《On Think Tanks（OTT）：2020-2021年全球智庫行業狀況報告（英文版）（62頁）.pdf》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關《On Think Tanks（OTT）：2020-2021年全球智庫行業狀況報告（英文版）（62頁）.pdf（62頁珍藏版）》請在三個皮匠報告上搜索。

1、Think Tank State of the Sector20202021February 2022The Open Think Tank DirectoryCreditsCoordination,data analysis and report writing:Andrea BaertlData analysis and report writing:Chndy RogelEdit and design:Inkwell Communications&Design Studio,Advice and comment:Louise Ball,Ajoy Datta,Enrique Mendiza

2、bal and Erika Perez-LenData collectors(2020 and 2021 data):Miranda Bell,Pablo Garfias,Kim John-Williams,Joel Moffat,Iliana Ninahualpa,Juan O Callaghan,Cristina Ramos,Chndy Rogel,Viktoriia Udaltsova and Maria Jose ZamoraAcknowledgementsWe are very grateful to the team that made the Open Think Tank Di

3、rectory and this report possible;to users of the directory for making our work relevant;to our extended network of associates,friends,colleagues and funders for lending a hand in the scoping exercises and for helping us make sense of the data;and to think tanks themselves for engaging with us and pr

4、oviding data for their profiles.FundingThe development and maintenance of the Open Think Tank Directory has been,and remains,possible thanks to many funders.The Open Society Foundations gave us the initial grant that made the directory possible in 2016;the Regional Programme Energy Security and Clim

5、ate Change Latin America from the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V.funded a scoping of organisations in Latin America with a specific focus on environment and climate change in 2017;UNICEF funded a scoping of organisations working in their priority regions and issues in 20192020;the Robert Bosch Stiftun

6、g funded a scoping of organisations worldwide focusing on topics related to migration,peace and security,inequality and environment in 20192020;USAID supported the scoping of data on think tanks in the USA and Panama in 2021;and most importantly our grant from the Hewlett Foundation makes the manage

7、ment,improvement,update and analysis of the Open Think Tank Directory possible.1 Executive Summary 42 The Open Think Tank Directory 103 Introduction 13 Overview Data quality 4 Region 17 How many organisations are there per region?How many think tanks are there per country?5 Topic of focus 21 Which t

8、opics do think tanks mostly focus on?Differences6 Date founded 25 What is the average think tank age?Differences7 Founders 28 Who founds think tanks?Differences8 Business model 32 What is the most common business model for think tanks?Differences9 Publications 36 How much do think tanks publish?Diff

9、erences10 Turnover 39 What are the average and median turnovers for think tanks?Differences What has changed since 2019?11 Staff 45 What is the staff size of think tanks?Differences What has changed since 2019?12 Gender and leadership 52 How many men and women lead think tanks?Differences What has c

10、hanged since 2019?13 Social media use 56 Which channels do think tanks use?DifferencesContents1Executive Summary1Executive SummaryThe Open Think Tank DirectoryThe Open Think Tank Directory(OTTD)was born to overcome the shortage of publicly available information about think tanks and other policy res

11、earch centres and expertise bodies worldwide.On Think Tanks has been working on it since 2016,with the objective of developing a tool that benefits the entire evidence-informed-policy community.The directory currently features information from think tanks all over the world(name,website,brief descri

12、ption,the topics they focus on,contact details,business model,founders names,current leaders,staff numbers,social media channels and followers,publication numbers,turnover1 and more).2 It is important to highlight that the OTTD does not make any evaluations,assessments or judgements of the organisat

13、ions it features;it merely provides information about them,in a transparent manner,with the objective of providing a public(and freely accessible)database of think tanks.The State of the Sector reportDrawing on data from the Open Think Tank Directory,the State of the Sector report offers the evidenc

14、e-informed-policy community data and analysis on think tanks,and aims to describe the think tank sector worldwide.The 20202021 edition is the second think tank State of the Sector report and draws on data from 3,107 think tanks3 worldwide.4 This year,the global report is accompanied by four regional

15、 briefs5 that go deeper into the regional data and offer a more nuanced view of the different think tank contexts,and a think tank survey report that shares how think tanks see the current context,the key challenges faced and the main issues to address.The data featured in the OTTD depends on the in

16、formation that organisations provide about themselves(either on their websites or directly provided by them to the directory),and there are variations between organisations;some offer little more than a short description,while others display and share great detail.Given this we do not claim to have

17、gathered all the data on think tanks across the world,but we do believe we have a good representation of the sector worldwide.1 Some variables have longitudinal data since 2016.2 The full list of variables can be seen here.3 It does not include organisations that featured in the directory but that a

18、re defunct or deemed boundary.The cut-off date for inclusion in the report was August 2021.Organisations registered after this date have not been included in the analysis.4 Click here for the database used for the analysis and report.5 One for Europe,one for Asia,one for the Americas and one for Afr

19、ica.We have not produced a regional brief for Oceania as the number of organisations for the region is small(86).Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents5This,and the companion reports produced,presents an interesting(sample level)overview of the sector and gives useful indications o

20、f existing trends.This report explores the number of think tanks across regions,the topics think tanks are focusing on,how much they are publishing,the average age,size and turnover of think tanks,the most common business models,what their leadership looks like and how these variables interact with

21、each other.Additionally,and using the longitudinal data that the OTTD offers,where possible we also offer an analysis of what has changed from 2019 to 2021.In this executive summary we offer the key trends and highlights found in the analysis,but we invite readers to explore the report in depth and

22、also to download the database and access the Open Think Tank Directory to keep exploring further.Region highlightsOf the 3,107 think tanks included in the database,most are from West&Northern Europe(22%),followed by USA&Canada(17%),Latin America&the Caribbean(14%)South&Eastern Europe(11%),Eastern As

23、ia(11%),South&South-Eastern Asia(8%),Africa(7%),West&Central Asia(6%)and Oceania(3%).Based on our knowledge of the sector and comparison with other think tans lists,there is a higher-than-expected representation of think tanks in Latin America&the Caribbean,and a lower representation of Eastern Asia

24、,and USA&Canada.Nevertheless,the database and the results do offer interesting results and comparisons.The average number of think tanks per country is 21.But there is great variability within regions(and countries)and some show a higher concentration of think tanks than others.The think tank sector

25、 is biggest in countries in USA&Canada,West&Northern Europe and Eastern Asia(taking into account both the total number of organisations and the average number per country).The top five countries with the highest number of think tanks included in the database are the United States(452 organisations,1

26、5%of the database),China(188,6%),Germany(184,6%),United Kingdom(150,5%)and France(99,3%).We found that the higher the GDP of a country,the higher the number of think tanks it hosts.6Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contentsTopic of focus highlightsThe topics that most think tanks in t

27、he database focus on are social policy,trade/economics/finance,governance/transparency and environment/natural resources/energy.Most think tanks focus on a couple of key topics of,rather than being generalists.Across regions the main focus is kept on the same key issues,but differences do emerge.To

28、name a few:food/agriculture was a key research area in Africa,international affairs/development in West&Central Asia,law/justice/human rights in Latin America&the Caribbean,and trade/economics/finance is more predominant in Eastern Asia than in other regions.Date founded highlightsThe global average

29、 age for think tanks in 2021 was 30 years.There has been a steady increase in the number of think tanks founded by year,and the average peak is around the 2000s.The last decade has seen a slow decline in the number of think tanks founded across all regions.Think tanks in USA&Canada are the oldest on

30、 average(37)and reached their peak in the 1980s.South&Eastern Europe(26),West&Central Asia(23)and Africa(22)are the youngest on average.Gender of founder highlightsThink tanks are predominantly male founded:55%of organisations in the directory were founded only by men,15%by both male and female co-f

31、ounders,5%by women only and 24%were founded by other entities(e.g.governments,universities,companies,religious orders,international organisations,etc.).The percentage of all-male-founded think tanks has slowly decreased year by year,giving way slightly to all-female-founded think tanks,but mostly to

32、 male and female co-founded think tanks.Regardless of this,even in the 20102019 decade almost 50%of think tanks were founded by only men.There is some variability between regions:for example,Eastern Asia has a lower average of think tanks founded by all male(28%),all female(2%)and both female and ma

33、le founders(5%),and a remarkably high average of think tanks founded by entities(65%).Additionally Latin America&the Caribbean has the highest percentage of think tanks with both male and female founders(31%),followed by South&Eastern Europe(23%)and Africa(21%).These three regions also have a younge

34、r think tank sector,so this higher percentage of females in founding members could be due to the increasing participation of women in the political and private sector.But nonetheless there is still a long way ahead,and even in those think tanks founded between 2010 and 2019,47%were founded by only m

35、en(across the world).7Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contentsBusiness model highlightsThe majority of think tanks in the Open Think Tank Directory are non-profit organisations(67%),followed by university institutes/centres(16%),government organisations(8%),for-profit organisations(5

36、%)and a small group of other types(4%).And this trend is almost the same across the world,except in Eastern Asia(and China in particular)which has the highest percentage of government think tanks(41%).Publications highlightsMost think tanks in the database with publications number data have publishe

37、d up to 10 pieces of written work in 2020(38%),and 33%had 11 to 150 publications.Only 8%of think tanks published more than 150 pieces,and 7%did not publish anything in 2020.Think tanks in Eastern Asia,USA&Canada and West&Northern Europe publish more than their counterparts in other regions.As expect

38、ed,organisations with a higher staff number publish more than those with a smaller staff.An interesting,but alarming finding is that organisations founded by only women,and those led by women,have a lower publication count than those founded and/or led by men,and they are also observed to be smaller

39、 in terms of staff numbers and have less turnover(which could be affecting their smaller publication numbers).Turnover highlightsTurnover is the variable with the least amount of data available(data is held for only 263 organisations,8%of the organisations included in this report).This is mainly bec

40、ause most organisations do not show or share their turnover information in an accessible fashion.In terms of regional differences Eastern Asia and USA&Canada have the majority of think tanks with a turnover of over USD 10 million,while the majority of think tanks in Africa and South&Eastern Europe h

41、ave a turnover of less than USD 500,000.Organisations founded by men(as well as other entities)have a higher turnover than those with women as founding members.This is a trend that we also saw in the 2019 report.The average turnover change from 2019 to 2020 of the 193 organisations for which we have

42、 turnover data for both years is an increase of 3.85%,but there is great variability by organisation size;most of the organisations with a turnover of less than USD 1.5 million(56%),and those with USD 100 million and more showed a decrease in turnover.On the other hand,most think tanks with a turnov

43、er of over USD 1.5 million but less than USD 100 million indicated an increase.8Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents9Staff highlightsThe median staff number in 2021 is 18(down from 19 in 2019)and on average 47%of staff are women.The region with the highest median is Eastern Asia,

44、but this number is led by China and the government organisations within it that make up the sample.There is a tendency for older organisations,and those male-led or male-founded,to have more staff;also,think tanks founded by entities have the highest average and median staff size.A comparison of sta

45、ff size numbers from 2019 to 2021 shows that:A third of organisations decreased in staff size,but 47%increased.The median change tends to be lower in 2021 for Africa,Latin America&the Caribbean,South&Eastern Europe,West&Central Asia and West&Northern Europe.On average,government think tanks showed l

46、ess change in staff size compared to other business models.The gender of the think tank leader did not make a significant difference in terms of staff size changes.Gender and leadership highlightsIn 2021 think tanks continue to be male led:72%of think tanks in the database are led by men,26%by women

47、 and a small number of think tanks(3%)are led by both men and women.Across regions think tanks also continue to be male led,but with some differences.This trend is more prominent in Eastern Asia where the percentage of female-led think tanks is substantially lower than average(9%)and the percentage

48、of male-led organisations is the highest(89%).Conversely Latin America&the Caribbean(34%),South&Eastern Europe(30%)and USA&Canada(29%)have the highest percentage of female leaders,but we are still far away from equality.Social media highlightsThe social media channels that feature most prominently i

49、n the directory are Facebook(75%of organisations have an account registered)and Twitter(72%),followed by YouTube(46%),LinkedIn(46%)and Instagram(27%).There is little social media data registered for Eastern Asia because the channels that the directory registers are either not the most popular in the

50、 region,or are limited or banned by governments(as are Facebook and Twitter in China).As we continue to update the Open Think Tank Directory,we will continue to produce yearly State of the Sector reports.We hope that this report provides a rich and useful overview of the sector across the world,and

51、we invite you to explore the data and share your perspective and insights on the trends.Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents2The Open Think Tank Directory211The Open Think Tank DirectoryThe Open Think Tank Directory was born to overcome the of shortage of publicly available infor

52、mation about think tanks,and other policy research centres and expertise bodies worldwide.On Think Tanks began working on it in 2016 with the objective of developing a tool that would benefit the entire evidence-informed-policy community.Through it,centres can identify potential collaborators and co

53、nnect with peers,funders and other stakeholders;for the growing body of scholars who study think tanks,the directory provides a sample frame for their investigations;interested people can browse the profiles of think tanks and also get an overview of the sector;and funders can identify organisations

54、 that focus on their agendas.Additionally,the public and open nature of the database(downloadable through this link)helps increase the sectors transparency.The directory currently features public information(or information that should be public)on 3,537 organisations6 from around the world.It regist

55、ers information on more than 100 variables for each organisation,including name,website,brief description,the topics they focus on,contact details,business model,founders names,current leaders,staff numbers,social media channels and followers,publication numbers,turnover7 and more(a full list of var

56、iables can be seen here).Defining which organisations are to be included in the Open Think Tank Directory is a difficult task,as thinks tanks themselves are difficult to define.Organisations labelled as think tanks include for-profit consultancies,university-based research centres,non-governmental o

57、rganisations,public policy bodies,foundations,advocacy organisations and membership-based associations,to name a few.But despite their differences and for the Open Think Tank Directory we have defined think tanks as a diverse group of knowledge and engagement organisations that have as their(main)ob

58、jective to undertake research,generate knowledge and use evidence-informed arguments to inform and/or influence policy and its outcomes.To do this,they perform a range of functions,including research,aiming to influence the public agenda,monitoring how specific policies are carried out,suggesting,or

59、 advocating for,policy changes and so on.6 This number includes boundary organisations(not included in the analysis).See FAQs for more on inclusion criteria.7 Some variables have longitudinal data since 2016.Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contentsGiven this definition,the inclusion

60、criteria for the directory is broad:The organisation must carry out some form of research with the aims of informing public policies and debate.The organisation must have an independent identity.The organisation needs to be formally registered in a country.The directory has been compiled and is upda

61、ted using a mixed approach:web searches in Google to find existing think tanks lists and organisations;suggestions of inclusion by country and regional experts;and direct submission by think tanks.All organisations are reviewed to verify that they fit the inclusion criteria and are either accepted,a

62、ccepted but deemed boundary or not accepted.Information is retrieved from think tanks websites and in some cases is submitted by organisations themselves.We have established a review criterion for transparency of the quality of the data and include the sources of the information in the profile of ea

63、ch organisation.The Open Think Tank Directory does not make any evaluations of the organisations it features.12Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents3Introduction3IntroductionOverviewDrawing on data from 3,107 think tanks8 worldwide registered on the Open Think Tank Directory,the S

64、tate of the Sector report offers the evidence-informed-policy community data and analysis on think tanks.The report is based on an analysis of 2020 and 2021 data from 3,107 active think tanks,9 and it aims to describe(but not explain)the think tank sector worldwide.It explores:the number of think ta

65、nks across regions,topics think tanks are focusing on,how much they are publishing,the average age,size and turnover of think tanks,the most common business models,and what their leadership looks like.The 20202021 publication is the second think tank State of the Sector report.This year we have acco

66、mpanied the global report with four regional briefs that go deeper into the regional data and offer a more nuanced view of the different think tank contexts,as well as a think tank survey report which shares how think tanks see the current context,the key challenges faced and the key issues to addre

67、ss.The 20202021 report follows a similar structure to its predecessor but has some changes:the focus is on the data from the year of publication,10 and it highlights what has changed from the 2019 data.Additionally,and as part of our efforts to provide a comprehensive list of think tanks,11 the data

68、base grew with the efforts we made to register new think tanks from the regions that we found underrepresented in the previous report.There are many ways to explore the data available in the OTTD;for continuity and comparability we have kept the structure of the 2019 report and have used regions as

69、the key comparison variable,but also offer comparisons based on business models,date of foundation,gender of leader and gender of founders.We aim to give a nuanced view,and hope this inspires others to explore the data further.We hope that this report provides a rich and useful overview of the secto

70、r across the world.As we continue to update the database we will continue to produce yearly State of the Sector reports.We invite you to explore the data and share your perspective and insights on the trends.8 It does not include organisations that featured in the directory but that are defunct or d

71、eemed boundary.The cut-off date for inclusion in the report was August 2021.Organisations registered after this date have not been included in the analysis.9 Click here for the database used for the analysis and report.10 Except for turnover and publication numbers.11 We continue to make efforts to

72、offer a complete overview of think tanks worldwide,but we do not claim for this to be a final and complete list of think tanks in each country.14Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents0%25%50%75%100%Any social mediaFounder nameDate foundedTopic of focusTurnover 2020Number of staff 2

73、021Name of leader(any year)Basic information complete84%53%55%87%87%90%8%Data quality Given the nature of the methodology and the data available,the findings are representative at the sample level.The report is not a complete sector analysis,but an analysis of the sample of think tanks that the OTTD

74、 holds.This,and the companion reports produced,presents an interesting overview of the sector and gives useful indications of existing trends.The data featured in the OTTD depends on the information that organisations offer on their websites,and in some cases what they themselves have offered to the

75、 directory.The information that think tanks offer on their websites varies greatly;12 some offer little more than a short description,while others display great detail.All think tanks aim to show on their websites what they do and how,but not all do so thoroughly or even clearly,and in many cases in

76、formation is missing(e.g.who founded the organisation,staff profiles,contact information,etc.)Because of this,sourcing and completing data for each organisation is difficult and the data completeness by variables is wide-ranging.Chart 1 shows the overall data completeness.As in the 2019 report,turno

77、ver information is the variable with the least data available.Few think tanks share this information on their website,and not all share it when directly asked about it(only 35%of those that answered our direct consultation shared turnover data).Chart 1.n:Basic information is:name in original languag

78、e,name in English,website,description,city,country,address,general contact email,operating language(s),topics and date founded.12 For more on differences on the information offered by think tanks on their websites see our article,“What we learned from looking at more than 3000 websites”.15Key variab

79、le data completenessThink Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents100%As in the 2019 edition,there is also wide variability between regions as think tanks in some regions tend to share more information about themselves than others.For example,countries in Latin America&the Caribbean,and As

80、ia(all subregions)share less data about their staff and leaders than organisations in USA&Canada,West&Northern Europe and Oceania.Social media information is something that think tanks in most regions share uniformly:more than 84%of think tanks share this data across all subregions except Eastern As

81、ia(36%),but this is most certainly due to the type of social media accounts that we register:(e.g.,Twitter,LinkedIn,Facebook etc.),which are not widely used in China(the country with most think tanks in our Eastern Asia subregion).The amount of data available will frame and guide the analysis that w

82、e can make by variables,as well as what we can interpret or not from the data.In each chart shared we will outline the number of think tanks included in that analysis so you can read the results with care.16Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents4RegionQuestions answered in this cha

83、pter:How many organisations are there per region?What is the average and median number of think tanks per country?Which countries feature more think tanks in the directory?4 4RegionHow many organisations are there per region?To provide a nuanced overview of geographical differences(and bearing in mi

84、nd think tank numbers)we opted for comparison based on regional groups.These have been defined using a mixed approach based on continent,UN subregional divisions and the number of think tanks in each.The resulting regional grouping(henceforth called region)is shown in Chart 2 and enabled us to compa

85、re different contexts without atomising the data excessively.Of the 3,107 think tanks included in the database,most are from West&Northern Europe(697 organisations,22%),USA&Canada(517,17%)and Latin America&the Caribbean(445,14%).West&Northern Europe is still the region with the greatest number of th

86、ink tanks in the database,and USA&Canada has increased in number because of a focus on this region in the data collection phase.Following these three regions are South&Eastern Europe(352,11%),Eastern Asia(348,11%),South&South-Eastern Asia(261,8%),Africa(211,7%),West&Central Asia(189,6%)and Oceania(8

87、6,3%).When compared with last years figures,the number of think tanks in the database for all regions has increased except for Oceania.Based on our knowledge of the sector and comparison with other think tank lists,there is still a higher-than-expected representation of think tanks in Latin America&

88、the Caribbean,and a lower representation of Eastern Asia and USA&Canada(which despite being more adequately represented this year still do not match what is expected from the sector).Nevertheless,the database and the results do offer interesting results and comparisons and we will continue to improv

89、e the database each year.Image 1:Organisations per regionn:310718Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contentsWest&Northern Europe USA&CanadaLatin America&the CaribbeanSouth&Eastern EuropeEastern AsiaSouth&South-Eastern AsiaAfricaWest&Central AsiaOceaniaOrganisations by region010020030040

90、050060069751744535234826121118986697How many think tanks are there per country?The average number of think tanks per country is 21(up from 19 in the previous report,which does not imply an increase in the sector but an improved mapping of think tanks by the database).But there is great country varia

91、bility,evidenced by the widely different numbers shown by region(Table 1).For example,USA&Canada has the highest average number of think tanks in the database(25913),which is over four times more than the region with the second highest average number Eastern Asia(58).Table 1.n:3,107These numbers pro

92、vide an initial overview of the size of the sector(in terms of organisations)in each region and imply that regions with a higher number of think tanks per country have a more active sector.But this can also be misleading as there are great differences by country within regions,and some countries hav

93、e significantly larger sectors than others regions.The top five countries with the highest number of think tanks included in the database are the United States(452 organisations,15%of the database),China(188,6%),Germany(184,6%),United Kingdom(150,5%)and France(99,3%).The countries with the highest n

94、umber of think tanks in other regions follow far behind(Table 2),indicating the great variability between sectors by country.13 Up from 198 in the previous report,but still underrepresented.19Average number of think tanks per country by regionRegionAverage#of TT per countryAfrica7Latin America&the C

95、aribbean18USA&Canada259Eastern Asia58South&South-Eastern Asia15West&Central Asia8South&Eastern Europe15West&Northern Europe41Oceania29Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents1.000e+12 2.000e+12 3.000e+12GDP,2020 Russia,Rep.Indonesia Peru Kenya Israel200150100500Number of think tanksJ

96、apan CanadaAustria Spain Mexico Italy Korea,Rep.Switzerland NetherlandsFrance India GermanyUnited Kingdom Philippines Herzegovina Argentina5.000e+121.500e+132.000e+13United States China500Table 2.A correlation analysis shows that there is generally a positive correlation between the number of think

97、tanks and the GDP14 of the country:as the number of think tanks increases so does the GDP.However,this trend is clearest in USA&Canada,Eastern Asia,West&Northern Europe and Oceania the larger the number of think tanks in the country,the higher the GDP.Chart 2.14 Per country GDP for 2020 extracted fr

98、om the World Bank World Development Indicators.Country with the highest number of think tanks per regionRegionCountry#of think tanksAfricaSouth Africa43Latin America&the CaribbeanBrazil65USA&CanadaUnited States452Eastern AsiaChina188South&South-Eastern AsiaIndia53West&Central AsiaIsrael45South&Easte

99、rn EuropeSpain48West&Northern EuropeGermany184OceaniaAustralia6420Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents5Topic of focusQuestions answered in this chapter:Which topics do think tanks mostly focus on?Which topics are more,or less,predominant by region?How many topics do organisations

100、 usually focus on?Topic of focusWhich topics do think tanks mostly focus on?The list of topics15 included on the Open Think Tank Directory has been developed to provide an overview of the issues that an organisation focuses on,and to enable comparisons between them.The topic that most think tanks in

101、 the database focus on is social policy(49%),which includes issues such as poverty,social protection,social inclusion and inequality.Then come trade/economics/finance(44%);governance/transparency(44%),which comprises citizenship,democracy,transparency,decentralisation and related issues;and environm

102、ent/natural resources/energy(40%).The least researched topic is transport/infrastructure/urban(9%).As these are broad topics,there has been almost no change from 2019 to 2021,and the slight changes reflect the inclusion of new organisations.Chart 3n:3,10715 See full list of topics and description he

103、re.5Topics of interest22 Social Policy Trade/Economics/Finance Governance/TransparencyEnvironment/Nature/Resource/Energy Law/Justice/Human Rights International Affairs/Development Defence/Peace/Security Education Health Technology/Innovation Gender Food,Agriculture Private Sector,Development Media/C

104、ulture/Sport Transport/Infrastructure/Urban18%16%16%15%13%11%9%32%24%24%40%33%44%44%49%Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contentsEach organisation can focus on any number of topics.Chart 4 shows that think tanks working on up to three topics16 account for 52%of the database.This indica

105、tes that most organisations focus on a few core issues and specialise in them.Of those that focus on only one topic,the vast majority work on environment/natural resources/energy(137 organisations),followed far behind by defence/peace/security(67 organisations).Chart 4.n:3,107Differences17Table 3 pr

106、esents the percentage of think tanks that focus on each topic per region.The most researched topic in Africa is governance/transparency(50%of think tanks in the region);environment/natural resources/energy in Latin America&the Caribbean(52%)and South&South-Eastern Asia(46%);trade/economics/finance i

107、n Eastern Asia(64%)and USA&Canada(42%);and social policy in Oceania(55%),South&Eastern Europe(59%),West&Central Asia(50%)and West&Northern Europe(54%).Food/agriculture was a key research area in Africa but not in others.Similarly,only West&Central Asia included international affairs/development as a

108、 key topic of interest at the regional level,although tied with governance/transparency.On the other hand,the least researched topics across most regions are transport/infrastructure/urban development and media/culture/sport.16 Topics have been defined by the Open Think Tank Directory and have withi

109、n them several issues,so think tanks focusing on a single topic may be researching many different issues within them.17 We found little differences between regions,staff number groups and turnover groups on the number of topics they focus on.Percentage of think tanks by number of topics of focus12Mo

110、re than 330%10%20%30%40%50%16%17%48%19%23Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contentsTable 3.24Think tanks per region by number of topics of focusTopicsAfricaLatin America and the CaribbeanUSA&CanadaEastern AsiaSouth&South-Eastern AsiaWest&Central AsiaSouth&Eastern EuropeWest&Northern Eu

111、ropeOceaniaDefence/Peace/Security24%14%28%17%33%44%25%24%20%Education29%28%26%17%24%30%26%21%23%Environment/Natural Resources/Energy45%52%41%25%46%23%29%46%36%Food/Agriculture40%20%15%12%24%8%5%10%12%Gender29%21%8%7%22%21%12%16%10%Governance/Transparency50%40%36%49%41%49%51%45%23%Health30%14%28%8%26

112、%10%9%19%20%International Affairs/Development30%15%35%32%32%49%41%33%27%Law/Justice/Human Rights24%40%36%25%26%26%34%39%19%Media/Culture/Sport6%4%7%26%9%16%14%11%10%Private Sector Development18%12%8%20%12%20%14%11%9%Social Policy40%46%37%53%45%50%59%54%55%Technology/Innovation21%11%17%16%9%12%14%23%

113、9%Trade/Economics/Finance45%33%42%64%43%38%45%45%40%Transport/Infrastructure/Urban9%6%11%8%8%5%8%12%13%n:114455173482611893526976Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents6Date foundedQuestions answered in this chapter:What is the average think tank age?In what regions were think tanks

114、 founded earlier?When were most think tanks founded?Does this vary by region?Organisations founded per date groupUp to 19141915 19451946 19691970 19791980 19891990 19992000 20092010 20192020 onwards7005253501750226619433 65261735825429026Date foundedWhat is the average think tank age?The global aver

115、age age for think tanks in 2021 was 30 years(median 22),18 with great variability between countries(22 years standard deviation).For ease of comparison we divided organisations into groups(based on their founding date):up to 1914,19151945,19461969,19701979,19801989,19901999,20002009 and 20102019.Cha

116、rt 5 shows a steady increase in think tanks from the 1940s onward,reaching a peak around the 2000s,followed by a slow decline in the last decade.Most think tanks were established in the periods between 19901999(617,23%)and 20002009(652,24%)when the chart reaches its peak.The following decade,2010200

117、9,shows a decrease(331)in the number of think tanks founded.The next section discusses this trend by region.Chart 5.n:2,10718 Information on the founding date of 2,711 organisations.6Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents27DifferencesChart 6 shows the distribution of founding years

118、 for each region.At the regional level,think tanks in USA&Canada are the oldest on average(37),and consequently have the oldest peak in think tank establishment:most were founded in 19801989(92,22%).Think tanks in Eastern Asia have an average age of 33 and do not show a particular decade of peak thi

119、nk tank formation,but this is a function of the type of organisation,as several organisations founded earlier were rebranded as think tanks when the sector began to grow in the late 1990s.Think tanks in West&Northern Europe are 32 years old on average,although the majority were also founded between

120、1990 and 2010.This is because many organisations in these regions are among the first founded and hence the average age is higher.Think tanks in Latin America are 29 on average and show a founding peak between 1990 and 2010 consistent with the world averages.The youngest sectors are found in South&E

121、astern Europe(26),West&Central Asia(23)and Africa(22)Chart 6.n:2,711Older think tanks tend to be male-founded and have a bigger staff size and bigger turnover than younger ones because they have had more time to establish themselves.This is described in chapters Staff,Founders and Turnover respectiv

122、ely.Organisations founded per date group by region Up to 1914 19151945 19461969 19701979 19801989 19901999 20002009 20102019 2020 onwardsWest&Northern Europe West&Central Asia USA&Canada South&South-Eastern Asia South&Eastern Europe Oceania Latin America&the Caribbean Eastern Asia Africa 21%29%10%23

123、%9%7%13%8%7%8%5%6%35%28%12%25%27%19%15%4%7%10%7%14%31%4%12%15%29%25%26%7%4%7%19%16%25%24%18%18%10%15%11%17%21%6%12%22%20%15%9%12%7%6%4%26%15%26%0%25%50%75%100%Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents7FoundersQuestions answered in this chapter:Who founds think tanks?Which regions have

124、 more female founders?Are older think tanks predominantly male founded?29FoundersWho founds think tanks?The directory holds data on the names of the founders for 1,632 organisations and has identified their gender,establishing the following categories:all male founders,all female founders,both male

125、and female co-founders,and other entities.Other entities is used when the think tank self-reports that it was founded by other organisations or groups(e.g.governments,universities,companies,religious orders,international organisations)and does not recognise any named individual founder.Chart 7 shows

126、 that 55%of organisations were founded by men only,15%by both male and female co-founders,5%by women only and 24%by other entities.Chart 7.n:1,632Out of those founded by other entities,the majority are either founded by government organisations(34%)or universities(34%),and to a smaller degree by oth

127、er research organisations(9%),private sector organisations(8%),foundations(7%)and political parties(6%).7Gender of think tank foundersAll femaleBoth male and female founders60%45%30%15%0%5%Other entities24%15%All male55%Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contentsType of entities that fo

128、und think tanksGovernmentUniversityPolitical partyPrivate sectorFoundationReligiousResearchMultilateral/InternationalOtherUnion40%30%20%10%0%34%37%6%1%3%5%9%3%7%8%30Chart 8.n:507Differences As the gender of the founder of a think tank is a stable variable,the changes seen in the results from last ye

129、ar are only a result of the increase in think tank numbers on the database and the new data accrued on existing records.Consistent with the 2019 report,USA&Canada has the greatest number of think tanks with male founders(76%),followed by West&Northern Europe(63%).USA&Canada and West&Central Asia hav

130、e the greatest percentage of think tanks with female founders,both at 8%.Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contentsDate founded by gender of founder20102019200020091990199919801989197019791946196919151945Up to 1914 All female Both female and male All male Other entity 8%22%47%23%7%19%5

131、1%23%6%13%59%22%4%12%59%25%0%25%50%75%100%Gender of founder,by region All female All male Both female and male Other entity 0%25%50%75%100%West&Northern EuropeWest&Central AsiaUSA&CanadaSouth&South-Eastern AsiaSouth&Eastern EuropeOceaniaLatin America&the CaribbeanEastern AsiaAfrica63%52%48%46%67%76%

132、10%11%16%23%10%11%23%30%31%27%19%4%5%8%5%3%4%6%49%31%15%2 28%5%65%6%48%21%25%8%7%13%67%13%5%2 77%16%6%59%35%8%63%28%31Chart 9.n:1,632The share of think tanks with male founders was highest in 19151945 and the percentage started decreasing from 19801989.And although the number of think tanks founded

133、by women(all female and both male and female co-founders)has been slowly increasing through the years,even in the last decades think tanks are still predominantly male founded.Chart 10.n:1,537note:14 think tanks in the OTTD were founded from 2020 onwards,7 by all male founders and the other 50%by bo

134、th male and female co-foundersThink Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents8Business modelQuestions answered in this chapter:What is the most common business model for think tanks?Does this vary by region?33What is the most common business model for think tanks?The Open Think Tank Directo

135、ry lists the business model of organisations,understood as how they are registered and operated.For comparability,as with the other variables,we have limited the number of business model options to:for-profit,non-profit,government organisation,university institute or centre and other.19 The majority

136、 of think tanks for which we have business model data(2,819 are non-profit organisations(67%),followed by university institutes or centres(16%),government organisations(8%),for-profit organisations(5%)and a small group of other(4%).Generally,this is consistent with the findings in the previous repor

137、t,with a slight change in the percentages for government organisations(down from 10%)and other(up from 2%).Chart 11.n:2,81919 Organisations that mentioned multiple business models were classified as other.Think tank business modelGovernmentFor-profitNon-profitUniversityOther0%15%30%45%60%75%8%4%16%6

138、7%5%Business model8Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents34Differences20Chart 12 shows that at the regional level,all regions except Eastern Asia featured non-profit as the predominant business model among organisations,consistent with the overall trend.In Eastern Asia,most think t

139、anks are government organisations(41%)and non-profit only comes second(29%)but this is mostly driven by China,where the percentage of government think tanks is 59%,and to a smaller degree by South Korea(32%government think tanks).Consistent with the previous report and the history of think tanks in

140、the region,as well as the legal framework,USA&Canada has the largest percentage of non-profit think tanks.It also has the smallest percentage of think tanks classified as government(0.2%),for-profit(0.9%)and other(2%)across the region.Africa has the lowest percentage of think tanks classified as uni

141、versity institutes or centres(12%),followed by USA&Canada(13%)and South&Eastern Europe(13%).As in the previous report,Latin America&the Caribbean have a higher-than-average percentage of university institute/centre think tanks(20%),but it is unclear if this is due to the methodology of the scoping e

142、xercises or an underlying trend in the region.Chart 12.n:2,93920 Differences with variables other than region were also explored.For example,government organisations(although mostly led by China)tend to have a higher turnover.Other trends were not explored in this edition of the report and we invite

143、 interested readers to explore the database and uncover any trends and relationships we might have overlooked.%of organisations per business model by region Government For-profit Non-profit University OtherOceaniaWest&Northern EuropeSouth&Eastern EuropeUSA&CanadaLatin America&the CaribbeanWest&Centr

144、al AsiaSouth&South-Eastern AsiaEastern AsiaAfrica0%25%50%75%100%5%5%75%13%25%7%69%14%5%84%13%25%3 68%20%45%2 70%18%5%7%5%68%17%5%41%8%29%15%6%6%9%61%12%12%2 19%48%31%Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents9PublicationsQuestions answered in this chapter:How many publications do think

145、 tanks release per year?How does this vary by region?36PublicationsHow much do think tanks publish?The Open Think Tank Directory registers the number of publications per year(not counting brochures or blogs).This is either the number reported by think tanks(only for around 10%of those that have publ

146、ication data)or what fieldworkers found on their websites(either reported in an annual review or manually counted).Given this the results in this chapter should be read as trends.Most of the think tanks with information on publications(Chart 13)have published up to 10 pieces of written work in 2020(

147、40%),and a small group(9%)published more than 150.Chart 13.n:966Differences An analysis by region(Chart 14)shows that think tanks in Eastern Asia,USA&Canada and West&Northern Europe publish more than their counterparts in other regions;this is consistent with the results in other chapters,as think t

148、anks in these regions are bigger,and have a higher turnover and more staff.932020 publications10 or less11 to 2526 to 5051 to 15040%30%20%10%0%Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents40%19%15%17%150&more9%2020 publications by region 10 or less 11 to 25 26 to 50 51 to 150 151 and more

149、West&Northern EuropeWest&Central AsiaUSA&CanadaSouth&South-Eastern AsiaSouth&Eastern EuropeOceaniaLatin America&the CaribbeanEastern AsiaAfrica2020 publications by staff size46 and up21 to 4511 to 20Up to 100%25%50%75%100%27%36%44%37%44%7%6%4%4%4%10 or less 11 to 25 26 to 50 51 to 150 151 and more10

150、%11%14%20%29%12%10%10%12%8%12%12%10%7%5%6%4%2%2%3%7%3%6%4%3%15%9%3%9%3%5%8%6%5%5%8%8%9%34%42%15%24%29%14%19%23%28%27%19%3%41%25%20%8%7%37Chart 14.n:966 As would be expected,Chart 15 shows that larger teams generate more publications compared with smaller teams.The general trend is that more than hal

151、f of the think tanks with up to 45 staff members tend to publish up to 50 pieces in a year,whereas those with bigger staff sizes(46 and up)tend to publish more than 50.Chart 15.n:369As the 2019 report showed,and as is also evident in this edition,the gender of the founder of a think a tank seems to

152、have long-lasting effects on several aspects of their operation.Chart 16 displays publication numbers for 2020 based on the gender of the founders(or other entity)and shows that think tanks founded by all-female founders have the smallest publication output,while those founded by all men have a much

153、 higher number of publications,similar to those founded by other entities.Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contentsGender of leader by publications 20200%25%50%75%100%MaleBoth male and female (more than one person)Female 10 or less 11 to 25 26 to 50 51 to 150 151 and more39%18%16%18%9

154、%47%19%6%13%16%41%21%15%13%10%38Chart 16.n:610The data also shows a small tendency for think tanks with male leaders to publish more pieces than female-led organisations(Chart 17).Chart 17.n:610note:Uses latest leader gender up to 2020.Gender of founder by 2020 publications0%25%50%75%100%Other entit

155、iesAll maleBoth male and female foundersAll female 10 or less 11 to 25 26 to 50 51 to 150 151 and more34%23%13%21%9%37%21%15%16%12%45%21%19%11%3%59%19%9%6%6%Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents10TurnoverQuestions answered in this chapter:What are the average and median turnovers

156、for think tanks?Which regions have the highest and lowest turnover?40TurnoverWhat are the average and median turnovers for think tanks?The Open Think Tank Directory registers the turnover of the organisations it features,but it is one of the least complete variables,with data held for less than 10%o

157、f organisations.The lack of data is mainly because most organisations do not show or share their turnover information,or when they do it is difficult to uncover and buried deep within difficult-to-read reports.Because of this,this chapter,more than any other,offers only a description and a database-

158、level explanation of the results.Nevertheless,the results are interesting and indicate trends and patterns that need to be explored further.The average turnover of the 263 organisations for which we have turnover data in 2020 is USD 28,700,000 and the median USD 2,085,113.But as these organisations

159、are not the same as those we had data on in 2019,we cannot establish whether there has been a change in turnover data at this stage.Chart 18 displays the distribution of think tanks by turnover groups,and shows,consistent with the 2019 report,that most think tanks in the database have a turnover of

160、1.5 million or less.The next section explores how this compares by region.Chart 18.n:26310Think tanks by 2020 turnover groupsLess than 500kOver 500k and less than 1.5 millionOver 1.5 and less than 10 millionOver 10 and less than 100 million100 million and more0%5%10%15%20%25%30%6%21%27%17%30%Think T

161、ank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents41Differences21Among think tanks with turnover data for 2020,most had a turnover of less than USD 500,000(30%)and over USD 1.5 million but less than USD 10 million(28%).Most organisations in Africa(55%),Latin America&the Caribbean(38%),South&Eastern E

162、urope(50%),South&South-Eastern Asia(39%)and West&Central Asia(44%)had a turnover of less than USD 500,000 in 2020.More think tanks in Oceania(46%)and West&Northern Europe(32%)had a turnover of more than USD 1.5 million but less than USD 10 million,while in USA&Canada 42%of think tanks turned over mo

163、re than USD 10 million but less than USD 100 million.Most think tanks with a non-profit business model(30%),university institute or centre(33%)or other(53%)had a turnover of less than USD 500,000 in 2020,while think tanks with a government business model mostly had a turnover of USD 100 million or m

164、ore(54%).Only Eastern Asia had almost half(45%)of its think tanks(with turnover data)turn over USD 100 million or more.This was driven primarily by China,where five think tanks reported a turnover of USD 155 million to USD 748 million in 2020.These are the same five think tanks with a government bus

165、iness model that had a turnover of over USD 100 million.Chart 19.n:26321 Due to the small number of organisations that shared their turnover data we have not explored comparisons with many variables,as the data did not allow for it.But turnover and gender of leader and gender of founder are found in

166、 the following chapters.Turnover 2020,by region Less than 500k Over 500k and less than 1.5 million Over 1.5 and less than 10 million Over 10 and less than 100 million 100 million and moreOceaniaWest&Northern EuropeSouth&Eastern EuropeUSA&CanadaLatin America&the CaribbeanWest&Central AsiaSouth&South-

167、Eastern AsiaEastern AsiaAfrica0%25%50%75%100%Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents15%8%46%23%8%22%13%32%25%7%50%35%10%5%6%10%33%42%8%38%21%29%13%44%11%33%11%39%18%32%11%18%9%27%45%55%18%14%9%5%All female All male Both female and male Other entity 55%9%36%6%59%9%25%61%15%22%7%43%27

168、%23%8%43%43%6%Turnover 2020 by gender of founder0%25%50%75%100%100 million and moreOver 10 and less than 100 millionOver 1.5 and less than 10 millionOver 500k and less than 1.5 millionLess than 500k42As the 2019 report also showed,think tanks founded by men have a higher turnover,as Chart 20 shows.C

169、hart 20.n:182What has changed since 2019?Of the 193 organisations for which we had turnover data in both 2019 and 2020,the average change in turnover is positive,and up by 3.85%,but the median change is 0%.22 But a closer look at the data shows variability between different sized think tanks Most of

170、 the organisations with a turnover of less than USD 500,000(50%),over USD 500,000 but less than USD 1.5 million(56%),and USD 100 million and more(73%)showed a decrease in turnover,mostly of up to-25%(32%,49%and 73%respectively).On the other hand,most think tanks with a turnover of over USD 1.5 milli

171、on but less than USD 10 million(51%)and over USD 10 million but less than USD 100 million(66%)indicated an increase in revenue,with most think tanks showing an increase in turnover of up to 25%(40%and 66%,respectively).Table 4 shows the range of turnover change from 2019 to 2020.Almost half of the t

172、hink tanks with turnover change information had a negative turnover change from 2019 to 2020(48%)and 47%of the think tanks showed an increase in turnover.Most of the think tanks showed a decline of-25%to-0.1%(39%)or an increase of 0.4%to 25%(33%).22 Two organisations with information on turnover cha

173、nge(%)were excluded from table and consequent analysis because they are outliers(1,366.7%and 95,900%).Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents43Table 4.Half of the think tanks in Africa(50%)decreased their turnover(up to-68%)and the other half increased it(up to 75.2%).Most of the th

174、ink tanks in Eastern Asia(67%),South&Eastern Europe(52%),Latin America&the Caribbean(44%)and South&South-Eastern Asia(42%)showed a decline in turnover between-25%and-0.1%,while most of the organisations in Oceania(58%),West&Northern Europe(42%)and USA&Canada(38%)showed an increase in turnover of up

175、to 25%.In West&Central Asia,most organisations showed an increase in turnover of up to 25%(38%)and another 38%showed a decline in turnover.Only a small portion(4%)of the think tanks indicated no change in turnover,primarily driven by Latin America&the Caribbean(11%),West&Northern Europe(7%),USA&Cana

176、da(6%)and South&Eastern Europe(3%).Turnover change(%),2019 to 2020Turnover change(%)Freq.Percent-51%and below42%-50-26%147%-250%7539%No change84%025%6433%2650%147%51 and above147%Total193100%n:193,min:-68,max:200Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contentsTurnover change(%),2019 to 2020,

177、by region0%25%50%75%100%Africa Latin America&the CaribbeanUSA&CanadaEastern AsiaSouth&South-Eastern AsiaWest&Central AsiaSouth&Eastern EuropeWest&Northern EuropeOceaniaTotal -51%and below -50-26%-25%0%No change 025%2650%51%and above13%13%25%25%13%13%11%44%11%22%11%13%31%6%38%13%67%33%13%42%33%8%4%38

178、%38%25%6%3%52%3%13%13%10%5%34%7%42%3%8%8%25%58%8%2%7%39%4%33%7%7%44Chart 21.n:193We also looked at 187 think tanks that had information on business model and 2019 to 2020 turnover change,and found that most of the think tanks classified as government(73%of 11 think tanks)and for-profit(67%of six thi

179、nk tanks)showed a decline in turnover,while most non-profits(48%of 152 think tanks)and universities(57%of seven think tanks)had an increase in turnover.However,as previously mentioned,these figures should be analysed with caution due to large variations in sample size for each business model.Think T

180、ank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents11StaffQuestions answered in this chapter:What is the median staff size of think tanks?What is the percentage of women working in think tanks?How does this differ by region?Do male-led think tanks have more staff?Do female-led think tanks have a highe

181、r percentage of female staff?Think tanks by staff number 2020Up to 1011 to 2021 to 4546 and up40%30%20%10%0%22%24%24%30%46StaffWhat is the staff size of think tanks?23The median staff size for think tanks in 2021 is 18(which shows a decrease from 2019 data),and the average%of female staff in 2021 is

182、 47%(which shows an increase from 2019 data 44%).Chart 22 shows the number of think tanks by staff numbers,and evidence that most think tanks in the database are small organisations with less than 10 staff(30%).Chart 22.n:1,71723 The Chinese Academy of Sciences has not been included in the analysis

183、as it an outlier and heavily skews the averages.11Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contentsRegion by staff size 2021 Up to 10 11 to 20 21 to 45 46 and up0%25%50%75%100%West&Northern EuropeWest&Central AsiaUSA&CanadaSouth&South-Eastern AsiaSouth&Eastern Europe Oceania Latin America&the

184、 CaribbeanEastern AsiaAfrica 31%21%21%27%33%33%21%13%29%23%27%21%28%22%32%19%37%28%26%10543%31%17%9%30%30%22%17%14%10%21%55%27%33%28%12%47DifferencesThe comparisons of staff numbers by region,date founded,gender of leader and gender of founder show the same pattern(albeit with small differences)as t

185、he 2019 report.In terms of region(Chart 23)Eastern Asia has the highest percentage of organisations with 46 staff members and above.In terms of age,older organisations have a higher number of staff(Chart 24).Male-led and male-founded organisations have a higher number of staff than female-led or fem

186、ale-founded organisations,and organisations founded by other entities have the highest staff average and median(although this is mostly led by organisations in China)(Tables 5&6).Think tanks with a female leader have more female staff(62%)than male-led organisations.Moreover,think tanks with a mix o

187、f both male and female leaders also have more female staff(55%)than male-led think tanks,and appear to have a better employee gender balance(Table 7).Chart 23.n:1,717Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contentsDate founded by staff size 2021 Up to 10 11 to 20 21 to 45 46 and upUp to 1914

188、191519451946196919701979198019891990199920002009201020192020 onwards0%25%50%75%100%33%13%13%40%20%8%35%38%9%21%27%43%23%25%20%32%23%24%27%26%33%27%24%17%32%25%25%19%37%25%25%13%40%27%27%7%48Chart 24.n:1,493Table 5.Table 6.Staff size indicators by gender of leaderGender of leaderAverage StaffMedian s

189、taffMax number of staffFemale3717628Male55195110n:2,622Staff size indicators by gender of founderGender of founderAverage StaffMedian staffMax number of staffAll female2914177All male3719625Both male and female 2515301Other entities109265110n:1,631Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of cont

190、ents49Table 7.What has changed since 2019?In 2019,1,188 think tanks reported staff size(median:19)and 1,717 in 2021(median:18).There is staff size data for both years for a total of 770 think tanks.This section will analyse only the organisations for which the OTTD holds data for both years.At the r

191、egional level,the median tends to be lower in 2021 for Africa,Latin America&the Caribbean,South&Eastern Europe,West&Central Asia,and West&Northern Europe.The median is highest among think tanks in Eastern Asia.Table 8.The average staff change from 2019 to 2021 is 7%and median 0%.Table 9 shows the ra

192、nge of staff change from 2019 to 2021.Almost half of the think tanks(47%)with staff change information increased their number of staff from 1%up to 200%from 2019 to 2021,but there were also 33%of think tanks who showed a decline in the number of staff.Finally,20%showed no change in staff size.Percen

193、tage of female staff(2021),by gender of leader(2021)Gender of leaderAverage%of female stafffBoth male and female (more than one person)55%Female62%Male 44%n:1,504Median staff size(organizations with information for both 2019 and 2021)AfricaEastern AsiaLatin America&the CaribbeanOceaniaSouth&Eastern

194、EuropeSouth&South-Eastern AsiaUSA&CanadaWest&Central AsiaWest&Northern Europe20191911917.5111619151519.52021151411612.5152316.51319n=134014261013915029358n:771Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents50Table 9.At the regional level(Table 10),Africa and Eastern Asia showed the most cha

195、nge in staff size.Africa had the greatest number of think tanks that showed a decline in staff numbers(69%),followed by Oceania(50%).About a third of the think tanks in Eastern Asia(32%),Latin America&the Caribbean(36%),South&South-Eastern Asia(36%)and West&Northern Europe(35%)had an increase in sta

196、ff size of up to 25%.South&Eastern Europe and West&Central Asia had a negative change in number of staff(more than 40%of think tanks in both regions show a decrease in staff numbers).Almost a third(28%)of the think tanks in USA&Canada showed an increase in number of staff of up to 25%,but 25%of thin

197、k tanks in this region also shrunk in staff size.On average,across the world,a third of think tanks(33%)had a negative staff number,but another third(31%)had an increase in staff numbers of up to 25%.Table 10.Staff change(%),2019 to 2021Staff change(%)Freq.Percent 0%(decrease)25733%No change15420%12

198、5%23731%2650%709%50%and above527%Total770100%n:770,min:-64,max:300Staff change(%),2019 to 2021(by region)AfricaEastern AsiaLatin America&the CaribbeanOceaniaSouth&Eastern EuropeSouth&South-Eastern AsiaUSA&CanadaWest&Central AsiaWest&Northern EuropeTotal 0%(decrease)69%24%29%50%42%26%25%41%34%33%No c

199、hange0%39%21%23%20%18%21%28%17%20%125%31%32%36%15%25%36%28%14%35%31%2650%0%5%7%4%13%15%13%3%8%9%51 and above0%0%7%8%1%5%13%14%6%7%n134114261013915029357770Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contents51Close to half of government think tanks(43%)had a 125%change in number of staff(Table 1

200、1).Moreover,more government think tanks showed no change in staff size compared to other business models,and they had the lowest number of think tanks(18%)with a negative change in staff size.On the other hand,think tanks with a non-profit business model showed the least number of think tanks that i

201、ndicated no change in their staff size.For-profit think thanks primarily showed a 125%increase in number of staff(34%);non-profit think tanks primarily showed a decrease in staff size(34%);university institute or centre think tanks mostly decreased their staff size(40%);and lastly,think tanks that w

202、ere classified as other mostly showed an increase of 125%in staff size(45%).Table 11.The gender of the think tank leader did not result in a big difference in the number of think tanks that showed an increase in staff size.Among think tanks with a female leader,46%showed a staff increase of at least

203、 1%and 47%of think tanks with a male leader showed a similar increase in the number of staff.However,more think tanks with male leaders(22%)had a stable number of staff or no change in staff size,while female-led think tanks(40%)showed a greater decline in number of staff.These figures should be ass

204、essed with caution due to the greater share of think tanks that have a male leader(523,72%)than those with a female leader(183,25%).Table 12.Staff change(%),2019 to 2021(by business model)GovernmentFor-profitNon-profitUniversityOtherTotal 0%(decrease)18%25%34%40%28%33%125%43%34%30%22%45%30%No change

205、30%25%18%24%24%20%2650%8%3%11%7%0%10%50%and above3%13%8%7%3%7%n:403251710329721Staff change(%),2019 to 2021(by gender of leader,2021)Both male and femaleFemaleMaleTotal 0%(decrease28%40%31%33%No change32%14%22%20%125%28%27%32%31%2650%12%9%9%9%50%and above0%9%7%3%n:25183523731Think Tank State of the

206、Sector 20202021Table of contents12Gender and leadershipQuestions answered in this chapter:How many men and women lead think tanks?How does this differ by region?Are female-founded think tanks more likely to be led by women?Gender of leaderBoth male and femaleFemaleMale80%60%40%20%0%72%26%3%53Gender

207、and leadershipHow many men and women lead think tanks?The data on leadership take account of the role that each organisation identifies as being the overall leader,and this position can take many names:president,chairperson,director,chief executive officer,secretary general,etc.Think tank leadership

208、 around the world is dominated by men(72%),which is almost three times the percentage of think tanks led by women(26%)(Chart 25).Chart 25.n:2,621DifferencesThroughout the world,think tanks are predominantly led by men,but differences emerge by region(Chart 26).The percentage of think tanks with wome

209、n leaders is highest in the Americas Latin America&the Caribbean(34%),South&Eastern Europe(30%)and USA&Canada(29%).Eastern Asia has the smallest share of think tanks with female leadership(9%),while in other regions at least a fifth of think tanks are women-led.12Think Tank State of the Sector 20202

210、021Table of contentsGender of leader by region0%25%50%75%100%West&Northern EuropeWest&Central AsiaUSA&CanadaSouth&South-Eastern AsiaSouth&Eastern Europe Oceania Latin America&the CaribbeanEastern AsiaAfrica Both male and female Female MaleGender of founder by gender of leader(latest)0%25%50%75%100%F

211、ounded by other entitiesBoth female and male foundersAll male foundersAll female founders Both male and female leaders Female leader Male leader5%25%70%24%76%29%70%21%78%30%69%5%23%72%3%34%63%9%89%26%74%2%24%73%3%40%57%3%18%80%3%67%30%54Chart 26.n:2,624Chart 27 shows that think tanks founded by fema

212、les tend to have more female leadership(67%),while think tanks founded by males have primarily male leaders(80%).Think tanks founded by both male and female co-founders and by other entities have more male leaders than female:57%and 73%,respectively.Chart 27.n:1,470As in the 2019 report,male-led thi

213、nk tanks had double the turnover in 2020 than think tanks led by females(Chart 28).A closer look at turnover(Chart 29)shows that only 6%of think tanks with a turnover of USD 100 million or more are led by women,and a higher percentage of think tanks with a turnover of less than USD 1.5 million(38%)a

214、re led by women compared to other turnover brackets.Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contentsMedian turnover 2020(in USD)by gender of leader 20201,800,0001,350,000900,000450,0000FemaleMale782,7271,712,526Gender of leader(2020),by turnover in 2020(percent)100 million and moreOver 10 an

215、d less than 100 millionOver 1.5 and less than 10 millionOver 500k and less than 1.5 millionLess than 500k0%25%50%75%100%Both male and female(more than one person)Female Male6%94%27%71%31%68%38%60%33%66%55Chart 28.n:266Chart 29.n:266What has changed since 2019?There has not been much change in the ge

216、nder of leadership of think tanks in the past three years.Think tanks continue to be dominated by male leaders and their turnover remains higher than think tanks with female leadership.Table 13.Gender of leader by year201920202021Both male and female3%3%3%Female22%22%23%Male75%75%75%Think Tank State

217、 of the Sector 20202021Table of contents13Social media useQuestions answered in this chapter:Which social media channels are think tanks more predominantly engaged with?Which social media channels are more popular by region?Social media presenceYouTubeTwitterLinkedInInstagramFacebook46%72%46%27%75%0

218、%20%40%60%80%57Social media use Which channels do think tanks use?The Open Think Tank Directory registers an organisations presence24 on the following social media channels:Facebook,Twitter,YouTube,LinkedIn and Instagram,as well as the number of followers or likes on each channel.To identify the soc

219、ial media channels that organisations use we scraped25 think tanks websites and registered whether they publicly shared accounts on these channels on their websites,and we are confident that the results present a representative picture of the reality for these social media channels.26 However,we ack

220、nowledge that think tanks,especially in Asia,use other social media channels that we are not registering.The social media channels that feature most prominently in the directory are Facebook(75%of organisations have an account registered)and Twitter(72%),followed by YouTube(46%),LinkedIn(46%)and Ins

221、tagram(27%)(Chart 30).Chart 30.n:YouTube 1,435,Twitter 2,222,LinkedIn 1,420,Instagram 574,Facebook,2,31924 Social media channels need to exclusively belong to the organisation to be registered.For example,if a university centre uses the universitys social media accounts,then it is not counted.25 Ove

222、rton was contracted to do the data scraping.Data scraping refers to the process of importing information from a website to a spreadsheet or local file saved on a computer.26 With the exception of followers on LinkedIn as the platform actively discourages scraping.13Think Tank State of the Sector 202

223、02021Table of contentsFacebook presence by regionLinkedIn presence by regionYoutube presence by region70%53%35%18%0%Africa Latin America&the Caribbean USA&Canada Eastern Asia South&South-Eastern Asia West&Central Asia South&Eastern Europe West&Northern Europe Oceania13%38%42%48%38%65%52%62%37%100%75

224、%50%25%0%70%53%35%18%0%77%46%84%44%30%13%69%74%43%91%46%84%41%87%78%33%65%56%Instagram presence by region82%67%6%80%82%63%50%38%25%13%0%100%75%50%25%0%Twitter presence by region16%25%22%31%45%22%42%23%92%80%19%61%n:2,320n:841n:1,423n:1,421n:2,223DifferencesOverall,Facebook and Twitter are the think

225、tanks most used social media apps while Instagram has the lowest presence among think tanks.This is consistent with the trends observed in each region(Chart 31).Facebook,YouTube and Instagram are most common among think tanks in the Americas(Latin America&the Caribbean and USA&Canada).LinkedIn is mo

226、st common in USA&Canada(65%)and West&Northern Europe(56%);Twitter is most common in USA&Canada(92%),Latin America&the Caribbean(82%)and Africa(82%).Eastern Asia appears to have the lowest number of think tanks that use social media.Chart 31.58Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contentsT

227、witter followers by region24.99%25.03%24.99%24.99%15.82%27.64%29.64%26.91%34.86%32.11%20.18%12.84%15.7%17.85%26.24%40.22%37.87%28.4%19.53%14.2%42.65%30.33%17.54%9.48%22.39%29.85%26.87%20.9%23.16%21.75%27.12%27.97%45.16%33.87%12.9%8.06%36.47%23.53%23.53%16.47%59With Eastern Asia having the lowest num

228、ber of think tanks present on the social media registered it is no surprise that it also has think tanks with the smallest number of followers,with only 21%of think tanks having more than 3,280 followers.Moreover,Asia in general had the most Twitter accounts with the lowest number of followers.The A

229、mericas have the greatest number of think tanks with more than 3,280 followers.Chart 32.0%25%50%75%100%Total West&Northern EuropeWest&Central AsiaUSA&CanadaSouth&South-Eastern AsiaSouth&Eastern EuropeOceaniaLatin America&the CaribbeanEastern AsiaAfrica 0880 8813,280 3,28112,200 12,201 and upThink Ta

230、nk State of the Sector 20202021Table of contentsFacebook likes by region0%25%50%75%100%Total OceaniaWest&Northern EuropeSouth&Eastern EuropeWest&Central AsiaSouthern&South-Eastern AsiaEastern AsiaUSA&CanadaLatin America&the CaribbeanAfrica 0-1,500 1,501-4,300 4,301-13,700 13,701 and up25%25%25%25%27

231、%17%25%31%30%29%21%21%25%30%33%13%23%24%28%25%16%29%35%20%49%25%15%11%24%21%22%33%21%17%27%35%26%31%19%24%Oceania and Latin America&the Caribbean have the greatest number of think tanks with more than 4,300 Facebook likes,more than the world average.Eastern Asia has the greatest number of think tank

232、s with the smallest number of followers(up to 4,300)at 74%.Latin America&the Caribbean(35%),USA&Canada(33%)and Oceania(31%)have the biggest share of think tanks with 13,701 or more followers in their respective regions.Chart 33.60Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contentsMedian YouTube

233、 videosOceaniaWest&Northern EuropeSouth&Eastern EuropeWest&Central AsiaSouthern&South-Eastern AsiaEastern AsiaUSA&CanadaLatin America&the CaribbeanAfrica0 45 85 130 170OceaniaWest&Northern EuropeSouth&Eastern EuropeWest&Central AsiaSouthern&South-Eastern AsiaEastern AsiaUSA&CanadaLatin America and t

234、he CaribbeanAfrica0 72,500 145,0001569446,22012911444,86812142,97912855,58016614,412710549,1797512,97790,72637,999Median YouTube views25%25%25.07%24.93%30.3%27.27%24.24%18.18%28.14%28.14%22.46%21.26%29.23%29.23%27.69%13.85%24.29%26.53%25.51%23.47%17.43%23.85%33.94%24.77%17.78%24.44%28.89%28.89%21.38

235、%18.24%27.04%33.33%23.53%25.61%23.53%27.34%37%28.75%15%18.75%YouTube subscribers by region0%25%50%75%100%Total OceaniaWest&Northern EuropeSouth&Eastern EuropeWest&Central AsiaSouth&South-Eastern AsiaEastern AsiaUSA&CanadaLatin America&the CaribbeanAfrica 050 51340 3411,700 1,701 and up61The Americas

236、 continue to dominate the number of YouTube subscribers,with about a third of think tanks in USA&Canada(33%)and in Latin America&the Caribbean(27%)having 1,701 or more YouTube subscribers.On the other hand,Africa has the greatest share of think tanks with up to 50(38%)and 51340 followers(29%).Chart

237、34.Despite Latin America&the Caribbean having the greatest share of think tanks with YouTube accounts,it does not have the highest median number of YouTube videos as it only has a median of 105,which is the third lowest median number of YouTube videos.USA&Canada has the highest median number of YouT

238、ube videos(166),followed by Oceania(156).Consistently,USA&Canada and Oceania have the highest median number of YouTube views at 144,127 and 90,726,respectively.Chart 35.Think Tank State of the Sector 20202021Table of contentshttps:/onthinktanks.org/open-think-tank-directoryThe Open Think Tank DirectoryAndrea Baertl&Chndy Rogel