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1、Nature Positive:Role of the Mining andMetalsSectorI N S I G H T R E P O R TJ A N U A R Y 2 0 2 5In collaboration withOliver WymanImages:Getty Images,PexelsDisclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project,insight area or interaction.The findings,interpr

2、etations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum,nor the entirety ofits Members,Partners orotherstakeholders.2025 World Economic

3、Forum.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,including photocopying and recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system.ContentsForeword 3Foreword 4About the Nature Positive Transitions report series 5Executive summar

4、y 6Introduction 71 Where the sectoristoday 131.1 Sector overview 141.2 Progress is promising but needs to accelerate 172 Nature-related impacts and dependencies 202.1 Double materiality 212.2 Land-use change and ecosystem disturbance 232.3 Pollution 242.4 Water abstraction 252.5 Greenhouse gas emiss

5、ions 263 Five priority actions 273.1 Priority action 1:Transform operations across 32 the mine life cycle3.2 Priority action 2:Improve water stewardship 393.3 Priority action 3:Expand circularity 40 and source responsibly 3.4 Priority action 4:Restore and regenerate landscapes 433.5 Priority action

6、5:Transform policy systems 44 and collaborate acrosssectors4 Get started 464.1 Align strategy with organizational maturity 474.2 A deeper look at metrics to support 49 decision-making4.3 Map the transition on to business functions 50Conclusion 53Appendix 54Contributors 56Endnotes 60Nature Positive:R

7、ole of the MiningandMetalsSector2ForewordMetals and minerals play a critical role in modern life they are the building blocks that underpin goods and services that improve living standards,new technologies and infrastructure for energy decarbonization,and agricultural inputs to improve food security

8、.As miners,we interact with the natural environment and communities every day,which brings a deep responsibility to operate sustainably for people and our planet.Nature is not a new topic for the mining sector;indeed,a 2023 ICMM survey,Understanding the Perceptions of Mining,indicated that taking ac

9、tion on nature is the most important thing we can do to change negative perceptions of mining.Through environmental and social impact assessments,we understand the complex interconnectivity of nature with stakeholders where we work.Coupled with our collective experience in delivering large-scale pro

10、jects,we can help restore ecosystems and habitats beyond our footprint and at scale,in partnership with others.We have also made positive steps towards commitments for nature in recent years,including through ICMMs 2024 Nature Position Statement.The metals and minerals the world needs will increasin

11、gly be found in areas that are more complex from a physical and socio-economic perspective,and where water and biodiversity are of critical importance,raising the challenge of balancing competing resource needs.At our Quellaveco copper mine in Peru,we implemented a transformative water management ap

12、proach to balance operational needs with community and environmental priorities.We rerouted the Asana River outside the mine site to preserve its role as a vital freshwater source for the community.Additionally,we built the Vizcachas dam,a shared value infrastructure project,to capture excess water

13、during the rainy season and allow the seasonal river to flow throughout the year,enhancing both water availability and quality for downstream agricultural and community users.Our operations,meanwhile,use the water from the Titire River as the main water source,which is unsuitable for agriculture and

14、 human consumption due to its high volcanic mineral content.The project was successful due to a deep dialogue process with local stakeholders and an innovative approach to delivering sustainable solutions as part of securing our license to operate.This is the experience we are taking forward at our

15、next developments at Woodsmith in the UK and then at Sakatti in Finland.As a sector,we must integrate work to protect and restore nature with work on climate,water and social impact into all aspects of an operation throughout its life,from exploration to life beyond mining.Strengthened data and disc

16、losure,supported by initiatives such as the Taskforce for Nature-related Financial Disclosures(TNFD),can help keep us accountable and identify opportunities for collective action.We have a role in supporting regional and local governments with the delivery of the Global Biodiversity Framework goals

17、to accelerate the protection and restoration of nature.Of course,we cannot do this alone.Through building trust,collaborative relationships and strategic partnerships with communities,governments and partners across industries and the entire value chain,we can ensure that we are preventing and mitig

18、ating adverse impacts while catalysing a systemic and sustainable positive legacy.In summary,the mining sector has an important synergistic association with nature.Nature should not be seen as a cost to our businesses or just a risk to be managed,but a driver of real value.As an industry,we have an

19、opportunity to enable positive change,collaborating widely to drive measurable actions on the ground.Lets make nature collaborative,not competitive.Duncan Wanblad Chief Executive,AngloAmericanNature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector January 2025Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSec

20、tor3ForewordOn 22 July 2024,Earth recorded its hottest day on record according to the World Meteorological Organization,and August 2024 marked the 15th consecutive month of record-high global temperatures.Ocean temperatures are higher than they have ever been in modern times,causing rising sea level

21、s,more intense storms and faster-than-usual ice loss in the Arctic in June,according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center in the US.The world is seeing unprecedented levels of biodiversity and ecosystem loss,pollution and pressure on water availability.The World Economic Forums 2020 Future of Na

22、ture and Business report estimates that more than half of the worlds gross domestic product(GDP)is moderately or highly dependent on nature and its services,meaning companies and investors cannot afford to delay actions to reverse climate change and prevent nature loss any longer.The world is at a t

23、ipping point and only accelerated action can prevent widespread,irreversible harm.The international discourse on nature is indeed turning towards action.The 2015 Paris Agreement and the 2022 Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework provided governments and businesses with goals and targets,and

24、,at the 2024 United Nations(UN)Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD COP16)in Cali,Colombia,the focus turned to implementation as stakeholders turned up in force to discuss how to put nature plans into practice.Business momentum is picking up,but industries need sectoral guidance on strategic ways

25、forward.This is particularly true when it comes to preventing nature loss,which will involve tackling an inherently complex set of issues.The World Economic Forum,in collaboration with Oliver Wyman,has spent the past two years gathering data and insights through research,expert consultation and indu

26、stry interviews.This work has paved the way for the Forums 2025 Nature Positive Transitions:Sectors report series.Building from those released on the chemical sector,the household and personal care products sector,and the cement and concrete sector in 2023,these new reports focus on four sectors:min

27、ing and metals,automotive,offshore wind and ports.This initiative is part of a broader collaborative effort with Business for Nature and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development(WBCSD).Halting climate change and preventing further nature loss are inextricably intertwined goals.Therefor

28、e,corporate and investor action to address these twin challenges must also be complementary and occur in tandem.Investing in nature is more than just good risk management.Companies that take bold steps today towards a net-zero,nature-positive business model will enjoy competitive advantages,drawing

29、on more resilient and sustainable supply chains,a positive public image,innovative green products and greater support from the financial sector.If we are to stay within safe and just Earth system boundaries and maintain a sustainable planet,there is no time to delay.Nick Studer President and Chief E

30、xecutive Officer,Oliver WymanAkanksha Khatri Head,Nature and Biodiversity,World Economic ForumNature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector4About the Nature Positive Transitions report seriesNature Positive:Role of the Mining and Metals Sectoris published by the World Economic Forum in collabora

31、tion with Oliver Wyman.It is part of the World Economic Forums Nature Positive Transitions report series,which outlines the different pathways to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030 the mission at the heart of the Global Biodiversity Framework.The series consists of three transitions:business secto

32、rs,cities and financial institutions.These reports highlight the relevance of nature-related risks,identify the impacts and dependencies of the economy and society on nature,and provide guidelines for business,city and financial institution leaders on key actions to accelerate the nature-positive tr

33、ansition.The Nature Positive Transitions report series builds on the New Nature Economy Report Series.For more information,please visit Nature Positive Transitions.Sector reports:Nature Positive:Role of the Cement and Concrete SectorNature Positive:Role of the Household and Personal Care Products Se

34、ctorNature Positive:Role of the Chemical Sector Nature Positive:Role of the Automotive Sector Nature Positive:Role of the Offshore Wind SectorNature Positive:Role of the Port Sector Nature Positive:Role of the Automotive Sector China Deep-diveCities reports:Nature Positive:Guidelines for the Transit

35、ion in CitiesNature Positive:Leaders Insights for the Transition in CitiesNature Positive:Financing the Transition in CitiesNature Positive:Cities Efforts to Advance the Transition DurbanFinance reports:Financing the Nature-Positive Transition:Understanding the Role of Banks,Investors andInsurersNat

36、ure Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector5Executive summaryOverall,9.6 billion tonnes of metal ores were extracted in 2020 alone,equivalent to 10%of global material extraction,supplying activities across almost all sectors of the economy.Future demand growth will be driven by the clean energy t

37、ransition,given the key role metals and minerals such as aluminium,copper,cobalt,nickel,lithium and rare earth elements play in supporting the scale-up of energy transition infrastructure and the electrification of the transport and mobility system.Indeed,critical mineral demand is expected to incre

38、ase 4 to 6 times by2040.Yet,the mining and metals sector contributes to drivers of biodiversity loss,such as land-use change and ecosystem disturbance,pollution,water abstraction and greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions across its entire value chain.Mining operations are estimated to cover up to 100,000 squ

39、are kilometres(km)of the worlds terrestrial surface(equivalent to 0.07%),and 8%of global mining properties coincide with International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)Protected Areas.A total of 16%of critical mineral mines are located in highly water-stressed areas,and over half of energy tran

40、sition mineral resources are located on or near Indigenous Peoples lands.This report summarizes the sectors key impacts and dependencies on nature and sets out priority actions that corporate leaders can take to transform their businesses.These include:1.Transform operations across the mine life cyc

41、le:Avoid,then reduce,the land,pollution and emissions impacts of mining operations and restore across the mine life cycle in accordance with the mitigation hierarchy.2.Improve water stewardship:Avoid,then reduce,water abstraction,use and pollution in mining operations,and improve water stewardship a

42、cross landscapes.3.Expand circularity and source responsibly:Expand circularity across the value chain,embrace standards and transparency,engage with suppliers and source responsibly,and collaborate with and support customers.4.Restore and regenerate landscapes:Support nature conservation and restor

43、ation with local communities across and beyond their own valuechains and invest in innovative nature financing mechanisms.5.Transform policy systems and collaborate across sectors:Call on governments to strengthen nature-related policy and support cross-sector and cross-industry collaboration.These

44、priority actions could unlock more than$430 billion in annual business opportunities by 2030 for companies operating across the sectors valuechain,presenting a significant opportunity for the mining and metals sector in the new nature-positive economy.There is an urgent need for the mining and metal

45、s sector to contribute to the nature-positive transition,to reduce its impacts on nature and unlock new opportunities.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector6of the emissions reductions required by 2030 to keep global temperature increases under 2C will come from nature-basedsolutions.Intr

46、oductionMost top companies have climate targets,yetonly 12%have one for biodiversity,despite the global economys dependency on nature.Nature is at a tipping point.Today,the resources humanity uses are equivalent to that of 1.75 Earths.This means that the ecological footprint,a measure that sums up t

47、he demands for biologically productive areas like food,timber,fibre,carbon sequestration and infrastructure,exceeds the Earths capacity by75%.1Achieving net-zero emissions and halting biodiversity loss are highly interdependent priorities for both society and business.Climate change is one of the fi

48、ve key drivers of biodiversity loss,2,3 andin turn,land-use change,principally agriculturalcommodity-driven deforestation,contributes 12-20%of global greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.4 At the same time,efforts to tackle climate change cannot succeed without safeguarding nature.It is estimated that 37%of

49、 the emissions reductions required by 2030 to keep global temperature increases under 2C will come from nature-basedsolutions.5 Recognizing the link between climate change and nature,standard setters are increasingly looking toalign efforts,as seen in the linkages between theScience Based Targets in

50、itiative(SBTi)Forest,Land and Agriculture(FLAG)targets6 and the land targets from the Science Based Targets Network(SBTN).7 Efforts are also being made to integrate social and human rights perspectives to ensure that the nature transition is just,inclusive,and delivers tangible and sustainable benef

51、its for people.In September 2024,the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research(PIK)published the first annual planetary health check,evaluating the status of the nine planetary boundaries the Earth system processes essential for maintaining global stability,resilience and life-support functions

52、against safe operating limits.Overall,six out of nine planetary boundaries,such as land system change,freshwater change,and biosphere integrity,have already breached safe levels8(see Figure 1).Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector7Planetary boundaries health checkFIGURE 1Planetary bounda

53、ry processesClimate changeCO2 concentrationIncrease in atmospheric aerosol loadingOcean acidificationFreshwater changegreen waterFreshwater changeblue waterStratospheric Ozone depletionSafe operating spaceIncreasingriskHigh-risk zonePlanetary boundaryHigh-risk lineStatus and trendLand system changeC

54、limate changeradiative forcingModification of biogeochemical flowsphosphorus cycleModification of biogeochemical flowsnitrogen cycleChange in biosphere integrityfunctional integrityChange in biosphere integritygenetic diversityIntroduction of novel entitiesSource:Caesar,L.,Sakschewski,B.et al.(2024)

55、.Planetary Health Check:A Scientific Assessment of the State of the Planet.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector8Why nature matters forbusinessesThe importance of nature for businesses and financial institutions is growing as the evidence for nature-related risks rises.In the World Econo

56、mic Forums Global Risks Report 2025,9 five out of the top 10 risks over the next decade are environment related:extreme weather events,biodiversityloss and ecosystem collapse,critical change toEarth systems,natural resource shortages and pollution.In parallel,the calls for rapid change are getting s

57、tronger and more frequent,coming from policy-makers,regulators,investors,companies,consumers and citizens(see Figure 2).Companies that anticipate the risks of nature losscan minimize disruption from incoming policy and regulatory requirements,proactively manage nature-related physical,transition and

58、 systemic risks,10 including dependencies on ecosystem services and assets,and benefit from early nature-relatedopportunities.Key nature-related dynamics impacting businessesFIGURE 2 BusinessesGlobal Biodiversity FrameworkGuidance and standards In total,196 parties agreed on the landmark Kunming-Mon

59、treal Global Biodiversity Framework in December 2022.Target 15 of the framework explicitly calls for mandatory assessment and disclosure and for businesses to reduce their negative impacts on nature.Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures(TNFD)issued sector-specific guidance for 8 sectors

60、and financial institutions.International Sustainability Standards Board(ISSB)incorporated nature and biodiversity requirements.EUs European Sustainability Reporting Standards(ESRS)started in 2024.Science Based Targets for Nature(SBTN)released updated target-setting guidance.Customers and employees R

61、ecent studies show 85%of consumers indicate that they have shifted their purchasing behaviour to be more sustainable in the past five years.The Union for Ethical BioTrade(UEBT)Biodiversity Barometer has shown consistent growth in biodiversity awareness among consumers over the past decade.In total,1

62、77 financial institutions with22.1 trillion in assets under managementsigned the Finance for Biodiversity Pledge.Nature Action 100 harnesses investor influence on businesses.Financial institutionsSource:Convention on Biological Diversity.(2022).Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework;Business

63、 for Nature.(2023).A wake-up call for business:Target 15 commits governments to require nature-related disclosure from large companies and financial institutions;Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures(TNFD);Reuters.(2022,14 December).Global sustainability rules body steps up focus on biod

64、iversity;European Financial Reporting Advisory Group(EFRAG).EU Sustainability Reporting Standards(ESRS);Science Based Targets Network(SBTN).(n.d.).For companies;Nature Action 100;Finance for Biodiversity Foundation;Union for Ethical BioTrade(UEBT).Biodiversity Barometer.Nature Positive:Role of the M

65、iningandMetalsSector9Global Biodiversity FrameworkThe agreement of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework11 in December 2022 setthe ambition to halt and reverse biodiversity loss,calling for a collective effort from all sections of society on the four goals and 23 targets by 2030.Guidanc

66、e and standards Many regulators will soon require mandatory nature-related disclosure from companies,with regulations like the European Sustainability Reporting Standards(ESRS)12 under the EUs Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive(EU CSRD)and the EU Taxonomy for Sustainable Activities13 pushi

67、ng businesses to disclose their impact on nature and their exposure to nature and biodiversity loss.Standards are also being adopted in countries like India14 and China,15 requiring companies to disclose material sustainability information.Companies are encouraged to start collecting data and buildi

68、ng internal capacity in alignment with voluntary disclosure frameworks like the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures(TNFD),16 which has seen at least 502 organizations,including 129 financial institutions,commit to getting started with voluntary reporting of their nature-related issues.

69、17Financial institutionsFinancial institutions are also recognizing the risks associated with nature,for example,36%of Dutch financial institutions assets were found to be highly dependent on nature,18 and starting to take action.In the past three years,177 institutions with 22trillion in assets und

70、er management signed the Finance for Biodiversity Pledge,and institutional investors are convening through the Nature Action 100 programme to engage with companies and policy-makers on nature.19The nature-positive transition will unlock new business opportunities for financial institutions.Innovativ

71、e nature financing mechanisms,including biodiversity credits,impact investments and blended finance mechanisms,have seen significant growth in the past years,including 10%growth between 2022 and 2023.20 Governments are developing the market infrastructure to mobilize private finance for nature conse

72、rvation and restoration.For example,in 2023,the UK government introduced the Biodiversity Net Gain(BNG)legislation,21 mandating that all new development projects achieve a 10%net gainin biodiversity,and the Australian government is in the process of establishing a Nature Repair Market22 to enable in

73、dividuals and businesses to voluntarily invest in nature repair projects across Australian land,waters,or a combination of both.Financial institutions can start taking action bybuilding internal capacity to act on nature,developing financing policies,strategies and transition plans that favour natur

74、e(including sector-,location-or asset class-specific policies where appropriate),embedding nature in risk management systems,developing robust nature-related reporting systems,and engaging with high nature-impact and high nature-risk businesses.Consumers and employeesSimilarly,wider society and othe

75、r stakeholders,such as employees and consumers,are raising their expectations for corporate action to protect nature and biodiversity.In the Union for Ethical BioTrades 2022 Biodiversity Barometer,biodiversity loss was the second most urgent environmental concern for consumers after climate change.I

76、n countries such as Brazil and China,the concern comes out on top,with 54%of consumers wanting information on a products impact on biodiversity.A survey by Simon-Kucher&Partners in 2021 showed that 85%of consumers have made changes to make their purchasing behaviour more sustainable in the past five

77、 years.23 Additionally,employees are elevating their expectations regarding their employers commitment to protecting nature and biodiversity.For example,a 2022 global survey by Deloitte24 found that protecting the environment remains a top priority for Gen Zs and millennials,who want to see their em

78、ployers prioritize visible actions that enable employees to get directly involved.A total of 64%of Gen Zs said they would pay more to purchase an environmentally sustainable product.Setting credible nature strategiesDespite the increased momentum on nature over recent years,not enough is being done.

79、While 78%of Fortune Global 500 companies have climate change targets,only 26%have freshwater consumption targets,and just 12%have targets for biodiversity loss.25 Only 5%of companies have assessed their impacts on nature,with less than 1%understanding their dependencies.26 Companies can contribute t

80、o nature positive byestablishing credible nature strategies,where nature positive represents a“global societal goal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030 on a 2020 baseline,and achieve full recovery by 2050”.27 Individual companies,financial institutions and investors can contribute to this shared

81、 goal by adopting nature-positive strategies across their spheres of control and influence,including at sites of high-biodiversity importance,in their direct operations as well as across their value chains(seeFigure 3).In the past three years,177institutions with 22 trillion in assets under manageme

82、nt signed the Finance for Biodiversity Pledge.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector10Spheres of control and influenceFIGURE 3Sphere of controlSphere of influenceSiteProductCorporateValue chainValue chain-adjacent areasSystemsDirectoperationsUpstreamDownstreamSource:Adapted from Science B

83、ased Targets Network(SBTN).(2020).Science-Based Targets for Nature:Initial Guidance for Business,2020.A credible corporate nature strategy should be built on four high-level steps:assess,commit,transform and disclose28(see Figure 4).Businesses can and should act now to:Assess:Conduct an initial mate

84、riality assessment to prioritize efforts;identify,measure,value and prioritize impacts and dependencies on nature;assess risks and opportunities;and consider climate and people within nature assessments.Commit:Define ambition and goals,and set transparent,time-bound,specific,science-based targets to

85、 put companies on the right track towards operating within the Earths limits.Transform:Avoid and reduce negative impacts;restore and regenerate;shift business strategy and models;collaborate,both along value chains and at a landscape,seascape and river basin level;advocate for ambitious policies and

86、 initiatives;and embed nature within corporate governance.Disclose:Disclose material nature-related information across all three high-level actions above;seek out independent validation and verification to enhance the credibility of actions;and align reporting with major reporting standards such as

87、TNFD,International Sustainability Standards Board(ISSB)or the EUs CSRD recommendations.Momentum is building.In May 2023,17 companiesstarted a target validation pilot for the SBTN methods29.For more details,companies can refer to the Nature Strategy Handbook,a practical guide to support all businesse

88、s in developing a nature strategy.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector11ACT-D high-level business actions on natureFIGURE 4AssessMeasure,value and prioritize your impacts and dependencies on nature to ensure you are acting on the most material ones.CommitSet science-based targets to put

89、 your company on the right track towards operating within the Earths limits.TransformAvoid and reduce negative impacts,restore and regenerate,collaborate across land and seascapes,shift business strategy and models,embed nature in governance and advocate for policy ambition.DiscloseCommitAssessTrans

90、formHigh-level business actions on natureDiscloseDiscloseThe need for a sectoral approach As nature impacts and dependencies differ significantly across real economy sectors,sector-specific analyses and guidance can help companies understand their relationship with nature and the actions they can ta

91、ke to accelerate the transition to a nature-positive future.To inform sectoral approaches,the World Economic Forum,alongside Business for Nature and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development(WBCSD),produced guidance on 12 global sectors as part of the initial phase of the Sector Actions

92、 Towards a Nature-Positive Future initiative.For each sector,the guidance outlines the priority actions companies should take to transform their operations and value chains to make a meaningful contribution towards the Global Biodiversity Framework and help halt and reverse nature loss by 2030.In th

93、e second phase,the World Economic Forum has conducted analysis on four additional sectors:mining and metals,automotive,offshore wind and ports.This report,published in collaboration with Oliver Wyman,identifies and makes the business case for sector-specific priority actions in the miningand metals

94、sector.Note:Disclose material nature-related information across all three high-level actions above.Source:Business for Nature.(n.d.).High-level Business Actions on Nature.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector12Where the sectoristoday1To meet energy transition demands sustainably,companie

95、s must minimize impacts on nature and transform business models to focus on critical minerals supply and circularity.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector131.1 Sector overviewOverall,9.6 billion tonnes of metal ores30 were extracted worldwide in 2020 alone,making up 10%of global material

96、 extraction across biomass,fossil fuels,metal ores and non-metallic minerals.Almost all other sectors rely on these commodities,including the construction industry,energy and transport infrastructure,manufacturing equipment,consumer goods(such as vehicles and electronics),agriculture,and defence sec

97、tors.Currently,of all metals,extraction of iron ore was the fastest growing,driven by rising demand for steel in the construction sector,31 which accounts for over 50%of global steel demand,32 and a second wave of urbanization in the Global South.33 Future demand growth,however,will be driven by the

98、 clean energy transition,given the essential role of metals and critical minerals,such as aluminium,copper,cobalt,nickel,lithium and rare earth elements,in supporting the scale-up of energy transition infrastructure,for renewable energy(solar panels and wind turbines),energy transmission and energy

99、storage capacity,and the electrification of the transport and mobility system.34 Critical mineral inputs for clean energy technologies are projected to increase 4 to 6 times by 2040.35 A typical electric car requires 6 times more mineral inputs than a conventional car,and an onshore wind plant requi

100、res 9 times more mineral resources than a gas-fired power plant.36Mining operations across large-scale,artisanal and small-scale mining are estimated to cover up to 100,000 square kilometres(km2),equivalent to 0.07%of the worlds terrestrial surface.37 Extraction is concentrated in specific,resource-

101、rich locations.For example,over 65%of iron ore and bauxite is from Australia,China,Brazil and Guinea,38 75%of cobalt is from the Democratic Republic of the Congo,90%of platinum group metals are from South Africa and Zimbabwe,39 45%of lithium is from Australia and 70%of rare earth elements are from C

102、hina.40,41 Processing operations are even more concentrated:China is responsible for processing over 50%of aluminium and steel,and 65 to 90%of lithium,cobalt and rare earth elements.42,43 Productivity varies significantly across mining areas,with a small share of sites responsible for the majority o

103、f resource extraction volumes,44 and land ownership and management systems also differ across regions.Critical mineral inputs for clean energy technologies are projected to increase 4 to 6 times by 2040.Definition of the mining and metals sector BOX 1The scope of this report is defined by the Sustai

104、nability Accounting Standards Board(SASB)Sustainable Industry Classification System(SICS),45 and includes“Extractives&Minerals Processing Metals&Mining”and“Extractives&Minerals Processing Iron&Steel Producers”.This comprises mining operations to extract metals and minerals,processing and smelting of

105、 raw materials into fabricated or semi-fabricated products,and mining support activities.While this report covers both mining and metals,it focuses mostly on mining,given that many of the most material drivers of nature loss are concentrated in this part of the value chain.In addition,this report wi

106、ll also consider the full value chain for the mining and metals sector,including industries that provide inputs into mining and processing operations,end-product manufacturers,the use phase of products and end-of-lifemanagement.The mining and metals sector is commonly segmented into iron and ferrous

107、 alloy(ferroalloy)metals;non-ferrous metals,such as aluminium,cobalt,copper,lithium and rare earth elements;precious metals,such as gold,silver and platinum-group metals;and industrial minerals,such aspotash.This report focuses on land-based mining and doesnot cover deep-sea mining or other marine a

108、ctivities.However,it notes that deep-sea mining is potentiallyassociatedwithirreversible changes to deep-sea ecosystems and the broader ecosystems they support,where the extreme conditions have given rise to a unique set of species,many of which are highly vulnerable or as yet unknown.46 Mining of c

109、oal and construction materials,such as stone,gravel and sand,is also out-of-scope,where it is acknowledged that a rapid phase-out of coal-fired power plantsis required to reach a nature-positive,net-zerofuture.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector14As a result of the projected critical m

110、ineral demand requirements and concentration of resources,countries across the world have rolled out substantial updates to international cooperation mechanisms and strategic plans to support critical mineral supply chain security and resilience,promote innovation and encourage sustainable and respo

111、nsible practices.47 According to the International Energy Agency(IEA),nearly 200 policies and regulations now affect critical mineral supply,half of which were enacted in just the past few years.48Indeed,the Group of Seven(G7)countries adopted a Five-Point Plan for Critical Minerals Security and ple

112、dged$13 billion in support in April 2023,and the Group of Twenty(G20)have emphasized the need for diversified,sustainable and responsible supply chains for the energy transition.The combination of recent geopolitical turbulence and Chinas domination of global critical raw material supply and product

113、ion is encouraging the development of partnerships such as the Sustainable Critical Minerals Alliance,launched by Canada,Australia,France,Germany,Japan,the United Kingdom and the United States at the United Nations Biodiversity Conference(COP15).49 Overall,critical minerals are increasingly shifting

114、 to a state-influenced business,where producer nations are looking to move down value chains and buyer nations are eager to secure supply while supporting the development of local industries.50 This dynamic is accompanied by rapidly accelerating technological change,which is driving improved efficie

115、ncy,reduced emissions and mitigating safety risks in the mining and metals sector.In addition,increased permitting timelines have resulted in companies redirecting resources towards re-mining and other innovations,such as improving leaching or managing lower-grade ores.51 Like other sectors,the mini

116、ng and metals sector and nature are intrinsically interlinked.The sector depends on environmental assets and ecosystem services to function and grow,such as the provision of metal,mineral,energy and cultivated biological resources,freshwater supply,soil andsediment retention,flood protection and glo

117、bal climate regulation.The mining andmetals sector and nature are intrinsically interlinked.The sector depends on environmental assets and ecosystem services to function and grow.Simplified value chain of the mining and metals sector FIGURE 5End-product manufacturingManufacturing of end products usi

118、ng fabricated or semi-fabricated productsUse phase and end-of-lifeEnd customer use of products in industries such as construction,automotive,electronics and renewable energy;end-of-life processing,including final recycling,disposal and waste managementRecyclingRe-mining wasteUpstreamMidstream(direct

119、 operations)DownstreamInorganic and organic feedstock and raw material supply including fossil fuels,chemicals and forest products(e.g.rubber)Energy and water supplyMachinery and transport equipment supplyMining operationsExtraction of raw metals and minerals,including exploration,mine development,o

120、perations,closure and rehabilitation phasesProcessing Processing and smelting of raw materials into fabricated or semi-fabricated productsTransport and distributionNature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector15However,it also contributes to drivers of nature loss,including land-use change and w

121、ater abstraction in upstream industries,mining operations and midstream production,as well as pollution and GHG emissions across the value chain.Mining activities can impact nature beyond the direct physical footprint of projects.These impacts can occur indirectly,for instance,through industries tha

122、t support mining operations or stakeholders who gain access to biodiversity-rich areas due to mining.Additionally,cumulative effects arise when multiple mining activities are concentrated within the same region.In addition,mining can adversely impact Indigenous Peoples and other local communities,in

123、cluding peasant communities,Afrodescendent communities and fisherfolk.Negative impacts on nature can lead to violations of the rights of Indigenous Peoples and other communities and related negative social impacts.For example,contamination of land and water resources can impact the ability to access

124、 and use resources such as firewood,medicinal plants,drinking water,fish and amphibians.It is vital that companies consult with Indigenous groups and civil society throughout all stages of project development52 and respect the right of Indigenous Peoples to give or withhold consent regarding project

125、s affecting their lands,territories and resources.A recent study by the University of Queensland found that more than half of energy transition mineral mining projects were located on or near the lands of Indigenous Peoples with rights to consultation and free,prior and informed consent(FPIC).53 Eco

126、nomic or material benefits should also be distributed equitably,and benefit-sharing agreements are best positioned when they reflect a genuine negotiation and participatory decision-making process with Indigenous leaders.This is advancing in some regions,such as in Canada,where there are over 500 ag

127、reements between Indigenous communities and the mining industry that outline employment,procurement and royaltyarrangements.54 In most countries,mining remains the most hazardous occupation for workers and is responsible for approximately 8%of fatal incidents at work.In some countries,many more peop

128、le are employed in small-scale,often informal,mining than in the formal mining sector.These jobs can be precarious and do not conform with international and national labour standards;accident rates in small-scale mines are routinely 6 or 7 times higher than in larger operations,even in industrialise

129、d countries.55Large-scale mining,artisanal and small-scale mining and illegal miningBOX 2 A recent study found that more than half of energy transition mineral mining projects were located on or near the lands of Indigenous Peoples with rights to consultation andFPIC.It is important to distinguish b

130、etween the impacts of large-scale mining(LSM),artisanal and small-scale mining(ASM)and illegal mining to identify the entry points for addressing impacts.LSM is defined as a formal and regulated activity using modern industrial-scale extraction and processing technologies.It involves a wide range of

131、 commodities and typically larger project sizes,leading to significant post-closure restoration and rehabilitation requirements.The ASM sector,on the other hand,is typically informal by nature and less regulated,which means it often uses more environmentally harmful extraction methods with few rehab

132、ilitation measures in place.Workers can also face difficult or dangerous working conditions,56 and ASM can be responsible for opening new mining frontiers that LSM moves into.However,with anything from 40 to 100 million artisanal miners globally in more than 80 countries,the industry can be essentia

133、l to the livelihoods of some of the worlds most marginalized communities and people and an important source of critical minerals.57,58,59,60Illegal mining can take place at both abandoned and operating mines.It can cause both significant environmental and social impacts,for example,as a result of th

134、e use of harmful extraction methods or operators working under dangerous conditions.It also has a range of negative social and financial impacts on the state,the mining sector,companies and employees due to the loss of revenue,taxes,employment opportunities,capital expenditure,exports,foreign exchan

135、ge earnings and procurement,among other factors.61 Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector16Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector16Within the sector,business action on nature is gathering momentum,with several major industry associations establishing targets and guidance for me

136、mbers in support of the nature-positive transition.The ICMM,which represents one-third of the worlds mining industry,62 launched its Nature:Position Statement at the Forums Annual Meeting in Davos in 202463 that requires its members to contribute to a nature-positive future in line with the Global B

137、iodiversity Frameworks 2030 targets.They must also conform with collective position statements on climate and water,including committing to reach net zero(Scope 1 and 2 emissions)by 2050,address Scope 3 emissions64 and adopt a catchment-level,context-based approach to manage and use waterresponsibly

138、.65The Mining Association of Canada(MAC)has established the Towards Sustainable Mining(TSM)standard,which provides tools and indicators to support companies with environmental and social action on the ground,including a Biodiversity Conservation Management Protocol developed in 2009.66 It also cover

139、s related areas,such as responsible tailings management and climate change(aligned with the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures).Participation is mandatory for all members Canadian operations,and the standard has since been adopted across the world,including by the Minerals Council o

140、f Australia(MCA).67 ICMM,MAC,The Copper Mark and the World Gold Council are also working towards consolidating their individual voluntary responsible mining and metals standards into a single global responsible mining standard and multistakeholder oversight system.68 Alongside industry association n

141、ature commitments,individual companies such as Teck Resources69 and Anglo American70 have gone further than ICMMs required No Net Loss(NNL)target by completion of closure,71 by committing to deliver Net Positive Impact(NPI)on biodiversity across all operating sites.Over 10 mining and metals companie

142、s have also joined TNFDs Adopters cohort,including Anglo American,Cerrejn,Endeavour Mining,Freeport-McMoRan,Hindalco,Hindustan Zinc,Newmont,Rio Branco,Teck Resources,Vale and Vedanta.72 While recognizing these efforts,more needs to be done.CDP analysis indicates that of the 38 mining and coal extrac

143、tive companies reporting to them,31 have made public commitments related to biodiversity.However,only 12 have committed to NNL,and 5 have committed to NPI.Also,only 4 have made commitments at a more granular level for selected mines,business units or geographies.73 Alongside setting targets,companie

144、s need to pair strategic planning with accelerated on-the-ground implementation and increased regulatory accountability and enforcement.To help tackle the pressing challenges faced by the industry,the World Economic Forums Securing Minerals for the Energy Transition initiative unites industry leader

145、s along the minerals value chain with international organizations and governments to overcome the challenges to secure minerals for the energy transition.The Forum and UpLink will also run a series of Accelerating Innovation for Sustainable Mining challenges from 2024 to 2026,in partnership with Pro

146、spect Innovation,to support the identification and scale-up of new ventures by connecting high-potential start-ups with interested investors,end users,governments and ecosystempartners.741.2 Progress is promising but needs to accelerate CDP analysis indicates that 31 mining and coal extractive compa

147、nies have made public commitments related to biodiversity.However,only 12 have committed to NNL and 5 have committed to NPI.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector17A perspective from the Co-Chairs of the Global Future Council on Responsible Resource UseBOX 3The economy and society depend

148、on resources that provide the foundations for many global sectors,from the built environment to mobility to food and energy.The rate at which resources have been extracted,used and disposed of has increased rapidly due to the combination of population and economic growth and improvements in social w

149、ell-being in the past decades.Last year,more than 100 billion tonnes of resources were extracted.75 In the past six years,resources equivalent to those used throughout the entire 20th century have been consumed.76The scale and methods employed today to extract resources,together with their increasin

150、g consumption,are one of the leading causes of the triple planetary crisis:climate change,biodiversity loss and pollution.Additionally,as highlighted by the International Resource Panel in September 2024,77 social inequality is a driver and a consequence of current resource use patterns.While lower-

151、income and middle-income countries have historically supplied resources to higher-income nations,this trend shifted in 2014,and upper-middle-income countries,including China,Brazil,Mexico and South Africa,now extract approximately half of the resources used.This relocation is driven by the outsourci

152、ng of material-and energy-intensive production processes by higher-income countries and the increasing demand for materials to develop infrastructure in newly industrializing countries.However,upper-middle-income countries are also likely to have lower environmental standards,which generates a net d

153、isplacement of environmental impacts from high-income countries into the producing and exporting regions.This challenge extends beyond resources to consumption as a whole.Indeed,in 2022,more than half of global land and biodiversity-related loss occurred in Africa and Latin America,but less than 10%

154、of global value-added was generated in these regions.On the other hand,almost half of the global value-added is generated in Europe and North America,although less than 10%of global water stress and biodiversity loss happens in these regions.How can these patterns change to become resource stewards

155、and transition to responsible resource use patterns?This was the question posed to the Global Future Council on Responsible Resource Use from 2023 to 2024.First,it is vital to prioritize reducing demand for new extraction where possible by ensuring that the lifetime value of materials is maximized i

156、n a circular economy and consumer habits are adapted.Second,any new extraction must be conducted responsibly while respecting communities and the environment.Third,it is necessary to change use patterns and decouple economic growth and human well-being from increasing resource consumption.78This rep

157、orts primary aim is to contribute to the advancement of this second step:responsible extraction.Decision-makers are invited to consider these recommendations,which lay out how to improve extractive industries from an environmental and social standpoint,as a critical and necessary step of the respons

158、ible resource use journey.Gillian Davidson Sustainability Adviser to the Chief Executive Officer,EurasianResources Group(ERG)Mauricio Crdenas Professor and Director,MPA in Global Leadership,ColumbiaUniversityCorporate leaders should start to assess,commit,transform and disclose as per the ACT-D fram

159、ework in a more systematic way.As noted in the Introduction,companies need to:identify,measure,value and prioritize their nature-related impacts and dependencies across their value chains to ensure they act on the most material ones;set transparent,time-bound,specific,science-based targets when mate

160、rial;take actions to transform their businesses;and track performance to publicly disclose material nature-related information.Pursuing action to contribute to nature-positive alongside existing climate action can allow businesses to mitigate risks,capture nature-related opportunities and build long

161、-term resilience.For more information on tools and guidance available for the ACT-D set of high-level actions,see Table 1.A range of other activities will also be needed to support the stages of ACT-D,including agreeing on definitions,determining materiality thresholds,mapping assets and operations,

162、gathering information on existing nature-related activities,making the case for nature action internally within an organization(beyond disclosure),andestablishing the vision of success.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector18Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector18Nature Positi

163、ve:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector19Note:This table is non-exhaustive.For more tools and guidance,see High-level Business Actions on Nature and The Nature Strategy Handbook.Selected tools and guidance available for ACT-D high-level actionsTABLE 1AssessConsult the locate-evaluate-assess-prepare(LEA

164、P)approach and metals and mining sector guidance79 fromTNFD.Follow the technical guidance to assess80 and prioritize81 from SBTN.Consult the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developments(OECD)due diligence guidance onmineral supply chains,and conflict-affected and high-risk areas.82CommitS

165、et NNL or BNG targets for all sites,using the International Finance Corporations(IFC)Performance Standard 6 forguidance.83 Follow the approach the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)is developing to measure nature-positive84 and set targets.Set science-based targets,taking inspirati

166、on from the technical guidance provided for freshwater andlandbySBTN.85For climate,refer to the guidance from the SBTi.TransformTake inspiration from the World Economic Forums Nature Positive Transitions:Sectors report series;86 investresources and commit management to deliver against clear targets.

167、87Consult the Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurances(IRMA)full documentation and guidance,88 The Copper Mark standards89 or the Aluminium Stewardship Initiative(ASI)performance standard.90Follow the mitigation hierarchy at a site-level for direct operations,across the mine life cycle.91,92,93,

168、94DiscloseConsult the final recommendations95 from TNFD for nature-related disclosures.For climate,refer to the ISSB guidance on disclosure of sustainability-related financial information andclimate-related disclosures.96 Use CDPs disclosure platform,which includes guidance on climate change,forests

169、,water security,biodiversityand plastics.97 Consult the Global Reporting Initiatives(GRI)sector standard for responsible mining.98Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector19Nature-related impacts and dependencies2Without corrective action,nature-related risks will escalate,threatening profit

170、ability for a sector dependent on nature and supply security of critical minerals for other industries.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector202.1 Double materialityThe principle of“double materiality”,a concept at the heart of the EUs CSRD,defines a companys impact on the environment and

171、 its dependencies on it as highly interdependent(see Figure 6).In other words,the economic activities of businesses have impacts on both the environment and society(known as impact materiality),while concurrently,businesses also encounter risks(and opportunities)arising from their dependencies on th

172、e environment and society(known as financial materiality).Double materiality FIGURE 6Double materialityTraditional materialityBusiness impacts on nature/impact materialityDependencies/financial materialityExamples of financial materialityPressure on water availability and decline in quality affect c

173、ompany profitabilitySoil erosion and degradation lead to decreases in agricultural yields for agricultural food companiesDirty beaches and coastal areas cause drop in tourism traffic and revenues Examples of impact materialityCompany activities affect water supply and qualityUnsustainable agricultur

174、al practices lead to decrease in soil qualityIrresponsible travel and tourism cause pollution and over-exploitation of natural resources Business dependencies on nature/financial materialitySource:World Economic Forum.Definition of double materiality sourced from:Deloitte.(2023).Double Materiality:5

175、 challenging key aspects to consider.Like many others,the mining and metals value chain is highly dependent on a number of environmental assets and ecosystem services.Formining operations,this includes:99 Metal,mineral and energy resources:Provision of metal and mineral resources to mine,alongside a

176、 stable supply of energy to operate.Energy is currently sourced from both renewable and non-renewable sources,with an increasing shift towards renewable sources.Cultivated biological resources:The sector relies on the provision of forest products,including timber for mining operations,and other reso

177、urces,such as seed for rehabilitation.Freshwater:Although companies are increasingly reducing overall ground and surface water consumption,improving water circularity and switching to other water sources such as seawater and greywater,especially in water-scarce areas,the sector continues to rely on

178、freshwater as an important resource.Mining operations depend on water for activities such as ore processing and refining,dust suppression,cooling and lubrication of machinery,and slurry transport to tailings dams.Indeed,according to CDP,in 2018 alone,the mining and metals sector suffered over$20 bil

179、lion in water-related financial impacts,100 such asincreased operating costs,reduction ordisruption inproduction capacity and fines orpenalties.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector21UpstreamMidstream (direct operations)DownstreamLand-use change and ecosystem disturbance PollutionWater a

180、bstractionGreenhouse gas emissions Pressure materiality rating(ENCORE):High Medium Soil and sediment retention,and flood protection:Mass stabilization,erosion control and green infrastructure101 protects roads,camps and infrastructure leading to mines from landslides and other natural hazards,which

181、can suspend operations,leading to missed production targets,reduced investor confidence and negative socialimpacts.Global climate regulation:Mining operations depend on the regulation of temperature,precipitation and the hydrological regime,including the absence of extreme events such as heatwaves o

182、r floods,provided by nature through the long-term storage of carbon dioxide in soils,vegetable biomass and the oceans.Other sectors across the value chain are also highly dependent on these and other environmental assets and ecosystem services,in particular,upstream energy operations,transport and t

183、he downstream construction industry.According to the World Economic Forums report Nature Risk Rising,more than 90%of the gross value-added across mining and metals companies direct operations and supply chains is moderately dependent on nature.102 These dependencies can materialize as risks to busin

184、esses if not properly assessed and managed and if action is not taken to safeguard nature.This strengthens the business case for investing in protecting and restoring nature to build sustainable,responsible and resilient supply chains and ensure the long-term viability of businessmodels.However,the

185、mining and metals sector continues to impact nature,contributing to drivers of biodiversity loss such as land-use change and ecosystem disturbance,pollution,water abstraction and GHG emissions.103 Wherever possible,mining and metals companies should avoid,then reduce,these drivers of nature loss in

186、their operations and value chains,alongside related negative social impacts on communities at and around project sites,to mitigate risks and unlock nature-related opportunities across the value chain.Top four drivers of nature loss in the value chain of the mining and metals sector TABLE 2*Manually

187、adjusted based on expert feedback.Note:See methodology in the Appendix.Conduct company-specific assessment of impacts and dependenciesBOX 4The analysis of impacts and dependencies presented in Chapter 2 is a sector-average analysis for companies in themining and metals sector,but company-specific im

188、pacts and dependencies will vary according to their activities,supply chains and operational locations.Companies will need to conduct assessments to locate their interface with nature and evaluate their impacts and dependencies using company-specific operational and supply chain information.TNFDs LE

189、AP approach104 and metals and mining sector guidance,105 as well as the SBTNs step 1(assess)106 and step 2(prioritize)107 are useful frameworks to guide companies through theirownassessments.The full methodology and results of this sector-average assessment can be found in the Appendix.More than 90%

190、of the gross value-added across mining and metals companies direct operations and supply chains is moderately dependent on nature.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector228%of known mining properties coincide withglobal IUCN Protected Areas.2.2 Land-use change and ecosystem disturbanceBoth

191、 upstream input industry activities(including from the energy,chemicals,timber and rubber sectors),mining operations(including exploration,construction,ore extraction and waste storage),and the development of supporting infrastructure for mines(including linear infrastructure such as pipelines,trans

192、port infrastructure and accommodation),can result in:108 Land clearance and ecosystem fragmentation Soil degradation,erosion and compaction,increasing flows of sediment into nearby rivers An increase in non-natural fires and landslides,from the use of heavy machinery and explosives Disruption or div

193、ersion of surface water regimes and groundwater systems Introduction of non-native species from transport,including through shipping,rail and vehicle useThese impacts can vary significantly by region,commodity,ore tonnage or grade,company size(LSM or ASM)and mine type.In particular,open pit mines re

194、sult in notably greater land clearance and corresponding rehabilitation requirements than underground mines.Of global mining operations,8%of known mining properties coincide with global IUCN Protected Areas,7%with Key Biodiversity Areas(KBAs),and 16%with Remaining Wilderness,109 and nearly a third o

195、f the worlds mine tailings are stored within or near protected conservation areas110.In particular,in forest ecosystems,mining is the fourth largest driver of direct deforestation111 and may already affect up to one-third of the worlds forest ecosystems when indirect impacts are taken into account.1

196、12 In total,84%of global direct mining-related deforestation(MRD)in the past 20 years occurred in just 10 countries.Deforestation was most prevalent in Indonesia(accounting for 25%of global MRD)and Brazil(12%).Gold caused the highest direct deforestation between 2001 and 2019,followed by bauxite,iro

197、n ore and copper.As indicated in section 1.1,the area of influence of mining operations is generally larger than the direct physical footprint of projects due to both indirect and cumulative impacts.In particular,mining-associated infrastructure development can attract human populations,causing new

198、threats or exacerbating pre-existing threats,such as overexploitation(e.g.hunting,fishing,logging),establishment of invasive or exotic species(e.g.through inadvertent introduction by humans),and habitat loss for other land uses(e.g.agricultural expansion and illegal mining).113,114,115 Mining can al

199、so violate the rights of Indigenous Peoples,and the rights of local communities,for example,where mining expansion or processing affects areas of high ecological,cultural or community significance.Through the alteration of landscapes,mining can lead to fragmentation of lands that hold deep cultural

200、and spiritual significance for Indigenous Peoples.These landscapes are not merely economic resources but are integral to cultural identity,traditional knowledge systems and the transmission of spiritual practices.Fragmentation can disrupt sacred sites,ceremonial areas and traditional routes,undermin

201、ing the cultural integrity and continuity of Indigenous communities.Disruptions to water systems caused by mining operations can also severely impact Indigenous Peoples who rely on them.Altered hydrological patterns can lead to the degradation of wetlands and river systems that are crucial for maint

202、aining the health of entire ecosystems,impacting fish populations,wildlife and plant species that are central to Indigenous ways of life.These impacts can be more pronounced when local communities and rightsholders are not meaningfully engaged,when Indigenous Peoples rights to self-determination and

203、 FPIC are not respected,or when robust human rights due diligence activities are not undertaken to avoid causing or contributing to negative human rights impacts.Building on existing practices,international principles and standards such as the Society for Ecological Restorations(SER)framework,launch

204、ed in 2022,have emerged to strengthen rehabilitation and restoration approaches and improve outcomes in mining landscapes.116 However,collaboration between companies,governments and local communities is needed toensure these standards are adopted and adhered to consistently.Nature Positive:Role of t

205、he MiningandMetalsSector232.3 PollutionMany countries have implemented policies and regulations that place controls on sectoral pollution levels.For example,regulation is especially strong in the EU,where the Industrial Emissions Directive requires companies to implement the best available technique

206、s(BAT)to reduce the use and impacts of hazardous chemicals.117 Pollution impacts are caused by LSM,ASM and illegal mining.LSM companies need to comply with environmental regulations,but ASM is typically informal and less regulated,and while essential to many livelihoods,can often employ more environ

207、mentally harmful extraction methods.118,119 For example,artisanal and small-scale gold mining(ASGM)is crucial to the livelihoods of up to 20 million miners in over 80 countries and produces up to 20%of the worlds gold.However,it is the largest source of anthropogenic mercury pollution,contributing 4

208、0%of all mercury that enters the atmosphere.120 In an attempt to combat global mercury pollution,including from ASGM,148 countries have committed to the Minamata Convention on Mercury.121Overall,voluntary and involuntary activities from LSM,ASM and illegal mining across the value chain can lead to f

209、our types of pollution,particularly in jurisdictions where regulatory standards and enforcement are weak:122 1.Land,freshwater and ocean pollution,including the leaching of toxic chemicals and heavy metals,the release of highly saline or acidified wastewater and higher-temperature water.In particula

210、r,this is driven by mining activities and processing operations,including the use of drilling fluids,material removal and processing(e.g.cooling),and leaching from ore heaps and tailings.2.Non-GHG emissions(including nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide),dust/particulate matter and other pollutants r

211、eleased into the atmosphere from mining operations(including equipment operation,cyanide vaporization,explosives use and waste drying);metal processing operations;input industries processes(including from the energy,chemicals,construction machinery and heavy trucks sectors);downstream manufacturing

212、processes;and shipping.3.Waste generated from non-product outputs,produced through mining,production and refining processes(such as tailings and slags),downstream manufacturing processes(ranging from dust to packaging and spent batteries),and end-of-life product waste.4.Noise and light pollution,for

213、 example,from disruptions caused by mining operations,such as drilling or the use of explosives,and machinery operation.Un-remediated mine pollutants have the potential to alter the geochemistry of watersheds over large footprints,123 and acidic conditions and toxicelements can continue after a mine

214、 has beenabandoned.124 Un-remediated mine pollutants have the potential to alter the geochemistry of watersheds over large footprints,and acidic conditions and toxic elements can continue after a mine has been abandoned.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector24Nature Positive:Role of the M

215、iningandMetalsSector24Abandoned mines also contribute to long-lasting environmental degradation,as acid-mine drainage can pollute groundwater and surface water.Accountability for closure and rehabilitation of operational or new mines is now clearer,however,impacts on nature arise from a historical l

216、egacy of inadequate,insufficient or non-existent mine closure.The lack of clearly assigned(or assumed)responsibility for old mines,alongside other factors,has resulted in delayed action from all parties,including industry,governments andcommunities.125Pollution can also impact local communities as i

217、mpacts spread over large spatial footprints through the release of particles,which can cause health problems,126 contamination of drinking water and the contamination of local wild animal populations,affecting food sources for communities.127,128 At least 23 million people currently live on floodpla

218、ins that are contaminated by potentially harmful concentrations of toxic waste from metal mining activities.129Industrial disasters in the mining industry have also had catastrophic environmental and social impacts over the last decade.These include the Brumadinho dam disaster in 2019,where Vales ir

219、on ore tailings dam collapsed,taking the lives of over 270 people,and the Mariana dam disaster in 2015,which released water and mine waste that travelled over 500 km along the Doce River to the Atlantic coast.130 In 2014,the Canadian Mount Polley mine tailings pond broke and released 25 billion litr

220、es of contaminated materials into Polley Lake,Hazeltine Creek and Quesnel Lake.131 Such events have reinforced the need for stronger international standards on tailings management and regulatory governance.The Investor Mining and Tailings Initiative(IMTSI),a coalition of over 100 investors with more

221、 than$25 trillion in assets under management,was founded in 2019,calling for the development of a Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management(GITSM).132 This standard has now been endorsed by over half of the mining sector,133 and a new independent body,the Global Tailings Management Institute,w

222、as established in 2023 to oversee implementation.134 Many rights holders and stakeholders contend that current industry standards,including the GITSM,do not go far enough to adequately protect communities and ecosystems from failures.In 2022,164 mining-impacted communities,Indigenous governments,aca

223、demics,scientists,human rights and environmental rights organizations developed a set of 17 guidelines for responsible tailings management,which promote respect for impacted communities and stronger corporate accountability.135 2.4 Water abstractionThe mining and metals sector uses water across its

224、entire value chain and has a CDP Water Watch impact rating of“critical”(highest category).136 Mining activities abstract and use freshwater(groundwater and surface water)alongside alternative water sources,such as seawater and greywater,for a range of activities.These include ore processing and refi

225、ning to separate valuable metals and minerals via chemical and physical processes such as froth flotation;centrifugal separation,leaching and electrochemistry;dust suppression during mining operations for mineral processing and around conveyors and roads;cooling and lubrication of machinery to maint

226、ain longevity by reducing wear and preventing overheating;and slurry transport to tailings dams for disposal and storage.Water use intensity can vary significantly by commodity.For example,lithium and rare earth elements use 0.64-0.78 cubic metres At least 23 million people currently live on floodpl

227、ains that are contaminated by potentially harmful concentrations of toxic waste from metal mining activities.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector25of water per kilogram of ore(m3/kg),whereas cobalt,copper and nickel use 0.03-0.06 m3/kg,and iron requires 0.001 m3/kg.137Water use across a

228、 range of upstream input industries is also material,including the energy,chemicals,construction machinery,heavy trucks and rubber sectors.138Overall,mining accounts for 2-4.5%of global freshwater use139 and can have a significant impact on water resources at a local and regional level,140 both dire

229、ctly and cumulatively.As a result,water abstraction creates competition for water availability with local industries and communities,which can lead to displacement or conflict.The impacts of mining on nature and people are magnified where ore deposits lie in arid places the World Resources Institute

230、(WRI)found that 16%of critical mineral mines,deposits and districts are in highly water-stressed areas,and in these locations,at least 40%of water supply is required to meet existing demand each year.For example,in Chiles Salar de Atacama,part of the“lithium triangle”in Latin America,which contains

231、60%global lithium supply,141 lithium and copper extraction have reportedly already consumed over 65%of the local water supply,and operations are expanding at a rate of 7%per year.142,143 The reduction in the availability of local freshwater can put company operations at risk.Water basins in China,th

232、e US,Australia and Russia emerge as the highest risk globally.144 Mining companies are starting to make progress towards improving water stewardship by completing water footprint assessments,setting contextual targets and taking actions such as increasing water recycling and using alternative water

233、sources,like greywater or seawater.For example,Anglo American aim to reduce freshwater withdrawal by 50%in water-scarce areas from 2015 to 2030.145 Similarly,Teck Resources plans to design all development projects in water-scarce regions with a seawater or low-quality water source from 2025 and tran

234、sition to seawater or low-quality water sources for all operations by 2040.146Pressure to improve water stewardship is growing.Regulators are increasingly introducing requirements for businesses to safeguard the availability of freshwater,such as in Mexico,where new laws require companies to bid for

235、 water allocation and submit monthly water consumption reports.1472.5 Greenhouse gas emissionsThe mining and metals sector is responsible for 2-3%of global GHG emissions.148 This share can rise significantly in countries where the mining sector represents a large part of the economy.149 Emissions in

236、tensity can vary by region,commodity and across mines,depending on power sources,production pathways and operational practices.150 For example,within copper and iron ore,there is a twentyfold variation in the emissions intensity of mines.151Within mining operations today,40-50%of Scope 1 and 2 carbo

237、n dioxide(CO2)emissions come from diesel used in mobile equipment,and another 30-35%come from the use of non-renewable electricity.152 Following this,the next main source of emissions is comminution,given the energy required to crush ores before processing.153 Iron and steel production is responsibl

238、e for an additional 7%of global GHG emissions.154 Emissions are primarily generated by energy-intensive processes,such as smelting,and the use of coke coal as a reductant in steel production.It takes approximately 770 kg of coal to make one ton of steel.155 Looking across the value chain,transport i

239、s also a major emissions driver,particularly as international shipping accounts for 2%of global emissions156 and mined commodities make up over 20%of global maritime trade.157The sector is already taking action to tackle its emissions,engaging in both climate mitigation and adaptation.Companies and

240、industry associations are setting and making progress towards emissions reduction targets.For example,ICMM members have committed to net-zero Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions by 2050 or sooner,while accelerating action to address Scope 3 emissions.158 Individual companies have gone further,including Rio

241、Tinto,who have committed to reducing Scope 1 and 2 emissions by 50%by 2030.159 The Minerals Council of Australia have also identified 30 actions in their 2020 Climate Action Plan and reported that member companies had reduced their Scope 1 and 2 emissions by 4.7%between 2021 and 2022.160 Similarly,o

242、ver 40 World Steel Association members have committed to nine principles as part of their Sustainability Charter.More broadly,members responsible for over 50%of global crude steel production report data on sustainability indicators each year to support the monitoring and reporting of industry perfor

243、mance.161 Given emissions are spread across the value chain,collaborative action with suppliers and customers isessential to achieving Scope 1,2 and 3 emissionsreductions.In Chiles Salar de Atacama,lithium and copper extraction have reportedly already consumed over 65%of the local water supply,and o

244、perations are expanding at a rate of 7%per year.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector26Five priority actions3By taking five priority actions on nature,the sector can unlock more than$430 billion of value by 2030.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector27Mining and metals compani

245、es can contribute to a nature-positive future by prioritizing actions to 1)transform operations across the mine life cycle,2)improve water stewardship,3)expand circularity and source responsibly,4)restore and regenerate landscapes,and 5)transform policy systems and collaborate across sectors.These p

246、riority actions require companies to actively engage with suppliers,customers,peers and other industries to transform their value chains.While many of these actions are already being employed or gradually rolled out by businesses,this report calls for accelerated efforts in the mining and metals sec

247、tor.Five priority actions for the mining and metals sectorFIGURE 7Five priority actions for the mining and metals sector23415Restore and regenerate landscapesTransform policy systems and collaborate across sectorsImprove water stewardshipExpand circularity and source responsiblyTransform operations

248、across the mine life cycle Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector28The nature-positive transition can also present enormous opportunities for companies in this sector.The Forums Future of Nature and Business report estimated that a full nature-positive transition in the global economy cou

249、ld create$10.1 trillion of annual business opportunities by 2030.Of this amount,estimates show that undertaking the priority actions for the mining and metals sector could unlock more than$430 billion in cost savings and revenue upside by 2030 for businesses operating across the sectors value chain.

250、In particular,energy and water efficiency in operations,mine rehabilitation and efforts to move towards circularity through resource recovery present significant business opportunities(see Figure 8 and Table 3).To calculate the opportunity summarized in the waterfall in Figure 8,the following opport

251、unities from the Future of Nature and Business report were identified as relevant(see Table 3).Further information on the calculation methodology can befound in the Appendix.Business opportunities for the mining and metals sector by 2030($,billion)FIGURE 851Transform policy systems and collaborate a

252、cross sectorsRestore and regenerate landscapesExpand circularity and source responsiblyImprove water stewardshipTransform operations across the mine life cycleTotal56944365312345183 Undertaking the priority actions for the mining and metals sector could unlock more than$430 billion in cost savings a

253、nd revenue upside by2030.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector29Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector29Deep-dive on business opportunities for the mining and metals sectorTABLE 3Taking these five priority actions across operations and the wider value chain will help companies

254、 in the sector avoid or reduce the four drivers of biodiversity loss(land-use change and ecosystem disturbance,pollution,water abstraction and GHG emissions)across the four nature realms(land,ocean,freshwater and atmosphere),mitigate risks to operations and unlock commercial opportunities.These acti

255、ons will also contribute to the targets of the Global Biodiversity Framework,which aims to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030(seeTable4).Priority action Business opportunity from Future of Nature and Business reportOriginal size in Future of Nature and Business report($billion)Adjustment fac

256、tor to size share of mining and metals sector Opportunity size for mining and metals sector($billion)1 Transform operations across the mine life cycleExpansion of renewables650Mining and metals sector share of global GDP:1.01%6.6Energy efficiency buildings8258.3Energy efficiency energy intensive sec

257、tors*1871.9Sustainable substances in extraction20Mining and metals revenue share excluding coal:72%14.4Technology in energy and extractives supply chain3021.62 Improve water stewardshipWater efficiency in mining7554.0Waterwaste reuse50Mining and metals sector share of global GDP:1.01%0.5Natural syst

258、ems for water supply1401.43 Expand circularity and source responsiblyCircular economy automotive8708.8Circular economy appliances5655.7Circular economy electronics3903.9End-use steel efficiency2102.1Resource recovery225Mining and metals revenue share excluding coal:72%162.04 Restore and regenerate l

259、andscapesMine rehabilitation 7050.4Nature climate solutions85Mining and metals sector share of global GDP:1.01%0.95 Transform policy systems and collaborate across sectorsShared infrastructure130Mining and metals revenue share excluding coal:72%93.6*Additional opportunity beyond Future of Nature and

260、 Business report analysis.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector30Mapping of five priority actions to GBF framework TABLE 4Selected targets from Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework(non-exhaustive)2 Restore degraded ecosystems3 Protect/conserve land,inland water and ocean6 Elimi

261、nate and mitigate the impact of invasive alien species7 Reduce pollution8 Minimize impact of climate change11 Restore natures contributions to people15 Businesses assess,disclose and reduce risks and impacts16 Enable sustainable consumption choices18 Reduce harmful and scale-up positive incentives f

262、or biodiversity19 Mobilize$200 billion per year of financial resources for biodiversity Indirect contribution Direct contribution1 Transform operations across themine life cycle2 Improve water stewardship3 Expand circularity and sourceresponsibly4 Restore and regenerate landscapes5 Transform policy

263、systems and collaborate across sectorsFor each action,companies should also set measurable and time-bound targets and report against the progress regularly to increase their accountability(see Chapter 4 for more details).Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector313.1 Transform operations acr

264、oss the mine life cyclePriority action 1 Avoid,then reduce,impacts of mining operations and restore across the mine life cycle in accordance with the mitigationhierarchy.Companies should follow the mitigation hierarchy sequentially at site-level,in a landscape context,taking into consideration direc

265、t,indirect and cumulative impacts.They should first avoid impacts,then reduce impacts,restore,and finally,compensate162 for unavoidable residual impacts.163,164,165,166,167 Mitigation efforts should align with a NNL or BNG goal for each project.168,169Principles for applying the mitigation hierarchy

266、BOX 5The mitigation hierarchy is a four-step decision-making framework designed to support the mitigation of nature impacts.To improve the application of the mitigation hierarchy,The Nature Conservancy identified six principles toguide itsapplication:170 Mitigation hierarchy steps:The steps should b

267、e followed sequentially avoid,reduce,restore and then compensate for impacts.Landscape context:Apply the mitigation hierarchy in a landscape context,taking into consideration direct,indirectand cumulativeimpacts.Goal:Mitigation policy goals at the national,regional and/or local level should ensure t

268、he mitigation hierarchy is applied to support conservation objectives and drive accountability for application.As of 2016,over 100 countries had or were developing national mitigation policies that require offsets or enable the use of offsets.171 Limits to offsets:172 There are limits to what can be

269、 offset and impacts that cannot be offset should be avoided as this may be the only means to prevent irreplaceable loss.Sustainable outcomes:Mitigation should support long-term,durable outcomes.Stakeholder engagement practices:Mitigation should follow best practices for stakeholder engagement,guided

270、 by the following principles formeaningful and inclusive stakeholder engagement inclusiveness,transparency,rights-based approaches,and science and traditionalknowledge.Additional principles have also been established specific to the“compensate”step see more guidance under the“Compensate for unavoida

271、ble residual impacts”sub-section of this priority action.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector32Avoid exploring or mining in biodiversity hotspots,and strengthen biodiversity assessment,planning andmanagementFor all new mines,companies should:Not explore or mine in IUCN categories Ia and

272、 Ib Protected Areas,173 Alliance for Zero Extinction sites,174 World Heritage Sites175 and other designated critical habitats where mining is notpermitted.Avoid exploring or mining in critical habitats as defined by IFC PS6,176 IUCN categories II-IV Protected Areas,177 other KBAs,178 and areas of hi

273、gh ecological,cultural or community significance.Exceptions can be considered only where mining operations will support positive climate,environmental or social outcomes at local scales.Where exceptions are made,safeguards should be put in place to minimize negative impacts(e.g.requiring avoidance a

274、nd protection of key habitats or species population management).For sites in critical habitats,companies should align the implementation ofthe mitigation hierarchy with a BNG goal and endeavour to do the same for the other priority areas outlined above.For sites with existing approvals or operations

275、,companies should map and classify areas of high ecological,cultural or community significance(in line with IFC Performance Standard 6179).Then,implement safeguards to both avoid and minimize negative impacts,including through the project activity design and infrastructure siting,prioritizing action

276、s at the identified significant areas.Companies should also assess the trade-offs between the impacts of expanding existing sites compared to establishing new mines.Avoidance and minimization of impacts may be iterative as companies learn more about their areas of influence throughout project develo

277、pment.Overall,companies can collaborate with governments to delineate no-go areas from mining areas and establish safeguards to minimize negative nature impacts(see section 3.5).In addition,companies should conduct biodiversity assessments such as species monitoring for all sites,including operation

278、al and non-operational lands,evaluate dependencies on critical ecosystem services,and develop biodiversity management plans aligned to the mitigation hierarchy.180 A range of methods,including innovative new technologies,are available to support biodiversity assessment.For example,Anglo American and

279、 Rio Tinto are using environmental DNA(eDNA)data to assess biodiversity at their sites.181Alongside the nature-related considerations outlined above,for both new and existing sites,companies should conduct meaningful consultations to evaluate social impacts and identify local ecological,community an

280、d cultural values,perform participatory planning and project design,respect the right to self-determination and FPIC of tribal and traditional communities and Indigenous Peoples with collective land and resource rights,throughout all stages of exploration and extraction(see Box6),and conduct ongoing

281、 participatory monitoring of impacts.FPIC also encompasses the right ofIndigenous Peoples to withhold consent.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector33Guidelines on Indigenous Peoples consultation and participation BOX 6The following is an explanatory note excerpted from the Securing Indig

282、enous Peoples Rights in the Green Economy(SIRGE)Coalitions Guide on Free,Prior and Informed Consent:182“The United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples(UNDRIP)includes provisions expressly recognizing the duty of States tosecureIndigenous Peoples FPIC in thefollowing circumstances

283、:Before Indigenous Peoples relocation or resettlement(Article10)Before the use of Indigenous Peoples cultural,intellectual,religious and spiritual property(Article 11)Before implementation of any legislative or administrative measures that could affect Indigenous Peoples(Article19)Before the use of

284、Indigenous Peoples lands(Article 28)Before the storage or disposal of hazardous materials on Indigenous Peoples lands(Article29)Before state approval of any project affecting Indigenous Peoples lands,territories,and resources,especially projects related to the development,use,or exploitation of mine

285、ral,water,or other resources(Article 32)FPIC includes both:A process of engagement and dialogue(being consulted,asking questions,negotiating,taking the time to fully understand the proposed project)The right to give or withhold consent during orafter that process of engagement.”It is vital to note t

286、hat“the consent of Indigenous Peoples should be determined in accordance with their customary laws and practices.”This does not necessarily mean that every single member must agree rather“the consent process will be undertaken through procedures and institutions determined by Indigenous Peoples them

287、selves”.183 Various standards and guidelines exist to support company engagement with Indigenous Peoples,other local communities,and with FPIC.For example,the IFCs Performance Standard 7:Indigenous Peoples184 recognizes the rights of Indigenous Peoples to their lands,territories and resources.It als

288、o emphasizes the principles of FPIC throughout the project life cycle and ensures that Indigenous Peoples benefit from mining activities in a fair and equitable manner through mechanisms such as benefits sharing,capacity building,employment opportunities,support for local development,and meaningful

289、consultation andparticipation.Other resources include:United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples185 and Guiding Principles on Business and HumanRights186International Labour Organizations Indigenous Peoples:Consultation and Participation guidance on Convention169187The Securing I

290、ndigenous Peoples Rights in the Green Economy(SIRGE)Coalitions A Guide on Free,Prior and Informed Consent188Forest Peoples Programmes guidance on good faith consultation and negotiations with Indigenous and tribalcommunities189The Asia Indigenous Peoples Pacts(AIPP)Handbook on Extractive Industries

291、and Free,Prior and Informed Consent of IndigenousPeoples190OECDs Due Diligence Guidance for MeaningfulStakeholder Engagement in the Extractive Sector191TNFDs Guidance on engagement with Indigenous Peoples,Local Communities and affected stakeholders192SBTNs Stakeholder Engagement Guidance193IRMAs Fre

292、e,Prior and Informed Consent(FPIC)guidance194 Tools can also help companies identify areas that have been traditionally owned,occupied or otherwise used and/or acquired by Indigenous Peoples and other local communities,and other areas of biocultural importance,including:The Indigenous Peoples and co

293、mmunity conserved territories and areas(ICCAs)195The Global Land Governance Indexs LANDexIndicators196WRIs LandMark platform197The Indigenous Navigator198Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector34Optimize energy use and increase the use of renewables and clean technology There are a number

294、of actions that companies cantake to reduce GHG emissions,in order to both manage risks and capture business demand for low-carbon or carbon-free metals.Companiescan:Increase use of renewables and cleantechnology:Increase use of renewables,which are economical and feasible today for many mines and m

295、etals,199 ensuring procurement is in line with standard due diligence and economic requirements,and embeds criteria to optimize environmental sustainability,social equity,and climate resilience of projects.200,201,202 For example,Antofagasta Minerals has used 100%renewable power since 2022.203 Use n

296、ovel clean breakthrough technologies to decrease dependence on fossil fuels.For example,for steel,this includes hydrogen direct reduction,carbon capture use and storage(CCUS),and electrolysis-based production processes.For aluminium,this includes using inert anodes,CCUS,green hydrogen and mechanical

297、 vapour recompression.The Forums FMC advances the most critical,emerging climate technologies by leveraging members collective purchasing power.204,205,206 Decarbonize equipment,logistics and transport.This includes:Transitioning from fossil fuels to electric or hydrogen-powered vehicles and equipme

298、nt,either via:Retrofitting(where some companies arehosting auctions for decommissionedequipment)Circular rental or sharing schemes forvehicle use Replacement(for example,Fortescue acquired Williams Advanced Engineering in 2022 to bring their battery and electrification technologies to support the de

299、carbonization of Fortescues freight trains,haul trucks and industrialequipment207)Supporting shipping providers to transition to low-carbon or carbon-free fuels.Optimizing routes and use efficiency,such as via transport sharing with othercompanies.Optimize energy use and resource efficiency inmining

300、 and production processes:208 Implement energy management systems and standards,smart use strategies,and perform ongoing monitoring and optimization of manufacturing processes to increase natural resource-use efficiencies.Innovate manufacturing processes to reduce energy and heat intensity and recov

301、ery,improve heat management and recycle heat in manufacturing.For example,ArcelorMittal launched a partnership with Capgemini and the French government to evaluate potential heat recovery solutions,which resulted in ArcelorMittal saving an estimated 10%energy per plant.Improve equipment selection to

302、 support future efficiency improvements.Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector35Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector35Support the development of grid-connection infrastructure and the scale-up of technologies such as CCUS:For example,Eramet partnered with Air Liquide,forming

303、a multi-year contract to build a pilot carbon capture and storage project to capture CO2 from the combusted gas of two manganese alloy-producing furnaces.209 Green Gravitys Gravity Energy Storage System(GESS)uses heavy weights moving vertically through legacy mine shafts to capture and release gravi

304、tational potential energy as a low-cost,long-life energy storage technology.210Avoid,then reduce,land and pollution impacts from exploration,extraction and wasteCompanies can invest in innovation to avoid and reduce impacts,working with start-ups to accelerate research and development,develop new lo

305、wer-impact technologies and support the scale-up of economically viable technologies.For exploration,opportunities exist in new technologies that improve the accuracy of location targeting for drilling,such as remote sensing,autonomous drone technologies,LiDAR(light detection and ranging),and artifi

306、cial intelligence(AI)and machine learning models.For example,TerraEye applies integrated AI and machine learning to real-time satellite data,enabling companies to identify mineral deposits more efficiently.211 Companies can also innovate to reduce the need to drill and collect core samples.For examp

307、le,Datarocks cloud platform uses AI to extract geological and geotechnical data from core imagery,to optimize analysis and improve ore body knowledge.212 For extraction,this includes:Prioritizing underground mining over open-cast mining to reduce surface-level spatial footprint Improving extraction

308、efficiency rate to reduce material removal requirements Optimizing purification and beneficiationof ores to improve post-extraction ore quality and enable downstream customers to use lower-impact technologies Investing in the development of in-situ leaching to eliminate the requirement to remove mat

309、erial,following an assessment of the nature impact trade-offs between material removal and in-situpollution Developing sustainable or natural chemical and non-chemical extraction techniques.For example,companies can use chemicals such as methanesulfonic acid or ionic liquids,which are lower-toxicity

310、,less volatile,require reduced inputs or are recyclable,213,214 or living microorganisms.Endolith uses microbes to extract critical minerals from low-grade ores,with minimal to no changes in existing miningoperations.215 Companies can also innovate to avoid,reduce,reuse,re-mine and recycle mining an

311、d metals waste in operations:Reduce initial waste production,for example:Vale has redesigned processes at their Brucutu mine,incorporating new minerals processing stages to generate a new by-product called ore sand and significantly reduce the amount of material disposed of conventionally as tailing

312、s.Ore sand not only reduces the risks of conventional mine waste management but can also be a competitive option to conventional sand,thus contributing to alleviating the damage caused by the excessive extraction of sand from rivers and sensitive coastalenvironments.216 Hydro has developed a novel“t

313、ailings dry backfill”technology,which eliminates the need for bauxite tailings dam storage.217 ArcelorMittal is piloting non-wet or reduced-moisture tailings disposal methodologies in iron ore mines in Mexico,Brazil andQuebec.218 Re-mine materials from slags and tailings,forexample:Envicore offers s

314、olutions to transform mine waste into supplementary cementitious materials(SCMs),enabling up to 20%cement replacement.219 Rio Tinto is extracting elements such as tellurium,scandium and aqua-catalysed hydrated lime(CHAC)from metal production by-products for use in other industries,such as aerospace,

315、clean technology andagriculture.220 Genomines harness the natural ability of hyperaccumulator plants to extract nickel from tailings.221 Reduce yield losses in operations,as nearly half of all liquid metal becomes scrap on its journey to a final product.222Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetals

316、Sector36Some leading companies have established start-up accelerators to encourage innovation.Forexample:BHPs Xplor accelerator programme supports innovative,early-stage mineral exploration companies in fast-tracking and de-risking their geological concepts to become investment-ready;two cohorts and

317、 13 innovators have been selected to date.Vales Ventures programme invests in pioneering early-stage start-ups focused on decarbonization in the mining value chain,zero-waste mining,energy transition minerals and the future of mining.223Other mining companies have also partnered with local organizat

318、ions to call for innovation in response to specific issues,such as Expande,224 Unearthed,225 mininghub226 and ReThink Mining.227 Alongside innovation,companies can alsotake steps within existing operations to reduce exploration,extraction and waste impacts.This includes optimizing the efficiency of

319、mine sites and surrounding infrastructure;reducing tailings where possible and managing tailings safely and efficiently in line with international standards228,229 to reduce pollution and prevent industrial disasters;and strengthening security to prevent illegal mining on owned land.Address indirect

320、 and cumulativeimpactsBeyond efforts to avoid and reduce land and pollution impacts,companies should also collaborate across the sector and with other industries,local governments,Indigenous Peoples,local communities and academia to identify,assess,then address indirect or induced and cumulative imp

321、acts across landscapes,drawing from available industry guidance such as the MCAs Cumulative Environment Impact Assessment IndustryGuide.230 This includes assigning accountability for cumulative impacts across stakeholders.For example,this can be achieved by establishing mechanisms to share data to s

322、upport landscape-level decision-making,designing impact assessment methodologies and metrics(supported by regional natural capital accounts),sharing infrastructure to limit overall land disturbance,and identifying roles and responsibilities for impact mitigation,restoration and regeneration.Strength

323、en rehabilitation and restorationapproaches in partnership with localcommunitiesRehabilitation and restoration of mine sites is a vitalpart of the sectors contribution to nature-positive outcomes.For new mines,companies should establish plans for mine closure in line with industry guidelines such as

324、 SERs International Principles and Standards for the Ecological Restoration and Recovery of Mine Sites231 and the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining,Minerals,Metals and Sustainable Developments(IGF)Relinquishment of Closed Mine Sites:Policy steps for governments.232 They should also provide auditable

325、 financial assurance based on realistic and publicly available estimates to cover all closure works in the event that the mine operator fails to fulfil its closure obligations because of sudden ortemporaryclosure.233For existing or inactive mines,companies should implement progressive rehabilitation

326、 and restoration throughout the mine lifetime as well as upon closure,as extraction in specific areas within the site is completed,and regularly update and reassess closure plans,especially when mining operations are significantly modified or expanded and as planned closure approaches.234 This inclu

327、des adaptingplans to reflect changes in the state of nature,such asthe movement of species or habitats.Companiescanalso innovate to develop new approaches to address rehabilitation challenges or improve efficacy.For example,Rio Tinto has piloted methods to rehabilitate without topsoil using a mix of

328、 organic matter,hydro-mulch and fertilizers to address a lack of topsoil to cap and rehabilitate tailings at remote mines.23537Nature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSectorNature Positive:Role of the MiningandMetalsSector37Companies should also monitor and evaluate any closed tailings dams to as

329、sess risks to the environment,communities and workers,and take adjusted mitigation measures.236For all rehabilitation and restoration efforts,companies should partner with Indigenous Peoples and other local communities to promote their self-determination,identify end-uses for the land,make decisions

330、 about rehabilitation,embed Indigenous and traditional knowledge and ensure equitable benefit sharing.237 For example,Freeport-McMoRan exceeded regulatory requirements at a former mill site in Arizona and co-designed the 87-acre“Man in the Maze Trails”park with the town of Sahuarita and the local tr

331、ibe,focused on conservation and STEM education.This four-year project included implementing formal reclamation,establishing nearly 2 miles of trails,sowing 8 acres of pollinator habitat,transplanting plants considered culturally significant by the Tohono Oodham Nation,constructing traditional Wa:tos

332、(shade structures),and more.Byincreasing the overall project budget by 2.5%and deeding the park over to the town,it was possible to achieve greater community and conservation benefits and facilitate use by schools and the public.238 Compensate for unavoidable residual impactsWhen companies have take

333、n steps to rigorously apply the mitigation hierarchy,they should compensate for unavoidable residual impacts as a last resort after all other attempts at preventing or reducing impacts have been considered.239,240 Efforts should be aligned with an NNL or BNG goal for each project.241 It is important to note that there are certain cases where compensation is not appropriateand should not be used.Co