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1、Behavioral insights for Plastic Waste ManageMent in Bangladeshthe World BanKPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizediBehavioral insights for Plastic Waste ManageMent in Bangladeshthe World BanKiiBehavioral Insights into Plastic

2、Waste Management 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington,D.C.20433Telephone:202-473-1000Internet:www.worldbank.orgThis work is a product of the staff of the World Bank with external contributions.The findings,interpretations,and conclusions

3、 expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank,its Board of Executive Directors,or the governments they represent.The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy,completeness,or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any error

4、s,omissions,or discrepancies in the information,or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information,methods,processes,or conclusions set forth.The boundaries,colors,denominations,and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the Wo

5、rld Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of the World Bank,all of which are specifically reserved.Rights a

6、nd PermissionsThe material in this work is subject to copyright.Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge,this work may be reproduced,in whole or in part,for noncommercial purposes,as long as full attribution to this work is given.AttributionPlease cite the work as follows:Wor

7、ld Bank.2024.Behavioral Insights for Plastic Waste Management in Bangladesh.Washington,D.C.:World Bank.Any queries on rights and licenses,including subsidiary rights,should be addressed to World Bank Publications,the World Bank Group,1818 H Street NW,Washington,D.C.20433,USA;fax:202-522-2625;e-mail:

8、pubrightsworldbank.org.All photos used in this report taken by World Bank team.Further permission required for reuse.Report design and layout:Rustam Vani and Sudev KumariiiThe report is part of a deep dive on plastic waste management in Bangladesh,an analytical product under the Building Back Greene

9、r Bangladesh Programmatic Analytics and Advisory Services aimed to support the Govern-ment of Bangladesh to better understand the status of plastic issues and form a basis on which to tackle plastic waste management in a more systematic and comprehensive manner.The deep dive builds on the analytics

10、and aligns with the recommendations set forward in the Country Environmental Analysis(CEA)(2023)and the Multisectoral Action Plan for Sustainable Plastic Management in Bangladesh(2021)focusing on different areas of policy and regulatory reforms;economic instruments;technology and infrastructure;and

11、awareness raising.It supports the Banks commitment to work with countries around the world to pursue and scale-up policies and programs that help them move toward a circular plastic economy and,in partnership with civil society and the private sector,harnesses the power of innovation to bring viable

12、 and sustainable solutions for plastic waste re-duction and management.This report was produced with generous financial support from PROBLUE,a multi-donor trust fund administered by the World Bank,that supports the sustainable and integrated development of marine and coastal resources in a healthy o

13、cean.As Bangladeshs economy grows and the country becomes rapidly urbanized,plastic pollution has become an escalating problem.Moving forward,the Government of Bangladesh aims for sustainable development by stepping up and modernizing the action on pollution and waste management and adopting appropr

14、iate approaches,including a circular economy.Behavioral Insights into Plastic Waste Management12345Chapter:Introduction 11.1 The Context 11.2 About this Study 2Chapter:Behavioral Study in Coxs Bazar 42.1 Background 42.2 Conceptual Framework:COM-B 52.3 Methodology 82.4 Findings 11Chapter:Behavioral S

15、tudy in Dhaka 313.1 Background 313.2 Methodology 313.3 Findings 33Chapter:Recommendations 384.1 Capability Barriers 394.2 Opportunity Barriers 424.3 Motivational Barriers 45Chapter:Conclusions 50References 52Appendix 1.Sampling Distribution in Coxs Bazar Study 54Appendix 2.Additional Graphs from Dha

16、ka Study 56Appendix 3.Stakeholder Analysis for Dhaka Study 62ivBehavioral Insights into Plastic Waste ManagementTable of ContentsAcknowledgments ivGlossary of Terms viiiGlossary of Behavioral Biases viiiAcronyms ixExecutive Summary xvBehavioral Insights into Plastic Waste ManagementTablesTable 1.The

17、mes and Research Questions for Coxs Bazar Study 4Table 2.Analytical Framework for Coxs Bazar Study 7Table 3.Sampling in Coxs Bazar Study 10Table 4.Recommendations Addressing Capability Barriers 39Table 5.Recommendations Addressing Opportunity Barriers 42Table 6.Recommendations Addressing Motivation

18、Barriers 45Table A.1.Stakeholder Analysis for Dhaka Study 62FiguresFigure ES.1.Typical SUP Journey of a Plastic Straw in Coxs Bazar xiFigure 1.Conceptual Framework 6Figure 2.Study Area Map in the Coastal Area 8Figure 3.Study Methodology 9Figure 4.Categories of Plastic Products Used 11Figure 5.Waste

19、Disposal Practices 13Figure 6.Consequences of SUP Use 16Figure 7.Billboard at Sugandha Beach-Side Road,Coxs Bazar 21Figure 8.Alternatives Used by Eco-Resorts in Coxs Bazar 22Figure 9.Enabling Factors for Businesses for Sustainable Practices and Products 24Figure 10.Study Area Map in Dhaka 32Figure 1

20、1.Categories of Plastic Products Used 33Figure 12.Plastic Waste Disposal Practices 34Figure 13.Knowledge About Plastic Waste Impact on the Environment 35Figure A.1.Reasons for Using Plastic Products 56Figure A.2.Areas Most Polluted by Plastic Waste 56Figure A.3.Potential Impacts of Plastic Pollution

21、,According to Respondents 57viBehavioral Insights into Plastic Waste ManagementFigure A.4.Knowledge about Impacts of Plastic Waste on Human Health 57Figure A.5.Diseases Occurrence in the Community 57Figure A.6.Disease Occurrence among Family Members of Respondents in the Last 5 years 58Figure A.7.So

22、urces of Knowledge about Plastic Waste 58Figure A.8.Perceived Changes in Plastic Product Use 59Figure A.9.Causes of Increase in Use of Plastic Products 59Figure A.10.Causes of Decrease in Use of Plastic Products 60Figure A.11.Perceived Need to Stop Plastic Use 60Figure A.12.Knowledge of Government R

23、egulations Regarding Plastic Pollution 61Figure A.13.Perceived Alternatives to Plastic Products 61BoxesBox 1.Why Do a Qualitative Behavioral Diagnostic?5Box 2.Summary of Capability Barriers 19Box 3.Summary of Opportunity Barriers 26Box 4.Summary of Motivational Barriers 29viiBehavioral Insights into

24、 Plastic Waste ManagementGlossary of TermsBiodegradable:Capable of being reduced to finer particles(degraded or decomposed)by microbiological organismsKhal:Canal or river channelPourasabha or pourashava:Local governing body,municipality or municipal corporation of a city or town in BangladeshRecycla

25、ble:Able to be collected,separated,and processed to be used as raw material in the manufacture of a new productRecycling:The process by which waste materials are transformed into new products in such a manner that the original products may lose their identitySolid waste management:Systematic control

26、 of generation,storage,collection,transport,separation,processing,recycling,recovery,and final disposal of solid wasteUpazilla:Sub-district in BangladeshVangari dokan(scrap shop)or bhangari:Small shops that buy and sell recyclable waste and old and scrap itemsGlossary of Behavioral BiasesAvailabilit

27、y bias:The tendency to rely on information that immediately or easily comes to mind when making judgements or decisionsBandwagon effect:The tendency for individuals to adopt behaviors,beliefs,or attitudes because they observe other people doing the sameDefault:An option that is automatically chosen

28、if an individual does not actively make a choice or take a different course of actionLocus of control:The extent to which people believe themselves to be in control of the outcome of an event in their lives,as opposed to external factors or forcesMental models:Beliefs,concepts,and ideas used by peop

29、le to interpret the world around themMoral hazard:When people engage in risky or reckless behavior,because they are protected from the negative consequences of their actionsPresent bias:Giving greater weight to current concerns over future ones,such as favoring current rewards above future ones,beca

30、use future benefits are not perceived as fully clearSalience bias:The tendency to focus on information or ideas that are more prominent and ignore those that are less prominentSelf-serving bias:When people attribute the positive events,outcomes,and successes to themselves and negative events,outcome

31、s,and failures to external factorsSocial norms:Informal rules of acceptable and appropriate behavior within a specific group or community that guide behavior and are usually held in place by expected social sanctionsStatus quo bias:The preference to keep things as they are or stick to the present pr

32、ocess instead of changing anythingviiiBehavioral Insights into Plastic Waste ManagementBPGMEABangladesh Plastic Goods,Manufacturing and Exporters AssociationCBOcommunity-based organizationCOM-BCapability,Opportunity,and Motivation BehaviorDNCCDhaka North City CorporationDSCCDhaka South City Corporat

33、ionDWASADhaka Water Supply and Sewerage AuthorityEPRextended producer responsibilityFGDfocus group discussionIDIin-depth interview3Rsreduce,reuse,recycle SUPsingle-use plasticMLPmulti-layered plasticNGOnon-governmental organizationPPPpublic-private partnershipPROproducers responsibility organization

34、UNDPUnited Nations Development ProgrammeAcronymsixBehavioral Insights into Plastic Waste ManagementThis report was prepared by Bushra Nishat,Environmental Specialist;Tasmia Rahman,Economist,Mind,Behavior,and Development Unit(eMBeD)at the Development Impact(DIME)department;Ailin Tomio,Behavioral Scie

35、ntist,eMBeD at the DIME department;and Nina Tsydenova,Environmental Specialist with contributions from Fatima Karout,Consultant,eMBeD at the DIME department,and Susan Sellars,Copy Editor.Additional critical support throughout various stages of preparation was provided by Ana Luisa Gomes Lima,Senior

36、Environmental Specialist,Eun Joo Allison Yi,Senior Environmental Specialist,Pawan Patil,Senior Economist,and Md Mahady Hassan,Water Resources Specialist.The team gratefully acknowledges the technical contributions of Taufiq Samad,Anindya Barai,Mamun Rashid,Zabir Hossain,Md.Akteruzzaman,Shameem Reza

37、Khan,Sabbir Ahmed Dhali,S.K.Tanvir Hasan,Md.Kamrul Hasan and Dipanjan Sidhanta from Development Research Institute for the study conducted in Coxs Bazar.The team also acknowledges Md.Shafiqur Rahman,Raisin Akhter Feroz,Nehreen Majed,Md.Mashiur Rahman,Madhu Shudan Das,Muhammad Anwar Iqbal and Saiful

38、Islam Imran from Development Solutions Consultants Limited and Professor M Niamul Naser from Dhaka University for the technical contributions for the study conducted in Dhaka.Numerous stakeholders were interviewed and shared their knowledge,for which the team is grateful.For technical guidance and f

39、eedback,the team thanks the Ministry of Environment,Forest and Climate Change and the Department of Environment(DoE).The team would like to express its gratitude to Abdul Hamid,Razinara Begum,and Abdullah Al-Mamun of DoE for their support in conducting the fieldwork for the study.The team thanks Jor

40、ge Luis Castaneda Nunez,Economist,World Bank,for his constructive comments and guidance as peer reviewer.Overall management support and guidance was provided by Dina Umali-Deininger,Regional Director for Sustainable Development,South Asia Region;Abdoulaye Seck,Country Director,Bangladesh and Bhutan;

41、and Christophe Crepin,Practice Manager,Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice.The team also thanks Gayle Martin,Operations Manager,Bangladesh and Bhutan,Elsa Le Groumellec,Senior Counsel,Christina Leb,Senior Counsel,and Bruno Bonansea,Program Manager,Cartography,for their support and guid

42、ance.The team also acknowledges Serrana Beatriz Mujica Estevez and Sudev Kumar for design,layout,and infographics;and Patricia Anne Janer for creating maps within the report;and Ian Richie Paulson,Muhammad Naeem and Hanny for overall administrative support.The team acknowledges the financial support

43、 provided by PROBLUE,a Multi-Donor Trust Fund housed at the World Bank that supports the development of integrated,sustainable,and healthy marine and coastal resources.AcknowledgmentsES12345xBehavioral Insights into Plastic Waste ManagementExecutiveSummaryPlastic pollution is a major challenge in Ba

44、ngladesh,with annual per capita plastic consumption in urban areas tripling from 2005 to 2020.The increased use of plastics,especially single-use plastics(SUPs),combined with inadequate waste management,has resulted in a large amount of plastic leakage into the environment with implications for the

45、environment and human health.Bangladesh is proactively tackling plastic with initiatives set in motion by plastic manufacturers,plastic recyclers,local governments and non-profit organisations as well as the 2020 High Court action enforcing the policy requirements and the development of the Solid Wa

46、ste Management Rules 2021.In addition,the government endorsed Action Plan for Sustainable Plastic Management(2021)maps out a comprehensive approach towards a circular economy,stressing the 3Rsreduce,reuse,recycleacross different sectors and timelines.This report presents the findings of two studieso

47、ne in Coxs Bazar and the other in Dhakawhich were conducted to support the implementation of the Action Plan.The consultations and in depth interviews for both studies were conducted during September to November of 2022.The objective of these studies was to gain insights into the perceptions and beh

48、avior of stakeholders in both locations with regards to plastic usage and waste management.The findings are expected to inform and guide the design and implementation of strategies to reduce the use of SUPs and improve plastic waste management and disposal practices.The studies were designed to be c

49、omplementary,each offering distinct insights that contribute to a holistic understanding of the plastic waste management challenges in Bangladesh.The Coxs Bazar study employed a behavioral science-informed diagnostic approach,drawing from multiple disciplines to explore how peoples perceptions,think

50、ing,and behavior shape and relate to the challenges and outcomes related to the behaviors of interest.The Dhaka survey consisted of a knowledge and practices survey,focusing on identifying structural challenges to policy outcomes from informational,economic,and regulatory standpoints.The selection o

51、f Coxs Bazar,with its coastal significance,and Dhaka,the most populous city in Bangladesh,was strategic,ensuring a diverse range of data reflective of varied environmental and demographic contexts.The findings of the studies reveal a relatively high level of public awareness regarding the negative i

52、mpacts of SUPs on both the environment and human health.For example,the results from the Dhaka survey show that 85%of respondents recognized the environmental impacts and 80%understood the health impacts of plastic use.However,despite this awareness,the use of plastic products continues to increase,

53、driven by their low cost and convenience.Waste disposal methods vary:common practices in Dhaka involve discarding waste in open spaces or using city corporation collectors,whereas in Coxs Bazar businesses often resort to dumping and burying,highlighting a lack of formal waste management systems.The

54、segregation and recycling of plastics is minimal and often managed informally with limited effectiveness.When considering alternatives to plastics,traditional materials like jute(38%of respondents)and paper products(32%)are preferred.Finally,most residents in Dhaka believe that pollution control sho

55、uld be handled primarily by city corporations(37%)and individuals(30%).RESTAURANTcleanerMismanaged plastic waste accumulates on land,waterways,and clogs drains,often resulting in drainage congestion or vector-bornediseases.As rivers discharge into the sea,plastic pollution travels to the marine envi

56、ronment,affecting the whole ecosystem.I ONLY HAVE THESE THREE OPTIONS FOR DISPOSAL.PLASTIC STRAWS DONT HARM THE ENVIRONMENT.I AM NOT MOTIVATED TO TRY A BETTER METHOD.I DONT KNOW WHERE TO THROW THE PLASTIC STRAWS.I DONT SEE ANY TRASH BIN CLOSE BY.I DONT KNOW HOW TO DISPOSE OF THE STRAWS.SOLUTION:ACCE

57、SSIBLE AND AFFORDABLE SUPs ALTERNATIVES+SHOWCASE ROLE MODELS.SOLUTION:AWARENESS-RAISING CAMPAIGNS ON THE ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT OF SUPs+ALTERNATIVE PRACTICES AND SOCIAL GOALS.SOLUTION:CAPACITY BUILDING ON WASTE SEGREGATION+SALIENT MESSAGES+REMINDERS ON HOW TO DISPOSE OF THE WASTE.SOLUTION:ADEQUATE WAST

58、E MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE+HARNESS SEVERAL STAKEHOLDERS.How do I dispose of plastic straws?WEVE ALWAYS USED PLASTIC STRAWS.WHY SHOULD WE CHANGE NOW?WHAT ELSE COULD I USE EXCEPT PLASTIC STRAWS?CUSTOMERS PREFER PLASTIC STRAWS BECAUSE THEY ARE HYGIENIC.PLASTIC STRAWS DONT HARM THE ENVIRONMENT.2WEVE AL

59、WAYS USED PLASTIC STRAWS.WHYSHOULD WE CHANGE NOW?WHAT ELSE COULD I USE EXCEPT PLASTIC STRAWS?EVERYONE USES PLASTIC STRAWS.PLASTIC STRAWS DONT HARM THE ENVIRONMENT.CUSTOMERDo I segregate the trash?How do I drink the beverage?3I DONT KNOW WHERE TO THROW THEPLASTIC STRAWS.I DONT SEE ANY TRASH BIN CLOSE

60、 BY.I JUST DO WHAT EVERYONE ELSE IS DOING.I DONT KNOW HOW TO SORT THESE PRODUCTS.THERE IS NO INFRASTRUCTURAL SUPPORT.4WHY DO WE STILL USE straws?Understanding and Overcoming Behavioural and Infrastructure Bottlenecks in Plastics Economy to Reduce Dependency on Single-Use Plastics(SUPs)Based on a beh

61、avioural study done in Coxs Bazarplastic wasteRESTAURANTMANAGER1*THESE ARE THE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE OPTIONS IN THE AREA.What do I do with the used straw?BURYLANDFILLBURNHow do we get rid of the trash?*CITYEMPLOYEEHow should I serve beverages to clients?ES12345Executive SummaryxiNotes:The SUP journey

62、in this figure outlines the decisions and actions of various stakeholders in relation to the use and disposal of a plastic straw.It depicts the overall journey of an SUP,a plastic straw,from initial use by businesses all the way through until disposal.Along the way,it features the relevant barriers(

63、both structural and behavioral),and the different decision and action points with recommended solutions to promote desired behaviors.Source:World BankFigure ES.1Typical SUP Journey of a Plastic Straw in Coxs BazarRESTAURANTcleanerMismanaged plastic waste accumulates on land,waterways,and clogs drain

64、s,often resulting in drainage congestion or vector-bornediseases.As rivers discharge into the sea,plastic pollution travels to the marine environment,affecting the whole ecosystem.I ONLY HAVE THESE THREE OPTIONS FOR DISPOSAL.PLASTIC STRAWS DONT HARM THE ENVIRONMENT.I AM NOT MOTIVATED TO TRY A BETTER

65、 METHOD.I DONT KNOW WHERE TO THROW THE PLASTIC STRAWS.I DONT SEE ANY TRASH BIN CLOSE BY.I DONT KNOW HOW TO DISPOSE OF THE STRAWS.SOLUTION:ACCESSIBLE AND AFFORDABLE SUPs ALTERNATIVES+SHOWCASE ROLE MODELS.SOLUTION:AWARENESS-RAISING CAMPAIGNS ON THE ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT OF SUPs+ALTERNATIVE PRACTICES AND

66、 SOCIAL GOALS.SOLUTION:CAPACITY BUILDING ON WASTE SEGREGATION+SALIENT MESSAGES+REMINDERS ON HOW TO DISPOSE OF THE WASTE.SOLUTION:ADEQUATE WASTE MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE+HARNESS SEVERAL STAKEHOLDERS.How do I dispose of plastic straws?WEVE ALWAYS USED PLASTIC STRAWS.WHY SHOULD WE CHANGE NOW?WHAT ELSE

67、 COULD I USE EXCEPT PLASTIC STRAWS?CUSTOMERS PREFER PLASTIC STRAWS BECAUSE THEY ARE HYGIENIC.PLASTIC STRAWS DONT HARM THE ENVIRONMENT.2WEVE ALWAYS USED PLASTIC STRAWS.WHYSHOULD WE CHANGE NOW?WHAT ELSE COULD I USE EXCEPT PLASTIC STRAWS?EVERYONE USES PLASTIC STRAWS.PLASTIC STRAWS DONT HARM THE ENVIRON

68、MENT.CUSTOMERDo I segregate the trash?How do I drink the beverage?3I DONT KNOW WHERE TO THROW THEPLASTIC STRAWS.I DONT SEE ANY TRASH BIN CLOSE BY.I JUST DO WHAT EVERYONE ELSE IS DOING.I DONT KNOW HOW TO SORT THESE PRODUCTS.THERE IS NO INFRASTRUCTURAL SUPPORT.4WHY DO WE STILL USE straws?Understanding

69、 and Overcoming Behavioural and Infrastructure Bottlenecks in Plastics Economy to Reduce Dependency on Single-Use Plastics(SUPs)Based on a behavioural study done in Coxs Bazarplastic wasteRESTAURANTMANAGER1*THESE ARE THE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE OPTIONS IN THE AREA.What do I do with the used straw?BURYLA

70、NDFILLBURNHow do we get rid of the trash?*CITYEMPLOYEEHow should I serve beverages to clients?xiiBehavioral Insights into Plastic Waste ManagementSummary of BarriersAs well as these findings,certain barriers to the management of plastic waste were identified and recommendations made.These are summar

71、ized in the following.Capability barriers:Lack of clarity on SUPs:Knowledge and understanding of SUPs varies among different stakeholders.In Coxs Bazar,business owners and managers are generally aware of what SUPs are,but their staff(including cleaning staff),customers,and municipality employees oft

72、en lack clear understanding.The municipality is neither seen as a source of information,nor is an actual source of information.Lack of knowledge about alternatives to plastic products:There is a perceived absence or insufficient availability of affordable and convenient alternatives to plastic produ

73、cts in the market.Consumers in Dhaka continue to use plastics,because they do not have accessible or viable substitutes that meet their needs.Lack of awareness of proper waste management practices:Dumping and burning are two ways in which businesses in Coxs Bazar dispose of plastic waste.The decisio

74、n to burn comes from a misguided belief that burning plastics reduces their harmful impact.Lack of awareness about the consequences of the use of plastics for the environment and health:Business staff and customers in Coxs Bazar are aware of the negative environmental impact of SUPs,but are less awa

75、re of how these impacts can affect them personally,which can create moral hazard.Businesses also tend to believe that customers are unaware and unconcerned about the harmful effects of SUPs,which does not appear to be true.A significant portion of the respondents in Dhaka have limited understanding

76、of the negative consequences of the use of SUPs,which affects their ability to make informed decisions regarding the use and disposal of plastics.Disconnect between personal behavior and negative consequences of the use of SUPs:Business owners and managers in Coxs Bazar are not always conscious of h

77、ow their SUP use is contributing to plastic pollution.For customers,how a product is packaged is not a consideration(beyond convenience and cleanliness)when using or purchasing products.Reliance on government for changes:Most businesses in Coxs Bazar expect the government to find suitable,affordable

78、 SUP alternatives to reduce their SUP use,revealing the idea of an external locus of control to shift to sustainable behaviors.Knowledge gap on government regulations:Forty percent of respondents to the Dhaka study were not aware of relevant government regulations,which can lead to non-compliance an

79、d hinder the effectiveness of these regulations in reducing plastic pollution.Limited decision-making power:Local staff employed in larger businesses in Coxs Bazar may have limited decision-making power around use of SUP products.Opportunity barriers:Lack of infrastructure for waste storage/disposal

80、 and inadequate waste disposal methods:There is no formal system for collecting plastic waste in Coxs Bazar.Lack of proper plastic waste collection,disposal services,and infrastructure is a major barrier to proper waste disposal,for both businesses and customers.Businesses also provide no infrastruc

81、ture to customers for segregating ES12345xiiiwaste.In Dhaka,most of the waste is openly dumped.There is a lack of proper disposal sites and infrastructure for waste management in Dhaka.Low reliability of waste collection services:Waste collection services provided by the municipality in Coxs Bazar c

82、an be unreliable.Instead of waiting for proper channels,businesses end up dumping or burning plastic waste themselves.Limited environmental cues:There are limited to no cues or signage encouraging tourists and locals in Coxs Bazar to adopt sustainable consumption and waste disposal practices.Lack of

83、 alternatives:Businesses in Coxs Bazar do not see any alternatives to the SUP products that they are using in their operations.Convenience of SUP products:Plastic products are considered more convenient than alternatives in both locations,due to their affordability,portability,durability,and relativ

84、e cleanliness.SUP alternatives are also not always readily available.Lack of role models to share knowledge and experiences:There is a lack of examples of success that show the benefits of not using plastics and being eco-friendly and how this can be achieved in Coxs Bazar.Social norms:The social no

85、rm in coastal areas is to use SUPs,and businesses feel no pressure from their customers to switch to alternatives.Customers,similarly,feel no pressure to stop using SUPs.Observing others using SUPs and littering can create a bandwagon effect that makes it seem okay to engage in these practices.Limit

86、ed expectations about government enforcement of sustainable policies:Past experience and low-level of law enforcement by the authorities in Coxs Bazar have resulted in businesses and individuals having limited expectations about the governments ability to enact change.Motivation barriers:Expectation

87、 that customers prefer SUPs:Businesses in Coxs Bazar expect customers to have a strong preference for SUP products and attribute the choice of using SUPs to customer demand.To ensure the provision of a quality service and customer satisfaction,they are reluctant to introduce changes that may not mat

88、ch customer expectations.Customers,however,seem to be open to alternatives.Low perceived need for behavior change:Although 93%of respondents in Dhaka believe that the use of plastic products needs to be reduced or stopped,this motivation is not translated into behavioral change.Misguided environment

89、al beliefs:The decision by businesses in Coxs Bazar to incinerate plastic products is motivated by a misguided belief that burning plastics reduces the harmful consequences of plastic pollution for the environment.Limited understanding of health impacts:Both businesses and customers in Coxs Bazar me

90、ntioned the visible environmental consequences of plastic pollution,but few talked about its health impacts.High cost of transitioning to alternatives:Businesses in Coxs Bazar are open to switching to alternatives,but the cost of alternatives and reusable items is a concern.Businesses also fear that

91、 not offering SUPs will negatively affect their business,as they believe that customers prefer them.ES12345Executive SummaryxivBehavioral Insights into Plastic Waste Management Habit:For customers in Coxs Bazar,SUPs are readily and easily accessible and available,making them the default choice,requi

92、ring little consideration.Similarly,over 80%of respondents in Dhaka reported an increase in the use of plastic products,indicating that habits and convenience play a large role in their continued use.Lack of accountability:Tourists and local residents in Coxs Bazar litter SUP products,as they expect

93、 informal waste pickers to collect them.Businesses in the tourist sector feel that SUP producers need to be held accountable by the government,rather than placing the burden of change only on them.Diffusion of responsibility:Among the respondents to the Dhaka study,perceptions about responsibility f

94、or controlling plastic pollution were distributed among the pourashava(city administration),the people themselves,environmental organizations,NGOs,and the government,indicating a potential diffusion of responsibility and a lack of directed motivation to initiate change.Summary of Recommendations Imp

95、lement the SUP ban:Ensure that adequate infrastructure is in place to enforce the ban on SUPs.Educate stakeholders about the difference between SUPs,multiple-use plastics,and what kind of plastic products are safe to re-use.Provide information to stakeholders about the benefits of the ban on SUPs,as

96、 well as the consequences of non-compliance.Ensure that adequate SUP alternatives are easily available to consumers,businesses(including employees at various levels in the hierarchy),and shops.Communicate through various media and social network channels about the reasons for the ban on SUPs and the

97、 availability of SUP alternatives,targeting different age groups and stakeholders.Educate people,particularly the staff of hotels and businesses,about the importance of hygiene in using reusable products such as ceramic cups,glasses,and plates.Improve plastic waste disposal:Designate adequate areas

98、for accumulating segregated waste in several localities,so that people are encouraged to dispose of plastic waste in a proper manner.Encourage the segregation of plastic waste at source by placing separate bins for recycling,for wet and dry waste,and for SUPs,with clear signage.Communicate and reinf

99、orce instructions on how to segregate waste.Provide training to consumers,businesses,employees,shop keepers,and hotel owners and staff on waste segregation and how to appropriately dispose of plastic waste.Discourage littering by imposing fines and providing positive messages about a clean environme

100、nt.Highlight the impact of plastic waste on health.Initiate activities in schools and colleges on waste segregation and the responsible disposal of plastic waste.ES12345In conclusion,the findings of the studies in Coxs Bazar and Dhaka indicate that the effective reduction of SUP usage and improved p

101、lastic waste management practices need a more integrated and targeted approach,involving stakeholders at various levels.Increasing awareness is the first step,but adequate infrastructure and environmental cues need to be provided to enable businesses and individuals to engage in the desired behavior

102、.The findings indicate that the lack,or inadequacy,of segregated waste disposal and collection facilities significantly impedes the potential for behavioral change.Hence,investment in waste management infrastructure is essential for any substantive shift towards sustainable practices.This entails no

103、t only improvements to the physical infrastructure,but the implementation of technology-driven solutions for monitoring and optimizing waste management practices.Concurrently,there needs to be a concerted effort to engage stakeholders in behavior change initiatives that align with a systemic transfo

104、rmation.Public awareness campaigns,education programs,and incentives for responsible waste disposal should be integrated into a holistic strategy.Collaborative efforts involving government bodies,private sectors,and local communities are essential to ensure sustainable and effective plastic waste ma

105、nagement.In parallel,the government also needs to support the development of viable alternatives to SUPs and create linkages between producers and businesses to ensure that SUP alternatives are ready to meet demand.xvStrengthen government infrastructure for plastic waste disposal and management:Prov

106、ide designated areas for the appropriate disposal of plastic waste.Ensure that garbage collection is carried out regularly and efficiently.Provide adequate garbage bins for waste segregation in public places with appropriate signage in simple and clear language.Train staff at different levels,partic

107、ularly in the local administration.Develop meaningful partnerships for change:Initiate public-private partnerships for the manufacture and distribution of SUP alternates.Engage with various stakeholders for adapting to the use of SUP alternates and reusable products.Engage with citizens groups,CBOs,

108、and NGOs to spread the message and run campaigns promoting SUP alternates and the responsible disposal of plastic waste.ES12345Executive SummaryxviBehavioral Insights into Plastic Waste Management11.1_ _The ContextBangladesh has experienced a significant increase in plastic consumption over the year

109、s,driven by factors such as population growth,urbanization,and changes in consumer behavior.Bangladeshs annual per capita plastic consumption in urban areas has tripled from 3.0 kg in 2005 to 9.0 kg in 2020(World Bank 2021b).This rise in plastic usage contributes to the generation of plastic waste,i

110、ncluding single-use plastics(SUPs),which easily break down into microplastics and are released into the environment,posing significant risk to humans and ecosystems.The most frequently found SUPs in the environment are disposable plastic bags,cutlery and cups,cigarette butts,straws,coffee stirrers,s

111、oda and water bottles,and food packaging(United Nations Environment Programme 2018).SUPs are used,and often preferred,by businesses and consumers due to their convenience,affordability,light weight and flexibility,and relative hygiene(Jambeck et al.2015).Currently,the total generation of plastic was

112、te in Bangladesh is around 977,000 tons of plastic per year,which accounts for 10%of the total volume of waste(World Bank 2021b).Rainwater runoff in urban areas can transport plastic litter and microplastics from the streets into the drainage system and eventually into rivers and water bodies.It was

113、 estimated that the water bodies(rivers and canals)of Bangladesh received 7,928 billion microbeads monthly,with the major cities,such as Dhaka,Chittagong,and Sylhet,releasing 6,628.46,1,087.18,and 221.38 billion microplastics,respectively,per month(ESDO 2016).It has been reported that the bed of the

114、 Buriganga river in Dhaka is covered in several feet of plastic bags(The Business Standard 2020).The marine ecosystem of the Bay of Bengal is also under threat from a large amount of floating macro and microplastics(Karim et al.2019).Dhaka,the capital of Bangladesh,faces notable challenges with plas

115、tic waste management due to its substantial infrastructure and system deficits.Recent studies underscore limited or nonexistent segregated waste disposal and collection systems,which severely restrict the potential for meaningful shifts in behavior in relation to plastic waste(Kaza et al.2018;World

116、Bank 2021b).In Dhaka,which has the highest rate of waste collection in the country,10%of municipal waste consists of plastics,of which 48%goes to landfill,37%is recycled,12%ends up in khals(drainage canals)and rivers,and 3%is dumped into drains and unserved areas of the city corporations(World Bank

117、2021b).The lack of proper waste management infrastructure poses a considerable challenge to waste management efforts,emphasizing the need for substantial investment in this area.Without well-established waste disposal and collection infrastructure,it is challenging to engage stakeholders in effectiv

118、e behavior change initiatives.Sustainable practices require systemic change,and the absence of essential infrastructure acts as a barrier to achieving this.It is crucial to address these deficits through strategic investment in waste management infrastructure to create an environment conducive to su

119、stainable practices.Only with a robust system in place can stakeholders be effectively involved in initiatives promoting responsible plastic waste management in Dhaka.IntroductionChapter 1ES12345Introduction2Behavioral Insights into Plastic Waste ManagementBangladesh is proactively tackling plastic

120、pollution with initiatives set in motion by plastic manufacturers,plastic recyclers,local governments and non-profit organisations as well as the 2020 High Court action enforcing the policy requirements and the development of the Solid Waste Management Rules 2021.In addition,the Action Plan for Sust

121、ainable Plastic Management(2021)maps out a comprehensive approach towards a circular economy across different sectors and timelines.1.2_ _About this StudyThe Action Plan for Sustainable Plastic Management in Bangladesh was endorsed by the government in 2021 and is being implemented in collaboration

122、with the World Bank.The plan will be implemented in phasesshort term(20222023),medium term(20242026),and long term(20272030)allowing for priorities and limitations on financial resources and institutional capacities.The vision is to achieve a circular economy re-enforcing the 3R strategy(reduce,reus

123、e,recycle)to avoid,intercept,and redesign plastics to achieve a green growth pathway for Bangladesh.One of the targets of the Action Plan is to phase out targeted SUPs by at least 90%.In 2020,the High Court ordered the Government of Bangladesh to ban the use of SUPs in hotels and restaurants in coas

124、tal areas within a year to reduce plastic pollution in the Bay of Bengal.The Government was also ordered to strictly enforce existing legislation,monitor plastic production,close down factories that manufacture polythene bags and plastic containers,and report to the High Court on progress.However,le

125、gal instruments such as bans and levies alone cannot stop or reduce the consumption of plastics;enforcement needs to be supported by practical and impactful initiatives with collaboration across the entire stakeholder landscape.Education,awareness raising programs,and social mobilization aimed at be

126、havioral change towards using less plastics,reducing littering,and increasing source separation are important.Challenging the current throw-away culture and promoting the use of alternatives to plastic products in tandem with legal instruments would pave the way to reducing plastic waste and changin

127、g the perceptions and behavior of people.Plastic management,being a complex problem,there is not one single solution;a holistic integrated approach is needed and should consist of a mixture of infrastructure for waste management,as well as legal,financial,and communication instruments.To support the

128、 implementation of the Action Plan,two studies,one in Coxs Bazar and one in Dhaka,were carried out on the perceptions and behavior of stakeholders with regard to plastic usage and waste management.The purpose of the qualitative behavioral diagnostic1 study in Coxs Bazar was to identify structural2 a

129、nd behavioral3 barriers to reducing SUP use and improving plastic waste management practices among businesses and individuals in coastal areas and to inform the design of the governments communication strategy and campaign materials related to the upcoming SUP ban.The purpose of the perception surve

130、y in Dhaka was to gain insights into plastic usage and plastic waste disposal practices in the survey areas.The findings from these studies are presented in this report.These studies are expected to inform and guide the design and implementation of strategies to reduce the use of SUPs and improve pl

131、astic waste management and disposal practices in Bangladesh.1 This approach examines the psychological,social,and economic factors that influence human behavior within a specific context,using methods such as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions.2 Structural barriers are external factors

132、that impact on behavior,such as the environment or resource availability.They include elements like physical infrastructure(e.g.,recycling bins)and cultural contexts.3 Behavioral barriers are psychological and social factors that hinder behavior change.They encompass preconceptions,beliefs,and autom

133、atic reactions.ES1234534Behavioral Insights into Plastic Waste Management2.1_ _BackgroundThis diagnostic study employed a behavioral science lens to identify structural and behavioral bottlenecks to reducing SUP use and improving plastic waste management among businesses and individuals in coastal a

134、reas,as well as supportive practices by local policymakers and other actors.The objective of the study was to inform the design of the governments communication strategy and campaign materials regarding the reduction of SUP use and to improve plastic waste management practices.Given that businesses

135、are some of the highest producers of SUP waste in coastal areas,the study focused on formal and informal businesses in these areas,particularly those operating in high-density tourist areas,as well as patrons of such businesses,including both tourists and locals.In doing so,it explored four key area

136、s related to SUP use,as outlined in Table 1.Table 1Themes and Research Questions for Coxs Bazar StudyThemeResearch QuestionsSUP use,management and disposal in coastal area What is the level of SUP use?Why do people use SUPs?How is plastic waste managed and disposed of?What is the product journey map

137、 for SUPs?Who makes decisions related to SUPs use and waste management?What kind of infrastructure is available for SUP waste management and disposal?Information,awareness,and beliefs around the use of SUPs and their impact What do people understand by SUPs?What do people know about the impact of SU

138、Ps?How conscious are they?How do people know about SUPs and their impacts?What is their source of information about SUPs?Adoption of SUP alternatives What alternatives to SUPs are available?What are the social norms around the use of SUP alternatives?What are the barriers to adopting SUP alternative

139、s?What are enablers of adopting alternatives to SUPs?Government policy and SUP ban Are people aware of government policies related to SUPs,including the SUP ban?What are potential compliance barriers?What opinion do people have about the potential ban on SUPs?What are their main concerns?ES12345Beha

140、vioral Study in Coxs BazarChapter 252.2_ _Conceptual Framework:COM-B To inform the design of behavior change interventions and communication campaigns to reduce SUP use and improve plastic waste management practices,it is necessary to identify and address the key behaviors that need to change and th

141、e enablers and barriers to these behavior changes.Behavioral science offers a range of theories and evidence-based approaches to facilitate the process of identifying these behavioral influences.This study uses the Capability,Opportunity,and Motivation Behavior(COM-B)model as a framework to guide th

142、e diagnostic(Michie et al.2011a).The model offers a pluralistic framework that considers situational factors such as resources and context,as well as psychological factors such as cognitive process,psychological capacity,and knowledge,etc.The COM-B model posits that for an individual to engage in a

143、particular behavior(B)in this case,reduce use or replace SUP products and engage in sustainable waste management practicesan individual needs physical and psychological capability(C),social and physical opportunity(O),and reflective and automatic motivation(M),as demonstrated in Figure 1.A behaviora

144、l sciences approach draws from multiple disciplines to enrich the understanding of influences on human behavior in a specific context.A behaviorally-informed diagnostic can complement standard diagnostics by expanding the focus of analysis.While standard diagnostics focus primarily on identifying st

145、ructural challenges to policy outcomes of interest from an informational,economic,and regulatory standpoint,a behavioral diagnostic additionally focuses on social dynamics and psychological influences,which are often overlooked in traditional assessments,to inform policy.To design policies,programs,

146、and interventions that work,it is important understand how peoples perceptions,thinking,and behavior shape and relate to the challenges and outcomes related to the behaviors of interest.A behavioral science lens to understanding the barriers to reducing SUP use and improving plastic waste management

147、 considers a broader set of influences,emphasizing psychological(preconceptions,perceptions,beliefs,and automatic reactions),social(the influence of society and how people interact),and economic(influence of financial and human capital resources,or lack thereof)factors that affect what people think

148、and do.To do this effectively,it is important to explore the decision-making processes of relevant stakeholders,understand the context and environment within which they operate,and how these shape the choices and actions they take.A qualitative methodology is appropriate,as it allows a more in-depth

149、,open-ended exploration of individuals experiences,perspectives,and behaviors,which can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of their thought processes and the social and cultural context within which these behaviors and decisions occur.Box 1Why Do a Qualitative Behavioral Diagnostic?ES12345Be

150、havioral Study in Coxs Bazar6Behavioral Insights into Plastic Waste ManagementThe COM-B model provides a useful framework for identifying the various individual,social,and environmental influences on behavior,and has previously been applied to understanding environmentally significant behaviors,e.g.

151、,food consumption(Hedin et al.2019;Graa et al.2019),water conservation(Addo et al.2018),recycling(Gainforth et al.2016),and even plastic waste(Allison et al.2021a;Allison et al.2021b)management studies.This study allows exploration of the capabilities,opportunities,and motivations around SUP use and

152、 waste management in coastal Bangladesh and contributes to the identification of behavior change strategies to remove multifaceted barriers related to SUP use.Table 2 presents how the COM-B model has been applied to develop the analytical framework for this study.By categorizing barriers within the

153、COM-B models dimensions,the study provides a structured method for crafting targeted strategies to address the complex challenges of plastic use and waste management.It is noted that a significant portion of the structural impediments fall within the physical opportunity aspect of the model.This und

154、erscores the necessity for modifications to both the physical and social environments to facilitate sustainable behavior change.Source:World Bank,based on Michie et al.(2011a)Notes:Capability refers to psychological and physical capability,where psychological capability is the capacity to engage in

155、the thought processes necessary to create the intent to perform the behavior,and physical capability is the capacity to engage in the physical activity necessary for performance of the behavior.Opportunity includes factors that are outside the individuals direct control that can prompt or make a beh

156、avior take place.It is divided into physical opportunity(the opportunities provided by the environment such as curb-side collection services and recycling bins)and social opportunity(the impact of the cultural context on our thoughts and beliefs).Lastly,motivation is divided into reflective and auto

157、matic motivation.Reflective motivation concerns evaluations and beliefs that are relevant to the behavior while automatic motivation refers to the emotions and impulses or habits that are relevant to the behavior and may be activated by contextual cues.Figure 1Conceptual FrameworkCapabilityMotivatio

158、nBehaviourOpportunityES123457Table 2Analytical Framework for Coxs Bazar StudyThemePhysical CapacityDecision making power of the employees at different hierarchies that affects the use of SUPs determined by analyzing the different positions within a business where decisions are being taken about the

159、use of materials and waste management modalities,etc.Psychological CapacityUnderstanding terminology,labels,jargons,and concepts related to plastic waste management and SUPsAwareness of problems created by plastic waste,especially SUPs including environmental hazards,menace to the sewerage system,an

160、d loss of maritime facilities,etc.Awareness of proper waste management and disposal practices looks at whether individuals and or businesses know what are the appropriate and sustainable ways to manage and dispose of plastic waste,especially SUPsAttention to product packaging and labelling focuses o

161、n whether users and customers are conscious of packaging,or only interested in the product therein,i.e.,other product qualities take precedencePackaging preferences of customers about the consumables they purchase or demand for SUPs from customers describes the choice of different sorts of packaging

162、 in different cases,which may be governed by functionality,look,weight,or other factorsInformation and informative resources focuses on the different sources of information,their trustworthiness,and the extent of the availability of information resourcesPhysical OpportunityAccess to plastic waste ma

163、nagement system for both business and customers and general public,including services provided by authoritiesFeatures of the physical environment(including environmental cues such as signs,infrastructure,etc.that can trigger behavior)Availability of reusable alternatives to SUP(i.e.,products made of

164、 paper,wood,bamboo or any other reusable substance)Social OpportunitySocial norms,whether they are favorable or against the use of alternatives to plastics,especially SUPs,and what others around them do Government policies that are already in place,as well as those that are to be enacted,and whether

165、 people have knowledge about these,as well as perceptions regarding relevant government policiesAutomatic MotivationEnvironmental concerns and emotional experiences regarding consumption practices and waste managementPersonal habits,without knowing the benefits of using alternativesReflective Motiva

166、tionBeliefs about environmental impacts of SUPs whether people understand the dangerous impacts of plastics upon environmentBeliefs about capability peoples faith in themselves to use smart alternatives without harming their consumption patterns and so forthResolve to behave pro-environmentally;emot

167、ions regarding wasteBusiness related motivations motivation towards the use of alternatives to plastics that are inspiring business enterprises to do soSkepticism about decomposition claims of alternatives to SUPs and other negative thoughts that may hamper the introduction and wide use of the alter

168、nativesES12345Behavioral Study in Coxs Bazar8Behavioral Insights into Plastic Waste Management2.3_ _Methodology2.3.1_ _ _Study AreaThe target areas for this study were tourist spots around the coastal belt of the country,as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2Study Area Map in the Coastal AreaSource:World Ban

169、kES1234592.3.2_ _ _Stakeholders and RespondentsThis study looked at three major categories of stakeholders:Providers and business entities:Managers and staff(including restaurant staff and cleaners)at hotels,eco-resorts,restaurants,shops,and grocery stores,small vendors,and positive deviants(restaur

170、ants or shops that have significantly reduced SUP use or use of plastics overall and are trying to stop their use)around the main tourist areas by the beachEnd-users or customers:Tourists,short-term hotel guests,and customers at restaurants or grocery storesMunicipality or government entity:Staff in

171、volved in the solid waste management process at the Coxs Bazar PourasabhaRespondents were identified from these stakeholders through purposive sampling using a list of businesses from the Department of Energy.2.3.3_ _ _Study Approach and MethodologyThe study employed a behavioral science-informed di

172、agnostic approach,drawing from multiple disciplines to enhance the understanding of human behavior within the specific context of plastic waste management.The use of multiple methods in formative research has been seen to have several advantages,including informational convergence(Ayala et al.2001),

173、development of an intervention framework or matrix,guides to intervention planning,and understanding of the cultural and ethnic diversity of the targeted audience.Figure 3 shows the overall methodology applied in this study.In addition to secondary research,three qualitative methods were used for co

174、llection of primary data:focus group discussions(FGDs),in-depth interviews(IDIs)and semi-structured in-field observations.The primary data was collect from 21 September to 17 October 2022.See Table 3 for a summary of the sample and methods used.Source:World BankFigure 3Study MethodologyFLOW OF THE R

175、ESEARCH WORK Previous research Relevant news In-depth Interview(IDI)Focus Group Discussion(FGD)Observations Photo diary Structural barriers Behavioural barriers Strategies Positive deviantsSecondaryStudyPrimary DataOutcomeES12345Behavioral Study in Coxs Bazar10Behavioral Insights into Plastic Waste

176、ManagementIDIs were conducted with business managers and staff,vendors,and customers to explore the plastic use behavior of relevant stakeholders.In addition,an interview was also conducted with project personnel from UNDPs Solid Waste Management project in Ukhiya and Teknaf(upazillas).In total,77 I

177、DIs were conducted with these stakeholders.Two FGDs were conducted at the local municipality office premises with personnel involved in plastic disposal and collection process.These participants were identified based on their expected knowledge about the plastic use behavior of locals and tourists,a

178、s they work in the locality and at popular tourists spots.Each FGD group contained six to eight participants.One consisted of sweepers and cleaners from the Coxs Bazar Municipality and the other consisted of supervisors of cleaning staff.In-field observations were used to identify the behavior of ma

179、nagers and customers at different restaurants and hotels vis-vis plastic use,relevant messages(posters,billboards etc.),waste collection and disposal infrastructure,waste bin usage,and other behaviors at restaurants,local markets,main streets,and beach areas.There were eight observations in total.Du

180、ring the observations,researchers also took photographs with their digital devices,which were subsequently annotated by the researchers.These complemented the field notes,making the observations more in-depth.The photographs were also used to sketch out a product journey map for an SUP product(i.e.,

181、a plastic bottle).Table 3Sampling in Coxs Bazar StudyMethodTarget Group Sample Number of Respondents/GroupsIDIsHotels or motels(mostly those using SUP in their facilities)(large and medium)Managers4Employees/staff4Cleaners4Shops(medium and small including restaurants,fast food shop,food beach vendor

182、s,supermarkets)Owner/managers24StaffEco-resorts(hotels or motels that use less than 25%SUP)(large and medium)Managers2Employees/staff2Cleaners2Shops(positive deviants)(small and medium)Owners/managers4Tourists(from large and medium hotels and eco-resorts)8Customers(of small and medium hotels,superma

183、rkets,vendors,restaurants,fast food shops,positive deviant shops)22Project person from NGO(Practical Action,UNDP)1Observations and photo diaries Restaurants2Local markets2Main street(infrastructure,bin usage,etc.)2Beaches2FGDsLocal municipal authority(cleanliness section,Department of Health,Family

184、Planning and Cleanliness,Coxs Bazar Pourasabha):sweepers and supervisors14(2 groups)Total99ES12345112.3.4_ _ _Data AnalysisThe recordings of the interviews and FGDs were transcribed and imported into NVivo package Version 12.Using NVivo,the data was analyzed to identify the key words used by the par

185、ticipants or in the documents.The research questions were also considered and the main codes for the NVivo analysis were framed in consideration of both,i.e.,keywords and research questions.The sub-codes within each of the codes emerged during the analysis and were reported in a logical sequence.As

186、with qualitative studies,the results are not intended to be representative.Rather,they provide an in-depth view of the stakeholders experiences,beliefs,and behaviors related to this issue.2.4_ _Findings2.4.1_ _ _Plastic UseThe study found that plastic products are widely used by businesses and consu

187、mers in the coastal areas,because they are cheap,lightweight,and durable(do not break easily).During the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in 202021,many SUP-based safety products,such as personal protective equipment(PPE),surgical masks and gloves,were also frequently used.Figure 4 provides a summary

188、 of frequently used plastic products,as reported by study respondents.Source:World Bank field survey,2022 Figure 4Categories of Plastic Products UsedES12345Behavioral Study in Coxs Bazar12Behavioral Insights into Plastic Waste ManagementMost Used by BusinessesAccording to the managers of medium-size

189、d hotels,bathroom cleaning materials such as toilet cleaning liquids,a variety of tissue boxes,soap-shampoo mini packs,and toothpaste,etc.are the most used plastic items in the hotel business.Water bottles and polythene used in packets of cake,sugar,biscuit,chips,and tea bags were also mentioned as

190、frequently used by personnel(cleaning staff)at eco-resorts and large hotels.Most Used by CustomersAccording to the owners,managers,and staff at different hotels,restaurants,and shops,customers most frequently used the following plastic products:polyethene bags(these were the most frequently used pla

191、stics),mineral water bottles and soft drinks bottles,single use cups,spoons,plates and bowls,tissue paper boxes,parcel boxes,cigarette packets,cotton buds,shampoo and soap packs,toothbrushes,and toothpaste packs.Customers reported using polythene bags,chip packets,and water bottles the most.Positive

192、 deviants reported using water bottles most often.Cleaning supervisors from the municipal authority think that packets of oral saline and single use cups are the most frequently used plastics by customers.2.4.2_ _ _Management of Plastic WasteSupervisors and cleaning staff from the municipal authorit

193、y,i.e.,Pourasabha,reported that there is no formal system for collecting plastic waste in Coxs Bazar.Generally,waste collectors from the municipality collect plastic waste from source points,either separated or combined.In many cases informal collectors collect plastic waste from open sources and se

194、ll the waste to small scrap-shops(bhangari)at a cheap price.These scrap-shops subsequently sell the plastic waste to recyclers,if available.According to the city corporation cleaners,their supervisors are directed by the inspectors or higher authorities to make public announcements to create awarene

195、ss about waste management and the proper use of dustbins by citizens.The content of these messages is centered around raising awareness about littering and the negative impacts of mismanaged waste on the environment.However,no specific messages were visible in the study area during the fieldwork.Acc

196、ording to hotel managers,the daily garbage generated by businesses is collected by city corporation vehicles.Hotel and restaurant managers also reported that polythene and biodegradable waste,including shells,are incinerated,and then added to the soil as compost.The remainder of this section elabora

197、tes on the plastic waste management process in terms segregation,waste collection,waste disposal,and recycling options.As shown in Figure 5,dumping(and burying)appears to be the most common form of waste disposal reported by respondents.ES1234513SegregationAccording to hotel managers,hotels usually

198、manage the waste generated from their kitchens,which consists of mostly perishable items,by themselves,as the municipality does not collect the waste on a regular basis.This is done by dumping the waste in a hole and covering it up with soil or incinerating the overflow of waste.Dry waste,coming fro

199、m rooms and restaurants,is dumped into a different hole,over a period of 12 weeks,as such waste does not smell,than covered with soil.Polythene from the kitchen is also kept as dry waste.In terms of segregation,hotel staff report separating plastics from other forms of waste.Plastic waste,mostly wat

200、er bottles,is sold to trash collectors for recycling.The remaining plastic waste is collected by the municipal cleaners.Cleaners in hotels and motels,as per the instructions of top management,segregate the plastic waste collected from hotel rooms as much as possible.When asked about the rationale fo

201、r segregation,supervisors mentioned that while they did not have any in-service training or workshops on this topic,they had learned from their employers that plastic waste does not degrade easily and must be incinerated or buried.Food vendors,similarly,do not dispose of all waste materials together

202、.They segregate water bottles and polythene bags from other waste.Water bottles are sold to scrap shops for profit(although this is not a significant incentive for modifying plastic use behavior),while polythene bags are burnt or dumped and covered with soil.Customers of large and medium hotels disp

203、ose of all their waste together and report never having seen any segregation facility for plastic products,such as chips packets or water bottles,from other types of waste.Waste is not separated at the source,as no separate bins are provided in rooms.On the other hand,eco-resorts claim to be almost

204、free from any type of plastic usage and,therefore,do not require segregation,other than of dry and wet waste.They try to avoid using plastics,such as single-use packets of shampoo and soap,and use glass bottles for shampoo,soap,and oil in the bathrooms.Waste CollectionManagers from hotels,restaurant

205、s and shops all reported similar waste collection methods.In small shops,cleaning staff or managers collect the waste and store it at a place designated by the management for this Source:World Bank field survey,2022Figure 5Waste Disposal PracticesES12345Behavioral Study in Coxs Bazar14Behavioral Ins

206、ights into Plastic Waste Managementpurpose.Cleaning staff reported that cleaners from the municipality come twice a dayonce in the morning and once in the afternoonto collect waste from supermarkets and shopping malls.For small shops,plastic waste generated by customers is stored and burnt.The waste

207、 burning takes place mostly during winter.Customers are served tea or water in single-use or disposable cups.Once these are used,shopkeepers are responsible for disposing of them in dustbins.After that,cleaners from the city corporation collect the waste in garbage trucks,which they throw in a dumpi

208、ng ground.Overall,most restaurant and hotel managers,small shop owners,and food vendors reported that city corporations garbage trucks do not come regularly and,sometimes,come late.Not all locations fall within their route either and garbage truck drivers have their weekly holiday on Fridays.All the

209、se factors make it difficult for people in this area to dispose of waste in the dedicated dustbins,which are small in size.As soon as the bins are full,people start littering.The respondents suggested increasing the size of dustbins to deal with this challenge.Customers,too,identified similar struct

210、ural bottlenecks.Customers from different hotels,restaurants,and shops reported looking for dustbins and using them when they are available.However,they said that they do not know what happens to this waste later.Waste DisposalHotel managers and employees mentioned that cleaners collect waste from r

211、ooms,kitchens,and restaurants,which they bury by digging a hole.According to the cleaning staff of different eco-resorts and food vendors,plastic waste is disposed of by burning.The managers of shops,restaurants and supermarkets shared that waste disposal largely depends on the services from the mun

212、icipal authority,especially in Sadar Upazilla in Coxs Bazar.In Ukhiya Upazilla in Coxs Bazar,these shops still depend on landfill for disposal.Overall,waste disposal involves three different methods:Landfill:In the absence of sufficient infrastructure and initiatives from the city corporation,hotel,

213、and restaurant management(especially in Ukhiya)bury the solid waste.Staff from the municipal authority usually dig a large hole at a suitable place and bury the waste there.Burning:Combustible waste is also burnt down to ashes in open air.However,businesses that are more conscious environmentally do

214、 recognize the risks associated with this.One of the managers of a shop identified as a positive deviant said:“People think that ashes will be blown away and wont clog waterways.However,they are ignorant about the severity of microplastics.Even ashes are eventually washed out to the sea by rainwater

215、,creating far-reaching impacts on the maritime environment.Fumes from burning plastic waste have a negative impact on the air quality as well.”Disposal by city corporation:Cleaners engaged by the respective department of the city corporation collect waste from end-users and dispose of it,either by b

216、urning or burying.The managers of hotels and motels do not know about the details of this process.Recycling4Knowledge about the recycling process is low overall.Hotel staff who were interviewed were generally unaware of any recycling mechanisms.Most customers of small shops were also unsure about th

217、e recycling process for plastic waste.However,a few believe that the city corporation collects plastic waste from various places and dumps it in a specific waste ground.Scrap dealers then take the bottles from there or informal waste pickers take the plastic bottles from dustbins and sell them for m

218、oney.Customers think that these plastics are 4 As recycling is not common practice in this area,respondents were also asked what they think happens to plastic products,in terms of recycling,once they are thrown away.ES1234515eventually melted down and resold.Lastly,according to small shopkeepers,peo

219、ple drink water at various public places and throw away the bottles around the beach.Informal waste pickers then collect the discarded bottles from the road and sell them at bhangari shops,which send the bottles to Dhaka where they are recycled by some companies.Positive Deviants and Possible Altern

220、atives to PlasticsBusinesses that use limited SUPs and avoid the use of plastic because it is harmful to the environment are called positive deviants.These hotels provide wooden toothbrushes to customers instead of using plastic products and do not use disposable plates,glasses,or spoons.Their produ

221、cts are delivered in fiber or cloth shopping bags,and they use paper or food grade boxes and paper cups instead of plastic ones.However,they are compelled to use plastic straws,plastic containers for freezing foods,and plastic bins for keeping waste and garbage.These businesses consciously avoid usi

222、ng SUP products,instead shifting to suitable alternatives that are environmentally friendly and healthy.However,these ecofriendly options can be sustained only when a significant number of customers are willing to choose them and forgo the convenience and low cost of SUPs.Interviews with the managem

223、ent of eco-friendly hotels and restaurants revealed that demand for eco-friendly alternatives by customers and their willingness to pay premium prices for them are what enables businesses to use these products.They usually have a loyal customer base who prefer eco-friendly products and do not mind p

224、aying slightly more than the usual market price.2.4.3_ _ _Behavioral Drivers and Bottlenecks to Reducing SUP Use:Applying the COM-B ModelPsychological CapabilityUnderstanding the terminology and concepts about plastic waste and SUPsAll of the owners,managers,staff,and cleaners of hotels and eco-reso

225、rts had some idea about SUPs.When asked for concrete examples of SUPs used in their daily businesses,they referred to plastic products that are disposed of after one use.However,this knowledge has no apparent impact on reducing the use of SUPs.Hotel managers had some knowledge about SUPs.They mentio

226、ned cotton buds,toothbrushes,shampoo,and soap packaging as examples of SUP products.However,two of the staff interviewed and all of the cleaning staff lacked understanding of what the term SUP means,although they were able to understand what the term means after the interviewer provided an explanati

227、on.On the other hand,all owners and shop managers had knowledge about SUPs.Polyethene bags were examples of SUPs given by managers of shops in the supermarket,while owners of small shops mentioned one-time glasses,one-time cups,chips packets,biscuit packets,water bottles,and juice bottles.A similar

228、definition of SUPs was given by all restaurant and fast-food shop managers and the majority of food vendors.Their examples included polythene,parcels and food boxes,mineral water bottles,plastic straws and one-time glasses,cups,and spoons.However,2 vendors(out of 10 interviewed)did not understand wh

229、at SUPs were.Single-use plastic means that it must be disposed of after one use.One such plastic is a water bottle.Even juice bottles are single-use plastics.(IDI,Manager,Medium Shop)ES12345Behavioral Study in Coxs Bazar16Behavioral Insights into Plastic Waste ManagementCustomers,on the other hand,s

230、howed little knowledge about SUPs.Only 4 out of 30 customers(those from eco-friendly restaurants)knew what SUPs were,while the rest lacked any knowledge about the definition or properties of SUPs.Interestingly,supervisors and cleaners from the municipal authority also had little to no knowledge abou

231、t SUPs,although they knew that plastics were harmful to the environment.Awareness of problems created by plastic waste All respondentsfrom business entities,staff,food vendors,and eco-resortsbelieved that awareness campaigns would increase consciousness about SUPs among consumers.Almost all stakehol

232、ders were aware that plastics are harmful to the environment,that they are not biodegradable,accumulate and block rivers and drains,affect soil fertility and biodiversity,contain harmful chemicals,and so forth.However,there was less mention of specific health consequences,except for carcinogens and

233、diseases due to fumes from the burning of plastics.Figure 6 shows how frequently the different types of consequences were mentioned by different respondents.5Most of the customers(24 out of 30)shared concerns about the environmental impact of plastic waste,including concerns about the ecosystem and

234、natural environment.However,all hotel managers opined that people are not aware of the hazards of plastic waste,especially based on their actions(for example,littering and use of SUP products).They believe that while some SUP users may know about their harmful effects,they do not care,and this is re

235、flected in their waste disposal behavior.5 Some of the categories overlap,but were left as is to reflect how respondents framed the consequences.Source:World Bank field survey,2022Figure 6Consequences of SUP UseSome people are aware,not everyone is aware.Different classes of people come here from di

236、fferent places.Everyone doesnt know about the impact of using SUPs for several times.(IDI,Manager,Large Hotel)ES1234517Beach and roadside food vendors similarly said that people are not aware of the impact of SUPs or proper waste disposal processes.Customers do not use dustbins,even when available,t

237、o dispose of their plastic waste,which reflects their lack of awareness.These vendors suggested providing awareness building banners and airing TV advertisements to make people more aware of the impact of using SUPs.All eco-resort staff who responded appear to be aware of the environmental hazards c

238、aused by plastic waste,especially SUPs,and try to avoid using SUPs as a result.The same is true for all respondents from medium or small shops and supermarkets.However,misconceptionsfor example,the idea that reusing might cause germs to reproduce in the materials usedcause them to refrain from reusi

239、ng and recycling plastic materials.Attention to product packaging,labelling,and packaging preferencesOwners or managers from different hotels,as well as eco-friendly resorts,stated that they had not considered product packaging(and what considerations,such as functionality,aesthetics,cleanliness,or

240、other factors govern the choice of packaging),revealing a lack of attention to the packaging of products used in their businesses.Eight(8)out of 12 respondents from hotels believed that customers preferred one-time cups over reusable ones,due to the ease of carrying them when out on the beach.Given

241、that the idea of a five-star hotel is to ensure complete customer satisfaction,this is a major barrier to introducing products like reusable cups.Food vendors also expect customers to prefer SUPs for various reasons,such as concerns about the cleanliness of reusable products.Similarly,two out of the

242、 three managers of fast-food shops shared that customers prefer one-time cups for coffee or tea,and fear that offering alternatives may hamper their business.Indeed,both staff and customers agreed that people do not want to hold a ceramic mug,but prefer to roam around with a disposable cup and enjoy

243、 their drink.This suggests that people may not be willing to compromise their comfort,even if they could do so.There are dustbins outside,but people are not using those for waste disposal.There should be sign-boards placed saying that throwing garbage on the beach is forbidden.(IDI,Manager,Food Vend

244、or,Beach Side)Tourists do not drink coconut water without a straw.They ask for one time cup to have tea.Even if waiters serve tea in mugs,they ask for a one time cup giving the excuse that the mug is dirty.(IDI,Food Vendor,Cox Sadar)When I go around the town,I see that the water is stagnant due to p

245、lastics.Thus,plastic things are more harmful.(IDI,Cleaning Staff,Eco-Resort)I think reusing is more harmful as germs remain in it the plastic.In that case it is better not to use it at all.Anything should be used once.By burning,however,the germs might disappear,but mix in the air.The air will then

246、be harmful.That is why it is better to bury the plastic waste.(IDI,Staff,Supermarket,Cox Sadar)ES12345Behavioral Study in Coxs Bazar18Behavioral Insights into Plastic Waste ManagementCustomers interviewed also mentioned that they care about quality when choosing products,but packaging plays an insig

247、nificant role in their decisions.However,they do agree that the light weight of plastic products make them convenient for packaging purposes.Information and informative resourcesSources of information seem to be different for managers and staff compared to customers.Managers and other staff of hotel

248、s,restaurants,and fast food shops mentioned that their main source of information was government websites,online news media,and social networking sites.Many must visit these sites regularly for the interest of the business,while some access them based on a general concern.Additional sources mentione

249、d were books,awareness campaigns,and training programs.Five(5)out of 30 customers talked about awareness programs and seminars arranged by local and international NGOs.Physical CapabilityDecision making power of employees at different levels of organizational hierarchy on SUP use and waste managemen

250、tPolicy formulation and decision-making,which impact overall practices on plastic usage and use of alternatives,happens at different levels of the organizational hierarchy.The autonomy of employees when it comes to making decisions on product usage affects how waste is managed.For example,all manage

251、rs and staff at large and medium sized hotels shared that their general managers provide instructions on how to deal with SUPs and monitor the overall waste management system,and hotel staff only follow the general managers instructions.In large hotels,the waste management systems are also monitored

252、 by the general manager and usually involves the housekeeping department.Cleaning staff and hotel supervisors also follow the managers instruction.The size of the business influences who makes waste management decisions.Eight(8)out of 10 respondents from eco-friendly businesses mentioned that the ma

253、nager is the main decision maker when it comes to waste management in eco-resorts,while only 2 mentioned that the managing director is responsible for SUP usage and waste management systems.In supermarkets,managers are responsible for these decisions.However,for small and medium shops,all six respon

254、dents mentioned that shops owners themselves were responsible for decisions around waste management and SUP use.If you go to shops to buy even a hundred grams of products,shopkeepers give a polythene bag to hold it.And we have become so idle that we do not want to put anything in our hands.(IDI,Cust

255、omer,Cox Sadar)We have housekeeping department involved with the waste management system.The manager of our hotel supervises the housekeeping department.(IDI,Manager,Large Hotel)ES1234519Knowledge of what the term SUP means and what counts as an SUP varies among different stakeholders.Hotel managers

256、,shop owners,and most food vendors are generally aware of what SUPs are,but their staff and customers,as well as municipality employees,lack understanding of the distinction between SUPs and other products.Those who are aware of SUPs typically define them as plastic products that need to be disposed

257、 of after a single use.Both business personnel and customers are aware of the negative environmental impact of SUPs.However,this knowledge does not translate into sustainable practices and action on the part of consumers,who continue to litter and engage in the improper disposal of SUPs.Campaigns to

258、 raise awareness of these issues among customers was strongly recommended by businesses.Relatively fewer health impacts of SUPs were mentioned by respondents.On the other hand,a major health concern relates to reusing plastic products,which can contain and spread germs.Business owners and managers a

259、re not particularly conscious of how SUP packaging materials of products used in their business can contribute to plastic pollution.Customers also appear to not pay attention to the type of packaging for the products they use and care more about the quality of the product.Businesses,independent of s

260、ize and level of formality,consider customers preference of SUPs and their lack of awareness of the need for more sustainable materials as a key barrier to adopting SUP alternatives.Both businesses and customers agree that the convenience,portability,and relative hygiene of SUPs are what make them a

261、ttractive over alternative products.The Internet is the most common source of information,although programs and seminars by NGOs have also contributed to educating people about the effects of SUPs on the environment.Social media sites such as Facebook are recommended as platforms for awareness raisi

262、ng.Decision making around SUP use and waste management happens at different levels of the organizational hierarchy,depending on the size of the business.For large and medium hotels,the general managers make decisions,while housekeeping and cleaning staff are responsible for carrying out waste manage

263、ment activities.Managers also make decisions at supermarkets,while owners of small and medium shops make these decisions themselves.Box 2Summary of Capability BarriersES12345Behavioral Study in Coxs Bazar20Behavioral Insights into Plastic Waste ManagementPhysical OpportunityAccess to plastic waste m

264、anagement system for businesses and customersAs noted earlier,inadequate access to proper SUP management and disposal systems from the authorities is a major barrier,as no formal processes and guidelines exist on how to dispose of these products.Respondents from the city corporation also pointed to

265、physical and human resource shortages as contributing to the inadequacy of services.City corporation cleaners admitted that the number of dustbins provided by city corporations is insufficient.Cleaners themselves are unable to collect waste properly as they lack gumboots and gloves.Lack of human res

266、ources among city corporation cleaning staff creates further difficulties in maintaining regular operations.According to most restaurant managers and food vendors,there may be a motivational driver for this,as cleaners and garbage truck drivers employed by the city corporation are dissatisfied with

267、their salary structure and,hence,lack interest and motivation to perform their functions regularly.However,all six shop owners mentioned that they keep waste bins in front of their shops so that customers can throw their waste into bins,instead of carrying waste around with them.One of the shop owne

268、rs also mentioned segregating water bottles and polythene bags from other form of waste and selling these segregated plastic waste to plastic trash collectors who recycle them later.Lack of proper waste disposal and collection also affects eco-resorts,which are otherwise more environmentally conscio

269、us and sustainable in their practices.Eco-resorts reported continuing to use polythene to stock waste in baskets and to cover waste before burying it.The distance to the burying site makes it necessary to use covers during transportation.Eco-resorts also end up with plastic products from the market

270、that they must incinerate and cover with soil to prevent it from being washed away.Features of the physical environmentEnvironmental cues such as signs,billboards,and waste disposal infrastructure can trigger proper waste management practices among the public.All respondents from businesses agreed a

271、bout the importance of awareness raising communication,such as notices,signs,and message-posts,regarding the harmful impacts of SUPs and plastic waste.Customers,too,agreed with the benefits of spreading such messages in public places.However,these types of physical signs are scant in the tourist are

272、as and,where they do exist,the message conveyed is not clear and actionable(as shown in Figure 7).I have had two dustbins in my shop since I started the shop.One year ago,BRAC an international development organization based in Bangladesh provided separate dustbins to segregate waste,but the sweepers

273、 only come every alternative day,which creates a problem.We separate other waste from coke bottles and water bottles.(IDI,Manager,Medium Shop)We have a committee of four members.As we buy many things from the market,plastic comes,we dont throw it away.We keep it in a basket,cover it with polythene,a

274、nd take it about a kilometer away,where we put it in a hole and bury it,so that it does not get washed away or cause harm to anyone.Thats why we burn it completely and then cover it with soil.I burn it and finish it completely so that the remains do not go to anyone.Water should not come to the beac

275、h and create any kind of garbage.(IDI,Staff,Eco-Resort Large)ES1234521Availability of reusable alternatives to SUPsManagers,employees,and cleaning staff from hotels are not aware of any alternatives to the SUPs they are currently using in their businesses.Vendors,owners,and managers of different res

276、taurants and fast food outlets also shared similar views on the limited availability of alternative products.Among shopkeepers,two out of eight mentioned that there are no alternatives to water bottles,making it impossible for them to comply with the ban on SUPs.In their opinion,the law should be ab

277、out reusing or destroying these items,rather than stopping their use altogether.Before enforcing a ban,the government should create permanent and sustainable solutions and,concurrently,control the production of plastics,rather than simply banning its use.However,interviews with positive deviants rev

278、ealed that alternatives do exist.These businesses use SUP alternatives,such as wooden toothbrushes and shopping bags made of cloth or other fibers,and do not use disposable plates,glasses,or spoons in their shops or restaurants.What enables them to do so is the demand for eco-friendly products by cu

279、stomers who prioritize environment-friendly businesses and practices.Their awareness motivates them to pay more if required,which subsequently allows and incentivizes businesses to offer these products.Figure 7Billboard at Sugandha Beach-Side Road,Coxs BazarSource:World BankWe can use leather or tai

280、lormade bags instead of plastic bags.We even use oil paper boxes for food instead of one time plates made of plastic.Options are there,you see.(IDI,Manager,Positive Deviant)ES12345Behavioral Study in Coxs Bazar22Behavioral Insights into Plastic Waste ManagementHowever,7 out of the 10 positive devian

281、ts interviewed felt that these alternatives are not sufficient.One of them suggested that the government should provide alternatives to plastics before banning plastic use and encourage people to use those alternatives.Replacing SUPs or switching to alternatives will require the provision of sustain

282、able options that provide economically feasible opportunities for businesses to make this transition.Beliefs about capabilityDuring the interviews,participants mentioned how much they believed in the possibility of finding alternatives to SUPs by themselves.Out of the 10 hotel staff interviewed,4 sa

283、id that they think that the government cannot ban plastic-producing factories,which is the main bottleneck in the plastic ban.Out of 30 customers,8 said that people in Bangladesh lack the motivation to stop the use of plastics,as they are not accustomed to obeying any law unless pressure is created

284、by the law-enforcing authority.Four(4)out of 8 shopkeepers said that they cannot see any alternative to a plastic water bottle and,thus,there seems no way to comply with the ban on SUPs,according to them.They said that they think that the law must support either the reuse or destruction of SUPs.Soci

285、al OpportunitySocial normsThis section explores the existing social norms and practices around the use of plastics,especially SUPs,and alternatives.Overall,the findings suggest that the large-scale use of plastics is very commonplace in Coxs Bazar and is the normal way of doing things.All employees

286、from hotels,shops,and restaurants reported not experiencing any demand from customers to use alternatives to plastic products.However,employees and managers of eco-friendly businesses and resorts described a slightly different experiences.According to one eco-resort staff,when they use alternative p

287、roducts(for example,serve drinks with straws or cups made with natural materials),there is visible satisfaction from their clients.Source:World Bank field survey,2022Figure 8Alternatives Used by Eco-Resorts in Coxs BazarCeramic cups,wooden coasters,bamboo plates,trays,and strawsIf you go to a hotel,

288、you see people are using plastics.But in our restaurant,the straw is made of bamboo and the plates are made of wood.Customers get a different type of feeling here.(IDI,Cleaning Staff,Eco-Resort)We havent found any such option yet.But we are searching for these types of alternatives to SUPs.Someone w

289、as making one time plates and spoons out of betel nut.If this kind of material can be used to make straws,just like as paper cups and paper plates,we wont use plastics at all.(IDI,Manager,Positive Deviant)ES1234523Employees at these businesses also shared experiencing a change in their own preferenc

290、es,due to the environment in which they work.Government policiesAccording to hotel managers,although the government has policies in place pertaining to reducing the use of SUPs and plastic products,there remains a huge gap in the implementation and enforcement of these policies.All managers,employee

291、s,and staff at different hotels agreed that government policies play the most important role in influencing the volume of plastics used by businesses,but policies need to be effectively implemented for that to happen.Shop owners and managers shared similar views.One of the three fast food shop owner

292、s interviewed mentioned that the government does not implement all of the policies it has in place to reduce SUP use,even though businesses like his would support such policies.Most respondents from eco-resorts were aware of the relevant government policies around SUP use,although one cleaner interv

293、iewed had never heard of them.Respondents from eco-resorts and eco-friendly shops also acknowledged that government policies are important to effectively reduce SUP use,but this requires proper and timely implementation.One owner of an eco-friendly shop noted that past initiatives by the government

294、to reduce SUP use did not succeed,because they did not adequately take into account the practical challenges that businesses face in implementing them.However,not every employee is aware of existing policies.All customers interviewed had some level of awareness about the policies the government has

295、in put place to reduce SUP usage.There was consensus among customers that stringent implementation of the government ban on SUPs could effectively lower plastic usage.Provided that adequate alternatives are available at reasonable prices,all of the respondents expressed willingness to switch to thes

296、e alternatives.They warned,however,that enacting a law without addressing the challenges in finding alternatives,will inevitably result in failure.I joined here the eco-resort in 2012.After joining,I saw the natural environment of Mermaid and stayed here.It has been almost 10 years now.There were ma

297、ny offers to join other places,but I do not want to go outside after seeing the environment-friendly company.I liked being natural.(IDI,Manager,Eco-Resort)The government banned plastics.We tried to provide products in paper bags.However,how could we put 10 kg of rice in a paper bag?The bags were not

298、 appropriate for holding such heavy weights.Then we had to buy an extra bag for 100 takas to bring the heavy products.The government did it for good,but it was not successful,because the government needed to produce an alternative to plastic bags before banning plastic bags.(IDI,Manager,Positive Dev

299、iant)As far as I know,the government has banned the use of polythene,but the law should be imposed and plastic bags should be banned.We should use paper or disposable bags.(IDI,Manager,Hotel)We know that there are rules.There are policies or laws related to this,there are punishment provisions we kn

300、ow all of these things.But they are not actually being implemented.We want them to be implemented.(IDI,Manager,Fast Food Shop,Cox Sadar)When I was in class eight,plastic bags were banned by our government.Shopkeepers had to give paper bags to customers then,as traffic police fined them if they provi

301、de black polythene bags.(IDI,Customer,Cox Sadar)The bigger issue is whether people are aware or not.In my mind,everything is not done by simply passing an Act at the legislative body.Since 2001,laws have been made in Bangladesh to reduce the use of plastic products,but their usage has not been reduc

302、ed,but rather increased.See,it has to be replaced by something else.If there is no alternative,only passing legislation will do no good.(IDI,Customer,Resturant,Cox Sadar)ES12345Behavioral Study in Coxs Bazar24Behavioral Insights into Plastic Waste ManagementLack of proper implementation of waste man

303、agement policies was also noted by supervisors and cleaners of the Pourasabha.Enablers for positive deviantsWhen it comes to enabling factors for positive deviants,the availability of suitable alternatives seems to be the most important driver,followed by initiatives by the government and local muni

304、cipality and awareness campaigns.Figure 9 shows the frequency of the mention of various enabling factors by respondents from businesses.Polythene bags were banned in 2000,but it was only for a limited time.People started using them again.Even penalties in monetary terms,by magistrates or the police,

305、couldnt stop this.(FGD,Supervisor,Cox Pourasabha)Source:World Bank field survey,2022Figure 9Enabling Factors for Businesses for Sustainable Practices and Products ES1234525If a business wishes to operate in an eco-friendly way and try to use less or no plastics,the major difficulty faced is the unav

306、ailability of a sufficient amount of alternative products,and another concern is the high price of those products.Simultaneously,financial and policy support from the government can be good enablers for positive deviants.In addition,campaigns and announcements on social platforms can also be effecti

307、ve enablers.When people of high social standing in leadership participate in campaigns or on social platforms,people tend to ponder their messages.According to some of the managers,the dissemination of messages mostly occurs through loudspeakers and microphones,which is effective to reach people at

308、central and surrounding locations.According to eco-resorts,they provide tutorials and learning activities for the dissemination of knowledge and to raise awareness.One of the managers from a positive deviant related that previous jobs had made him take training on environmental issues,which was a gr

309、eat source of information.According to two food vendors,the government has not been able to provide a cost-effective substitute for plastics,which has demotivated users from putting an end to the use of plastics.In the two FGDs with supervisors and cleaners in the Pourashava,the participants said th

310、at they expected the government to take the initiative to ban the industry producing polyethene bags,along with banning the use of polythene bags or other SUP products.Coxs Bazar Municipality can provide alternative bags instead of polythene bags to shopkeepers in those markets that are under its au

311、thority.Moreover,incentives and subsidies can be provided to them to encourage the use of alternative bags,which can reduce the use of single-use plastics.(IDI,Customer,Food Vendor,Beach Side)The government should first take the initiative to ban polythene manufacturing factories,before implementing

312、 the law to ban the use of polythene bags.We can get available SUPs at the market,like one-time cups,Coca-Cola bottles made of plastic.We should make biodegradable alternatives available,like selling soft drinks in glass bottles.Options should be available and,if the government acts and shuts down m

313、anufacturers of SUPs,the companies will create alternatives in the interest of the people.(FGD,Supervisor,Cox Pourashava)ES12345Behavioral Study in Coxs Bazar26Behavioral Insights into Plastic Waste ManagementOverall,social media,TV commercials,and banners are mostly used by the government.A few res

314、pondents also talked about the study curriculum that teaches about the effects of SUP usage.Lack of proper plastic waste collection and disposal services and infrastructure from the authorities is a major barrier,as no formal processes and guidelines exist on how to dispose of SUP products.Responden

315、ts from the city corporation also admit to the inadequacy of the infrastructure(e.g.,bins)and services provided by the authorities.Individually,shops do provide their own waste disposal bins,but most do not segregate SUPs from other waste.Even eco-resorts cannot fully avoid using plastics.They use p

316、olythene to transport and cover waste during disposal,which involves burying and burning SUPs that end up in their business.Limited environmental cues exist to urge people to engage in sustainable plastic use and waste management practices.They are limited to“No”signs and billboards that encourage r

317、educing SUP use and provide clear instructions on what to do.The social norm in coastal areas is to use SUPs,and businesses feel no pressure from their customers to switch to alternatives.Eco-friendly businesses,however,do report that customers express satisfaction in the different experience they h

318、ave at these places,and the experience of working in such businesses also encourages employees to prefer sustainable products.While many businesses are aware of government policies around reducing SUP use,awareness is not universal(e.g.,staff at lower levels may have a lower level of awareness).Busi

319、nesses,customers,and municipal staff have observed a lack of enforcement of government policies regarding SUPs,yet there is a general consensus supporting the implementation of such regulations.For successful policy adoption,the provision of accessible and affordable alternatives to SUPs is crucial.

320、All respondents said that they think that government policy is the most effective tool for behavior change around SUP use.However,there was also consensus that,in order to succeed,government implementation of green policies needs to be accompanied by the provision of viable alternatives to allow bus

321、inesses and consumers to access the products they need and remove the barriers to transition.Many stakeholders attribute the responsibility of finding such alternatives to the government,revealing the idea of an external locus of control over the shift to sustainable behavior.Businesses also said th

322、at the government needs to ban the production of SUPs,not just their use.Box 3Summary of Opportunity BarriersES1234527Automatic MotivationHabitHabits play a big role in waste management behaviors.The convenience of plastics and their availability in restaurants,hotels,and shops make it easy to turn

323、plastic use into a habit.People are used to consuming plastic products and the hassle of looking for an eco-friendly alternative hinders the probability of doing so on a daily basis.Unless access to alternatives becomes easier,changing habits will be difficult.Reflective MotivationEnvironmental conc

324、ernAll of the managers of hotels who responded answered that they were concerned about the environment.One of them mentioned that plastics contain chemicals that are harmful to the atmosphere.However,this person believed that the danger was a consequence of reusing and not the plastic itself.All of

325、the four managers of positive deviants shared that their main objective is not profit making,rather they are careful about not negatively affecting the environment at any cost.Finally,customers also seem concerned about the environmental consequences of plastic usage.Specifically,22 out of 30 custom

326、ers shared their knowledge about the environmental impacts of plastic use and their positive attitude towards stopping its use.In reality,people wait for alternatives;when they dont have any alternatives,people prefer to spend their days in what they are used to.How much do we think about the enviro

327、nment or impact of single-use plastics in our personal life?We dont think about it,we have a lack of foresight.Alternatives to SUPs are still not available in the market,if there was an alternative in the market,we would use that alternative.(IDI,Customer,Cox Sadar)Plastic that is used once is bette

328、r not to be used twice.Because it has chemicals that are harmful.If it can,it should be used for other purposes,like there are some entrepreneurs who are making plastic rope or nylon.(IDI,Manager,Large Hotel,Cox Sadar)We prefer serving water in glass bottles,even if it costs 5 takas more.Our managin

329、g director sir used to say that we should not destroy nature for 5 takas only.We should conserve our nature,because if nature survives,we will generate revenue.(IDI,Manager,Positive Deviant,Ukhiya)You may know that Coxs Bazar is one of the seven wonders of the world,it is one of the tourist spots in

330、 our country.The climate of this area depends entirely on biodiversity.Consequently,I do not support the practice of using SUPs,because it directly harms nature.(IDI,Customer,Cox Sadar)ES12345Behavioral Study in Coxs Bazar28Behavioral Insights into Plastic Waste ManagementBeliefs about environmental

331、 impacts of SUPIn general,the people interviewed believed that plastics have a dangerous impact on the environment and mentioned rivers,nature,and clogged drains as the primary affected elements.During the FGDs,all of the supervisors and cleaners of the Pourasabha agreed on the harmful impact of pla

332、stic products on nature.They also shared their dismay about the apparent lack of concern among the general public about the environmental hazards created by SUPs.Business related motivationsPositive deviant shops and eco-friendly resorts shared their motivation to use alternatives to plastics.They s

333、aid that they believe that using alternatives attracts guests and increases the number of customers.Their motivation comes from demand from a particular customer base,who are concerned about the environment and try not to harm it.In addition,these customers are willing to pay slightly more than usual,and that helps these companies financially.The managers of eco-resorts highlighted their pro-envir