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1、 Findings and Practices on Smart Customs in APEC Free Zones/Free Trade Ports APEC Sub-Committee on Customs Procedures March 2024 Findings and Practices on Smart Customs in APEC Free Zones/Free Trade PortsAPEC Sub-Committee on Customs Procedures March 2024APEC Project:SCCP 05 2022S Produced by Dr Hua

2、 Tong,Presidential Secretary Dr Xia Zheng,Lecturer,School of Customs and Public Administration Dr Min Deng,Lecturer,School of Customs and Public Administration Mr Longhai Wang,MPA student,School of Customs and Public Administration Mr Chongyu Lin,Research Assistant,School of Customs and Public Admin

3、istration Shanghai Customs College,No.5677 West Huaxia Road,Pudong New Area,Shanghai,China Mr Ruiqian Wang Officer,Dandong Customs House,Dalian Customs District,No.60 East Changjiang Road,Zhongshan District,Dalian,Liaoning,China Ms.Jianyi Ye Senior Officer,Division of Free Trade Zone and Special Con

4、trol Area,Haikou Customs District,No.61 Binhai Road,Longhua District,Haikou,Hainan,China Mr.Pipat SIRIJUMRASSKUL Director of Bonded Warehouse Audit Section,Tax Incentives Division,The Thai Customs Department,1 Sunthornkosa Rd.,Klongtoey,Bangkok,Thailand Overseers:Mr Jun Xu,Director,Department of Int

5、ernational Cooperation,China Customs Ms Liu Yang,Senior Program Manager,Department of International Cooperation,China Customs For Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat 35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616 Tel:(65)68919 600 Fax:(65)68919 690 Email:infoapec.org Website:www.apec.org 2024 A

6、PEC Secretariat APEC#224-CT-01.9 ISBN:978-981-18-9684-2 Acknowledgement Dear esteemed SCCP members of the APEC,We are pleased to announce the completion of the report titled Findings and Practices on Smart Customs in APEC Free Zones/Free Trade Ports along with its two annexes.This study is the culmi

7、nation of a collective effort invested in the self-funded Project SCCP 05 2022S Strengthening Customs Smart Control and Services to Improve the Development of Free Zones/Free Trade Ports(FZs/FTPs)from September 2022 to December 2023.It was initially proposed by China and received joint sponsorship f

8、rom Thailand and Viet Nam.On behalf of the project research team:Dr.Hua Tong,Dr.Xia Zheng,Dr.Min Deng,Mr.Longhai Wang and Mr.Chongyu Lin from the Shanghai Customs College,Mr.Ruiqian Wang from Dalian Customs District,Ms.Jianyi Ye from Haikou Customs District among others,we express our profound appre

9、ciation towards the relentless support from APEC Secretariat and SCCP members,the professional guidance under the International Cooperation Department and the Free Trade Zone and Special Control Area Department of the General Administration of Customs of the Peoples Republic of China(GACC).And speci

10、al thanks to Mr.PIPAT SIRIJUMRASSKUL from Thai Customs Department for his valuable contribution.Notably,we extend our gratitude to Mr.Jun Xu and Ms.Liu Yang of the GACC for their diligent oversight on the project.Their collaborative spirit and seamless coordination have been indisputably crucial to

11、this accomplishment.The Project Research Team 23 December 2023 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.Research background.1 1.1 Smart upgrade and current trade status.1 1.2 Customs faces new challenges under the background of smart upgrade.2 2.Research purposes.3 2.1 Enhancing the Smart Customs control and services up

12、grade in APEC economies.3 2.3 Advancing trade facilitation and interconnectivity among APEC economies.4 3.Research contents.5 3.1 Concepts.5 3.1.1 Free zones/Free trade ports.5 3.1.2 Smart technologies.7 3.2 Free Zones/Free-Trade Ports(FZs/FTPs)development in APEC economies.10 3.2.1 The current stat

13、us of APEC Free Zones/Free-Trade Ports development.10 3.2.2 Facing the Problems and Challenges.11 3.3 APEC economies Free Zones/Free Trade Ports and customs smart control and services.14 3.3.1 APEC economies Free Zones/Free Trade Ports and Customs control and Services.14 3.3.2 Application of traditi

14、onal and disruptive technologies in customs scenarios.19 3.3.3 APEC Economy Free Zone/Free Trade Port Customs Traditional and Disruptive Technology Application.30 3.3.4 Challenges faced by customs traditional and disruptive technologies applications within the APEC free zones/free trade ports.38 4.C

15、onclusion and Way Forward.42 4.1 Conclusion.42 4.2 Way forward.44 References.46 ANNEX 1 Case studies of Free Zones,Free Trade Ports,and Customs Smart Control and Services.47 ANNEX 2 SURVEY.93 1 1.Research background 1.1 Smart upgrade and current trade status Currently,major cutting-edge and disrupti

16、ve technologies are advancing rapidly around the world,propelling the new wave of technological revolution and industrial transformation into a deeper development trajectory.In the era of digital economy,the advancement of smart technology will revolutionize technological paradigms and production me

17、thods,leading to a shift in comparative advantages among economies and exerting a transformative impact on the international trade landscape.As of 2023,according to the latest forecast of the International Monetary Funds World Economic Outlook,global trade growth is expected to decrease from 5.2%in

18、2022 to 2.0%in 2023,and increase to 3.7%in 20241.Global trade is showing signs of recovery,and it continues to play a vital role in enhancing global economic resilience.Additionally,according to the World Trade Organizations Global Trade Outlook and Statistics report,global merchandise trade volume

19、is projected to grow by 1.7%in 2023,higher than the 1%predicted in October last year2.WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala further pointed out that trade in 2023 will face pressure from external factors and has recommended that governments worldwide avoid trade fragmentation and exercise restrai

20、nt when introducing trade restriction policies.With the recovery of global trade and the rapid rise of new-generation information technology,international trade is accelerating its digital transformation,which places a higher demand on the smart upgrade of customs trade control and services.On one h

21、and,the upgrade and implementation of customs smart technology can help to break down international trade barriers,facilitate 1 International Monetary Funds World Economic Outlook(July 2023)2 The World Trade Organization(WTO)report Global Trade Outlook and Statistics on April 5,2023 2 trade channels

22、,and bring vitality into global trade recovery.On the other hand,the enhancement of smart customs control and service can create a secure,convenient,and efficient regulatory environment,optimize regional supply chains,industrial chains,and value chains,and improve the quality and growth potential of

23、 global trade.1.2 Customs faces new challenges under the background of smart upgrade As a vital department dedicated to promoting global trade facilitation,Customs plays a pivotal role in accelerating customs clearance efficiency and invigorating world trade.The theme of the World Customs Organizati

24、on(WCO)International Customs Day in 2023 is:Nurturing the next generation:promoting a culture of knowledge-sharing and professional pride in Customs.This theme calls for Customs authorities worldwide to think about how to cultivate digital composite talents and enhance the efficiency of Customs smar

25、t control in the era of the digital economy.From the expected changes in medium to long-term work,it becomes evident that the expansion of cross-border e-commerce,the negotiation of Economic Partnership Agreements(EPAs),the increasing prevalence of Free Trade Agreements(FTAs),the growth of internati

26、onal shipping scale,and the ongoing development of international sea transportation networks have led to a significant surge in cargo logistics movement.It is imperative for Customs authorities in various economies to deepen cooperation,elevate their informational control and services levels,and pro

27、mote international trade security,convenience,and efficiency through the Customs smart upgrade.The theme of International Customs Day in 2022 is Scaling up Customs Digital Transformation by Embracing a Data Culture and Building a Data Ecosystem,offering a blueprint for APEC economies Customs authori

28、ties to collaborate in building an international Customs smart technology and service upgrade.3 Specifically,in response to shifts in the global trade landscape and the promotion of trade facilitation,Customs authorities across APEC economies must bolster the application of smart technology and inno

29、vative approaches.They should collectively build a smart customs.Secondly,there is a need to enhance information sharing and mutual recognition of control,and jointly build a smart border.Lastly,deepening cooperation with various stakeholders is essential to collectively build a smart connectivity.O

30、n one hand,innovating digital control and services methods can foster the upgrade and optimization of smart technology within Customs,leading to continuous enhancements in the trade environment.On the other hand,participants should focus on the demand for smart upgrades,establish a model of comprehe

31、nsive customs smart technology services,enhance smart control efficiency,and thus support the sustainable development of free zones/free trade ports.2.Research purposes 2.1 Enhancing the Smart Customs control and services upgrade in APEC economies The APEC Putrajaya Vision 2040 highlights the commit

32、ment to fostering a trade and investment environment within APEC that is free,open,fair,non-discriminatory,transparent,and predictable.This vision includes the delivery of a well-functioning multilateral trading system and the promotion of stability and predictability in international trade flows.Fu

33、rthermore,it aims to advance economic integration in the region,including through efforts related to the Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific(FTAAP)agenda,which contributes to high-standard and comprehensive regional arrangements.This project is dedicated to strengthening cooperation and fostering ex

34、change among Customs authorities across APEC economies in the realm of smart control and services for free 4 zones/free trade ports.It involves collecting best practices,fostering theoretical discussions,and conducting in-depth cooperative research.The ultimate goal is to promote the economic and tr

35、ade development of the region while advancing the realization of the objectives outlined in the APEC Putrajaya Vision 2040.2.2 Promoting high-quality development of Free Zone/Free Trade Port in APEC Economies In the process of economic recovery in APEC economies,free zones and free trade ports play

36、a pivotal role.Enhancing the quality of Customs control and services is paramount in achieving this goal.This enhancement encompasses various aspects,including policy requirements,operational standards,management principles,information systems,technological equipment,and law enforcement operations.B

37、y bolstering the precision of customs control and improving the efficiency of services within free zones and free trade ports,we can ensure trade security and enhance the convenience of investments.The objective of this project is to assess the current state of control and services provided by APEC

38、Customs in free zones and free trade ports.It involves the analysis of practical cases of smart technologies,identification of existing challenges,proposal of solutions,and the application of smart customs control and services to facilitate the smooth flow of goods,personnel,data,trade,and investmen

39、t in these regions.2.3 Advancing trade facilitation and interconnectivity among APEC economies The Strategic Plan 2022-2025 of the APEC Sub-Committee on Customs Procedures recognizes the importance of exploring new technologies and innovative solutions to ensure the security of supply chains as a to

40、p priority.One of the objectives in support of this priority is 5 to embrace smart and innovative working methods and collaborative models,including the application of technology to enhance the efficiency of border management.The implementation of smart control and services can contribute significan

41、tly to achieving this objective.This project will unveil and showcase a set of research findings regarding the current state of intelligence in customs within free zones and free trade ports of APEC economies during an international seminar.It will share the customs technology application scenarios

42、from each economy,explore the use cases of smart technologies in customs operations,and more.Additionally,the project will delve into the seamless integration of smart technologies with customs control and services,aiming to unlock the economic potential of the Asia-Pacific region.Its ultimate goal

43、is to create favorable conditions for guiding the development of new business models while ensuring the security and stability of the industrial and supply chains.3.Research contents 3.1 Concepts 3.1.1 Free zones/Free trade ports 3.1.1.1 Definition of Free zones/Free trade ports International organi

44、zations and research institutions have defined free zones and free trade ports in relevant economies and regions from different perspectives,but there has not yet been an internationally unified official definition.The WCO Revised Kyoto Convention(RKC)is currently the only international convention t

45、hat formally defines the free zone3.Its Annex D,Chapter 2,defines a free zone as a part of the territory of a Contracting Party where any goods introduced are generally regarded,insofar as import duties and taxes are concerned,as being outside the 3 World Customs Organization Research Paper No.47 6

46、Customs territory.However,the definition and application of free zones can be different in each economy,and other terms are also being used in different economies and regions,including but not limited to special economic zones,industrial and commercial free trade zones,export free zones,free tariff

47、zones,duty-free trade zones,tax-free zones,free trade ports,free zones,free industrial zones,investment promotion zones,and foreign trade zones,etc.Overall,free zones/free trade ports,as economic incentives,are mainly specific areas where an economy or region is granted a series of special incentive

48、 policies to expand exports,attract foreign investment,or create employment.These policies may include exemption from tariffs and fees,simplification of administrative procedures,relaxation of market access and trade controls,as well as a range of other special policies.3.1.1.2 Types of Free zones/F

49、ree trade ports Due to the inconsistent definition of free zones,the classification of types of free zones/free trade ports is even more diverse.In 2020,the World Customs Organization released the Practical Guidance on Free Zones4,which roughly classified free zones into four types based on their te

50、rritorial definitions:PATTERN TERRITORIAL DEFINITION OF FZs APPLICATION OF CUSTOMS PROCEDURES/CONTROL 1 FZs are regarded as inside the Customs territory Customs procedures/control are applicable to FZs 2 FZs are regarded as outside the Customs territory only insofar as duties are concerned Customs p

51、rocedures/control are applicable to FZs 3 FZs are regarded as outside the Customs territory Customs procedures/control are applicable to FZs,supported by clear provisions in related domestic laws 4 FZs are regarded as outside the Customs territory Usual Customs procedures/control do not apply to FZs

52、 4 WCO“Practical Guidance on Free Zone”page 23-24 https:/www.wcoomd.org/-/media/wco/public/global/pdf/topics/facilitation/activities-and-programmes/free-zone/wco-fz-guidance_en.pdf?la=en 7 In the report titled The World of Free Zones Towards a New Global Trade Order,released by the World Free Zone O

53、rganization5,free zones are categorized into two primary functional business categories.The first category encompasses free zones primarily engaged in activities such as trans-shipment,goods distribution,re-export,and international business.These areas are typically situated in seaports and airports

54、 along major trade routes,including sea,railway,and road connections,as well as in development corridors and border regions.The second category includes export processing zones that specialize in manufacturing and production,spanning industries such as textiles and clothing,footwear,sports goods,con

55、sumer electronics,and industrial components.Moreover,these zones are increasingly offering services that can be delivered remotely via digital networks,including digital data processing and call centers6.3.1.2 Smart technologies 3.1.2.1 Traditional technologies Traditional technologies refer to the

56、initial stage of utilizing smart technology,which has already garnered consensus within the Customs authorities of APEC economies and boasts a broader base of application and practical experience.This includes the use of video surveillance for basic data collection,computer and network technology fo

57、r information transmission,and the assistance of scanning equipment for data verification and analysis.Based on a comprehensive analysis of literature collection,questionnaire design,and responses from the Customs authorities of APEC economies,the traditional technologies covered in this report prim

58、arily encompass image scanning,paperless electronic systems,surveillance cameras,electronic sealing logs,and more.These application 5 World Free Zone Organization.https:/www.worldfzo.org 6 World Free Zone Organization.The world of free zone towards a new global trade order page 12-13 8 scenarios wit

59、hin the customs field are primarily composed of:Application of image scanning:for example,X-ray inspection,CT(computed tomography)scans,as well as the use of QR code and barcode technologies,etc.Application of paperless electronic system:such as electronic data filing,real-time online communication

60、through electronic systems,and the adoption of paperless office systems,etc.Application of surveillance cameras:for example,fixed or controllable-angle cameras for recording audio and video data,as well as movable or wearable camera technology for capturing images used in monitoring,supervision,law

61、enforcement records,and evidence collection.Application of Electronic seals:for example,the replacement of physical unlocking technology traditionally used in Customs seals,the expansion of the use of electronic seals across various scenarios,and the enhancement of convenience,confidentiality,and se

62、curity.3.1.2.2 Disruptive technologies Disruptive technologies refer to seven categories defined by the WCO that may have a significant impact on Customs control and services.These categories include blockchain,Internet of Things(IoT),and artificial intelligence(AI),among others.Based on a comprehen

63、sive analysis of literature collection,questionnaire design,and responses from the Customs authorities of APEC economies,the disruptive technologies covered in this report primarily encompass blockchain and distributed ledger,IoT,big data,data analytics,AI and machine learning,biometrics,unmanned ae

64、rial vehicles(UAVs),virtual,augmented,and mixed reality,as well as 3D printing.Blockchain and distributed ledger:refer to a time-stamped,decentralized,and distributed digital record(or ledger)of transactions in 9 which transactions can be securely stored in a permanent and nearly immutable manner th

65、rough the use of various cryptographic technologies.In this publication,the terms blockchain and distributed ledger are used interchangeably.Internet of Things(IoT):refers to objects that are connected through the incorporation of various information sensing devices or other means,and are then combi

66、ned with the Internet or mobile communication networks to eventually form a vast intelligent network.Through computers or cell phones,smart management of objects is achieved,enabling them to send and receive data.This technology can assist in locating items in vehicles,buildings,and embedded electro

67、nics.Big Data:typically refers to ultra-large data sets,often reaching petabytes or more in size,that exceed the processing capabilities of traditional data storage and analysis technologies.Data analytics:refers to the analysis of large data sets using computer systems to support decision-making.It

68、 incorporates complex techniques such as statistics,machine learning,pattern recognition,systems theory,operations research,and artificial intelligence(AI).AI:refers to systems that change their behavior without explicit programming,relying on data that is observed,collected,and analyzed.This includ

69、es techniques such as machine learning,deep learning,computer vision,and natural language processing.Machine learning:as a subset of AI,refers to providing computers with the ability to learn without explicit programming.It does so by identifying patterns in data,constructing analytical models,and u

70、sing them to make predictions and decisions.Biometrics:refers to the measurement and statistical analysis of the physical and behavioral characteristics of individuals.The basic premise of this field is that each person is unique and can be identified by 10 their physical or behavioral characteristi

71、cs.UAV:refers to an unmanned aircraft or vessel guided by remote control or an onboard computer.It is a component of the Unmanned Aircraft System(UAS),which includes UAVs,ground controllers,and the communication system between them.Virtual reality:is the complete immersion of a user in a virtual env

72、ironment through a head-mounted device(headset)that allows them to interact with and manipulate digitally rendered objects.Augmented reality:refers to the projection of digital content into the users field of view through a mobile device or headset(headphones),enabling the user to interact with the

73、real world.Mixed reality:is the fusion of augmented reality and virtual reality that enables users to manipulate and interact with digital content in real environments.3D printing:also known as additive manufacturing,refers to the process of creating three-dimensional objects from digital files usin

74、g 3D printers and raw materials such as plastics,metals,and nylon.It finds widespread applications in industries such as manufacturing,healthcare,construction,and consumer goods.3.2 Free Zones/Free-Trade Ports(FZs/FTPs)development in APEC economies 3.2.1 The current status of APEC Free Zones/Free-Tr

75、ade Ports development Reports on Free Zones released by organizations such as the WCO,OECD,Financial Action Task Force(FATF),McKinsey,and others have shown a continuous increase in the number of free zones and free trade ports worldwide,along with an expansion of their functions.APEC economies are e

76、xperiencing a similar trend.According to incomplete statistics,nearly half of APEC economies have established approximately 11 300 free zones,free trade ports,or special economic zones with similar functions.As of 25 June 2022,documents released by the WCO indicate that Papua New Guinea and Singapor

77、e,two APEC economies,have joined the RKC Free Zone Special Annex without reservations.Additionally,China;the Republic of Korea;the Philippines;and the United States have joined with reservations,while the remaining 15 APEC economies have chosen not to join or are not members of the WCO.It has been o

78、bserved that although the majority of APEC economies have not joined the RKC Free Zone Special Annex or strictly adhered to its standardized procedures for free zone development,many of them have drawn inspiration from the characteristics and principles of RKC free zones to some extent.They have est

79、ablished special economic functional areas with unique features in terms of functional positioning and operational models.For example,China has established 171 customs special supervision areas.The Republic of Korea;Malaysia;and Thailand have established around 200 free zones,while Indonesia and Sin

80、gapore have set up over 10 Free Trade Zones(FTZs).In addition,Mexico has 80 Authorized Strategic Fiscal Precincts,and Peru has established 4 Special Treatment Zones.3.2.2 Facing the Problems and Challenges Unlawful Actors Exploiting Free Zone Policies for Illicit Trade Some economies consider free z

81、ones as extraterritorial free areas,exempt from regular Customs control.This exemption allows free zones to enjoy less stringent customs procedures compared to other areas within the economy.Due to this characteristic,free zones not only attract legitimate enterprises for trade and investment but al

82、so become susceptible to exploitation by unlawful entities for illicit trade.In the context of globalized trade,the minimum regulatory controls in free zones not only impact the economy in which the free zone is located but also affect the 12 international trading partners of that economy.A document

83、 titled Combating Illicit Trade:Enhancing Transparency in Free Trade Zones adopted by the OECD Council reflected that some enterprises may take advantage of inadequate regulation and the lack of transparency in free trade zones to engage in illicit trade.WCO Research Paper No.47 in 2019 indicated th

84、at seizures related to free zones represented a cross-regional trend.The types of illicit trade in free zones are diverse and include tax fraud,drug trafficking,intellectual property violations,origin fraud,arms trafficking,money laundering,and antiquities smuggling.In certain free zones,lawbreakers

85、 have been found to misuse their qualifications and facilities to enter and exit the zones,abusing tax exemption policies for personal gain.In cases where lawbreakers congregate,it becomes easier for them to form organized criminal groups with a collective nature to engage in illegal activities.They

86、 exploit the access qualifications and convenience of others to organize illegal elements and seek unlawful gains,ultimately undermining the economic development of the free zones.Insufficient Customs Authorization in Free Zones Establishment and Operation In the process of establishing and operatin

87、g free zones,several issues may arise,including inadequate customs participation and insufficient authorization of management powers.On one hand,since the creation of free zones is an economic incentive policy,it is typically led by the ministries or regional authorities responsible for economic or

88、industrial development within the economies.During the initial stages of establishing free zones,customs may have limited involvement,and compliance aspects of companies operating within free zones may not be thoroughly considered.On the other hand,the regulatory authority of customs in free zones v

89、aries among different economies based on the duties assigned by administrative departments.According to research conducted by various 13 international organizations and commercial institutions,there is a lack of authorization for the supervisory authority of customs in some free zones.For instance,t

90、he Free Zone Practice Guide issued by the WCO in December 2020 reveals that some customs authorities have very limited authority to conduct inspections and investigations within free zones.Customs can only enter free zones and business premises when specific evidence of illicit trade exists.Consider

91、ing the differences in legislation and customs jurisdiction delegated to free zones in APEC economies,the types and functions of free zones vary,including general,special,and mixed zones.Additionally,the duties and scope of customs jurisdiction diversify due to different legislative principles and s

92、pecific legal terms.Currently,research indicates a lack of comprehensive data and in-depth research on the legislation and authorization of customs jurisdiction in free zones.Insufficient Data Integration and Utilization for Customs Oversight of Free Zones When free zones are administered by authori

93、ties other than customs,customs typically have limited access to cargo data management systems operated by free zone management institutions.In the operation of free zones,the negative impacts of limited customs access to free zones can be exacerbated by insufficient possession and utilization of da

94、ta by customs,leading to weakened risk management capabilities.For instance,in certain free zones,traders are required to submit data on the movement of goods to the free zone operator or management agency,rather than to customs directly.However,customs authorities may have limited access to these c

95、argo data management systems,hindering their ability to track the movement of goods,manage inventories,and monitor enterprise operations within free zones.The lack of data integration affects customs risk management and evidence collection related to illicit trade within free 14 zones,limiting custo

96、ms ability to conduct inspections of relevant goods within the free zones.Additionally,surveys have indicated that in some small free zones,there may still be a reliance on paper-based customs declarations.3.3 APEC economies Free Zones/Free Trade Ports and customs smart control and services On the b

97、asis of preliminary data collection,the project team focused on the actual situation of customs smart control and services in the free zone/free trade port within the APEC economies.A survey questionnaire was designed and distributed to the customs authorities of 21 APEC economies,and 13 responses w

98、ere received.The following summarizes the survey questionnaire results.3.3.1 APEC economies Free Zones/Free Trade Ports and Customs control and Services 3.3.1.1 Overview of the APEC economies Free Zones/Free Trade Ports Among the 13 responding economies,10 have established free zones,accounting for

99、77%(see Figures 1 and 2).Figure 1:establishment of free zones in 13 APEC member economies(%)77%23%EstablishedNot established 15 Figure 2:number of free zones established in 13 APEC economies Responding APEC economies have different names for their free zones,such as free trade zone,free economic zon

100、e,authorized strategic fiscal precinct,etc.There are questions that call for an answer,such as to what extent can areas with different territorial definitions be seen as free zones,which will indicate that there are no internationally recognized definition and standards introduced by international o

101、rganizations(such as WCO)about free zones and there is no international consensus on the basic functions of free zones.As a result,the development of free zones and free trade ports in APEC economies exhibits local characteristics.3.3.1.2 The development of free trade ports in APEC economies Among t

102、he 13 responding economies,10 said that they have free zones,but only 5 out of the 10 have both free zones and free trade ports(50%),as shown in Figure 3.It is thus fair to say that there is possibly a preliminary consensus among APEC economies,highlighting significant differences between the two.Th

103、is lays a solid foundation for achieving a conceptual consensus within APEC regarding free zones and free trade 16671048044904017140050100150200ThailandChinese TaipeiSingaporePeruMexicoMalaysiaThe Republic of KoreaJapanIndonesiaHong Kong,ChinaChinaChileAustraliaNumber of Free Zones 16 ports.Figure 3

104、:11 Development of free trade ports in 10 APEC economies(%)3.3.1.3 Availability of Consultation Channels for Customs smart control and Services in APEC Economies Among the 13 responding economies,most customs authorities have established one or more information consultation channels,such as service

105、hotlines,consultation centers,official website email addresses,and chatbot,to address the needs of businesses and the public(77%),as shown in Figure 4.This indicates that the majority of APEC economies customs authorities recognize that customs smart control and services should be carried out throug

106、h e-government efforts to ensure information transparency,in line with the requirements of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement.This is a crucial prerequisite for advancing the development of free zones and free trade ports.50%50%free zones and free trade ports have been establishedonly free zones h

107、ave been established 17 Figure 4:Availability of consultation channels for customs smart control and services in 13 APEC economies(%)3.3.1.4 Status of Customs Information Management System Development and Usage in free zones of APEC Economies Among the 10 APEC economies with free zones,customs autho

108、rities from five economies,including Chile;China;Indonesia;Chinese Taipei;and Thailand,have established specialized management information systems for free zones(50%).The other customs authorities in APEC economies(50%)have not set up specialized management information systems for free zones,as show

109、n in Figure 5.This indicates that some customs authorities strengthen smart control and services through the means of establishing dedicated systems to ensure targeted service through information technology.Meanwhile,the customs authorities in the other economies either establish separate modules wi

110、thin their customs clearance systems for free zones or share the same system with regular import and export trade,and further research is needed for data collection and analysis.This situation reflects varying levels of technology application for customs control and services within free zones and fr

111、ee trade ports due to differences in economic development,regional functions,and positioning,providing feasible directions for future capacity building and assistance 77%23%Counseling channels are availableCounseling channels are unavailable 18 within the APEC framework.Figure 5:Development and usag

112、e of customs management information systems in free zones in 10 APEC economies(%)3.3.1.5 Data Exchange in Customs Information Management Systems in Free Zones of APEC Economies Among the 10 APEC economies with free zones,six economy customs departments(60%)engage in data exchange between their custo

113、ms management information systems and third-party systems,as shown in Figure 6.Data exchange between systems mainly includes two categories:exchange with other government departments,such as customs departments and port management departments in free zones,and exchange with businesses,such as compan

114、ies submitting declaration data via a single window,and customs providing results through a single window.Economies that engage in data exchange achieve data sharing related to customs management in free zones,enhancing the level of customs smart control and services.From another perspective,data ex

115、change may not be a universal practice or a mandatory choice.If third parties do not require system data exchange for customs management and services in free zones or if there are difficulties in exchanging data between 50%50%Dedicated system equipedDedicated system lacked 19 different systems,suita

116、ble methods for data exchange can be selected based on local conditions.Figure 6:Data exchange between customs management information systems in free zones and third-party systems in 10 APEC economies(%)3.3.2 Application of traditional and disruptive technologies in customs scenarios 3.3.2.1 The app

117、lying practice of traditional technologies in customs scenarios Regarding the procedures of FZs logistics,the customs authorities of APEC economies have generally applied traditional technologies when goods are transported into FZs,out of FZs for export,out of FZs for domestic consumption.The majori

118、ty of the customs authorities have applied traditional technologies especially when goods are transported out of FZs for domestic consumption.Regarding the practical application,video surveillance is the most-used technology,followed by non-intrusive inspection scanners,and then the body-worn camera

119、s and others.Video surveillance is mainly applied in the entry&exit procedure.The Australian Border Force(ABF)is equipped with closed circuit television(CCTV)in airports to monitor all port activities.The securing 60%40%Third-party data exchange completedThird-party data exchange lacked 20 and surve

120、illing of the Australian border included 14,700 aerial surveillance hours in 202122.Moreover,the use of SmartGates effectively enabled the processing of outwards travelers to return to normal business practices which reduced processing times by 5.4 seconds in 20212022.The Canada Border Services Agen

121、cy(CBSA)has announced the completion of essential infrastructure upgrades at the Ferry Point Bridge port of entry,in St.Stephen,New Brunswick.The upgraded primary inspection lanes with modern booths have been integrated with CCTV,allowing for safer and more efficient processing by CBSA officers,impr

122、oving the flow of traffic while providing a safe and smooth border experience for travelers seeking entry into Canada.The Korea Customs Service(KCS)has applied networked CCTV surveillance cameras at the immigration control site,and also carried out real-time verification of the control site by zoomi

123、ng in and out on the CCTV.In the parcel control site,CCTV surveillance cameras are applied along the streamline of parcel carousel to achieve real-time process in tracking,recording and monitoring.The Philippines Bureau of Customs(BOC)has issued body-worn cameras to the officers to ensure transparen

124、cy in the process of inspection.Moreover,BOC has installed CCTV to its office areas to secure all seized smuggled goods 24/7.Chinese Taipei Customs has stipulated that the warehouse gates,import warehouses,export warehouses,transit warehouses,sea-air or air-sea transit containers stripping areas,exp

125、ress consignments handling units,warehouses for cargo examined and released alongside an aircraft,exclusive sections for valuable goods,and warehouses for detained goods and other locations deemed necessary by Customs,shall be installed with surveillance cameras with capabilities of 24-hour non-stop

126、 video recording,dynamic vision sensing,playback and optical disc backup,and at least 30-21 day video storage.The surveillance video shall be accessed by Customs officers from Customs offices or designated places for monitoring and reviewing instantly.Warehouse operators shall extend the video stora

127、ge of surveillance cameras to at least 90 days when the Customs deems it necessary.The Thai Customs Department has developed a practical framework for the detection of goods utilizing X-Ray,CCTV,Vehicle Information System(VIS),and License Plate Recognition System(LPRs)as a guideline for future custo

128、ms procedures.The CCTV Center can monitor all major airports,seaports and land border posts nationwide with more than 2,000 of cameras.The Customs Department has upgraded the CCTV system for its agencies from an analog system to an IP Network Camera.The Customs Department has supplied a high-speed n

129、etwork system for CCTV connection from all agencies.Non-intrusive inspection scanners is mainly applied in customs inspection.The Australian Border Force(ABF)has initiated different types of inspection methods through X-ray(static or mobile),trace particle detection,canine teams,etc.to assist physic

130、al examination of cargo.China Customs is equipped with H986 large container X-ray scanning inspection equipment and CT inspection equipment,which realizes the application and coverage of non-intrusive inspection.According to the automatic analysis and identification of scanning images in accordance

131、with goods and modes of transport,the inspection system can automatically display warnings to customs officers and carry out manual review and analysis request or physical inspection as results.Customs and Excise Department of Hong Kong,China(C&ED)uses a variety of advanced inspection equipment to f

132、acilitate the clearance efficiency.The CT scanners,X-ray checkers and handheld X-ray imagers 22 provide the X-ray images of baggage and cargoes for Customs officers to determine whether an in-depth examination is required.Korea Customs Service(KCS)uses X-ray scanners to implement multi-angle synchro

133、nous non-intrusive inspection of containers and vehicles,and uses X-ray scanners for luggage and postal parcels.KCS also adopted the barcode scanning technology in collecting and reading data integrated with the parcel information to the inspection system.Royal Malaysian Customs(KDRM)has equipped th

134、e SmartCargo with a new scanner that enables the detection with the help of radiation monitors integrated into the scanner.When the container is undergoing radiation detection,the customs image inspector can review the declaration status and the scanning image simultaneously.Singapore Customs has es

135、tablished inspection process for export goods at five locations Pasir Panjang Export Inspection Station(PPEIS),Brani Export Inspection Station(BEIS),Tuas Export Inspection Station(TEIS)and at the various air cargo terminals within the Changi Airfreight Centre(CAC),and the Airport Logistics Park of S

136、ingapore(ALPS).The sea export inspection stations are equipped with high-tech vehicular X-ray technology and passive radiation portal monitors,making efficient and accurate non-intrusive checks of containers possible.There are currently three sea export inspection stations and one air export office

137、in Singapore.PPEIS,which opened in 2013,is Singapore Customs first inspection station to identify and target high-risk export containers for X-ray scanning and inspection.BEIS,the second inspection station,commenced operations in 2015.It is equipped with the technology that makes efficient and accur

138、ate non-intrusive checks of containers possible.The latest addition,TEIS,started operations in late 2021,and features new scanning capabilities to enhance existing container scanning operations.Chinese Taipei Customs has been devoted to modernizing preventive 23 equipment and practices such as X-ray

139、 instruments complemented by detector dogs,so as to effectively locate high-risk cargoes and passengers while speeding up clearance for legitimate passengers and cargoes.The Thai Customs Department has modified the work procedures by implementing a container inspection system using an X-ray machine

140、rather than physical examination by officers to facilitate business operators and improve the container customs clearance service in accordance with international standards.For X-ray container inspection system,there are different types of scanners currently operated;4 fixed type,3 drive-through typ

141、e,1 railway type,10 relocatable,12 container mobile type,2 parcel mobile type,and also scanners attached to the conveyor belts insider passenger terminal of Suvarnabhumi Airport.During fiscal year 2022,the Thai Customs Department provided 15 Handheld X-ray machines to internal customs agencies in or

142、der to increase the efficiency of goods package parcels,as well as for the inspection of vehicles transiting the border in the event of concealed goods such as door,control panels,inside tires,or inside fuel tanks.Viet Nam Customs,the Ho Chi Minh City Customs uses X-ray scanners to implement non-int

143、rusive inspection of containerized goods and vehicles,combined with computer gray imaging display to analyse the shape,volume,quantity and location of goods,effectively improving the efficiency of inspection.Paperless Information System is mainly applied in electronic data transmission.Customs and E

144、xcise Department of Hong Kong,China(C&ED)uses the Road Cargo System(ROCARS)that requires submission of relevant data through the system prior to shipment.In conjunction with radio frequency identification(RFID),the system is also used to identify cross-border trucks,reducing processing time at land

145、border checkpoints 24 to about 20 seconds.The Air Cargo Clearance System is also employed to facilitate the transfer of cargo information and Customs clearance instructions between C&ED and air cargo operators.Korea Customs Service(KCS)has operated an electronic customs clearance system UNI-PASS.Wit

146、h real-time sharing of trade documents,the clearance services are implemented through declaration selection&audit,B/L issuance,manifest submission&audit,inland transport,trade document issuance,transport information,etc.Royal Malaysian Customs(KDRM)has combined statistics with information and commun

147、ication technology(ICT)and applied in the supply chain of goods and service by online e-service system.Customs statistics including e-payment,e-manifest and e-declare have been integrated into paperless information system.Chinese Taipei Customs has established Bonded Intelligence Service Platform an

148、d Electronic Book-Keeping Management System for auditing bonded business entities and free-trade-zone enterprises efficiently.Moreover,the above-mentioned platform and system enable paperless customs procedures so as to facilitate the clearance process and have positive impact on the green customs.T

149、he Thai Customs Department uses Thai Customs Electronic System(TCES)to operate clearance system which also equipped with the Single Window interconnected with other relevant agencies.Traders can submit information such as manifest data(e-Manifest),import declaration(e-Import),export declaration(e-Ex

150、port),and make a payment of duties and other taxes online(e-Payment)as well as keep tracks of their shipments via e-Tracking platform.Electronic seal(e-seal)is mainly applied in collaboration and facilitation of cross-border control.Customs and Excise Department of Hong Kong,China(C&ED)has 25 launch

151、ed the Single E-lock Scheme(SELS)jointly with China Customs.To further facilitate the transhipment of goods under the SELS,only one mutually recognized electronic lock(e-lock)is used to interconnect the SELS with China Customs Speedy Customs Clearance System.The transshipment cargoes are monitored a

152、ccording to the principle of“across the boundary with one single e-lock under separate monitoring”.The green light on the e-lock serves as a mutual reference for minimizing duplicated inspection on the same shipment.Indonesia Customs has conducted customs control over containers transferred by using

153、 e-seals to lock containers while simultaneously monitoring containers GPS signals in the customs offices.Chinese Taipei Customs has applied electronic seals to supervise the movement of unreleased high-risk containers in the local tax area.The supervision includes the movement of import containers

154、from the port area to the warehouse,the movement of re-export containers between two different controlled ports,and the movement of export containers from the warehouse to the port.It has become the best tool to replace manual escort,improve supervision safety,and save customs manpower.The Thai Cust

155、oms Department launched a pilot project in 2006 to facilitate movement of Customs bonded goods among the free trade zones located around Bangkok using RFID technology.Phase 1 of the project provided electronic cargo tracking and surveillance between the free trade zones,namely Nava Nakorn Industrial

156、 Estate,Hi-Tech Industrial Estate and Bang Pa-in Industrial Estate.Phase 2 linked the Suvarnabhumi International Airport with Hi-Tech Industrial Estate.Phase 3 will track cross-border movement of goods between Malaysia and Thailand.From 2016,The Thai Customs Department has launched a tracking system

157、 combining RFID and GPS technology into one seal called e-Lock.26 3.3.2.2 Application of disruptive technologies in customs scenarios Blockchain and distributed ledger technology:mainly used for trade data exchange.A blockchain PoC was conducted under the auspices of the Australia-Singapore Digital

158、Economy Agreement to achieve document interoperability for cross-border paperless trade,allowing for the issuance and verification of Certificates of Origin.LACChain is a global public-private alliance supported by the IDB(InterAmerican Development Bank Group)Lab to promote integration and economic

159、and social development among Chile;Colombia;Mexico;and Peru by providing the infrastructure to develop interoperable blockchain applications in Latin American and the Caribbean.China Customs and Singapore Customs have signed a Memorandum of Understanding(MOU)to establish a Single Window Interconnect

160、ion Blockchain Consortium using the decentralised blockchain model.The first use-case of the blockchain is the Track&Trace service which is made possible through the exchange of port-to-port customs clearance and logistics status information for containerised trade between Singapore and China.Korean

161、 Customs Service7 has achieved a new upgrade of the electronic customs clearance system UNI-PASS through the introduction of blockchain technology.After the upgrade of blockchain,80%of the more than 60 types of import and export paper documents can be digitized.The new system also connects enterpris

162、es,individuals,institutions,and organizations on the international trade chain,achieving automated business based on smart contracts.With the support of blockchain,electronic trade has expanded from exports to imports,and trade related 7 https:/www.customs.go.kr/english/na/ntt/selectNttList.do?mi=80

163、25&bbsId=1746 27 certificates of origin have also achieved electronic certificate data exchange.A pilot project for AEOs in Malaysia is in a preliminary study phase.The new blockchain service will ensure a high level of system compliance while increasing efficiency in the supply chains of companies

164、under the AEO programme,making them more competitive.The Thai Customs Department8 was the second government agency in ASEAN to adopt a blockchain-based shipment tracking and information sharing platform to streamline procedures in 2019.The department has been working with IBM Thailand and logistics

165、provider Maersk on the adoption of the platform,called TradeLens,which will support the Thailand 4.0 policy.Among Thai Tax Departments;Revenue Department,Excise Department,and Customs Department,there has been a plan to develop e-Receipt system using Blockchain technology.Meetings were held since 20

166、20.The US Customs and Border Protection(CBP)conducted a PoC in September 2018 on the application of blockchain technology in the submission process for entry summary declarations under the Central America Free Trade Agreement(CAFTA)and trade with Canada and Mexico.Internet of Things:mainly used for

167、customs seal tracking and positioning,declaration information identification and comparison,payments of customs duties and other types of taxes,data collection and customs clearance efficiency improvement.For seal tracking and positioning:Since 2016,the Single E-lock Scheme(SELS)has connected the 8

168、https:/ https:/ Speedy Customs Clearance System of China Customs with the Intermodal Transshipment Facilitation Scheme of Customs and Excise Department of Hong Kong,China(C&ED).The single e-lock and GPS technologies accredited by both sides are used for real-time monitoring of the movement of goods.

169、For identifying and comparing declaration information:In Malaysia,SmartCargo uses new cargo scanners,integrated with a radiation portal monitor and AI and optical character recognition technology,all linked to the Customs system.The license plate and container number are run against stored Customs d

170、eclarations.For payments of customs duties and other types of taxes:The Thai Customs Department has adopted the domestic e-Payment policy to implement the“Bill Payment”platform which allows traders to make their payments of customs duties,excise taxes,Value Added Tax(VAT)and other types of taxes col

171、lected by Customs Department through various channels.Payment can be done by using a Customs document,such as the Import Declaration or payment form with QR code,barcode,or reference number appearing on the document,and pay through a bank,internet banking,ATM,or other form of bank payment service,or

172、 pay via official counter service at major convenient stores.For data collection and improving clearance efficiency:The US CBP is exploring the use of IoT to manage its extensive network of sensors.The objective is to improve domain awareness and to make the data available to a wider audience within

173、 CBP by using an IoT gateway.CBP is also looking at IoT to help to modernize the experience of cargo processing at the border,reduce time spent on inspections and increase the speed of passage.Big data,data analysis,artificial intelligence(AI),and machine 29 learning(ML):mainly used to combat illega

174、l and criminal activities,conduct customs control and services,and carry out cutting-edge innovation exploration.For carrying out cutting-edge innovation exploration:Korean Customs Service uses AI to upgrade X-ray scanning inspection.After X-ray scanning,AI will be added to detect and form scanned i

175、mages.During the scanning and inspection process,AI will be used to detect and label goods containing threats or prohibited goods in real time.KCS also combines AI with ML,providing feedback and learning on the results judged by AI through a result feedback mechanism.During the scanning process,the

176、goods subject to security checks are automatically compared with HS product codes,and real-time alarm prompts are provided through human-computer interaction for goods or items that do not match the declaration.The US CBP established the AI Center of Innovation(COI)in late 2020 to act as the catalys

177、t to create the enterprise processes,tools,and infrastructure needed to rapidly develop,test and deploy new AI solutions.For combating illegal and criminal activities:Customs and Excise Department of Hong Kong,China(C&ED)has introduced the“Intellectual Property Rights(IPR)Big Data Analytics System”f

178、or combating IPR crimes in 2017 and been working to expand the system to cover other customs-related offences,such as trafficking in dangerous drugs,sale of illicit cigarettes,and illegal import and export of endangered species,with a view to developing the Customs Crime Analytics System which appli

179、es artificial intelligence(AI),big data analytics and predictive analytics with a view to unveiling hidden trends,patterns,relations and anomalies on various customs-related offences.Chinese Taipei Customs has applied the AI image recognition system to assist customs officers in identifying contraba

180、nd in X-ray inspection 30 with Big Data to improve the efficiency of inspection and maintain convenient customs clearance.The current phase of the system focuses on the identification of contraband such as drugs.Biometrics:mainly used for visa processing and identity information recognition.The Aust

181、ralian Border Force(ABF)uses biometric identification services in visa and border processing.The ABF also uses SmartGates,which perform an automatic face-to-passport check of the traveler at the Border.As part of a broader programme in response to delivering a bio-secure border,the Digital Passenger

182、 Declaration(DPD)will be replacing the existing Incoming Passenger Card.In addition to the disruptive technologies mentioned above,drones are mainly used to monitor illegal and criminal activities and carry out ship water gauge measurements.Virtual,augmented,and mixed reality have potential applicat

183、ions in cargo inspection,intellectual property protection,and training officers.The impact of 3D printing needs further observation and analysis,and the main controversy lies in whether customs still participate in the control of the virtual supply chain involved in 3D printing according to current

184、laws and regulations.3.3.3 APEC Economy Free Zone/Free Trade Port Customs Traditional and Disruptive Technology Application 3.3.3.1 Overall Statistics of Customs Technology Application in Free Zones/Free Trade Ports Traditional technology:Among the 10 economies with free zones,all economy customs em

185、ploy one or more traditional technologies in their smart control and services within their free zones.Notably,the two most commonly used traditional technologies are video surveillance(70%)and non-intrusive inspection scanners(70%),highlighting the widespread adoption and effectiveness of these two

186、technologies(Figure7).31 Furthermore,some economy customs utilize portable law enforcement recorders,working dogs,sampling equipment,and other technologies within the free zone context.It is evident that traditional technologies form a crucial foundation for customs smart control and services in fre

187、e zones.In the realm of disruptive technology,there is no notion of one size fits all.Economic customs may concurrently deploy both types of technologies.Moreover,data obtained through traditional technology can serve as a source of information for the deployment of disruptive technology,and the two

188、 can complement each other.Figure 7:Traditional Technology Usage of 10 APEC Economies Note:This title is multiple choice,and the total number of answers is 19.Disruptive technologies:Out of the 10 economies with free zones,a total of five economies(50%)have utilized one or more disruptive technologi

189、es in their smart control and services within their free zones(Figure 8).Among these,all five economies customs have adopted big 327702468OthersBody-worn camerasVideo surveillanceNon-intrusive inspectionscannersTraditional technologies 32 data,data analysis,artificial intelligence,and machine learni

190、ng technologies,demonstrating a high adoption rate.This reflects the shift in the focus of customs control and services from merely concentrating on the physical flow of goods to balancing the flow of both physical goods and data within the context of free zones.The collection,analysis,and utilizati

191、on of data have become a common approach to enhance the level of smart control and services provided by customs within free zones.Additionally,disruptive technologies such as the Internet of Things and drones have also found applications in the smart control and services processes of customs within

192、these areas(Figure 9).Figure 8:Disruptive Technology Usage in 10 APEC Economies Free Zones and Free Trade Ports(%)50%50%already appliednot applied 33 Figure 9:Use of disruptive technologies in customs free zones and free trade ports in five APEC economies.Note:This title is multiple choice,and the t

193、otal number of answers is 11.Overall,APEC Economies Customs have undertaken practical explorations in the realm of smart customs control and services within free zones.This includes the utilization of traditional technologies such as CCTV and non-intrusive inspection scanners.The deployment of disru

194、ptive technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning reflects the multifaceted approaches,diverse technologies,and varied practices within the domain of smart customs control and services.This experience holds significant value for case research and knowledge sharing.3.3.3.2 Current

195、status of Customs Technology Application in Free Zones/Free Trade Ports A total of 10 economies customs have responded to this,as shown below.Chilean Customs:Currently,none of the seven major disruptive 100115300123456Other3D printingVirtual,augmented andmixed realityDronesBiometricsBig data,data an

196、alytics,artificial intelligenceInternet of Things(IoT)Blockchain(distributedledger technology)Disruptive technologies 34 technologies have been used,and only non-intrusive technologies are occasionally employed for cargo inspection,as extreme risks are concentrated at land borders.China Customs:Disr

197、uptive technologies,including the Internet of Things,big data,data analysis,artificial intelligence,machine learning,and drones,have been used.Traditional technologies such as video surveillance,portable law enforcement recorders,and non-intrusive inspection scanners are also used.These technologies

198、 are applied to the transportation of goods into the free zone,export from the free zone,transfer from the free zone to the domestic market for consumption,and trading and circulation within the free zone.Indonesian Customs:Disruptive technologies,including big data,data analysis,artificial intellig

199、ence,and machine learning(data analysis methods are being developed),have been used.Traditional technologies like video surveillance are also in use.Specifically,data analysis techniques are applied when goods enter the area,and data analysis and video surveillance technology are used when goods are

200、 exported for domestic sales.Korean Customs Service:Currently,disruptive technologies have not been used,and traditional technologies such as non-intrusive inspection and scanning equipment and video surveillance have been employed for goods exported for domestic sales.Malaysian Customs:Currently,no

201、 disruptive technology has been employed,and traditional technology,including video surveillance and non-intrusive inspection scanners,is used for goods entering and exiting the economy for domestic sales.Mexican Customs:Disruptive technologies,including the Internet of Things,big data,data analysis

202、,artificial intelligence,machine learning,biometrics,and mobile devices,have been used.Traditional 35 technologies like video surveillance,non-intrusive inspection scanners,canine team,and sampling equipment have been applied to the export of goods for domestic sales.Peru Customs:Currently,no disrup

203、tive technology has been utilized;in terms of traditional technology,designated officers have implemented real-goods inspection models,and information on goods entering the area,exports,and exported areas of the region can be analyzed.Singapore Customs:Disruptive technologies,including big data,data

204、 analysis,artificial intelligence,and machine learning,have been utilized.Traditional technologies like non-intrusive inspection scanners and law enforcement recorders are also in use.These technologies are applied to the import,export and transshipment of goods,wherever necessary.Chinese Taipei Cus

205、toms:Disruptive technologies,including the Internet of Things(Free Trade Zone Goods Cross Regional Transport Tracking and Monitoring System),big data,data analysis,artificial intelligence,and machine learning,have been used.Traditional technologies like video surveillance and non-intrusive inspectio

206、n scanners are also used.These technologies have different applications in the process of goods entering the area,goods leaving the area for export,goods leaving the area for domestic sales,and sales and circulation within the goods area.Thai Customs Department:Currently,seven disruptive technologie

207、s are not being used exclusively for free zones.Traditional technologies are,on the contrary,widely used and adopted by free zone operators as it is a compulsory to properly installed CCTV system.For commercial free zones,the free zone operators have to ensure that any goods being stored inside thei

208、r premise are under CCTV coverage and screenshots must be taken periodically.And these screenshots should also be matched with cargo management system where Customs officer can 36 remotely access and monitor.High-risk goods,such as alcohol and tobacco,need to have more frequent records of CCTV foota

209、ge than others.Moreover,technical specifications of CCTV cameras and its system including network apparatus should also be matched with the minimum requirement announced by the Thai Customs Department.3.3.3.3 Typical cases of Customs Technology Application in Free Zones/Free Trade Ports China Custom

210、s:They are accelerating the construction of smart customs within free zones and free trade ports.China Customs is accelerating the construction of smart customs.They are building a smart customs for Hainan Free Trade Port,targeting the control of duty-free goods on offshore islands of Hainan Free Tr

211、ade Port.They are fully utilizing new technologies such as big data and blockchain,equipped with advanced customs control facilities and equipment,and improving the efficiency of duty-free control on offshore islands of Hainan Free Trade Port.The Yangshan Special Comprehensive Bonded Zone implements

212、 a new customs control system with the core of first-line clearance,second-line unilateral declaration and no separate customs account books established within the zone.Shenzhen Customs District implements the control model of implementing online control based on docking enterprise ERP/WMS data,impl

213、ements adaptive and collaborative control,further optimizes bonded control in special customs control areas,and improves the digital and smart level of customs control.Customs and Excise Department of Hong Kong,China(C&ED):In addition to a 24-hour general enquiry hotline and email service,Hong Kong

214、Customs and Excise has been developing the Smart Customs Interactive Response System to enhance the overall efficiency and service level of handling public enquiries.The system includes a virtual ambassador to help passengers search information at control points,37 and an online chatbot to answer pu

215、blic enquiries on Customs Homepage.C&ED has formulated the Smart Customs Blueprint to steer the development of Smart Customs on various fronts of C&EDs work.Indonesian Customs:They have a National Logistics Ecosystem(NLE)for Goods Management and Information Exchange.To support the smooth operation o

216、f customs business processes at KPBPB,an electronic-based service and control mechanism is implemented using an information system called the Customs and Excise Information Systems Automation Free Trade Zone(CEISAFTZ).To improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the supply chain,KPBPB also impleme

217、nts the NLE,which includes the implementation of autogate and Single Submission(SSm)mechanisms.Mexican Customs:They conduct risk management based on big data for customs declaration documents.Users transmit and pay the customs declaration.Afterward,they carry out a Notice of crossing incorporating t

218、he customs declarations that will be included in the means of transport,with the system automatically performing a risk analysis based on big data and selecting the Notices of crossing that will be subject to customs control.When the control is carried out,RFID,non-intrusive technologies,sampling,et

219、c.,are used,according to the type of merchandise.Singapore Customs:Goods inspections are conducted using a risk-based approach supported by data analysis.Certain goods that enter the free trade zones in Singapore require permits to be taken up by traders.The data declared by traders in the permits i

220、s submitted to the Single Window,TradeNet,and data analysis is conducted on the data received to enable Singapore Customs to adopt a risk-based approach to target high-risk shipments for checks while ensuring smooth trade.Thai Customs Department:They widely use technologies such as CCTV and e-seals

221、to monitor the flow of goods.In the process of free 38 zone control and services,Thai customs electronic system confirms the import and export transfer of goods in the customs free zones by linking the goods confirmation report.A closed-circuit television monitoring system(CCTV)is used in both the e

222、ntry and exit areas,as well as internal circulation-related procedures(checkpoints).They deploy an electronic tracking system during the transportation of goods,in conjunction with applications such as electronic locks,radio frequency identification,and the global positioning system(GPS),to establis

223、h a monitoring and command center for real-time monitoring of the transportation and flow of goods.Thai customs conducts risk management based on enterprise inventory control system data,financial credit status,compliance with laws and regulations,and more.9 3.3.4 Challenges faced by customs traditi

224、onal and disruptive technologies applications within the APEC free zones/free trade ports Among the 10 economies with free zones,all economy customs face one or more challenges in the background of smart control and services in their free zones and during the process of deploying new technologies.Am

225、ong these challenges,the most significant obstacle faced by the economies is resource restrictions(90%),encompassing various resources,including capital investment and transformation costs,which impose significant limitations(Figure 10).It can be seen that enhancing the smart control and service cap

226、abilities of customs in the free zone and garnering support from various stakeholders,including funds,politics,technology,and talent,is of paramount significance.Additionally,the utilization of standardized data sets,practical conditions,and information sharing can also contribute to addressing the

227、problem to some extent.9 https:/www.wcoomd.org/-/media/wco/public/global/pdf/events/2019/picard/free-zone_how-to-balance-between-trade-facilitation-and-customs-17_10_19.pdf?la=en 39 Figure 10:10 APEC economy technology application is facing challenges Note:This title is multiple choice,and the total

228、 number of answers is 28.The relevant challenges are summarized as follows:3.3.4.1 Challenges in the Application of Traditional Technology First,due to the rapid development of the scientific and technological revolution and industrial reform,advanced management and leapfrog development concepts hav

229、e raised higher demands for traditional technologies.While traditional technologies are widely used,emerging smuggling methods and technologies have become more concealed and complex.Traditional technology may face challenges in integrating new technologies and addressing novel threats.Secondly,besi

230、des traditional cross-border trade methods,the significant growth of service trade and digital trade at the customs service trade level has heightened expectations for the advancement of customs regulatory authorities in traditional technologies.0242312590246810OtherResistance to changeLack of infor

231、mation sharingLack of the relevant practicesLack of attractiveness orrecognition for theLack of governmentsstrategic planningLack of professionalknowledgeLack of standardized datasetsused by economicResource constraintsChallenges Faced 40 3.3.4.2 Challenges in the Application of Disruptive Technolog

232、ies First,the use of disruptive technologies relies on the development of supporting infrastructure.This includes the need for professional technical talent,capital investment,technology introduction,and technology localization.The application and promotion of disruptive technologies are constrained

233、 by the availability of local technical talent and the pace of educational processes.Second,there are objective differences in the level of disruptive technology adoption.These differences exist not only between customs in APEC economies but also between different types of disruptive technologies in

234、 the implementation process.This disparity may further exacerbate imbalances and disparities between regions and application fields.Third,the maturity and stability of disruptive technologies lack comprehensive and reliable verification,especially when dealing with non-structural or non-standardized

235、 tasks.Smart technologies face credibility challenges in such cases.Fourth,disruptive technologies are primarily aimed at improving efficiency,which can,to some extent,challenge labor rights.The use of disruptive technologies may lead to the displacement of certain job positions,particularly in area

236、s with high levels of disruptive technology utilization.Fifth,the application of disruptive technologies may impact existing or traditional responsibility rules and regulations.This anticipated impact will primarily affect legislation and law enforcement.The application of disruptive technologies re

237、quires improvements in legislation as the foundation of the legal framework and necessitates addressing legal liability issues in law enforcement.Disruptive technologies may introduce various legal risks in different application scenarios.41 Among the 10 economies with free zones,all customs authori

238、ties believe that several measures can be adopted to enhance the application of disruptive technology in the future.Among these measures,customs authorities consider the effective training of officers(80%)and the establishment of specialized information platforms(70%)as the most two beneficial for t

239、he deployment of disruptive technology(Figure 11).This indicates that customs authorities have a strong demand for information platforms and big data analysis concerning disruptive technology deployment.At the technology usage level,customs authorities also emphasize the importance of customs office

240、rs proficiency in and use of disruptive technologies,reflecting their unanimous recognition that technology should be accessible and usable by customs.Figure 11:10 APEC Economy Technologys Solution selection of Disruptive Technology Deployment(Note:This title is multiple choice,the total number of a

241、nswers options is 28)Most Economies Customs Show Interest in Applying Innovative Technology Solutions.The customs authorities of most economies express interest in the application of innovative technology solutions.Some of 258670246810OtherSet up a pilot project onsmart cooperationTrain customs offi

242、cerson smart operationDevelop a coordinatedcustoms processEstablish a specializedinformation platformSolution selection 42 these economies have existing plans and deployments that align with the general objectives of improving smart control and services within free zones.This presents new opportunit

243、ies for economic customs.APEC and Regional Development Guidance.From the perspective of APEC,development guidance can be considered at the regional level to provide overarching direction and support.Economy-Level Perspective and Experience Sharing.At the economy level,there are already pilot economi

244、es that can actively share their local experiences and contribute to the enhancement of the level of smart control and services in the region.4.Conclusion and Way Forward 4.1 Conclusion This report aims to enhance smart customs control and services to promote the high-quality development of free zon

245、es and free trade ports.The research data were collected through questionnaires distributed to customs authorities in various APEC economies,providing a comprehensive overview of the current status of free zone and free trade port development within these economies.Firstly,the project team conducted

246、 data compilation and survey questionnaires to conduct a thorough analysis of the evolving landscape that customs authorities are facing in the current era of digital transformation.The objective of this report is to foster the implementation of smart customs technologies,improve trade facilitation

247、and connectivity among APEC economies,promote the high-quality development of free zones and free trade ports,continuously enhance the business environment,and drive APEC member economies towards regional economic recovery in the post-pandemic era.Secondly,based on the survey responses collected in

248、this report from 43 customs authorities across APEC economies,it is evident that customs face challenges in the current landscape of free zone and free trade port development.These challenges include low adoption rates and difficulties in collecting information and data related to disruptive technol

249、ogy control.However,feedback from most APEC economies indicates that the application of smart technologies has significantly improved customs control efficiency.Customs authorities are increasingly investing in the application of smart technologies to address both traditional and non-traditional iss

250、ues and challenges,thereby promoting the stability and enhancement of customs control quality.Moreover,customs authorities have responded to the challenges of the new era by embracing smart technologies,leading to the development of control and service approaches with regional characteristics.Thirdl

251、y,currently,most APEC economy customs authorities have integrated smart technologies into their customs clearance and control processes,encompassing both traditional and disruptive technologies.Through practical case studies,some APEC economy customs authorities have achieved significant results by

252、implementing disruptive technologies.Finally,based on case research and analysis,it can be concluded that some customs authorities in APEC economies are still in the early stages of exploring and piloting innovative technologies.These customs authorities need to put more effort into enhancing smart

253、control measures to support sustainable development,both domestically and in international trade.It is recommended that they collaborate to establish resilient governance of cross-border industrial and supply chains in the Asia-Pacific region,aiming to ensure smooth and uninterrupted trade.By doing

254、so,they can contribute to the collective development of APEC economies and work towards the goal of building an Asia-Pacific community with a shared destiny.44 4.2 Way forward A substantial portion(50%)of customs authorities in APEC economies have already initiated plans or projects for innovative t

255、echnologies and solutions within free zones.This underscores the significant attention and importance that these customs authorities attach to improving smart control,as illustrated in Figure 12.Figure 12:Adoption of Disruptive Technologies in Free Zones and Free Trade Ports by 10 APEC Economy Custo

256、ms authorities(%)After conducting preliminary data collection and analyzing survey questionnaires,this report has summarized the following findings:Firstly,this research exhibits both pioneering and sustainable qualities.A significant number of customs authorities in APEC economies are currently inv

257、olved in exploring customs technologies in free zones and free trade ports.Consequently,this study establishes the initial framework and lays the groundwork for a more comprehensive investigation of this thematic area in the future.The report,along with the compilation of case studies resulting from

258、 this research,can serve as dynamic resources that are regularly updated to incorporate new applications and cases from customs authorities in APEC economies.Secondly,there is significant potential within the APEC framework to 50%50%Already establishedNot established 45 enhance the levels of smart c

259、ustoms control and services among customs authorities in member economies.By focusing on technological advancements,there may be an opportunity to explore the establishment of specialized information platforms across economies.In the realm of customs clearance and regulation,there is potential to de

260、velop coordinated customs processes.It could be beneficial to consider providing training in smart operations for customs officers enforcement.Additionally,prioritizing practical pilot projects in smart cooperation is worth considering.The underlying rationale for these feasible spaces and direction

261、s lies in the capacity of smart technologies to better balance the growth of goods trade with the limited resources available for customs control and services.The widespread adoption of smart technologies can serve as an enabler for modernizing customs authorities and empowering regional economic de

262、velopment.Thirdly,it is essential to promote cooperation in customs smart control and services within the APEC framework.We propose the establishment of a platform for sharing experiences in customs smart control and services under the APEC SCCP framework.This platform can facilitate regular regiona

263、l seminars,capacity-building training,and the development of mechanisms for nurturing expert talents.We expect customs authorities from different economies to actively share their valuable experiences in piloting initiatives.This exchange of experiences can help clarify strategic planning,feasible p

264、ilot projects,and robust technological support,collectively advancing the development of customs smart control and services to a deeper level.46 References 1 World Economic Outlook(International Monetary Fund released on 4 April 2023)2 The Statistical Manual 2022 released by the UNCTAD 3 WTO press c

265、onference by Dr.Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala during the Summer Davos Forum 4 WCO s 2022-2023 Annual Report 5 Theme of International Customs Day 2022 6 WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement 7 Extraterritoriality of Free Zones:The Necessity for Enhanced Customs Involvement（WCO Research Paper No.47）8 The Revised Kyo

266、to Convention released and entered into force on 3 February 2006 9 WCO practice guide for free zones 10 The World of Free Zone towards A New Global Trade Order released by WFZO 11 WCO Disruptive Technology Report 2022 12 Position as Regards Ratios and Accessions(at 25 June 2022)released by WCO 13 AP

267、EC Putrajaya Vision 2040 14 APEC SCCP Strategic Plan 2022-2025 15 Practice cases sourced from official customs websites of APEC members 47 ANNEX 1 Case studies of Free Zones,Free Trade Ports,and Customs Smart Control and Services 48 Based on the preliminary information collected and feedback from th

268、e Survey,the project systematically sorted out relevant practical cases with the theme of free zones,free trade ports,and customs smart control and services,divided into three parts,namely Cases of Traditional Technologies applied by APEC Customs authorities,Cases of Disruptive Technologies applied

269、by APEC Customs authorities,and APEC Customs authorities customs smart control and services in free zones and free trade ports,the results are now compiled as follows.49 1.Cases of Traditional Technologies applied by APEC Customs authorities 1.1 Australia:Using video surveillance,X-ray scanning and

270、other technologies for travel and cargo inspection10 During 2021-22,as travel restrictions eased and traveller volumes increased,the return to the use of SmartGates effectively enabled the processing of outwards travellers to return to normal business practices which reduced processing times by 5.4

271、seconds in 2021-22.The ABF continued to deliver strong outcomes that contribute to the protection,security and management of our borders through collaboration and engagement with government and industry stakeholders.This included 14,700 aerial surveillance hours and a total of 2,337 days of maritime

272、 vessel patrols to ensure the vast Australian coastline is monitored and protected.In addition,in 202122,the Department launched a project which consolidated the video remote and pre-booked services into the TIS Online booking tool,allowing self-service capabilities for all agencies.This innovation

273、will see video remote interpreting being recognised as a formal service channel and will offer greater access to services in regional communities throughout Australia where on-site interpreting can be limited.In terms of cargo inspection,ABF adopts comprehensive inspection techniques including dynam

274、ic and static X-ray scanning technology for non-invasive inspection,detection of trace particles,detection canine,and actual cargo verification.10 https:/www.homeaffairs.gov.au/reports-and-pubs/Annualreports/home-affairs-annual-report-2021-22.pdf 50 1.2 Canada:Utilizing video surveillance to monitor

275、 cross-border road transportation11 The Canada Border Services Agency(CBSA)has deployed a Trusted Trader pilot based on Secure Corridor Concept in the cross-bridge sections between Canada and the United States.The project uses video surveillance to monitor the truck drivers by installing closed circ

276、uit television(CCTV)on the main roads under inspection.The CBSA has completed the essential infrastructure upgrades at the Ferry Point Bridge port of entry,in St.Stephen,New Brunswick.The three former primary inspection lanes and booths have been replaced by two upgraded primary inspection lanes wit

277、h modern booths and an improved parking area.This will allow for safer and more efficient processing by CBSA officers,and will improve the flow of traffic.These upgrades were essential to providing a safe and smooth border experience for travellers seeking entry into Canada.They also play a part in

278、reducing CBSAs carbon footprint.11 https:/www.canada.ca/en/border-services-agency/news/2023/06/upgrades-complete-at-st-stephen-ferry-point-bridge-port-of-entry.html 51 1.3 China:Using non-intrusive scanning equipment for cargo and travel inspection China Customs is equipped with H986 large container

279、 X-ray scanning inspection equipment and CT inspection equipment,realizing the application and coverage of non-invasive inspection and scanning technology.According to different goods,items and conveyances,after the system automatically analyzes and identifies the scanned images,it can transmit earl

280、y warning information to customs officers and perform manual review,analysis or physical inspection.Huangpu Customs District,directly under the leadership of the General Administration of China Customs,actively promotes the practice of advance non-intrusive inspection(NII)12,which effectively embeds

281、 non-intrusive inspection into the procedures of customs control and services,lifting and unloading import containers at the shipside or transporting export containers to the dock checkpoint and transfer to the storage yard.When encountering inspection instructions after declaration of goods,customs

282、 can make judgments and handle the inspection and release procedures based on the retained images,eliminating the need for lifting and transporting goods,reducing logistics and operating costs,improving the operation efficiency,compressing the customs clearance time within the regulatory area.Non-in

283、trusive inspection has been integrated into smart image review systems.The smart image review system is a solution based on inspection equipment such as H986,CT machine,X-ray machine,etc.,integrating algorithms,software and hardware,and dedicated networks.It realizes the deep integration of artifici

284、al intelligence and frontline practice of customs,provides a solid foundation for customs to carry out smart control and services while offer 12 https:/ 52 quick clearance.China Customs has adopted scanning video surveillance,non-invasive inspection,and scanning technology in both travel inspection

285、and postal express channels.This technology has covered both entry and exit scenarios.Take Pudong International Airport Customs House(under the leadership of Shanghai Customs District)as an example13,before passengers arrive at the baggage carousel,their luggage has been synchronously under customs

286、control at the sorting point.Based on the smart technologies applied in travel inspection,a safer and more convenient customs clearance has become a reality.Complete electronic health declaration verification in 2 seconds and individual luggage advance NII in 6 seconds.The vast majority of luggage c

287、an be determined as normal release through 3D image review,with only a few suspicious luggage requiring on-site inspection.Most passengers can directly go through customs after picking up their luggage,and on average,it only takes 20 minutes to check all luggage on a single flight to complete the in

288、spection.Under the premise of intense control,China Customs can provide better services for passengers,improve the quality and efficiency of port operations,and ensure the safe and convenient customs clearance experience of passengers.13 https:/ 53 1.4 Hong Kong,China:Utilizing X-ray scanning,comput

289、er scanning and e-lock for customs clearance14 Hong Kong Customs and Excise(C&ED)has been introducing more advanced inspection equipment to facilitate the clearance efficiency.The CT scanners,X-ray checkers and handheld X-ray imagers provide the X-ray images of baggage and cargoes for Customs office

290、rs to determine whether an in-depth examination is required.C&ED kept introducing advanced inspection equipment,for instance,Computed Tomography(CT)scanner with artificial intelligence function to provide 360-degree scanned images with no blind spots and automatic recognition of dangerous drugs and

291、other contrabands;auto-detection device for existing X-ray checker with AI functions embedded to assist in screening for suspicious objects and automatic detection of various contrabands,such as firearms and its parts and weapons;Raman Spectrometer to speedily identify dangerous drugs without contac

292、t or opening of the package of the sample,etc.These advanced inspection equipment could greatly facilitate the clearance efficiency and enhance the ability in combating smuggling and other customs-related offence.14 https:/www.customs.gov.hk/hcms/filemanager/common/pdf/pdf_publications/Departmental_

293、Review_2021_c.pdf 54 Customs officers can use the electronic distance meters in discovering false compartment in the course of examination of the container.The borescopes allow Customs officers to conduct visual inspection of narrow and difficult-to-reach spaces.The metal detectors and Passive Milli

294、meter Wave Screening System allow passengers to be inspected in a walk-through mode and detect contraband that are hidden under clothing.These devices boost both the efficiency and precision of contraband detection,and facilitate more speedy clearance of passengers and goods at boundary control poin

295、ts.C&ED has also implemented the Road Cargo System(ROCARS)and requires that relevant cargo data must be submitted through the system before shipment.The system,in conjunction with wireless radio frequency identification,has also been used to identify cross-border trucks,reducing the processing time

296、at land border checkpoints to about 20 seconds.It also uses a mobile vehicle inspection system to conduct X-ray scanning for the containers,simplifying the automatic clearance procedures.The Air Cargo Clearance System also facilitates the transfer of cargo information and Customs clearance instructi

297、ons between C&ED and air cargo operators.To further facilitate the transportation of goods from Hong Kong,China to the Mainland,C&ED and the Mainland Customs authority jointly launched the Single E-lock Scheme(SELS).Under this scheme,only one mutually recognized electronic lock(e-lock)is needed to i

298、nterconnect to the“Intermodal Transhipment Facilitation Scheme”(ITFS)of C&ED with Mainland Customs Speedy Customs Clearance System(SCC 55 System),and the goods are monitored according to the principle of across the boundary with one single e-lock under separate monitoring,and the green light on the

299、e-lock serves as a mutual reference for minimizing duplicated inspection on the same shipment.The scheme has been implemented at 76 clearance points,covering over 800 cross-border routes to support the rapid development of cross-border trade.The scheme was extended to Hunan province,which is the sec

300、ond Mainland province apart from Guangdong to implement the scheme since 2016.1.5 Indonesia:Using e-seal and GPS for customs clearance15 In Indonesia,the Customs Office of Tanjung Priok seals containers with electronic seals(e-seals)to supervise the transfer of containers and to monitor,in a control

301、 room,the shipment history in real time with GPS.1.6 Singapore:Using X-ray scanning and e-seal for customs clearance16 Singapore Customs uses X-ray to conduct non-intrusive inspection on containerised cargoes at the export inspection station.15 https:/www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/wcotech22_e.p

302、df 16 https:/www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/wco-wto_e.pdf 56 2.Cases of Disruptive Technologies applied by APEC Customs authorities 2.1 Blockchain and distributed ledger technology(DLT)2.1.1 Concepts17 A blockchain is a time-stamped,decentralized and distributed digital record(or ledger)of trans

303、actions in which the transactions are stored securely in a permanent and near inalterable way using various cryptographic techniques.It is a continuously growing list of records(called blocks),which are chained to each other using cryptographic tools.Unlike traditional databases,which are administer

304、ed by a central entity,blockchains rely on a peer-to-peer network that no single party can control.Although blockchain is technically one type of DLT,the two terms are used interchangeably in this publication.2.1.2 Examples Australia and Singapore18 A blockchain PoC was conducted under the auspices

305、of the Singapore-Australia Digital Economy Agreement to achieve document interoperability for cross-border paperless trade,allowing for the issuance and verification of Certificates of Origin,in accordance with an interoperability framework,the so-called TradeTrust framework.The Australian Border Fo

306、rce(ABF),IMDA,and Singapore Customs along with industry participants,have concluded a blockchain pilot which was first launched in November 2020 to prove that trade documents can be issued and verified digitally across two independent systems,reducing cross-border transaction costs.The blockchain pi

307、lot was initiated as part 17 https:/www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/wcotech22_e.pdf 18 https:/www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/wco-wto_e.pdf 57 of the Singapore-Australia Digital Economy Agreement to make cross-border trade simpler between the two economies.The pilot successfully tested the int

308、eroperability of two digital verification systems-the ABFs Intergovernmental Ledger(IGL)and IMDAs TradeTrust Reference Implementation using the certificate of origin(COO)as a first test case.ABF is currently seeking government approval to implement an intergovernmental ledger to improve production q

309、uality,and to conduct further concept validation pilot projects with the goal of making it a permanent feature of Australian trade practices.Chile,Mexico,and Peru19 LACChain is a global publicprivate alliance supported by the IDB Lab(the innovation laboratory of the InterAmerican Development Bank Gr

310、oup)to promote integration and economic and social development among Chile;Colombia;Mexico;and Peru by providing the infrastructure to develop interoperable blockchain applications in Latin American and the Caribbean.The founding members of LACChain identified a fragmentation and dispersion of the c

311、ommunities and blockchain networks,which limited the efforts being made to adopt this technology.In addition to a highly fragmented environment with non-interoperable networks,there was also an absence of international standards and protocols,and a lack of collaboration between public,private and ac

312、ademic entities.One application using the LACChain ecosystem is CADENA,as mentioned above.China and Singapore20 Singapore Customs and the General Administration of Customs of the Peoples Republic of China(GACC)have signed a Memorandum of 19 https:/www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/wcotech22_e.pdf 2

313、0 https:/www.customs.gov.sg/files/news-and-media/2022-02-15-Issue62.pdf 58 Understanding(MOU)to establish a Single Window Interconnection Blockchain Consortium using the decentralised blockchain model.This will enable the transmission and exchange of trade and customs-related information between Sin

314、gapore and China.The first use of the blockchain is the Track&Trace service which is made possible through the exchange of port-to-port customs clearance and logistics status information for containerised trade between Singapore and China.The information is made available to traders and logistics pl

315、ayers in both economies.This service has been launched in December 2022.The Track&Trace service provides timely updates on containerised cargo movements between China and Singapore to traders and logistics companies.The enhanced visibility enables businesses to better manage their physical supply ch

316、ains and financial flows,thereby improving decision-making to help businesses stay competitive.Malaysia21 A pilot project for AEOs is in a preliminary study phase.This project is being carried out in collaboration with the economys R&D centre MIMOS,under the Ministry of Science,Technology and Innova

317、tion,to develop an alternative option to industries in addition to the current AEO service provided by the Royal Malaysian Customs Department.The new blockchain service will ensure a high level of system compliance while increasing efficiency in the supply chains of companies under the AEO programme

318、,making them more competitive.United States22 The United States Customs and Border Protection(CBP)conducted a PoC in September 2018 on the application of blockchain technology in 21 https:/www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/wcotech22_e.pdf 22 https:/www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/wcotech22_e.pdf

319、 59 the submission process for entry summary declarations under the Central America Free Trade Agreement(CAFTA)and trade with Canada and Mexico.The assessment of the application and the policy and legal issues raised by the PoC found that the use of blockchain achieved improved communication between

320、 the CBP and traders,improved documentation of receipt and expedited processing,with the elimination of manual documentation requirements and duplicative data entry.There was also easier access to back-up documentation,and since full data were received with the initial submission of the entry summar

321、y,potential issues were captured early on.Furthermore,in September 2019,the CBP conducted the intellectual property rights PoC,which tested a blockchain technology in facilitating shipments based on known licensing relationships(licenser and sub-licensee relationships).60 2.2 Internet of things(IoT)

322、23 2.2.1 Concepts IoT is the network of sensors and smart devices connected to the internet that can send and receive data and which are often found in vehicles,buildings and items embedded with electronics.IoT enables the tracking of products along the supply chain and can reduce the costs of globa

323、l trade by increasing the efficiency of shipping and transport.2.2.2 Examples Hong Kong,China Since 2016,the Single E-lock Scheme(SELS)has connected the Intermodal Transhipment Facilitation Scheme of C&ED with the Speedy Customs Clearance of the Mainland Customs authority towards establishing a gree

324、n lane to facilitate the flow of goods through a seamless clearance service.One single e-lock and GPS technology accredited by both Customs authorities are applied in the SELS under the principle of across the boundary with one single e-lock under separate monitoring.The GPS device is used for real-

325、time tracking of the movement of the goods to ensure the security of transhipment cargo in Hong Kong,China.Malaysia The image analyst reviews this declaration together with the scanned cargo image while the container is monitored for radiation,which will automatically alert the analyst,who then deci

326、des either to release the container or to send it for physical inspection.Ideally,this takes place within one minute because of the interconnectivity of the different systems that generate real-time data.Malaysia also has a project to use embedded certificate authority to 23 https:/www.wto.org/engli

327、sh/res_e/booksp_e/wcotech22_e.pdf 61 authenticate a new tax stamp.When the QR code is scanned,the authenticity of the tax stamp is verified,which will lower the risk of counterfeited tax stamps.Singapore Singapore has an integrated command centre system at PPEIS to analyse X-ray images from BEIS.Uni

328、ted States CBP is exploring the use of IoT to manage its extensive network of sensors.The objective is to improve domain awareness and to make the data available to a wider audience within CBP by using an IoT gateway.CBP is also looking at IoT to help to modernize the experience of cargo processing

329、at the border,reduce time spent on inspections and increase the speed of passage.AI and machine learning will utilize data from IoT devices to gain deeper insights on the information gathered and better secure borders.62 2.3 Big data,data analytics,artificial intelligence and machine learning 2.3.1

330、Concepts Big data usually refers to ultra large datasets(usually reaching PB level or above)that exceed the processing capabilities of traditional data storage and analysis techniques.In the era of big data,data analysis refers to the application of computer systems to analyze large datasets to supp

331、ort decision-making.It is an interdisciplinary field that integrates complex technologies such as statistics,machine learning,pattern recognition,system theory,operations research,and artificial intelligence,The explosive growth of heterogeneous data elements from multiple sources has greatly promot

332、ed the rapid development of artificial intelligence.Artificial intelligence(AI)is a field of computer science that changes behavior based on observed,collected,and analyzed data without explicit programming.Therefore,it is a broad term that includes different technologies such as machine learning,de

333、ep learning,computer vision,and natural language processing.Among them,machine learning(ML)is a subset of artificial intelligence that provides computers with the ability to learn without explicit programming.It is a process that uses mathematical models to predict results rather than relying on a set of instructions.This can be achieved by identifying patterns in the data,constructing analytical