPost-mining activitiesUnderground miningVentilation air methane100%Low-concentration drainage methaneHigh-concentration drainage methane70%23%7%Methane is released from fracturing of coal seams and near-exposed seams during open-pit miningAbandoned mines will slowly

64、release methaneMethane is slowly released during coal washing,storage,transportation,and crushing before combustionMethane is released from underground extraction processes at different concentration levels High-concentration drainage methane(concentration30%)Low-concentration drainage methane(conce

65、ntration30%)Ventilation air methane(concentration 0.75%)rmi.org/11Coal Mine Methane Recovery and Utilization Technologies:Development Trends and Outlook Western countries were the first to initiate CMM recovery and utiliztion,with technologies for recovering high-concentration CMM and VAM reaching a

66、 relatively mature stage The development of methane recovery technology began in the 1960s,driven by the energy crisis,with early trials conducted by mining-developed countries such as the United States,Russia and Australia.During the 1980s and 1990s,the technology for power generation from burning

67、high-concentration CMM gradually advanced,resulting in substantial investments.In the 21st century amid the global focus on greenhouse gas reduction,the utilization of VAM has gained increasing attention,with Australias development of VAM oxidation technology serving as an example.In the context of

68、carbon neutrality,major coal-producing countries are intensifying their efforts to implement methane recovery and utilization technologies.Supported by international policies like the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM),projects for extracting methane and utilizing VAM have been rapidly promoted.Since

69、the 11th Five-Year Plan,China has been continuously advancing its CMM recovery and utilization technology Years of continued effort have led to diverse utilization methods,creating a graded CMM utilization technology system.6 CMM can be oxidized as a fuel for heating and power generation,used in res

70、idential and industrial settings,and purified into liquified natural gas(LNG)or compressed natural gas(CNG).The development of these technologies has laid a solid foundation for the implementation of CMM recovery and utilization projects(see Exhibit 5).Reasonable selection of technologies(see Append

71、ix for detailed principles of each technology)is required for gas generated in underground coal mines based on sources and concentrations.These technologies can be broadly grouped into the following three types:VAM,where the methane volume fration is typically 0.75%,can be utilized if the methane co

72、ncentration is above 0.3%.The main applicable technology is flameless oxidation,where methane is oxidized by controlling the temperature and oxygen concentration of the reaction zone without evident flame.7 It is further classified into regenerative ventilation air oxidation method and catalytic ven

73、tilation air oxidation method.Additionally,VAM can be mixed with drainage methane(2%8%)to increase the overall methane concentration to around 1.2%,after which flameless oxidation can also be performed.Low-concentration drainage methane,with a methane volume fraction 5,0001,0005,0005001,00050-50050A

74、nnual methane emissions (1,000 tons)Inner MongoliaMostly surface and underground mines with low-gas content.ShanxiHas the highest coal production and the largest number of coal mines in China.Most of the mines are underground mines.ShaanxiProduced 740 million tons of coal in 2022,ranking third,mostl

75、y from underground coal mines.AnhuiProduced 110 million tons of coal in 2022,all from underground coal mines.GuizhouHas underground small coal mines with high gas content.rmi.org/21Coal Mine Methane Recovery and Utilization Technologies:Development Trends and Outlook Exhibit 13 Utilization of CMM in

76、 Shanxi Province RMI Graphic.Source:Mining Safety&Environmental Protection,http:/ Technological Readiness and Economics Feasibility of CMM Recovery and Utilization Should Be ImprovedThe reasons that CMM recovery and utilizations potential has not yet been fully unlocked are:Uneven development of met

77、hane recovery and utilization technologies:The development of low-concentration drainage methane and VAM technologies remains in the demonstration stage,while technologies for abandoned mine methane are still in their infancy.In contrast,high-concentration drainage methane technologies are generally

78、 mature and have achieved commercial application.As a result,most CMM utilization projects currently focus solely on high-concentration methane.The maturity levels of various technologies,illustrated in Exhibit 14,are as follows:High-concentration drainage methane:With high methane content and high

79、calorific value,high-concentration drainage methane generates more energy during utilization,and is widely used in power generation,pipeline gas,purification,and other applications.The overall Technology Readiness Level(TRL)exceeds 7 and has reached level 9 for power generation,which is the most wid

80、ely used CMM utilization technology.Low-concentration drainage methane:With methane concentrations of 5%16%,this range is prone to explosions while also producing significant energy.Low-concentration methane power generation technology leverages this characteristic to convert chemical energy into el

81、ectrical energy,13 with a TRL of 7 to 9.Direct combustion heating technologies,such as porous medium combustion and super-enthalpy combustion,are suitable for concentrations of 4%8%.These technologies have lower power density and have been developed more recently,currently existing in the pilot test

82、ing and industrial demonstration stages,with a TRL ranging from 3 to 5.VAM:The recovery and utilization technologies for VAM primarily focus on catalytic oxidation and regenerative oxidation.Driven by policies and market mechanisms such as Chinas Certified Emission Reductions(CCER)and the Clean Deve

83、lopment Mechanism(CDM),a number of recovery and utilization projects were established during the 11th to 13th Five-Year Plan period(2006 to 2020).The TRL for these technologies ranges from 4 to 6.%of CMM utilized in ChinaCoal mine methane utilization rate by concentration and sourceShanxiOthers68%19

84、%14%Power generationPipeline transportationOther48%52%100%Ventilation air methaneDrainage methane(concentration 8%)Drainage methane(concentration 8%30%)Drainage methane(concentration 30%)Abandoned coal mine methaneUtilization methods1%1%30%power generation/cogenerationHigh-concentration drainage met

85、hane is used as a fuel for combustion.Power generation equipment is driven by steam turbine,gasturbine,or internal combustion engine to generate electricity.The waste heat can be sold as steam.Shengdong Group.,CNPC Jichai Power Co.,Zichai Power Co.,Shandong Lvhuan Power Equipment Co.,Caterpillar,INN

86、IO,MWM,DEUTZ.TRL 7930%Concentrating for CNG/LNG preparationThe concentration of drainage methane is increased to more than 90%after purification and concentration process.The gas is prepared as CNG or LNG after compression.CCTEG Coal Mining Research Institute,ChemChina,etc.TRL 7-9Abandoned minemetha

87、ne30%Industrial/residential use（40%)The highly concentrated abandoned mine methane is collected and treated and then piped to towns and cities for civil use or used as fuel for gas boilers and industrial kilns.Jinneng Holding Group,Yanquan Coal Industry Group,etc.TRL 7930%Surface extraction and util

88、izationGraded extraction and utilization are implemented based on the difference in methane volume fraction in underground abandoned mines.This applies to surface wells to extract methane from the worked-out section for utilization.Huaihe Energy Group,DEUTZ,Green Gas DPB,Alkane Energy,Vessels Coal G

89、as(VCG)TRL 13Continued from previous pageEmissionssourceApplicable concentrationTechnologyPrinciplesRepresentative enterprises/organizations(in no particular order and non-exhaustive)Maturityrmi.org/40Coal Mine Methane Recovery and Utilization Technologies:Development Trends and Outlook Endnotes1“An

90、nual data,”National Bureau of Statistics web site,accessed on Oct 2024,https:/ Ren,Yachen Xie,Xiaomiao Jiao,Heping Xie,“Characteristics of Carbon Emissions During Coal Development and Technical Approaches for Carbon Neutral Development,”January 2022,Engineering Science and Technology,http:/ Yuan,“St

91、rategies of High Efficiency Recovery and Energy Saving for Coal Resources in China,”Journal of China University of Mining&Technology(Social Sciences),2018(1):3-12,https:/ IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories,Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,https:/www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.j

92、p/public/2006gl/5“Best Practice Guidance for Effective Methane Recovery and Use from Abandoned Coal Mines,”United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,https:/unece.org/sites/default/files/2023-06/BPG%20 AMM%20CN.pdf,2020.6Wenge Liu,Xu Xin,Jiaye Han et al.,“Trend Modeling and Key Technologies for M

93、ethane Emissions Reduction in Coal Mines under Carbon Neutrality Target,”Journal of China Coal Society 47,no.1(2022):470479,https:/ of Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Projects:Utilization of LowConcentration Drainage Methane and Ventilation Air Methane in Coal Mines(Draft for Comment),”

94、Ministry of Ecology and Environment,https:/ Liang,“New Policy on Methane Emissions Control Forces Accelerated Low-Concentration Coal Mine Methane Utilization,”China Energy News,November 11,2023,http:/ Five-Year Plan for the Development and Utilization of Coalbed Methane(Coal Mine Gas),”National Deve

95、lopment and Reform Commission,https:/ NEA,“Coalbed Methane:From Life-Threatening Gas to Surging Energy Power,”August 9,2018,http:/ of Chinese and International Oil and Gas Industry 2023,”PetroChina Institute of Economics and Technology,Petroleum Industry Press,2024.12 Dehui Li,Guofu Li,Liangliang Li

96、u et al.,“Present situation and development direction of coalbed methane(gas)exploitation and utilization in Shanxi Province,”Mining Safety and Environmental Protection,2022,49(2):132-136,http:/ Luo,Peixin Song,Dawei Feng et al.,“Status of Development and Utilization of Coalbed Methane in China:Anal

97、ysis on Comprehensive Utilization,”Coal Processing and Comprehensive Utilization,2020(07):83-87,DOI:10.16200/ki.11-2627/td.2020.07.025.13 Jiaye Han,Zhongbao Ying,“Study on Utilization Technologies of Low Concentration CMM,”China Coalbed Methane,2012(9):39-41,https:/ Practice Guidance for Effective M

98、ethane Recovery and Use from Abandoned Coal Mines,”United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,https:/unece.org/sites/default/files/2023-06/BPG%20AMM%20CN.pdf,2020.rmi.org/41Coal Mine Methane Recovery and Utilization Technologies:Development Trends and Outlook 15 Progress Report of Chinas National

99、 Carbon Market,Ministry of Ecology and Environment,July 2024,https:/ for Public Comment on the Methodology of Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Projects:Utilization of Low-Concentration Coal Mine Gas and Ventilation Air Methane in Coal Mines and Methodology of Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Emi

100、ssions Reduction Projects:Energy Conservation of Road Tunnel Lighting Systems,”Ministry of Ecology and Environment,July 30,2024,https:/ Qingyi Wang,Energy Data 2020,Institute for Global Decarbonization Progress,2021,https:/www.efchina.org/Reports-zh/report-lceg-20210430-3-zh.18 Wenge Liu,Jiaye Han,G

101、uoquan Zhao et al,“Potential and Economic Analysis of VAM Utilization in China,”China Coalbed Methane,2009,DOI:JournalArticle/5af4e3c9c095d718d81ed257.19 Yunwei Xiong and Zheng Xiao,“Design and Application of Safeguard System for Coal Mine Gas Oxidation,”Mining Safety&Environmental Protection,2018,4

102、5(1):4346,http:/ Gao,Wei Wang,and Yihan Hao,Coal Mine Methane Recovery and Utilization Technologies:Development Trends and Outlook,RMI,2024,https:/rmi.org/insight/coal-mine-methane-recovery-and-utilization-technologies/.RMI values collaboration and aims to accelerate the energy transition through sh

103、aring knowledge and insights.We therefore allow interested parties to reference,share,and cite our work through the Creative Commons CC BY-SA 4.0 license.https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/All images used are from iStock unless otherwise noted.RMI Innovation Center22830 Two Rivers RoadBasalt,CO 81621www rmi org November 2024 RMI.All rights reserved.Rocky Mountain Institute and RMI are registered trademarks.