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1、Unlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital TransitionsI N S I G H T R E P O R TJ A N U A R Y 2 0 2 5In collaboration with DeloitteCover:Rags2RichesDisclaimer This document is published by the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship,in partnership with the World Econom

2、ic Forum as a contribution to a project,insight area or interaction.The findings,interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated and endorsed by the Schwab Foundation but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the Schwab Foundatio

3、n or the World Economic Forum,nor the entirety of its Members,Partners or other stakeholders.2025 the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship and the World Economic Forum.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,including phot

4、ocopying and recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system.This report is written in collaboration with Deloitte.Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited(DTTL),its global network of member firms,and their related entities(collectively,the“Deloitte organizatio

5、n”).DTTL(also referred to as“Deloitte Global”)and each of its member firms and related entities are legally separate and independent entities,which cannot obligate or bind each other in respect of third parties.DTTL and each DTTL member firm and related entity is liable only for its own acts and omi

6、ssions,and not those of each other.DTTL does not provide services to clients.Please see to learn more.ContentsPreface 3Executive summary 4Introduction 51 What is equity in the green and digital transitions?71.1 Origins of equity discussions in the green 8 and digital transitions 1.2 Marginalized com

7、munities at risk of exclusion 91.3 Introducing a framework for economic equity 102 How does the social economy drive economic equity 11 in the green and digital transitions?2.1 Employment and job transition 132.2 Affordability of goods and services 152.3 Accessibility of goods and services 162.4 Acc

8、essibility of financing and investments 172.5 Accessibility of capacity and markets 193 Policy actions to advance the social economy in the 20 green and digital transitions 3.1 Dedicated action plans for the social economy 233.2 Reduced taxation of public benefit companies 233.3 Subsidies for essent

9、ial products and services 243.4 Investments in social impact 243.5 Public procurement to build inclusive,sustainable markets 253.6 Market regulation 253.7 Public-private sector collaboration 26Conclusion:An inclusive and sustainable future 27Contributors 28Endnotes 30Unlocking the Social Economy:Tow

10、ards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions2PrefaceWe live in a time of great transformation,with the green and digital transitions leading the current wave of change.The green and digital transitions,often called the“twin transitions”,are closely interconnected.Digitization plays a vital role

11、in driving sustainable growth,particularly during this decisive decade for climate action.However,growing attention is being paid to the significant environmental footprint of the digital economy and the disproportionate burden placed on both developing countries and marginalized communitieseverywhe

12、re.The transformation associated with the green and digital transitions brings disruptions and potentially exacerbates existing inequalities.In a global economy increasingly defined by digital skills,2.6 billion people are still without reliable internet access1 and 760 million people are without ac

13、cess to electricity worldwide.2 In the green economy,communities that heavily depend on fossil fuel industries,such as coal mining and oil drilling,and those that depend on agriculture,are at risk of losing their current livelihoods and being left behind.To address these inequalities,leaders must fi

14、nd solutions that improve the inclusivity of our global economy and value chains.They must ensure that the green and digital transitions also benefit the historically underserved and the newly disrupted.Enterprises in the social and solidarity economy are providing inclusive and innovative business

15、practices serving as an inspiration to governments and businesses on how to make that happen.By prioritizing social and environmental impact,the social and solidarity economy,majority-led by women and youth,intentionally drives a more equitable economy.Learning from the successful approaches and mod

16、els used by entities of the social and solidarity economy,policy-makers can design policies to achieve greater equity and inclusivity in the green and digital transitions.Written in partnership with the World Economic Forum and Deloitte,this report by the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurshi

17、p aims to guide government policy-makers and corporate leaders towards inclusive outcomes through innovative policies.By doing so,we can make the green and digital transitions more inclusive,equitable and effective for everyone.We stand at an important moment in an era of great change.By acting now

18、to support social and solidarity economy entities and their innovations,we can harness the incredible power of these green and digital transitions to ensure that business success and social progress both move forward together.Hilde Schwab Co-Founder and Chairperson,Schwab Foundation for SocialEntrep

19、reneurshipChantal Line Carpentier Co-Chair,United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force onSocial and Solidarity Economy(UNTFSS)Unlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital TransitionsSeptember 20243Unlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital TransitionsExec

20、utive summaryThis report focuses on the transformative forces of the green and digital transitions that are reshaping the way people live and work.The green transition is driven by the desire to decarbonize industries and promote environmental sustainability.The digital transition harnesses technolo

21、gies to enhance productivity and innovation.Both present economic opportunities.Nature-positive solutions are projected to create$10.1 trillion in business opportunities and 395 million new jobs by 2030.3 In 2022,the digital economy already accounted for more than 15.5%of global gross domestic produ

22、ct(GDP).4 However,the costs and benefits of the transitions are not evenly distributed.In a global economy that will be increasingly defined by digital skills,2.6 billion people are still without reliable internet access5 and 760 million people are without electricity worldwide.6 In the green econom

23、y,communities that heavily depend on fossil fuel industries are at risk of losing their current livelihoods.This report showcases that amid growing inequality and disruptive global transitions,the social economy drives economic equity.Social enterprises(businesses that prioritize people and the plan

24、et over profit)are not only spearheading innovation in the green and digital transitions but also creating better outcomes for those who need them most.There are an estimated 10 million social enterprises globally,generating over$2 trillion in annual turnover which is more than the fashion or advert

25、ising industry.7 Building on the economic equity framework(Figure 1)presented by the World Economic Forum in 2024,this report demonstrates that the social economy could help drive economic equity by:Training and employing 200 million people from target populations Producing affordable goods and serv

26、ices through smart use of technology and innovation,tiered pricing strategies and the promotion of reuse,repair and recycling Ensuring access to relevant products and services through community engagement and inclusive innovations Making close to$1.6 trillion in finance and investment available,ofte

27、n to marginalized groups,through impact investing,microfinance and fintech Building capacity to create and sell relevant products and services through training,networking and social marketplaces.Policy-makers and business leaders stand to gain from partnering with and investing in social enterprises

28、 to promote economic equity in the green and digital transitions.A literature review and interviews across the public and private sectors reveal a range of policy actions that the government could consider taking to advance social enterprise in the green and digital transitions.These policy actions

29、include:Dedicated action plans and strategies to promote social economy Tax incentives for public benefit enterprises Subsidies for essential products and services The inclusion of social and environmental criteria in procurement decisions The inclusion of social criteria in investments in the green

30、 and digital transitions Market regulation Public-private collaboration on key transition challenges.There is an opportunity to promote equity in policies addressing climate change.Unlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions4IntroductionCurrent times are defined

31、by a rapidly transitioning world and the need to adapt to constant change.The world is facing major transformations,all occurring at once.They are economic,including the dramatic decarbonization of industry;technological,due to the merging of the digital and physical worlds and embedding of artifici

32、al intelligence(AI);geopolitical,driven by the shift from a unipolar to multipolar environment;and social,as citizens cope with massive changes and sometimes conflicting values.This report focuses on the green and digital transitions that are radically transforming our societies and economies.These

33、transitions offer social,environmental and economic opportunities but also present risks.Digital jobs are expected to rise globally from 73 million to 92 million by 2030,8 and 14 million jobs are forecast to be created in green technologies by 2030 in Asia and the Pacific alone.9 As impressive and p

34、romising as these statistics seem,serious challenges lie in the way of achieving a sustainable and equitable future.Across both transitions in our global economy,progress is leaving many behind and,in some cases,worsening existing disparities.Moreover,the green and digital transitions are closely in

35、terconnected.Digital solutions can play an important role in reducing global emissions.Analysis by Accenture,in collaboration with the World Economic Forum,shows that digital technologies,if scaled across industries,could deliver up to 20%of the 2050 reduction needed to hit the International Energy

36、Agency net-zero trajectories in the energy,materials and mobility industries.10 At the same time,United Nations Trade and Developments(UNCTAD)Digital Economy Report 2024 highlights that digital technology and infrastructure depend heavily on raw materials,and the production and disposal of more and

37、more devices,along with growing water and energy needs,are taking an increasing toll on the planet.In designing policies to combat climate change and respond to rapid digital transformations such as AI,policy-makers can design for equity.As they navigate the complexity of delivering a just transitio

38、n and an inclusive digital transformation,some policy-makers have turned to inclusive and innovative business models in the social economy.For example,in 2022,the European Commission published the transition pathway for proximity and social economy,11 identifying 14 action areas and 30 specific acti

39、ons to help the social economy lead the way on green and digital transformation.In 2024,the African Union(AU)adopted its 10-year SSE strategy and implementation plan,12 which directly contributes to the aspirations of the AUs Agenda 206313 to drive inclusive and sustainable development.This report h

40、ighlights how the social economy is contributing to economic equity in the green and digital transitions.It presents a range of policy actions taken by governments to promote the social economy.Policy-makers have an opportunity to promote equity in policies addressing climate change and rapid digita

41、l transformations.Parts of the social economy contribute to the green and digital transitions at large by supplying sustainable goods and services and bridging the digital divide.Their participatory business models,which consider the needs of citizens,employees andother stakeholders,help ensure that

42、 the transitions are fair and inclusive.Source:European Commission.(n.d.).The transition pathway for the proximity and social economy.https:/single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/proximity-and-social-economy/transition-pathway_en.Unlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digi

43、tal Transitions5Report methodologyThe report builds on the insights gathered through extensive desktop research,literature reviews and over 20 interviews with government,business and social enterprise leaders.The team reviewed literature about the green and digital transitions,social enterprises abi

44、lity to drive economic equity and policys role in creating enabling environments for the equitable transitions.The interviews included a standardized series of questions,including,but not limited to:What are the mechanisms by which social enterprises drive equity?How have policy-makers fostered a co

45、nducive environment for digital and green social enterprises?What policy measures are needed to ensure that the green and digital transitions are equitable?Interviews included leaders from the following global regions:Europe,Africa,North America,South America and Asia.Image credit:Fair TradeUnlockin

46、g the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions6What is equity in the green and digital transitions?1Left unaddressed,the exclusion of marginalized groups in the green and digital transitions is predicted to be costly.Image credit:SEKEMUnlocking the Social Economy:Towards Eq

47、uity in the Green and Digital Transitions7The potential risk of the green and digital transitions widening inequalities is not a peripheral concern.It is set against a backdrop of already widening inequality.There is no region in the world where the poorest 50%of the population own more than 5%of we

48、alth.14 While the full impact of the global pandemic on inequality is still unknown,the International Monetary Fund(IMF)indicates inequality has likely increased in many countries,given the evidence of rising poverty and,simultaneously,rising billionaire incomes.15While the green and digital transit

49、ions did not create these inequalities,data suggests they can exacerbate existing inequalities and leave new groups behind.The acceleration of the digital transformation widens the gap between those with access to digital technologies and those without.New technologies emerge every day,but many comm

50、unities struggle to access the benefits of these tools.An estimated 2.6 billion people,or one-third of the global population,remained offline in 2023.This particularly concerns women and rural populations.16 Additionally,the growing use of technologies such as AI can accelerate the loss of tradition

51、al jobs such as manufacturing while also creating new workforce risks for people earning lower incomes.17 In the US alone,adopting generative AI could automate nearly 10%of tasks,disproportionately affecting lower-wage jobs,which are 14 times more likely to result in job displacement or transition t

52、han higher-wage jobs.18The transition towards a green economy could also significantly impact the labour market,with 78 million workers exposed to job loss by 2030.19 The job loss will likely be concentrated among a subset of mostly low-wage,low-skilled,informal,ageing and rural workers who already

53、feel left behind.20 Lack of access due to cost or infrastructure has impacted communities abilities to participate in the green transition.Smallholder farmers,for example,often lack the capital to invest in sustainable farming practices.211.1 Origins of equity discussions in the green and digital tr

54、ansitions In the last 50 years,public debate has increased on inequality as a fundamental problem.Discussions around justice in the climate transition started in the 1970s and were shaped by the efforts of labour unions to achieve justice for workers while responding to environmental concerns.22 Sin

55、ce then,there has been a broader emphasis on dialogue and engagement with key stakeholder groups beyond workers and decent jobs.For example,there has been an increasing focus on communities(e.g.loss of land,cultural capital),human rights(e.g.use of child labour in cobalt mining)and broader stakehold

56、er engagement(e.g.representation and inclusivity in decision-making).The public debate about inclusion in the digital transition gained prominence in the late 1990s and early 2000s.23 The term“digital divide”was introduced to highlight disparities in digital access based on socioeconomic status,geog

57、raphy,race and education.Beyond digital access,concerns around privacy,surveillance and representation in the development of technologies have recently increased.Image credit:The Clothing BankUnlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions81.2 Marginalized communitie

58、s at risk of exclusionWhile marginalization is context-specific and dependent on geography,historically marginalized groups are at greater risk of being excluded from the benefits of the green and digital transitions.They may face greater risks of exclusion because of several interlinked factors,inc

59、luding:Political marginalization:Historically,marginalized groups have had less political power and representation.This lack of influence means their needs and interests are often overlooked in policy-making processes.24 Economic disparities:Marginalized groups often face higher levels of poverty an

60、d lower income levels.25 The high costs associated with green and digital technologies can be prohibitive for lower-income individuals,potentially skewing benefits towards wealthier groups.Educational barriers:As new technologies and sustainable practices emerge,there is a critical need to provide w

61、idespread access to training programmes for all.Lower levels of education and limited access to quality educational resources can prevent individuals in marginalized groups from gaining the skills and knowledge needed to participate in the digital economy and understand green technologies.26 Lack of

62、 access to infrastructure:Marginalized groups often lack access to critical infrastructure and financing,including reliable internet,modern energy grids and transport networks,further isolating them from the benefits of green and digital advancements.27The exclusion of marginalized groups has proven

63、 to be costly for both the individuals concerned,and wider society.Excluded individuals may face physical and mental health costs and loss of wages.For wider society,rising inequality has been associated with social discontent and contributed to increased political polarization.It can weaken trust i

64、n public institutions and undermines democratic governance.28 The economic costs of exclusion are also significant:globally,the loss in human capital wealth due to gender inequality is estimated at$160.2 trillion.29 In the US alone,it is estimated that the widening racial wealth gap will cost the co

65、untry up to$1.5 trillion in economic growth by 2028.30 This translates to a cap on gross domestic product(GDP)growth of 6%.31 Image credit:Amazon Sacred Headwaters AllianceUnlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions91.3 Introducing a framework for economic equity

66、There is not yet a unifying definition of“just”or“equitable”transitions or a shared understanding of how to achieve them in practice.This report considers the economic equity framework as presented in the 2024 World Economic Forum report,Accelerating an Equitable Transition:A Framework for Economic

67、Equity.Economic equity considers the fairness in distributing the costs and potential benefits of the green and digital transitions.Economic equity is only one dimension of fairness.It does not include:Dimensions of procedural equity:the degree of involvement and inclusiveness in rulemaking and deci

68、sions.Dimensions of contextual equity:pre-existing conditions that limit or facilitate peoples access to decision-making procedures,resources and,thereby,benefits.32Economic equity is broken down into five key areas:employment and job transitions,affordability of products and services,accessibility

69、of products and services,access to financing and investments,and access to capacity(Figure 1).Economic equity frameworkFIGURE 1Economic equity dimensions Transitioning away from fossil fuels Scaling up low-carbon energy sources Greening transport and mobility Greening agriculture and food production

70、 Greening heavy industry Greening infrastructure and built environment Moving to a circular economyAbility to navigate the evolving job market in a digital economy through adequate social support,reskilling,and access to new employment opportunities created by greening and digital advancementsAbilit

71、y to purchase relevant products and services(e.g.impact of short-term price hikes)as well as green and digital alternativesAvailability of and ability to use relevant products and services as well as green and digital alternatives by overcoming geographical,physical,socioeconomic and technological b

72、arriersAbility to access finance and investments to transition into and out of industries/sector within the digital and green transitionsAbility to access knowledge,technology and other resources to create and sell relevant products and services as needed for success in a digitally-driven world Shif

73、ting to e-commerce Scaling up digital banking services Digitalizing education Moving to telemedicine Digitally transforming public services Rising of the platform economy Green transition dimensionsDigital transition dimensionsAffordability of goods and services Accessibility of goods and servicesAc

74、cess to financing and investmentsAccess to capacityEmployment and job transitionSource:Adapted from World Economic Forum.(2024).Accelerating an Equitable Transition:A Framework for Economic Equity.https:/www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Accelerating_an_Equitable_Transition_A_Framework_for_Economic_Equity_2

75、024.pdf.Unlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions10How does the social economy drive economic equity in the green and digital transitions?2Through inclusive and sustainable business practices,the social economy can drive equity in the green and digital transiti

76、ons.Image credit:RLabsUnlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions11The social economy has been helping to drive inclusive outcomes for decades.It comprises distinct business models that prioritize social and environmental value and are organized or registered as

77、associations,co-operatives,foundations,not-for-profit organizations,voluntary groups and social enterprises.The millions of people engaged in the social economy highlight their potential to enact scalable change.A recent study by the World Economic Forum found that there could be as many as 10 milli

78、on social enterprises globally,employing 200 million people.33 They are collectively generating over$2 trillion in annual turnover,which is larger than the fashion or advertising industry.34 What is a social enterprise?BOX 1The Social Enterprise World Forum describes five characteristics shared acro

79、ss various definitions of social enterprises.35 These five standards are used by the People and Planet First social enterprise verification system:Social enterprises exist to solve social and/or environmental problems.They prioritize purpose over profit in operational and strategic decisions.A porti

80、on of income is earned through trading.They reinvest most of any surplus towards their purpose.They choose legal structures and financing that protect and lock in purpose over the long term.Source:Social Enterprise World ForumSocial enterprises are intentionally driving equity.A study from Europe su

81、ggests that the purpose of 66%of all social enterprises is to improve outcomes for target beneficiaries.The top five target groups for social enterprises in Europe are youth,women,individuals with mental disabilities,individuals with physical disabilities and long-term unemployed.36The following sec

82、tions outline how the social economy drives impact along the five dimensions of economic equity.While each section focuses on one of the five dimensions,many social enterprises drive economic equity across multiple dimensions.The social economy and social innovation actively address socioeconomic an

83、d environmental challenges and contribute to a just twin transition by aiming for marginalized groups to not be left behind and that the benefits of these transitions are shared equitably.This includes challenges related to poverty alleviation,healthcare,education,housing and community development,a

84、s well as environmental conservation and promoting fair access to resources.Source:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).(n.d.).Social Economy and Social Innovation.https:/www.oecd.org/en/topics/sub-issues/social-economy-and-social-innovation.html.Image credit:ProjectTogether1

85、2Unlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital TransitionsThe green and digital transitions are profoundly reshaping the labour market.The shift towards sustainable practices and renewable energy sources is generating new roles in sectors such as clean energy,environmental con

86、servation and green technologies.Concurrently,digital transformation is creating demand for skills in areas like cybersecurity,data analytics and software development.However,these transitions also necessitate substantial workforce reskilling and upskilling as traditional jobs evolve or become obsol

87、ete.While new opportunities abound,there is a need for robust education and training programmes to ensure workers can successfully navigate this dynamic employment environment.Businesses in the social economy provide skilling and reskilling programmes to target populations,support target populations

88、 to find employment or directly employ target populations.Training and job transitionSocial enterprises provide skills development programmes tailored to the needs of their target population.They design reskilling programmes for specific populations,such as older workers,displaced workers from decli

89、ning industries or individuals from marginalized communities,helping to bridge the skills gap and facilitate a transition into new roles.A study on work integration social enterprises(WISEs)in 10 European countries found that 40%of the disadvantaged workers who followed an integration pathway at the

90、se enterprises found a job in the labour market,and 21%became self-employed or started an education programme.This indicates that around 61%of disadvantaged people have a positive outcome after following an integration path through a WISE.372.1 Employment and job transition Work integration social e

91、nterprises seek to provide training,work and employment opportunities for socially excluded groups,including those with physical disabilities and learning difficulties.Source:EMES European Research Network.(2005).National Profiles of Work Integration Social Enterprises:Ireland.https:/ in IndiaBOX 2G

92、reen transition dimension:greening agriculture and food productionOorja,a social enterprise based in India,specializes in sustainable farming technologies and offers training services to facilitate the green and digital transitions in rural areas.Oorja places a strong emphasis on equity by targeting

93、 smallholder farmers.The enterprise ensures that these vulnerable populations are not left behind in the transition to sustainable farming practices.They aim to generate direct employment opportunities for community members,with training programmes focused on green skills(e.g.operating solar irrigat

94、ion systems)and digital skills(e.g.digital platforms for farm management).Source:OorjaImage credit:doctHERs13Unlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital TransitionsInclusive employment Social enterprises are more likely to employ and be led by historically marginalized group

95、s.Today,social enterprises employ 200 million people,which accounts for 6%of the worlds working population.38 Industry research from the UK suggests that social enterprises provide good quality jobs:they are more likely than other businesses to provide better pay,offer training,involve employees in

96、organizational decision-making and retain staff.39 Women are at greater risk of being left behind in the green and digital transitions.Globally,there is a significant gender gap in internet usage.As of 2020,48%of women were using the internet compared to 58%of men.40 The role of social enterprise in

97、 womens economic empowerment has been widely acknowledged.Strikingly,one in two social enterprises worldwide are led by women;by comparison,one in five regular businesses are women-led.41 The social enterprise sector also employs proportionally more women than the workforce as a whole and more than

98、the private sector in each country(Table 1).Percentage of women employed by social enterprisesTABLE 1 Brazil India Pakistan UK USWomen(percentage of total workforce)43%24%22%46%46%Women(percentage of social enterprise workforce)55%25%37%66%65%Source:British Council.(2017).Activist to entrepreneur:th

99、e role of social enterprise in supporting womens empowerment.https:/www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/social_enterprise_and_womens_empowerment_july.pdf.In most countries,leaders of social enterprises also tend to be relatively young,showcasing the potential of social enterprise in youth emp

100、owerment.The British Council finds that for most countries,leaders of social enterprise are between 25 and 44 years old.42Moreover,a report on social enterprise in Sub-Saharan Africa finds that 73%of social enterprises deliberately employ people from poor communities,compared to 56%of profit-first b

101、usinesses.43 A study on social enterprise in Europe finds that 37%of these businesses employ people with disabilities.44 In the UK,55%of social enterprises recruit from disadvantaged,marginalized or vulnerable groups including ex-offenders,refugees and those with a history of substance abuse.45Speci

102、alisterne Foundation in Denmark BOX 3Digital transition dimension:AllSpecialisterne is an internationally recognized leader in harnessing the talents of people with autism and other neurominorities,providing them with the opportunity to sustain meaningful employment.Founded in Denmark in 2004 by Tho

103、rkil Sonne,Specialisterne has grown to operate in twenty-six countries worldwide,celebrating two decades of impactful work.Since its inception,Specialisterne has developed innovative hiring and management practices to enhance the neurodiversity of the global workforce.Over 10,000 neurodistinct indiv

104、iduals have been hired in roles ranging from test automation and software engineering to animal husbandry and accommodating museum guests.Source:Specialisterne FoundationUnlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions14The economic transformation required for the gre

105、en and digital transitions can impose long-term shifts in costs,near-term price hikes and market volatility.Increases in the cost of goods(e.g.as a result of carbon taxes),including sustainable alternatives,can significantly impact poorer countries and households.Social enterprises design their prod

106、ucts and services to directly address the needs or challenges of a target population.Through smart innovations,pricing strategies and the promotion of reuse,repair and recycling,they can offer essential goods and services at an affordable price.Innovation and technology Social enterprises develop un

107、ique products or services that provide effective solutions to challenges caused by the green and digital transitions.They harness innovation and technology to ensure that their offerings are affordable.The European Social Enterprise Monitor finds that 85%of social enterprises adopt innovation in the

108、ir businesses.Of the social enterprises surveyed,30%identify platform technologies as relevant to their business and impact model.A recent report by the Schwab Foundation highlights how social innovators are already adopting AI for positive impact predominantly in healthcare,environment and economic

109、 development.46 There is parity between impactful applications of AI in high-income countries and low-and middle-income countries.This highlights the ability of social enterprises to adopt technology for impact even in low-resource environments.Pricing strategies Social enterprises often employ pric

110、ing strategies that make essential products or services affordable to low-income or marginalized populations,ensuring access to goods that might otherwise be out of reach.Cross-subsidization or tiered pricing allows for a series of stepped prices based upon proven criteria:tiered prices can be set b

111、y age,income level,profession or services offered.2.2 Affordability of goods and servicesThe Aravind Eye Care System in IndiaBOX 4Digital transition dimension:Moving to telemedicineBased in India,the Aravind Eye Care System is renowned for its innovative approach to delivering high-quality eye care

112、to a broad spectrum of patients through a tiered pricing strategy.Founded by Govindappa Venkataswamy in 1976,Aravind has become one of the worlds largest eye care providers,offering services ranging from basic eye exams to complex surgeries.Aravind provides free or highly subsidized eye care service

113、s to patients from low-income backgrounds.Thanks to the subsidized model,these patients receive the same high-quality medical care as those who can afford to pay.Wealthier patients are charged higher fees for the same services.These fees are set at market rates and cover the full cost of the service

114、s provided,including any additional amenities or personalized care.Aravind had deployed telemedicine in its primary eye care centres since 2004.This now enables over 85%of the million annual outpatient visits at these centres to be resolved locally.This results in significant cost saving for the pat

115、ients and also eliminating travel related carbon footprint.Source:Aravind Eye Care System Image credit:Aravind Eye Care SystemUnlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions15Repair,reuse and recycle At the heart of the circular economy,social enterprises contribute

116、to product affordability by promoting repair,reuse and recycling.Social enterprises develop repair services or“repair cafs”that offer affordable repair services for electronics,appliances,clothing and other goods.Second-hand stores are another common business model for social enterprises,where pre-o

117、wned goods can be bought and sold at a low cost.In 2023,Technoserve,Ikea Social Entrepreneurship and the Global Alliance for Social Entrepreneurship published a report highlighting social enterprises potential in the circular economy.47 The report finds that social enterprises benefit the circular e

118、conomy by,among other impact aspects,creating social benefits for their target groups.This includes recycling companies that employ low-income or marginalized populations directly to source or sort materials and social enterprises repurposing or remanufacturing material typically sourced at a low co

119、st,enabling them to provide affordable products for low-income consumers.Job creation in the reuse sector:social enterprises create 70 jobs per 1,000 tonnes of materials collected for the purpose of being reused.Source:RREUSE.(2021).Job creation in the re-use sector:data insights from social enterpr

120、ises.https:/rreuse.org/wp-content/uploads/04-2021-job-creation-briefing.pdf.2.3 Accessibility of goods and services The green and digital transitions impact the availability of relevant goods and services across geographies and communities.Digital technologies enable remote access to essential servi

121、ces such as healthcare,education and financial services,bridging the gap caused by geographical and socioeconomic barriers.Green technologies such as solar panels and other renewable energy solutions can be deployed in off-grid areas,increasing access to electricity in underserved communities.Howeve

122、r,this does require the services and infrastructure necessary to operate them.Social enterprises play a crucial role in ensuring access to essential goods and services to hard-to-reach populations and have spearheaded off-grid solutions in areas lacking traditional infrastructure.They do so through

123、deep community engagement and inclusive innovations.Community-based solutionsSocial enterprises build and use community members knowledge,resources and participation to create accessible products and services.Social enterprises have local networks and deep insight into emerging market consumers need

124、s,wants and behaviours.48 Of the social enterprises in Europe whose purpose is to improve outcomes for a target population,more than 65%involve them in their production processes/services in one way or another.Indeed,many social enterprises are made up of local community members who aim to mitigate

125、issues within their specific community,making them a ripe source of place-based knowledge and innovation.WeTu in KenyaBOX 5Green transition dimension:Greening transport and mobility,greening agriculture and food productionIn the Lake Victoria region of Kenya,only 35%of the population has access to c

126、lean drinking water,and only 20%of the population is connected to the central energy grid.49 The social enterprise WeTu,founded in 2019,tackles this need.The name“WeTu”,meaning“ours”in Swahili,represents their focus on community-based solutions on three key products:solar-power rentable fishing lant

127、erns,e-mobility bikes and clean drinking water ATMs(automated teller machines).Their fishing lanterns are chargeable and float in water,so there is no risk of water pollution.The lanterns are rented so that WeTu can manage maintenance and repairs instead of users.Their e-mobility bikes are also poll

128、ution-free,quieter and rented so users can better manage their finances during the off-season.The water WeTu provides is available 24/7,365 days a year,through a water ATM system that accepts cashless payments,making it readily available even in rural areas.Source:WeTu Unlocking the Social Economy:T

129、owards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions16Social enterprises develop products and services that intentionally aim to include and benefit marginalized or underserved populations in the green and digital transitions.In almost 80%of cases where social enterprises target specific groups,benefi

130、ciaries consume the organizations products and services.The first off-grid solutions originate from social enterprises that developed and distributed solar home systems.As early as 2009,d.light,a social enterprise,introduced the Kiran solar lantern.Dubbed by its staff the“$10 kerosene killer”,the Ki

131、ran is the worlds most affordable quality solar lamp.50Inclusive innovationsShenzhen Power Solutions in ChinaBOX 6Green transition dimension:Scaling up low-carbon energy sourcesShenzhen Power Solutions is a leading manufacturer of renewable energy products specializing in solar lighting and power so

132、lutions.Founded in 2004,the company is headquartered in Shenzhen,China,and has built a reputation for providing innovative and affordable solar energy products range with solar lighting system and solar DC home appliances to underserved communities worldwide.They have provided solar light to 54.87 m

133、illion people.Source:Shenzhen Power Solutions 2.4 Accessibility of financing and investments Participation in the green and digital transitions often requires substantial capital and resources.Significant upfront investments are necessary for businesses and communities to adopt green technologies,su

134、ch as renewable energy systems and energy-efficient infrastructure,or to integrate advanced digital tools and systems.Without adequate financing,the potential benefits of these transitions such as reduced environmental impact and increased digital connectivity remain out of reach for many.Through im

135、pact investing,microfinance and innovative financing schemes,the social economy contributes to the accessibility of financing and investments in the green and digital transitions,focusing on target populations.Image credit:Shenzhen Power-Solution LtdUnlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the

136、 Green and Digital Transitions17Impact investingImpact investors make investments to generate positive,measurable social and/or environmental impact alongside a financial return.The growing impact investment market provides capital to address the worlds most pressing challenges in sectors such as su

137、stainable agriculture,renewable energy,conservation,microfinance,and affordable and accessible basic services,including housing,healthcare and education.51 The Global Impact Investing Network(GIIN)estimates the size of the worldwide impact investing market to be$1.571 trillion.52 As a comparison,the

138、 United Nations Trade and Development estimates the annual investment gap developing countries face to achieve sustainable development goals is$4-4.3 trillion.53 While the size of the impact investing market is significant,the proportion of assets under management(AUM)allocated to each region varies

139、 significantly.The US and Canada receive 29%of the AUM,while the Middle East and North Africa only receive 3%.Energy is attracting the greatest proportion of AUM in the impact investing sector,with 17%of AUM and 55%of all investors allocating at least some portion of their AUM to energy solutions.54

140、MicrofinanceMicrofinance,also called microcredit,is a banking service provided to low-income individuals or groups who would otherwise not have access to financial services.The microlending industry reaches over211 million customers55 and was valued at$204 billion in 2024.56 Women make up 80%of the

141、borrowers,and 65%of the borrowers live in rural areas.57 A distinction can be made between for-profit and nonprofit microfinance institutions,where nonprofit microfinance institutions typically have a better capacity for outreach to the poorest clients.58Fintech The social economy uses innovative te

142、chnologies to provide capital to underserved communities.They do so through digital platforms,peer-to-peer lending systems and“pay as you go”models,which enable users to pay for products in small,manageable instalments.myAgro in Mali,Senegal and Ivory CoastBOX 7Shenzhen PGreen transition dimension:G

143、reening agriculture and food productionDigital transition dimension:Scaling up digital banking servicesmyAgro is a mobile layaway platform that enables farmers to save for their agricultural inputs seeds,fertilizers,poultry and corresponding training in small increments using their mobile phones.Whi

144、le most microfinance institutions provide loans for farmers to purchase agricultural products,myAgro empowers farmers to save their own finances through small mobile deposits,avoiding high interest rates and long trips to formal banking institutions.It also supports farmers in overcoming climate cha

145、nge challenges through sustainable agriculture practices.myAgro currently markets to smallholder farmers across Mali,Senegal and Ivory Coast.Source:myAgroImage credit:Medtronic LABS18Unlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions2.5 Accessibility of capacity and mar

146、kets Accessibility of knowledge,technology,natural resources and markets is critical for participation in the green and digital transitions.In addition to technology and know-how,access to shared intellectual property and raw materials influences overall capacity.Through capacity-building programmes

147、 and the creation of local networks,social enterprise improves peoples access to knowledge and technology to createand sell relevant products and services.Capacity building The social economy builds the capacity of target populations to create and sell relevant products and services in the green and

148、 digital economy.Through incubators and accelerator programmes,social enterprises offer support to aspiring entrepreneurs.Support programmes often include training,mentorship and access to networks of potential business partners or investors.Social enterprise support structures in Europe typically p

149、rovide their beneficiaries with networking opportunities,training,coaching,and joint awareness-raising,lobbying and advocacy.59Social marketplaces A prime example of the social economys ability to improve the accessibility of markets is social marketplaces.They are platforms that facilitate the exch

150、ange of goods,services or information with a focus on social impact,community engagement or social responsibility.These social marketplaces enable micro-entrepreneurs and small-and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)that produce innovative green and digital solutions to market their products and services

151、.These social marketplaces may introduce labels or certifications to recognize environmentally friendly or social business practices.The Fair Trade label by the World Fair Trade Organization is a well-known example of such a verification scheme.60Good Market in 120 countriesBOX 8Green transition dim

152、ension:Rising of the platform economyGood Market is a digital commons for enterprises and networks that are working together to co-create an economy that is good for people and the planet.It was started to increase the visibility of the movement,make it easier for people to getinvolved,and facilitat

153、e trade,collaboration andcollective action.It includes two types of shared resources:A community-owned curation process and crowdsourced monitoring system that works across economic sectors,income levels,language barriers and regional divides.Inclusive software designed to facilitate connection and

154、trade,highlight and support existing networks,integrate with other platforms and software tools,and serve as enabling infrastructure.Local networks use the digital commons to support place-based movement-building initiatives like curated marketplaces,participatory guarantee systems,shared spaces and

155、 procurement initiatives.Good Market began in Sri Lanka and now serves enterprises and networks across 120countries.Source:Good Market Unlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions19Policy options to advance the social economy in the green and digital transitions3G

156、overnments can take a range of actions to help unlock the potential of the social economy in the green and digital transitions.Image credit:UN Trade and Development(UNCTAD)Unlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions20Encouraging equity through strategic policy is

157、 crucial in the evolving landscape of the green and digital transitions and their impacts on marginalized communities.The social economy is not a one-size-fits-all solution to drive equity in the green and digital transitions.Some long-standing systemic inequalities are deeply entrenched in society

158、and often embedded in institutional structures,policies and norms.As the UN has highlighted,achieving social inclusion requires transforming deeply rooted systems often based on the unequal distribution of wealth and decision-making power.61However,this report highlights that social enterprises can

159、be one part of the solution.Their models can inspire more inclusive business practices and government policies.Indeed,many social enterprises are made up of local community members who aim to mitigate issues within their specific community,making them a ripe source of place-based knowledge and innov

160、ation.62 This often makes them well-positioned to inform policy and product design.Social enterprise benefits from supportive government policies to effectively contribute to economic equity.Box 9 highlights five policy priorities presented in the report Unlocking the Social Economy:Towards an Inclu

161、sive and Resilient Society to strengthen the overall social economy.Five policy priorities to strengthen the social economyBOX 9Recognize the social economy and build supportive regulatory frameworksCreate incentives for funding,taxation and investmentExpand education and researchMake public and pri

162、vate procurement channels more inclusiveCollect,measure and visualize social impact data.Source:World Economic Forum.(2022).Unlocking the Social Economy:Towards an inclusive and resilient society.https:/www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Unlocking_the_Social_Economy_2022.pdf.Image credit:Schwab Foundation fo

163、r Social EntrepreneurshipUnlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions21How can corporations advance economic equity in the green and digital transitions?BOX 10Across the world,numerous policies have been adopted to strengthen social enterprise,particularly for the

164、 green and digital transitions.These policies range from dedicated action plans to market regulation,from investments to public-private sector collaboration.The following section explores how policy can develop environments that allow social enterprises to drive equitable outcomes in the green and d

165、igital transitions.Direct engagementSocial procurement Collaboration and partnershipsResources and communicationsCorporate investment and fundingMentorship,capacity development and supportEcosystem involvementNetwork growthPolicy and advocacyVerification and certification Integration into businessSo

166、cial impact goals alignmentWorkforce human capital alignmentSupply-chain incentives and policiesIntegration of principles into corporate business strategy Source:World Economic Forum.(2024).The Corporate Social Innovation Compass:Accelerating Impact through Social Enterprise Partnerships.https:/www.

167、weforum.org/publications/the-corporate-social-innovation-compass-accelerating-impact-through-social-enterprise-partnerships/.Corporations are at the forefront of the green and digital transitions and often have a direct stake in addressing challenges of economic equity.For example,they require a ski

168、lled workforce to produce relevant products and services in the green and digital economy.They are also invested in accessible and reliable infrastructure,allowing corporations to unlock new markets and consumer groups.At a minimum,businesses should avoid exacerbating existing inequalities.The Busin

169、ess Commission to Tackle Inequality outlines a business action agenda.The top three priorities for businesses are(1)implementing the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights,(2)making essential products more accessible and affordable,and(3)creating diverse,equitable and inclusive workplace

170、s and value chains.63To positively impact equity,corporations can collaborate with social enterprises and adopt more inclusive and sustainable business practices.The Corporate Social Innovation Compass of the World Economic Forum identifies the following engagement mechanisms:Unlocking the Social Ec

171、onomy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions223.1 Dedicated action plans for the social economyEuropean Commission transition pathway for proximity and social economyBOX 11The transition pathway aims to enable actors in the ecosystem to deliver on the twin transition while fostering a m

172、ore sustainable and resilient economy in the EU.The pathway identifies 14 action areas and 30 specific actions,including:Creating financial incentives and supportive regulation for green and circular social economy business modelsCertification,labelling and self-regulationPublic and private tech par

173、tnerships and supportSupporting digital social innovation(DSI)and“tech for good”entrepreneurshipSource:European Commission.(n.d.).The transition pathway for the proximity and social economy.https:/single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/proximity-and-social-economy/transition-pathway_en.Internati

174、onal organizations and national governments have developed dedicated action plans to strengthen the social economy in light of the green and digital transitions.The European Commission,for example,introduced the transition pathway on proximity and social economy in November 2022.The Organisation for

175、 Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)adopted a Recommendation on the Social and Solidarity Economy and Social Innovation in June 2022.64 Also,the United Nations General Assembly adopted a Resolution in April 2023 and November 2024 titled Promoting the Social and Solidarity Economy for Sustain

176、able Development which encourages its member states to promote and implement national,local and regional strategies,policies and programmes for supporting and enhancing the social and solidarity economy as a possible model for sustainable economic and socialdevelopment.Economic equity dimension:All

177、3.2 Reduced taxation of public benefit companiesEconomic equity dimension:Employment and job transitionAnother mechanism policy-makers have used is to favour companies that benefit the public through favourable tax schemes.In the European Union,the most widespread tax benefit for public benefit comp

178、anies is a corporate tax exemption on retained profits.Another type of tax incentive,albeit less widespread,consists of the exemption from or reduced rate of VAT(value-added tax).This can be granted not only on the basis of the services provided but also on the basis of legal status and/or legal for

179、m.As two examples,in Belgium,under certain conditions,WISEs benefit from a reduced VAT rate;in Italy,social cooperatives are exempted from paying national insurance contributions for the disadvantaged workers they have integrated.A third important type of tax benefit is the income tax reductions gra

180、nted to private(both individuals and companies)and/or institutional donors of social enterprises.65Recognizing further that the social and solidarity economy contributes to more inclusive and sustainable economic growth by finding a new balance between economic efficiency and social and environmenta

181、l resilience that fosters economic dynamism,encourages a just and sustainable digital transition,social and environmental protection and sociopolitical empowerment of individuals over decision-making processes and resources.Source:United Nations Resolution 77/281 of 27 April 2023.Unlocking the Socia

182、l Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions233.3 Subsidies for essential products and services3.4 Investments in social impactEconomic equity dimension:Affordability of goods and services,and accessibility of goods and servicesAnother mechanism governments use to encourage economic

183、 equity in the green and digital transitions is subsidizing essential products and services for target populations.In India,the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana is a government scheme designed to provide continuous electricity supply to rural India.It invested$9.1 billion for rural electrifica

184、tion under the scheme.66 In France,the government subsidized leasing electric vehicles for the poorest 50%of the population.A state subsidy could amount to as much as 13,000 and would fully cover the initial deposit.Monthly payments would vary between 70 and 150,depending on the vehicle model.67Econ

185、omic equity dimension:Access to financing and investments Substantial investments are already being made by both the public and private sectors in the green and digital transitions,but social enterprises struggle to access those funds.To overcome this challenge,policy-makers can create investment me

186、chanisms that directly target social enterprises or include social criteria in general transition investments.Germany,for example,opened its existing early-stage loan programme under its European Recovery Program(ERP)to social enterprises and not-for-profit businesses in 2024.68 This way,social ente

187、rprises have access to financing in the form of loans up to 125,000.Justice40 in the USBOX 12Justice40 initiative directed 40%of federal investment benefits to disadvantaged communities in the US,addressing decades of underinvestment and pollution burdens.69 Over fiscal years 2022-2027,more than$600

188、 billion was allocated,including$4.3 billion in climate pollution reduction grants and$773 million for energy-efficient renovations at properties housing low-income individuals,families and seniors.This initiative advanced community-driven solutions,facilitated equitable access to affordable clean e

189、nergy,and catalysed job creation in marginalized areas through over 500 federal programmes across 19 federal agencies.70 Further,this initiative is driving US government agencies to enhance data collection and measurement methods to accurately track investments in disadvantaged communities,ensuring

190、effective progress assessment.71Source:Justice40Image credit:Sumitomo Mitsui Financial GroupUnlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions243.5 Public procurement to build inclusive,sustainable markets3.6 Market regulation Economic equity dimension:Access to capacit

191、y and markets Governments can also strengthen economic equity in the green and digital transitions by prioritizing environmental and social considerations in public procurement.This could encourage suppliers to adopt sustainable and inclusive business practices and increases the overall availability

192、 of ethical products and services.In South Korea,the government adopted an act on the promotion of the purchase of green products,which aims to prevent waste of resources and environmental pollution and contribute to the sustainable development of the national economy.72 Similarly,the City of Portla

193、nd in Oregon showed success in its five-year initiative to switch to locally sourced green cleaning products,which resulted in the city both cutting costs and reducing its footprint.73Economic equity dimension:All Another mechanism some governments have adopted to help steer companies to contribute

194、to economic equity is market regulation.For example,the European Green Deal regulations include the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive(CSRD)which enhances and standardizes the disclosure of sustainability information by companies.77 It ensures that investors,consumers,policy-makers and oth

195、er stakeholders can access reliable and comparable data regarding the environmental,social and governance impacts of companies.Another example includes the German Act on Corporate Due Diligence Obligations in Supply Chains,which obliges large companies to ensure that human rights and environmental s

196、tandards are upheld throughout their supply chains.78 It requires companies to conduct risk analyses,establish preventive measures,implement remedial actions and report annually on their due diligence activities.These types of market regulations aim to make companies more accountable of their social

197、 and environmental impact.In the design of market regulations,it is crucial to consider and mitigate potential negative impacts on developing economies.Amsterdam Impact in the NetherlandsBOX 13The city of Amsterdam focused on placing social enterprises that produce financial and social value at the

198、centre of the citys economic strategy.This included developing stronger networks among social enterprises,providing more physical space and municipal funding,and connecting entrepreneurs with finance providers and customers.74 Amsterdam Impact has created an environment where local social enterprise

199、s can thrive.Amsterdam Impact,in partnership with Social Enterprise NL and the Buy Social partner network,has significantly enhanced deal-making opportunities for local social enterprises through its Buy Social matching events.75 These events connect impact-oriented enterprises with potential buyers

200、 from a range of companies and organizations,successfully facilitating over 50 transactions involving inclusive and sustainable products and services.76Source:Amsterdam Impact Image credit:SEKEM25Unlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions3.7 Public-private secto

201、r collaboration Economic equity dimension:All Lastly,but perhaps most importantly,is the need for joint planning as part of an ecosystems approach to change.Social enterprises,governments and private companies are often all tackling different challenges related to equity in the green and digital tra

202、nsitions.Private companies regularly have a direct stake in addressing these challenges as they search for skilled employees or look to enter emerging markets.Through public-private sector collaboration,policy-makers can make a concerted effort with key community stakeholders to address barriers to

203、participation in the green and digital transitions.South Pacific Connect Initiative in FijiBOX 14The government of Fiji established a partnership with Google to reduce the digital divide and enhance the capacity,resilience and reliability of digital connectivity across the Pacific.The initiative est

204、ablishes a new subsea cable link to the US,Fiji,Australia and French Polynesia.Google will also construct diverse cable landing stations in Fiji and connect them with an interlink cable that will connect transpacific routes,improve reliability,add capacity and reduce latency for users in the Pacific

205、 and around the world.Source:Office of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Fiji.(2023).Prime Minister Rabuka Announces Partnership with Google to Establish a Major Subsea Cable.https:/www.pmoffice.gov.fj/27-10-23/.Unlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions26Co

206、nclusion:An inclusive and sustainable futureThe green and digital transitions are in full motion as the world shifts to their respective technologies.An opportunity to strategically include marginalized or otherwise excluded populations is arising from these historic transitions.As this report shows

207、,not striving for inclusivity in this transition could be a missed opportunity to grow the broader economy by bringing in those underserved populations,and can undermine the very credibility of our economic system.This report encourages leaders(both government and corporate at global and community l

208、evels)to consider social enterprises a foremost tool in harnessing the benefits of green and digital transitions without exacerbating inequality.They are uniquely poised to drive equity while creating sustainable economic development.The social enterprises reported in this report highlight just a ha

209、ndful of the many mechanisms in which the social economy makes a positive difference in the quality of life of global populations.This is also a call to invest in communities,people and a bright future for all,and not just those populations who can currently access the benefits of a rapidly changing

210、 world.Sound,inclusive policies are,and will continue to be,the bedrock of an even stronger green and digital transition.With the right enabling environment,the social economy can accelerate its contribution to equity worldwide.Unlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Tra

211、nsitions27ContributorsAcknowledgementsThe research presented above was shaped by interviews with various private businesses,international organizations,social enterprises,non-governmental organizations and academic institutions.The authors would like to express our gratitude to the following individ

212、uals and organizations not only for the time they spent engaging with our team but also for their thoughtful and sincere responses to our questions.Nish Acharya Chief Executive Officer,Equal InnovationJens Andersson Monitoring,Evaluation and Learning Specialist,IKEA Social EntrepreneurshipAriadna Ba

213、rdollet Urgelles Director,International Programs,Fundacion Dancaria La Caixa Jacques Berger Managing Director,Action TankJeroo Billimoria Founder,One Family FoundationJonathan Camuzeaux Senior Director,Global Strategy and Engagement,Environmental Defense FundChantal Line Carpentier Head,Trade,Enviro

214、nment,Climate Change and Sustainable Development Branch,Division for International Trade,United Nations Trade and Development(UNCTAD)Karen Chern-Zangle Senior Director,Programs,REDFRachael Clay Director,EthicorePaula Daniels Co-Founder,The Center for Good Food PurchasingMarcel Fukayama Senior Policy

215、 Adviser,B LabToby Gazeley Policy Lead,Euclid NetworkMaria Kim President and Chief Executive Officer,REDFPatrick Klein Head,Sector,Social Economy and Social Enterprise,European CommissionIlze Kivleniece Assistant Professor,Strategy,Institut Europen dAdministration des Affaires(INSEAD)Michael Mapston

216、e Director,Anglo American FoundationZoran Puljic Director,Mozaik FoundationAshwini Saxena Chief Executive Officer,JSW FoundationGary Sutton Managing Director and US Firm Business Diversity Leader,DeloitteAlexandra Van Der Ploeg Senior Vice-President,Corporate Social Responsibility,SAP World Economic

217、 Forum Franois Bonnici Director,Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship;Head of FoundationsVeerle Klijn Social Economy Policy LeadDaniel Nowack Head of Social InnovationDeloitte Patrick Griffin Senior ManagerPeter Liu Managing DirectorSarah Jane Maxted Senior ManagerKatrina Zdanowicz ManagerUn

218、locking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions28Maike Von Heymann Head,Socioeconomic Development,Anglo AmericanSuzanne Wisse-Huiskes Independent Investment Committee Member,InvestEUJonathan Wong Chief,Innovation,Enterprise and Investment,United Nations Economic and So

219、cial Commission for Asia and the Pacific(UNESCAP)ProductionLaurence DenmarkCreative Director,Studio MikoMartha HowlettLead Editor,Studio MikoWill LileyEditor,Studio MikoOliver TurnerDesigner,Studio MikoUnlocking the Social Economy:Towards Equity in the Green and Digital Transitions29Endnotes1.World

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