《皮尤研究中心：2024美國亞裔慈善捐贈與匯款行為研究報告（英文版）（41頁）.pdf》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關《皮尤研究中心：2024美國亞裔慈善捐贈與匯款行為研究報告（英文版）（41頁）.pdf（41頁珍藏版）》請在三個皮匠報告上搜索。

1、 FOR RELEASE MAY 2,2024 Asian Americans,Charitable Giving and Remittances Most Asian Americans have given to U.S.charities;smaller shares have given to charities in their ancestral homelands or have sent money there through remittances BY Carolyne Im and Abby Budiman FOR MEDIA OR OTHER INQUIRIES:Sah

2、ana Mukherjee,Associate Director of Race and Ethnicity Research Mark Hugo Lopez,Director of Race and Ethnicity Research Hannah Klein,Senior Communications Manager 202.419.4372 www.pewresearch.org RECOMMENDED CITATION Pew Research Center,May 2024,“Asian Americans,Charitable Giving and Remittances”1 P

3、EW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan,nonadvocacy fact tank that informs the public about the issues,attitudes and trends shaping the world.It does not take policy positions.The Center conducts public opinion polling,demographic researc

4、h,computational social science research and other data-driven research.It studies politics and policy;news habits and media;the internet and technology;religion;race and ethnicity;international affairs;social,demographic and economic trends;science;research methodology and data science;and immigrati

5、on and migration.Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts,its primary funder.The Centers Asian American portfolio was funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts,with generous support from The Asian American Foundation;Chan Zuckerberg Initiative DAF,an advised fund of the Silicon Val

6、ley Community Foundation;the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation;the Henry Luce Foundation;the Doris Duke Foundation;The Wallace H.Coulter Foundation;The Dirk and Charlene Kabcenell Foundation;The Long Family Foundation;Lu-Hebert Fund;Gee Family Foundation;Joseph Cotchett;the Julian Abdey and Sabrina Moy

7、le Charitable Fund;and Nanci Nishimura.We would also like to thank the Leaders Forum for its thought leadership and valuable assistance in helping make this survey possible.The strategic communications campaign used to promote the research was made possible with generous support from the Doris Duke

8、Foundation.Pew Research Center 2024 2 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Terminology The terms Asians,Asians living in the United States,U.S.Asian population and Asian Americans are used interchangeably throughout this report to refer to U.S.adults who self-identify as Asian,either alone or in

9、combination with other races or Hispanic identity.Asian origins and origin group labels,such as Chinese and Chinese origin,are used interchangeably in this report for findings for Asian origin groups,such as Chinese,Filipino,Indian,Japanese,Korean or Vietnamese.Origin groups in this report include t

10、hose who report being one Asian origin only,either alone or in combination with a non-Asian race or ethnicity.For this report,Chinese adults do not include those who self-identify as Taiwanese.Immigrants in this report are people who were born outside the 50 U.S.states or the District of Columbia,Pu

11、erto Rico or other U.S.territories.Immigrant and foreign born are used interchangeably to refer to this group.U.S.born refers to people born in the 50 U.S.states or the District of Columbia,Puerto Rico or other U.S.territories.Second generation refers to people born in the 50 states or the District

12、of Columbia,Puerto Rico or other U.S.territories with at least one foreign-born(immigrant)parent.Third or higher generation refers to people born in the 50 states or the District of Columbia,Puerto Rico or other U.S.territories with both parents born in the 50 states,D.C.,Puerto Rico or other U.S.te

13、rritories.Ancestral homeland is used in this report to refer to the country in Asia that respondents trace their ancestry or heritage to,including the country they are from or the country their family or ancestors are from.It is used interchangeably with Asian country of origin and place of origin t

14、hroughout this report.In this report,charitable giving refers to whether respondents say they volunteered or made a donation through a charitable organization.While the survey captures whether Asian Americans donated or volunteered time to charities in the prior 12 months,it does not capture how muc

15、h time or money or to which organizations they donated.Remittances are personal financial transfers that many immigrants,or people from immigrant families,send to someone living in the place or country where they,their family or ancestors are 3 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org from.The survey

16、 asks whether Asian Americans have sent money to anyone who lives in their Asian ancestral homeland in the prior 12 months.Data from the World Bank provides estimates on how much money was sent,globally and from people living in the U.S.,in 2021.4 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org How we did t

17、his Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to understand Asian Americans ties to their countries of origin through charitable giving and remittances.This report is part of the Centers in-depth analysis of public opinion among Asian Americans.The data in this report comes from a nationally repre

18、sentative survey of 7,006 Asian adults exploring the experiences,attitudes and views of Asians living in the U.S.on several topics,including charitable giving and remittances,identity,affirmative action,global affairs,policy priorities,religious identities,discrimination and racism in America,and li

19、ving with economic hardship.The survey sampled U.S.adults who self-identify as Asian,either alone or in combination with other races or Hispanic ethnicity.It was offered in six languages:Chinese(Simplified and Traditional),English,Hindi,Korean,Tagalog and Vietnamese.Responses were collected from Jul

20、y 5,2022,to Jan.27,2023,by Westat on behalf of Pew Research Center.The Center recruited a large sample to examine the diversity of the U.S.Asian population,with oversamples of the Chinese,Filipino,Indian,Korean and Vietnamese populations.These are the five largest origin groups among Asian Americans

21、.The survey also includes a large enough sample of self-identified Japanese adults,making findings about them reportable.In this report,the six largest origin groups include those who identify with one Asian origin only,either alone or in combination with a non-Asian race or ethnicity.These are the

22、six origin groups whose attitudes and opinions are highlighted throughout the report.Survey respondents were drawn from a national sample of residential mailing addresses,which included addresses from all 50 states and the District of Columbia.Specialized surname list frames maintained by the Market

23、ing Systems Group were used to supplement the sample.Those eligible to complete the survey were offered the opportunity to do so online or by mail with a paper questionnaire.For more details,refer to the methodology.For questions used in this analysis,refer to the topline questionnaire.Findings for

24、less populous Asian origin groups in the U.S.,those who are not among the six largest Asian origin groups,are grouped under the category“other”and are included in the overall Asian adult findings in the report.These ethnic origin groups each make up about 2%or less of the Asian population in the U.S

25、.,making it challenging to recruit nationally representative samples for each origin group.The group“other”includes those who identify with one Asian origin only,either alone or in combination with a non-Asian race or Hispanic ethnicity.Findings for those who identify with two or more Asian origins

26、are not presented by themselves in this report but are included in the overall Asian adult findings.5 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org The analysis of remittance flows and origin countries gross domestic product uses data from the World Banks Bilateral Remittance Matrix and national accounts

27、data.The World Banks global remittance estimates are based on a set of estimates about the size of the global migrant stock,as well as other information,such as incomes in migrants destination countries.Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts,its primary funder.The Centers A

28、sian American portfolio was funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts,with generous support from The Asian American Foundation;Chan Zuckerberg Initiative DAF,an advised fund of the Silicon Valley Community Foundation;the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation;the Henry Luce Foundation;the Doris Duke Foundation;Th

29、e Wallace H.Coulter Foundation;The Dirk and Charlene Kabcenell Foundation;The Long Family Foundation;Lu-Hebert Fund;Gee Family Foundation;Joseph Cotchett;the Julian Abdey and Sabrina Moyle Charitable Fund;and Nanci Nishimura.We would also like to thank the Leaders Forum for its thought leadership an

30、d valuable assistance in helping make this survey possible.The strategic communications campaign used to promote the research was made possible with generous support from the Doris Duke Foundation.6 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Table of Contents About Pew Research Center 1 Terminology 2 H

31、ow we did this 4 Overview 7 1.Asian Americans who give to charitable organizations 10 2.Asian Americans who send remittances to their ancestral homelands 16 Acknowledgments 22 Methodology 24 Appendix:Supplemental tables 34 Topline 37 7 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Asian Americans,Charitab

32、le Giving and Remittances Most Asian Americans have given to U.S.charities;smaller shares have given to charities in their ancestral homelands or have sent money there through remittances Asian Americans are the only major racial or ethnic group in the United States that is majority immigrant.Many A

33、sian Americans either grew up or spent considerable time in their Asian ancestral homeland,and many have immediate family members who still live there today.Amid these personal and family connections between Asian Americans and their ancestral homelands,we wanted to understand the financial and phil

34、anthropic ties they have to both the U.S.and their Asian origin countries.Overall,64%of Asian adults say they have given to a charitable organization in the U.S.in the last 12 months,according to a new analysis of a multilingual,nationally representative survey of 7,006 Asian American adults conduct

35、ed July 5,2022,through Jan.27,2023.Meanwhile,20%of Asian adults in the U.S.say they have given to a charity located in their Asian country of origin in the 12 months before the survey.And 27%say they have sent money to someone living there personal financial transfers known as remittances.In 2022,im

36、migrants made up 54%of all Asian Americans and 67%of Asian American adults,according to a Pew Research Center analysis of Asian adults are more likely to say they have given to a charity in the U.S.than in their Asian ancestral homeland%of Asian adults who say that in the last 12 months they have vo

37、lunteered or made a donation through a charitable organization in Note:Share of respondents who gave other answers or didnt offer an answer not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Asian Americans,Charitable Giving and Remittances”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 642027

38、Their Asian country of originThe U.S.Sent money to anyone in their Asian country of origin.and nearly 3 in 10 say they have sent remittances to their homeland%of Asian adults who say that in the last 12 months they have.8 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org the 2022 American Community Survey.1 I

39、n our survey,54%of Asian adults report having immediate family members still living in their Asian origin country.Among the surveys other key findings:Most Asian adults(67%)have given to a charitable organization in the U.S.,their Asian country of origin or both places.Overall,they are about three t

40、imes more likely to say they have volunteered or made a donation through a charity in the U.S.than one in their Asian origin country in the 12 months before the survey(64%vs.20%).Regardless of whether Asian adults are immigrants or born in the U.S.,most have given to a U.S.charity.More than 60%of ea

41、ch group say they have done so.However,immigrants are more likely than U.S.-born Asian adults to say they have given to a charity in their Asian country of origin(23%vs.11%).Whether Asian Americans have given to charitable organizations is associated with how important religion is in their life.Asia

42、n adults who say religion is very important in their life are more likely than those who say it is not too or not at all important to have given to a charity in either of the places asked about.Filipino,Indian and Vietnamese adults in the U.S.are more likely than other Asian origin groups to say the

43、y have sent remittances in the 12 months before the survey.Chinese and Japanese adults in the U.S.are among the least likely to say so.1 In this analysis,the U.S.Asian population includes those who are Asian alone and non-Hispanic,Asian and at least one other race and non-Hispanic,and Asian and Hisp

44、anic.Immigrants include those born outside of the U.S.to parents neither of whom was a U.S.citizen.9 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Among Asian adults who have sent remittances,the most common reasons for doing so are to help with ordinary expenses(63%)and health expenses(50%).Reasons vary

45、somewhat across Asian origin groups,education and family ties to ones ancestral homeland.In 2021,Asian Americans places of origin collectively received about$63 billion in remittances from the U.S.Among the biggest recipients were the six most common origin countries for Asian Americans India,the Ph

46、ilippines,China,Vietnam,South Korea and Japan which received about$55 billion of these remittances,according to our analysis of World Bank data.The following chapters look more closely at:Asian Americans who give to charitable organizations Asian Americans who send remittances to their ancestral hom

47、elands Among Asian adults who have sent remittances,most say they did so to help pay for ordinary expenses Among Asian adults who sent remittances in the last 12 months,%who say they sent the money for *Full response was“a large purchase such as an appliance or home improvement.”Note:The question wa

48、s asked among those who said they sent money to anyone who lives in the Asian country where they,their family or ancestors come from.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer or gave other answers not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Asian American

49、s,Charitable Giving and Remittances”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 63503635191676Ordinary expenseslike food,clothingHealth expensesAnother reasonA marriage or funeralA large purchase*Saving or investingImporting products or services to the U.S.A businessoutside of the U.S.10 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch

50、.org 1.Asian Americans who give to charitable organizations Two-thirds of Asian American adults say they have volunteered or made a donation through a charitable organization in the United States,their Asian ancestral homeland or both places in the 12 months before the survey,which was conducted Jul

51、y 2022 through January 2023.2 Among these adults:46%say they have given to a charity only in the U.S.17%say they have given to charities in both the U.S.and their Asian country of origin.3%say they have given to a charity only in their Asian country of origin.Charitable giving patterns vary by sever

52、al demographic factors and Asian Americans links to their ancestral homelands.2 While the survey captured whether Asian Americans adults have volunteered or made a donation through a charitable organization in the 12 months prior to the survey,it did not capture how much time or money or to which or

53、ganizations they donated.Two-thirds of Asian adults say they have given to a charity in the U.S.,their Asian country of origin or both%of Asian adults who say that in the last 12 months they have volunteered or made a donation through a charitable organization in Note:“Only the U.S.”includes those w

54、ho say they gave to an organization in the U.S.but say they did not give to one in their Asian country of origin.“Only their Asian country of origin”includes those who say they gave to an organization in their Asian country of origin but say they did not give to one in the U.S.Individual shares may

55、not add to subtotals due to rounding.Responses with a share less than 0.5%not shown.Share of respondents who answered one question but not the other shown but not labeled.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Asian Americans,Charitable Giving and Remittances”PEW R

56、ESEARCH CENTER 33%4667%Neither the U.S.nor their Asian country of originOnly the U.S.Both the U.S.and their Asian country of origin173Only their Asian country of originEither the U.S.or their Asian country of origin,or both11 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Charitable giving in the U.S.Overa

57、ll,nearly two-thirds of Asian American adults(64%)say they have volunteered or made a donation through a charitable organization in the U.S.in the 12 months prior to the survey.By origin Across the six largest Asian origin groups in the United States,majorities say they have given to a U.S.charity.A

58、bout seven-in-ten Japanese(72%),Filipino(70%)and Indian(68%)adults say this.Somewhat smaller shares of Korean(65%),Vietnamese(61%)and Chinese(58%)adults say the same.By nativity Similar shares of immigrant and U.S.-born Asian adults say they have given to a charitable organization in the U.S.(63%and

59、 67%,respectively).Among immigrants,longtime residents of the U.S.are more likely than more recent arrivals to say they have volunteered or donated:71%of those who have lived in the U.S.for more than 20 years say they have done so.54%of those who have lived in the U.S.for 20 years or less say the sa

60、me.Highly educated and higher-income Asian adults are more likely to say they have donated to a U.S.charity%of Asian adults who say that in the last 12 months they have volunteered or made a donation through a charitable organization in the United States Note:Origin groups include those who self-ide

61、ntify with one Asian origin only.Responses for Chinese adults do not include those who report being Taiwanese.Responses for Taiwanese adults not shown separately due to insufficient sample size.“Some college”includes those with an associate degree and those who attended college but did not obtain a

62、degree.Income refers to family income in 2021.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer or gave other answers not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Asian Americans,Charitable Giving and Remittances”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 6458706872646157636744596976355

63、5626979All Asian adultsChineseFilipinoIndianJapaneseKoreanVietnameseOtherForeign bornU.S.bornHS or lessSome collegeBachelorsPostgrad$30K$30K-$75K$75K-$100K$100K-$150K$150K+12 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Among those born in the U.S.,74%of third-or higher-generation and 65%of second-genera

64、tion Asian adults say they have given to a U.S.charity in the year before the survey.By education About three-quarters of Asian adults with a postgraduate degree(76%)say they have given to a charitable organization in the U.S.By comparison,fewer than half of Asian adults with a high school diploma o

65、r less(44%)say they have done this.By income Asian adults with higher incomes are more likely than others to say they have given to a U.S.charity.About eight-in-ten Asian adults with a family income of$150,000 or more(79%)say they have done so.Meanwhile,35%of those with a family income of less than$

66、30,000 say the same.By religion Among major religious groups,Asian American Christians are more likely than Buddhists and religiously unaffiliated Asians those who identify as atheist,agnostic or“nothing in particular”to say they have recently given to a U.S.charitable organization.Differences also

67、emerge based on the importance of religion in Asian Americans lives.Those who say religion is very important in their life are more likely to make charitable donations than those who say it is not too or not at all important(70%vs.59%).Among Asian adults,charitable giving to U.S.organizations varies

68、 by religious affiliation and importance of religion%of Asian adults who say that in the last 12 months they have volunteered or made a donation through a charitable organization in the United States Note:“Other”includes religious groups with sample sizes too small to report separately,including Sik

69、hs,Daoists and Jews.“Unaffiliated”includes those who identify as atheist,agnostic or“nothing in particular.”Lines surrounding data points represent the margin of error of each estimate.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer or gave other answers not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adul

70、ts conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Asian Americans,Charitable Giving and Remittances”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 64705664726360706659050100Very importantSomewhat importantAll Asian adultsChristianBuddhistHinduMuslimOtherUnaffiliatedAmong those who say religion is _ in their lifeNot too/Not at all importa

71、nt13 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Charitable giving in ancestral homelands One-in-five Asian adults in the U.S.say they have volunteered or made a donation through a charitable organization in their Asian ancestral homeland in the 12 months prior to the survey.By origin About a third of I

72、ndian American adults(31%)and about a quarter of Vietnamese American adults(24%)say they have given to a charity in their Asian origin country.One-in-ten Chinese adults and 6%of Japanese adults say the same.By nativity Roughly a quarter of Asian immigrants(23%)say they have given to a charitable org

73、anization in their ancestral homeland in the year before the survey.U.S.-born Asian adults are less likely to say the same(11%).Among U.S.-born Asian adults,those who are second generation are more likely than third-or higher-generation Asian Americans to say they have given to a charity in the Asia

74、n country they or their ancestors are from(13%vs.5%).By family ties and views of ancestral homeland Among Asian adults who have immediate family still living in their ancestral homeland in Asia,26%say they have given to a charity based there in the year before the survey.Meanwhile,13%of Asian adults

75、 who do not have immediate family living there say the same.About 1 in 4 Asian immigrants say they have given to a charity in their ancestral homeland%of Asian adults who say that in the last 12 months they have volunteered or made a donation through a charitable organization in the Asian country th

76、ey or their ancestors are from *Responses shown are only among Asian adults whose country of origin was asked about.Note:Origin groups include those who self-identify with one Asian origin only.Responses for Chinese adults do not include those who report being Taiwanese.Responses for Taiwanese adult

77、s not shown separately due to insufficient sample size.“Favorable”and“unfavorable”include those who say they have a“very”or“somewhat”favorable or unfavorable opinion of their Asian country of origin,respectively.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer or gave other answers not shown.Source:Su

78、rvey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Asian Americans,Charitable Giving and Remittances”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 20101831618242623112613221213All Asian adultsChineseFilipinoIndianJapaneseKoreanVietnameseOtherForeign bornU.S.bornHave immediate family inDo not have immediate fami

79、ly inNeither favorable nor unfavorableAmong Asian adults who _ their Asian country of originAmong Asian adults*who have a(n)_ opinion of their Asian country of originFavorableUnfavorable14 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org In the same survey,we asked respondents their opinion of the places in

80、Asia to which many Asian Americans trace their heritage(including China,India and Japan).Among Asian adults whose place of origin we asked about,those who see their ancestral homeland more favorably are also more likely to say they have volunteered or donated through a charity there:22%of those who

81、have a favorable opinion of their ancestral homeland say they have donated to a charity there in the year before the survey.12%of those with a neutral opinion and 13%who hold an unfavorable opinion say the same.By education and income Whether Asian adults have given to a charity in their Asian count

82、ry of origin does not vary significantly by education and income level.About a quarter or fewer of Asian adults across education and income groups say they have given to an organization in their country of origin in the 12 months prior to the survey.By religion About four-in-ten Asian Hindus and Mus

83、lims say they have volunteered or donated through a charitable organization in their Asian ancestral homeland in the 12 months before the survey.A smaller share of Asian adults who are religiously unaffiliated say the same.Asian adults who see religion as very important in their life are more likely

84、 to say theyve given to a charity in their ancestral homeland%of Asian adults who say that in the last 12 months they have volunteered or made a donation through a charitable organization in the Asian country they or their ancestors are from Note:“Other”includes religious groups with sample sizes to

85、o small to report separately,including Sikhs,Daoists and Jews.“Unaffiliated”includes those who identify as atheist,agnostic or“nothing in particular.”Lines surrounding data points represent the margin of error of each estimate.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer or gave other answers not

86、shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Asian Americans,Charitable Giving and Remittances”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 20192539391911292312050100Very importantSomewhat importantAll Asian adultsChristianBuddhistHinduMuslimOtherUnaffiliatedAmong those who say religion is

87、 _ in their lifeNot too/Not at all important15 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Asian Americans charitable giving in their Asian country of origin also varies by how important religion is in their lives:29%of those who say religion is very important have given to a charity in their Asian orig

88、in country in the 12 months before the survey.12%of those who say religion is not too or not at all important in their life have done the same.16 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 2.Asian Americans who send remittances to their ancestral homelands In addition to asking Asian adults whether the

89、y have given to charitable organizations,we asked whether they have sent remittances personal monetary transfers to someone living in the Asian country where they,their family or ancestors are from.About a quarter of Asian adults in the United States say they have sent remittances in the year before

90、 the survey,which was conducted July 2022 to January 2023.Among those who have,the most common reasons for doing so are to help with ordinary expenses like food and clothing and health expenses.Which Asian Americans send remittances?Overall,27%of Asian adults in the U.S.say they have sent money to s

91、omeone in the Asian country they or their ancestors are from in the 12 months prior to the survey.By origin Among the six largest Asian origin groups in the U.S.,Filipino(42%),Indian(36%)and Vietnamese(33%)adults are the most likely to say they have sent money to anyone living in their ancestral hom

92、eland.Chinese(10%)and Japanese(3%)adults are the least likely to say this.Roughly 1 in 4 Asian adults in the U.S.have sent remittances to their origin country in the last year%of Asian adults who say that in the last 12 months they have sent money to anyone who lives in the Asian country where they,

93、their family or ancestors come from Note:Origin groups include those who self-identify with one Asian origin only.Responses for Chinese adults do not include those who report being Taiwanese.Responses for Taiwanese adults not shown separately due to insufficient sample size.Share of respondents who

94、didnt offer an answer or gave other answers not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Asian Americans,Charitable Giving and Remittances”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 271042363163337321338133723All Asian adultsChineseFilipinoIndianJapaneseKoreanVietnameseOtherForeign b

95、ornU.S.bornHave immediate family inWould move toWould not move toAmong Asian adults who _ their Asian country of originDo not have immediate family in17 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org By nativity Asian immigrants are more than twice as likely as U.S.-born Asian adults to say they have sent

96、remittances in the 12 months before the survey(32%vs.13%).Among immigrants,those who arrived in the U.S.more recently are somewhat more likely than longtime residents to say they have sent remittances:37%of Asian immigrants who have lived in the U.S.for 20 years or less say they have sent remittance

97、s in the last year.28%of Asian immigrants who have lived in the U.S.for more than 20 years say the same.Among those born in the U.S.,third-or higher-generation Asian Americans are the least likely to say they have sent money to someone in their Asian country of origin.Only 4%say they have done so,co

98、mpared with 15%of second-generation Asian adults.By ties to ancestral homeland Among Asian adults who have immediate family living in their Asian ancestral homeland,38%say they have sent remittances in the last year.A much smaller share of those who do not have family there(13%)say the same.The surv

99、ey also asked Asian adults whether they would move(or,in some cases,move back)to the place in Asia they or their ancestors are from.Remittance patterns differ by their answers to this question:Among Asian adults who say they would consider moving to their Asian country of origin,37%say they sent rem

100、ittances in the year before the survey.Among those who would not consider moving there,23%say the same.18 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org By education and income There are no large differences by education or income in whether Asian Americans have sent remittances to their country of origin.

101、Across these groups,about three-in-ten or fewer say they have done so in the year before the survey.For example,30%of those with a high school diploma or less and 26%with a postgraduate degree say they sent money.Likewise,similar shares of those with a family income of less than$30,000 and those wit

102、h a family income of$150,000 or more say the same(20%and 26%,respectively).By religion Across major religious groups,Asian adults who are religiously unaffiliated are the least likely to say they have sent money to anyone who lives in their Asian country of origin.Similarly,remittance sending is lin

103、ked to how important religion is in Asian Americans lives:39%of Asian adults who say religion is very important in their life have sent remittances in the 12 months before being asked.15%of Asian adults who say religion is not too or not at all important have done the same.Asian adults who see relig

104、ion as very important are more likely to have sent remittances to their country of origin%of Asian adults who say that in the last 12 months they have sent money to anyone who lives in the Asian country where they,their family or ancestors come from Note:“Other”includes religious groups with sample

105、sizes too small to report separately,including Sikhs,Daoists and Jews.“Unaffiliated”includes those who identify as atheist,agnostic or“nothing in particular.”Lines surrounding data points represent the margin of error of each estimate.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer or gave other answ

106、ers not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Asian Americans,Charitable Giving and Remittances”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 27343237413112393215050100Very importantSomewhat importantAll Asian adultsChristianBuddhistHinduMuslimOtherUnaffiliatedAmong those who say rel

107、igion is _ in their lifeNot too/Not at all important19 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Why do Asian Americans send remittances?Among Asian adults who have sent money to someone in their Asian ancestral homeland in the year before the survey,the most common reasons are to help with ordinary e

108、xpenses like food and clothing(63%)and health expenses(50%).Smaller shares of Asian adults who sent remittances say they have sent the money for a marriage or funeral(35%);for a large purchase,like appliances or home improvements(19%);or to save or invest(16%).Fewer than one-in-ten say the money was

109、 for importing products or services to the U.S.(7%)or for a business outside the U.S.(6%).Additionally,about a third of Asian adults(36%)say they sent remittances for another reason not specified in the survey.(The survey did not ask respondents what that reason was.)Among Asian adults who sent remi

110、ttances,there are some demographic differences in the reasons for sending money.By origin Korean adults are less likely than Filipino,Indian and Vietnamese adults to say they sent remittances for ordinary expenses,health expenses or a large purchase.3 Among those who say they have sent remittances i

111、n the year prior:28%of Korean adults say they sent money for ordinary expenses,compared with 72%of Filipino,61%of Indian and 61%of Vietnamese adults.21%of Korean adults sent money for health expenses,compared with 55%of Filipino,56%of Indian and 42%of Vietnamese adults.4%of Korean adults sent money

112、for a large purchase,compared with 28%of Filipino,18%of Indian and 14%of Vietnamese adults.3 Findings for additional Asian origin groups are not reported separately due to insufficient sample size.20 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org By family ties Asian adults with immediate family living in

113、their Asian country of origin were more likely than those without family there to say they sent money for a large purchase(22%vs.11%).By education Asian Americans with some college experience or less were more likely to say they sent money for a marriage or funeral,compared with those with a bachelo

114、rs degree or more(42%.vs.29%).Remittance flows from the U.S.to Asian origin countries The U.S.is by far the worlds largest remittance-sending nation,in part because it also has the largest immigrant population of any country.In 2021,Asian Americans places of origin collectively received about$63 bil

115、lion in remittances from the U.S.4 The Asian countries that are the largest receivers of U.S.remittances broadly coincide with the most common origin countries for Asian Americans India,the Philippines,China,Vietnam,South Korea and Japan.These six countries received about$55 billion from the U.S.in

116、2021.5 India,the Philippines and China were also among the five largest receivers of U.S.remittances globally in 2021.Each country received over$10 billion in remittances from the U.S.that year.Vietnam,Korea and Japan received less in remittances from the U.S.,but remittances from the U.S.made up a

117、larger share of total remittances received by each of these countries in 2021(over 40%).4 In this analysis,remittance flows to Asian Americans places of origin from the U.S.refers to World Bank estimates for Bangladesh,Bhutan,Brunei,Cambodia,China,Hong Kong,India,Indonesia,Japan,North Korea,South Ko

118、rea,Laos,Macao,Malaysia,Maldives,Mongolia,Myanmar,Nepal,Pakistan,the Philippines,Singapore,Sri Lanka,Thailand,Timor-Leste and Vietnam.Remittance flows for China do not include those for Hong Kong,Macao or Taiwan,and the World Bank does not release separate estimates for Taiwan.The categorization of

119、these countries or locations as places of origin for the U.S.Asian population follows the U.S.Census Bureaus categorization of Asian origin prior to the 2020 decennial census,which did not categorize Central Asians,such as Afghans and Kazakhs,as Asian.For a detailed list of the bureaus origin and ra

120、ce categorization,refer to Appendix F of the 2020 Census State Redistricting Data Summary File.5 These countries are the six largest Asian origin countries for those living in the U.S.,but not the six Asian origin countries that received the largest amount of money in remittances from the U.S.in 202

121、1.The World Bank estimates that Pakistan received$2.5 billion from the U.S.in remittances in 2021,which would rank it higher than Japan,which received about$2.3 billion.21 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Overall,remittances generally do not make up significant shares of these Asian origin co

122、untries overall gross domestic product.The exception is the Philippines,where nearly one-tenth(9.3%)of the countrys economy came from migrant remittances in 2021,and 3.3%came from remittances sent through the U.S.alone.Many Asian origin countries,such as the Philippines and India,have developed prog

123、rams to recognize their diasporas living abroad and their potential contributions to the country,including through remittances.Remittances to the six largest Asian origin countries in the U.S.,2021 In millions of 2021 U.S.dollars(unless otherwise specified)Receiving country Total remittances receive

124、d Remittances received from the U.S.%total remittances received from the U.S.Gross domestic product%of GDP from total remittances%of GDP from U.S.remittances India 89,400 15,800 18%3,150,300 2.8%0.5%Philippines 36,700 12,800 35%394,100 9.3%3.3%China 53,000 12,700 24%17,820,500 0.3%0.1%Vietnam 18,100

125、 7,900 44%366,100 4.9%2.2%South Korea 7,700 3,700 48%1,818,400 0.4%0.2%Japan 5,300 2,300 44%5,005,500 0.1%0.0%Note:Figures are rounded to the nearest$100 million.All numbers are in 2021(nominal)U.S.dollars.Selected countries are listed in decreasing order of U.S.remittances received in 2021.Remittan

126、ce flows for China do not include those for Hong Kong,Macao or Taiwan.Percentages are calculated from unrounded numbers.Source:KNOMAD/World Bank Bilaterial Remittance Matrix 2021 as of December 2022 and World Bank national accounts data/OECD National Accounts data files.“Asian Americans,Charitable G

127、iving and Remittances”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 22 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Acknowledgments Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts,its primary funder.The Centers Asian American portfolio was funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts,with generous support from The Asian A

128、merican Foundation;Chan Zuckerberg Initiative DAF,an advised fund of the Silicon Valley Community Foundation;the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation;the Henry Luce Foundation;the Doris Duke Foundation;The Wallace H.Coulter Foundation;The Dirk and Charlene Kabcenell Foundation;The Long Family Foundation;L

129、u-Hebert Fund;Gee Family Foundation;Joseph Cotchett;the Julian Abdey and Sabrina Moyle Charitable Fund;and Nanci Nishimura.We would also like to thank the Leaders Forum for its thought leadership and valuable assistance in helping make this survey possible.The strategic communications campaign used

130、to promote the research was made possible with generous support from the Doris Duke Foundation.This report was written by Carolyne Im,research assistant,and Abby Budiman,temporary research associate.Many individuals contributed to this studys design,data collection and methodology.This survey and th

131、e subsequent reports from it would not be possible without Associate Director of Survey Methods Ashley Amaya,who designed the surveys methodology,managed the long fielding period with Westat and helped with the questionnaire development.The entire survey project was expertly managed by Research Asso

132、ciate Luis Noe-Bustamante.Noe-Bustamante also managed a team that carried out the surveys data processing and included Budiman,Im,Research Methodologist Arnold Lau and former Research Assistant Lauren Mora.Neil Ruiz,head of new research initiatives,and former Research Associate Sunny Shao led the de

133、velopment of the survey questionnaire with help from Amaya,Research Associate Khadijah Edwards,Research Assistant Mohamad Moslimani,Mora and Noe-Bustamante.Senior Demographer Jeffrey Passel provided advice on the demographic analysis.Pew Research Center is also grateful to Westats Mike Brick,Ismael

134、Flores Cervantes,Eric Jodts and Hanna Popick for their many contributions to this project.Mark Hugo Lopez,director of race and ethnicity research,provided editorial guidance over the project,including the survey questionnaire,and related products.Lopez;Sahana Mukherjee,associate director of race and

135、 ethnicity research;and Ruiz provided editorial guidance over the 23 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org report.Associate Director John Gramlich,Senior Researcher Besheer Mohamed,and Research Associates Michael Rotolo and Ziyao Tian also provided advice on the report.The report was number-checke

136、d by Moslimani.Senior Copy Editor David Kent copy edited the report.The report was produced by Digital Producer Sara Atske.The communications and outreach strategy for the report was led by Senior Communications Manager Hannah Klein,with help from Senior Communications Manager Tanya Arditi.The chart

137、s were designed by Im and Information Graphics Designer John Carlo Mandapat.Pew Research Center is grateful to a panel of expert advisers who provided advice at all stages of this survey and reports development:Yn L Espiritu,Distinguished Professor of Ethnic Studies at University of California,San D

138、iego;Devesh Kapur,Starr Foundation Professor of South Asian Studies at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies;Anthony Christian Ocampo,Professor of Sociology at California State Polytechnic University,Pomona;Karthick Ramakrishnan,Professor of Public Policy at the University of Califo

139、rnia,Riverside;Janelle Wong,Professor of American Studies and Asian American Studies at the University of Maryland;and Yang Sao Xiong,Assistant Professor at College of Social Sciences at California State University,Fresno.Find related reports online at www.pewresearch.org/AsianAmericans.24 PEW RESEA

140、RCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Methodology The data in this report is drawn from a national cross-sectional survey conducted for Pew Research Center by Westat.The sampling design of the survey was an address-based sampling(ABS)approach,supplemented by list samples,to reach a nationally representativ

141、e group of respondents.The survey was fielded July 5,2022,through Jan.27,2023.Self-administered screening interviews were conducted with a total of 36,469 U.S.adults either online or by mail,resulting in 7,006 interviews with Asian American adults.It is these 7,006 Asian Americans who are the focus

142、of this report.After accounting for the complex sample design and loss of precision due to weighting,the margin of sampling error for these respondents is plus or minus 2.1 percentage points at the 95%level of confidence.The survey was administered in two stages.In the first stage,a short screening

143、survey was administered to a national sample of U.S.adults to collect basic demographics and determine a respondents eligibility for the extended survey of Asian Americans.Screener respondents were considered eligible for the extended survey if they self-identified as Asian(alone or in combination w

144、ith any other race or ethnicity).Note that all individuals who self-identified as Asian were asked to complete the extended survey.To maintain consistency with the Census Bureaus definition of“Asian,”individuals Survey of Asian American adults margins of sampling error Group Unweighted sample size 9

145、5%margin of error(pctg.points)All Asian adults 7,006 2.1 Chinese,excluding Taiwanese 1,617 3.8 Filipino 1,051 5.6 Indian 897 5.3 Japanese 294 8.6 Korean 1,146 5.1 Taiwanese 126 12.4 Vietnamese 935 5.1 Other 377 7.3 Two or more Asian ethnicities 440 9.2 Men 3,949 2.9 Women 2,930 3.2 Ages 18-29 684 5.

146、9 30-49 2,766 3.3 50-64 1,990 4.0 65+1,564 4.6 Bachelors+5,279 2.2 Some college 1,097 4.6 HS or less 603 6.5 U.S.born 1,900 4.2 Foreign born 5,036 2.4 0-10 years in U.S.724 5.7 More than 10 years in U.S.3,946 2.8 Christian 2,827 3.6 Protestant 1,468 4.7 Evangelical Prot.979 5.7 Nonevangelical Prot.4

147、87 8.2 Catholic 1,331 5.5 Buddhist 839 6.2 Hindu 559 6.3 Note:Unweighted sample sizes do not account for the surveys sample design or weighting and do not describe a groups contribution to weighted estimates.For details,refer to“Sample design”and“Weighting and variance estimation”in this methodology

148、.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 25 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org responding as Asian but who self-identified with origins that did not meet the bureaus official standards prior to the 2020 decennial census were considered inelig

149、ible and were not asked to complete the extended survey or were removed from the final sample.Those excluded were people solely of Southwest Asian descent(e.g.,Lebanese,Saudi),those with Central Asian origins(e.g.,Afghan,Uzbek)as well as various other non-Asian origins.The impact of excluding these

150、groups is small,as together they represent about 1%-2%of the national U.S.Asian population,according to Pew Research Center tabulations of the 2021 American Community Survey.Eligible survey respondents were asked in the extended survey how they identified ethnically(for example:Chinese,Filipino,Indi

151、an,Korean,Vietnamese,or some other ethnicity with a write-in option).Note that survey respondents were asked about their ethnicity rather than nationality.For methodological purposes(such as the sample design,weighting and variance estimation)respondents were classified based on their ethnicity.For

152、example,those classified as Chinese in the survey methodology are those self-identifying as of Chinese ethnicity,rather than necessarily being a citizen or former citizen of the Peoples Republic of China.Since this is an ethnicity,classification of survey respondents as Chinese also includes those w

153、ho are Taiwanese.This report,however,classifies respondents based on their Asian origin to discuss differences among origin groups in their financial and philanthropic ties to their places of Asian origin.For example,it details the responses of self-identified Chinese-origin respondents separately f

154、rom those of self-identified Taiwanese-origin respondents.In the remainder of this methodology statement,references to Chinese respondents refer to those who are ethnically Chinese and therefore includes those who report being Taiwanese.The research plan for this project was submitted to Westats ins

155、titutional review board(IRB),which is an independent committee of experts that specializes in helping to protect the rights of research participants.Due to the minimal risks associated with this questionnaire content and the population of interest,this research underwent an expedited review and rece

156、ived approval(approval#FWA 00005551).Throughout this methodology statement,the terms“extended survey”and“extended questionnaire”refer to the extended survey of Asian Americans that is the focus of this report,and“eligible adults”and“eligible respondents”refer to those individuals who met its eligibi

157、lity criteria,unless otherwise noted.Sample design The survey had a complex sample design constructed to maximize efficiency in reaching Asian American adults while also supporting reliable,national estimates for the population as a whole 26 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org and for the five l

158、argest ethnic groups(Chinese,Filipino,Indian,Korean and Vietnamese).Asian American adults include those who self-identify as Asian,either alone or in combination with other races or Hispanic identity.The main sample frame of the 2022-2023 Asian American Survey is an address-based sample(ABS).The ABS

159、 frame of addresses was derived from the USPS Computerized Delivery Sequence file.It is maintained by Marketing Systems Group(MSG)and is updated monthly.MSG geocodes their entire ABS frame,so block,block group,and census tract characteristics from the decennial census and the American Community Surv

160、ey(ACS)could be appended to addresses and used for sampling and data collection.All addresses on the ABS frame were geocoded to a census tract.Census tracts were then grouped into three strata based on the density of Asian American adults,defined as the proportion of Asian American adults among all

161、adults in the tract.The three strata were defined as:High density:Tracts with an Asian American adult density of 10%or higher Medium density:Tracts with a density of 3%to less than 10%Low density:Tracts with a density less than 3%Mailing addresses in census tracts from the lowest density stratum,str

162、ata 3,were excluded from the sampling frame.As a result,the frame excluded 54.1%of the 2020 census tracts,making up 49.1%of the U.S.adult population,including 9.1%of adults who self-identified as Asian alone or in combination with other races or Hispanic ethnicity.For the largest five Asian ethnic s

163、ubgroups,Filipinos had the largest percentage of excluded adults with 6.8%,while Indians had the lowest with 4.2%of the adults.Addresses were then sampled from the two remaining strata.This stratification and the assignment of differential sampling rates to the strata were critical design components

164、 because of the rareness of the Asian American adult population.Despite oversampling of the high-and medium-density Asian American strata in the ABS sample,the ABS sample was not expected to efficiently yield the required number of completed interviews for some ethnic subgroups.Therefore,the ABS sam

165、ple was supplemented with samples from the specialized surnames list frames maintained by the MSG.These list frames identify households using commercial databases linked to addresses and telephone numbers.The individuals surnames in these lists could be classified by likely ethnic origin.Westat requ

166、ested MSG to produce five list frames:Chinese,Filipino,Indian,Korean and Vietnamese.The lists were subset 27 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org to include only cases with a mailing address.Addresses sampled from the lists,unlike those sampled from the ABS frame,were not limited to high-and medi

167、um-density census tracts.Once an address was sampled from either the ABS frame or the surname lists,an invitation was mailed to the address.The invitation requested that the adult in the household with the next birthday complete the survey.Data collection To maximize response,the survey used a seque

168、ntial mixed-mode protocol in which sampled households were first directed to respond online and later mailed a paper version of the questionnaire if they did not respond online.The first mailing was a letter introducing the survey and providing the information necessary(URL and unique PIN)for online

169、 response.A pre-incentive of$2 was included in the mailing.This and remaining screener recruitment letters focused on the screener survey,without mentioning the possibility of eligibility for a longer survey and associated promised incentive,since most people would only be asked to complete the shor

170、t screening survey.It was important for all Sample allocation and Asian American incidence by sampling frame Sampling frame Addresses sampled Completed screeners N of screened adults eligible for extended interview N of eligible adults who completed extended interview Combined 268,929 37,137 9,466 7

171、,369 Address-based sample 218,992 29,872 4,569 3,610 High-density stratum 172,692 23,460 4,284 3,372 Medium-density stratum 46,300 6,412 285 238 Chinese surname list sample 2,643 468 334 283 Filipino surname list sample 15,491 1,991 1,168 841 Indian surname list sample 5,241 668 469 363 Broad surnam

172、e definition 3,999 479 329 257 Narrow surname definition 1,242 189 140 106 Korean surname list sample 9,998 1,801 1,227 974 Vietnamese surname list sample 11,323 1,669 1,230 935 Note:The survey utilized two sampling frames to maximize efficiency in reaching Asian American adults while also supportin

173、g reliable,national estimates for the Asian adult population and the five largest ethnic groups(Chinese,Filipino,Indian,Korean and Vietnamese).The first sampling frame was an address-based sample(ABS).The ABS was not expected to efficiently yield the required number of completed interviews for some

174、ethnic subgroups.Therefore,the ABS was supplemented with samples from specialized surname list frames.Combined totals do not sum to the sample size of 7,006 since 363 respondents completed the survey but were removed from the final sample because they did not meet eligibility requirements.Source:Sur

175、vey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 28 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org households to complete the screening survey,not just those who identify as Asian American.As such,the invitation did not mention that the extended survey would focus on topic

176、s surrounding the Asian American experience.The invitation was generic to minimize the risk of nonresponse bias due to topic salience bias.After one week,Westat sent a postcard reminder to all sampled individuals,followed three weeks later by a reminder letter to nonrespondents.Approximately 8.5 wee

177、ks after the initial mailing,Westat sent nonrespondents a paper version screening survey,which was a four-page booklet(one folded 1117 paper)and a postage-paid return envelope in addition to the cover letter.If no response was obtained from those four mailings,no further contact was made.Eligible ad

178、ults who completed the screening interview on the web were immediately asked to continue with the extended questionnaire.If an eligible adult completed the screener online but did not complete the extended interview,Westat sent them a reminder letter.This was performed on a rolling basis when it had

179、 been at least one week since the web breakoff.Names were not collected until the end of the web survey,so these letters were addressed to“Recent Participant.”If an eligible respondent completed a paper screener,Westat mailed them the extended survey and a postage-paid return envelope.This was sent

180、weekly as completed paper screeners arrived.Westat followed these paper mailings with a reminder postcard.Later,Westat sent a final paper version via FedEx to eligible adults who had not completed the extended interview online or by paper.Incentives A pre-incentive of$2(in the form of two$1 bills)wa

181、s sent to all sampled addresses with the first letter,which provided information about how to complete the survey online.This and subsequent screener invitations only referred to the pre-incentive without reference to the possibility of later promised incentives.Respondents who completed the screeni

182、ng survey and were found eligible were offered a promised incentive of$10 to go on and complete the extended survey.All participants who completed the extended web survey were offered their choice of a$10 A gift code instantly or$10 cash mailed.All participants who completed the survey via paper wer

183、e mailed a$10 cash incentive.In December 2022 a mailing was added for eligible respondents who had completed a screener questionnaire,either by web or paper but who had not yet completed the extended survey.It was sent to those who had received their last mailing in the standard sequence at least fo

184、ur weeks 29 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org earlier.It included a cover letter,a paper copy of the extended survey,and a business reply envelope,and was assembled in a 9x12 envelope with a$1 bill made visible through the envelope window.In the last month of data collection,an additional mail

185、ing was added to boost the number of Vietnamese respondents.A random sample of 4,000 addresses from the Vietnamese surname list and 2,000 addresses from the ABS frame who were flagged as likely Vietnamese were sent another copy of the first invitation letter,which contained web login credentials but

186、 no paper copy of the screener.This was sent in a No.10 envelope with a wide window and was assembled with a$1 bill visible through the envelope window.Languages The mail and web screening and extended surveys were developed in English and translated into Chinese(Simplified and Traditional),Hindi,Ko

187、rean,Tagalog and Vietnamese.For web,the landing page was displayed in English initially but included banners at the top and bottom of the page that allowed respondents to change the displayed language.Once in the survey,a dropdown button at the top of each page was available to respondents to toggle

188、 between languages.The paper surveys were also formatted into all six languages.Recipients thought to be more likely to use a specific language option,based on supplemental information in the sampling frame or their address location,were sent a paper screener in that language in addition to an Engli

189、sh screener questionnaire.Those receiving a paper extended instrument were sent the extended survey in the language in which the screener was completed.For web,respondents continued in their selected language from the screener.Weighting and variance estimation Household-level weighting The first ste

190、p in weighting was creating a base weight for each sampled mailing address to account for its probability of selection into the sample.The base weight for mailing address k is called BWk and is defined as the inverse of its probability of selection.The ABS sample addresses had a probability of selec

191、tion based on the stratum from which they were sampled.The supplemental samples(i.e.,Chinese,Filipino,Indian,Korean and Vietnamese surname lists)also had a probability of selection from the list frames.Because all of the addresses in the list frames are also included in the ABS frame,these addresses

192、 had multiple opportunities for these addresses to be selected,and the base weights include an adjustment to account for their higher probability of selection.30 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Each sampled mailing address was assigned to one of four categories according to its final screene

193、r disposition.The categories were 1)household with a completed screener interview,2)household with an incomplete screener interview,3)ineligible(i.e.,not a household,which were primarily postmaster returns),and 4)addresses for which status was unknown(i.e.,addresses that were not identified as undel

194、iverable by the USPS but from which no survey response was received).The second step in the weighting process was adjusting the base weight to account for occupied households among those with unknown eligibility(category 4).Previous ABS studies have found that about 13%of all addresses in the ABS fr

195、ame were either vacant or not home to anyone in the civilian,non-institutionalized adult population.For this survey,it was assumed that 87%of all sampled addresses from the ABS frame were eligible households.However,this value was not appropriate for the addresses sampled from the list frames,which

196、were expected to have a higher proportion of households as these were maintained lists.For the list samples,the occupied household rate was computed as the proportion of list cases in category 3 compared to all resolved list cases(i.e.,the sum of categories 1 through 3).The base weights for the shar

197、e of category 4 addresses(unknown eligibility)assumed to be eligible were then allocated to cases in categories 1 and 2(known households)so that the sum of the combined category 1 and 2 base weights equaled the number of addresses assumed to be eligible in each frame.The category 3 ineligible addres

198、ses were given a weight of zero.The next step was adjusting for nonresponse for households without a completed screener interview to create a final household weight.This adjustment allocated the weights of nonrespondents(category 2)to those of respondents(category 1)within classes defined by the cro

199、ss-classification of sampling strata,census region,and sample type(e.g.,ABS and list supplemental samples).Those classes with fewer than 50 sampled addresses or large adjustment factors were collapsed with nearby cells within the sample type.Given the large variance in the household weights among th

200、e medium density ABS stratum,final household weights for addresses within this stratum were capped at 300.Weighting of extended survey respondents The extended interview nonresponse adjustment began by assigning each case that completed the screener interview to one of three dispositions:1)eligible

201、adult completed the extended interview;2)eligible adult did not complete the extended interview;and 3)not eligible for the extended interview.31 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org An initial adult base weight was calculated for the cases with a completed extended interview as the product of the

202、 truncated number of adults in the household(max value of 3)and the household weight.This adjustment accounted for selecting one adult in each household.The final step in the adult weighting was calibrating the adult weights for those who completed the extended interview so that the calibrated weigh

203、ts(i.e.,the estimated number of adults)aligned with benchmarks for noninstitutionalized Asian adults from the 2016-2020 American Community Surveys Public Use Microdata Sample(PUMS).Specifically,raking was used to calibrate the weights on the following dimensions:1.Ethnic group(Chinese,Filipino,India

204、n,Japanese,Korean,Vietnamese,other single Asian ethnicities,and multiple Asian ethnicities)2.Collapsed ethnic group(Chinese,Filipino,Indian,Korean,Vietnamese,all other single and multiple Asian ethnicities)by age group 3.Collapsed ethnic group by sex 4.Collapsed ethnic group by census region 5.Colla

205、psed ethnic group by education 6.Collapsed ethnic group by housing tenure 7.Collapsed ethnic group by nativity 8.Income group by number of persons in the household The control totals used in raking were based on the entire population of Asian American adults(including those who live in the excluded

206、stratum)to correct for both extended interview nonresponse and undercoverage from excluding the low-density stratum in the ABS frame.Variance estimation Because the modeled estimates used in the weighting are themselves subject to sampling error,variance estimation and tests of statistical significa

207、nce were performed using the grouped jackknife estimator(JK2).One hundred sets of replicates were created by deleting a group of cases within each stratum from each replicate and doubling the weights for a corresponding set of cases 32 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org in the same stratum.The

208、entire weighting and modeling process was performed on the full sample and then separately repeated for each replicate.The result is a total of 101 separate weights for each respondent that have incorporated the variability from the complex sample design.6 Response rates Westat assigned all sampled

209、cases a result code for their participation in the screener,and then they assigned a result for the extended questionnaire for those who were eligible for the survey of Asian Americans.Two of the dispositions warrant some discussion.One is the category“4.313 No such address.”This category is for add

210、resses that were returned by the U.S.Postal Service as not being deliverable.This status indicates the address,which was on the USPS Delivery Sequence File at the time of sampling,currently is not occupied or no longer exists.The second category is“4.90 Other.”This category contains 588 addresses th

211、at were never mailed because they had a drop count of greater than four.Drop points are addresses with multiple households that share the same address.The information available in the ABS frame on drop points is limited to the number of drop points at the address,without information on the type of h

212、ouseholds at the drop point,or how they should be labeled for mailing purposes.In this survey,all drop points were eligible for sampling,but only those with drop point counts of four or fewer were mailed.Westat treated drop point counts of five or more as out of scope,and no mailing was done for tho

213、se addresses.Westat used the disposition results to compute response rates consistent with AAPOR definitions.The response rates are weighted by the base weight to account for the differential sampling in this survey.The AAPOR RR3 response rate to the screening interview was 17.0%.7 The RR1 response

214、rate to the extended Asian American interview(77.9%)is the number of eligible adults completing the questionnaire over the total sampled for that extended questionnaire.The overall response rate is the product of the screener response rate and the conditional response rate for the extended questionn

215、aire.The overall response rate for the Asian American sample in the Pew Research Center survey was 13.3%(17.0%x 77.9%).6 For additional details on jackknife replication,refer to Rust,K.F.,and J.N.K.Rao.1996.“Variance estimation for complex surveys using replication techniques.”Statistical Methods in

216、 Medical Research.7 The weighted share of unscreened households assumed to be eligible for the screener interview(occupied“e”)was 87%.33 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org AAPOR disposition codes Dispositions for the screening interview stage AAPOR code Description of cases Count 1.1 Complete C

217、ompleted the last screener question on the web survey or returned a paper screener with at least one response.36,469 2.1 Refusal&break off Began the web survey but did not complete the screening portion.1,057 2.11 Refusal Contacted by phone or email to refuse or wrote a refusal message on returned m

218、ail.1,389 2.113 Blank questionnaire mailed back,“implicit refusal”Sent a blank paper screening survey back in the reply envelope.93 2.27 Completed questionnaire,but not returned during field period Returned the paper screener questionnaire after the end of the data collection period.51 2.31 Death(in

219、cluding USPS category:Deceased)USPS returned undelivered due to deceased person at address.17 3.19 Nothing ever returned Respondent did not log into website and did not return a paper screener.Additionally,USPS did not return anything as undeliverable.203,611 4.313 No such address Mail was returned

220、as undeliverable.20,413 4.90 Other Cases with greater than 4 drop points were not sent any mailings.588 Dispositions for the extended interview stage AAPOR code Description of cases Count 1.1 Complete Completed the last question on the web survey or returned a paper survey and had less than 65%item

221、nonresponse.7,006 2.10 Refusal&break off Did not complete the web survey or did not return the paper survey.1,790 2.11 Refusal Contacted by phone or email to refuse or wrote a refusal message on returned mail.11 2.113 Blank questionnaire mailed back,“implicit refusal”Sent a blank paper survey back i

222、n the reply envelope.40 2.20 Non-contact Attempts to re-contact for the survey were returned undeliverable.69 2.27 Completed questionnaire,but not returned during field period Returned the paper survey after the end of the data collection period.80 2.31 Death(including USPS category:Deceased)USPS re

223、turned undelivered due to deceased person at address.1 4.90 Other Post-data collection cleaning found ineligible cases.69 Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 34 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Appendix:Supplemental tables Among Asian a

224、dults who sent remittances,reasons for sending money by origin,education,and family ties in their Asian country of origin Among Asian adults who sent remittances in the last 12 months,%who say they sent the money for Ordinary expenses*Health expenses Another reason A marriage or funeral A large purc

225、hase*Saving or investing Importing products or services to the U.S.A business outside the U.S.All Asian adults 63 50 36 35 19 16 7 6 Origin Filipino 72 55 47 39 28 15 5 4 Indian 61 56 24 30 18 23 5 8 Korean 28 21 58 35 4 19 6 4 Vietnamese 61 42 35 47 14 14 13 3 Education Some college or less 68 49 3

226、1 42 19 12 8 8 Bachelors+59 52 40 29 19 20 5 4 Family ties in Asian country of origin Have immediate family in Asian country of origin 63 52 37 34 22 18 7 5 Do not have immediate family in Asian country of origin 61 44 32 39 11 11 6 9*Full response was“ordinary expenses such as food and clothing.”*F

227、ull response was“a large purchase such as an appliance or home improvement.”Note:The question was asked among those who said they sent money to anyone who lives in the Asian country where they,their family or ancestors come from.Origin groups include those who self-identify with one Asian origin onl

228、y.Responses for Chinese,Japanese,Taiwanese and Asian adults who belong to less populous origin groups not shown separately due to insufficient sample size.“Some college or less”includes those with an associate degree and those who attended college but did not obtain a degree.Share of respondents who

229、 didnt offer an answer or gave other answer not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,2023.“Asian Americans,Charitable Giving and Remittances”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 35 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Demographics of Asian Americans who gave to charitable orga

230、nizations in the U.S.,their Asian country of origin or both%of U.S.Asian adults Among Asian adults who,in the last 12 months,have donated or volunteered to a charitable organization in The U.S.,their Asian country of origin or both The U.S.Their Asian country of origin All U.S.Asian adults Origin Ch

231、inese 19 19 11 21 Filipino 19 19 16 17 Indian 21 21 31 20 Japanese 6 6 2 6 Korean 8 8 7 8 Vietnamese 9 9 11 9 Other 13 13 18 14 Nativity Foreign born 71 71 84 72 U.S.born 28 29 15 27 Family ties in Asian country of origin Have immediate family in Asian country of origin 53 51 71 54 Do not have immed

232、iate family in Asian country of origin 47 48 29 45 Religious affiliation Christian 36 37 33 34 Buddhist 10 10 14 11 Hindu 11 11 20 11 Muslim 6 6 11 6 Other 4 4 4 4 Unaffiliated 29 29 18 32 Education HS or less 11 10 17 15 Some college 31 31 24 34 Bachelors 24 24 24 22 Postgrad 34 35 35 29 (Continued

233、 below)PEW RESEARCH CENTER 36 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Demographics of Asian Americans who gave to charitable organizations in the U.S.,their Asian country of origin or both(continued)%of U.S.Asian adults Among Asian adults who,in the last 12 months,have donated or volunteered to a ch

234、aritable organization in The U.S.,their Asian country of origin or both The U.S.Their Asian country of origin All U.S.Asian adults Income$30K 7 6 10 12$30K-$75K 19 19 21 22$75K-$100K 11 11 10 11$100K-$150K 20 20 17 19$150K+38 39 37 32 Gender Men 45 45 47 46 Women 54 54 52 52 Party Rep/Lean Rep 32 32

235、 35 33 Dem/Lean Dem 63 64 59 62 Note:Origin groups include those who self-identify with one Asian origin only.Origin groups shown are ranked alphabetically and are the six largest by population.Responses for Chinese adults and“Other”Asian adults do not include those who report being Taiwanese.Respon

236、ses for those who identify as Taiwanese or with two or more Asian origins not shown separately.“Other”religious affiliation includes religious groups with sample sizes too small to report separately,including Sikhs,Daoists and Jews.“Unaffiliated”includes those who identify as atheist,agnostic or“not

237、hing in particular.”Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer not shown.“Some college”includes those with an associate degree and those who attended college but did not obtain a degree.Income refers to family income in 2021.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022-Jan.27,202

238、3.“Asian Americans,Charitable Giving and Remittances”PEW RESEARCH CENTER 37 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Topline PEW RESEARCH CENTER SURVEY OF ASIAN AMERICANS July 5,2022-January 27,2023 ASIAN AMERICANS TOTAL N=7,006 Note:“ASIAN AMERICANS”REFERS TO ASIAN U.S.ADULTS.ALL NUMBERS ARE PERCENT

239、AGES UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED.PERCENTAGES GREATER THAN ZERO BUT LESS THAN 0.5%ARE REPLACED BY AN ASTERISK(*).A HYPHEN(-)INDICATES THAT THE SAMPLE SIZE FOR A GIVEN SUBGROUP IS TOO SMALL TO REPORT FOR THAT QUESTION.ROWS/COLUMNS MAY NOT TOTAL TO 100%DUE TO ROUNDING.IN THIS TOPLINE,“CHINESE”DOES NOT INCLU

240、DE THOSE WHO REPORT BEING TAIWANESE(AS INDICATED BY“w/o”FOR“WITHOUT”).THE SURVEY WAS DEVELOPED IN ENGLISH AND TRANSLATED INTO SIMPLIFIED CHINESE,TRADITIONAL CHINESE,HINDI,KOREAN,TAGALOG,AND VIETNAMESE.FOR MORE INFORMATION,REFER TO THE METHODOLOGY.OTHER QUESITONS HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE OR PREVIOUSLY

241、 RELEASED.Sample size Margin of error at 95%confidence level Total Asian American respondents 7,006+/-2.1 percentage points Chinese(w/o Taiwanese)respondents 1,617+/-3.8 points Filipino respondents 1,051+/-5.6 points Indian respondents 897+/-5.3 points Japanese respondents 294+/-8.6 points Korean re

242、spondents 1,146+/-5.1 points Vietnamese respondents 935+/-5.1 points SCREENER INTERVIEW ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE OR PREVIOUSLY RELEASED ASK ALL:DONATEUS_MOD In the past 12 months,have you volunteered or made a donation through a charitable organization in the U.S.?Asian Americans

243、 Chinese(w/o Taiwanese)Filipino Indian Japanese Korean Vietnamese Yes 64 58 70 68 72 64 61 No 35 41 29 30 26 35 38 No answer 1 1 *2 2 1 1 ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS PREVIOUSLY RELEASED 38 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org MAIN INTERVIEW ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE OR PREVIOUSLY RELE

244、ASED ASK ALL:ASN_Q56_MOD Do any of your immediate family members live in the Asian country where you,your family or ancestors come from?Asian Americans Chinese(w/o Taiwanese)Filipino Indian Japanese Korean Vietnamese Yes 54 48 50 70 32 51 53 No 45 50 49 30 67 48 46 No answer 1 1 *1 1 *ASK ALL:REMITT

245、ANCE1 In the last 12 months,have you sent money to anyone who lives in the Asian country where you,your family or ancestors come from?Asian Americans Chinese(w/o Taiwanese)Filipino Indian Japanese Korean Vietnamese Yes 27 10 42 36 3 16 33 No 72 89 57 64 97 83 66 No answer 1 1 *1 1 ASK IF SENT MONEY

246、TO ANYONE WHO LIVES IN ASIAN COUNTRY OF ORIGIN IN THE LAST 12 MONTHS(REMITTANCE1=1):REMITTANCE2 Why did you send money?RANDOMIZE ORDER OF A-G;LEAVE H LAST a.For ordinary expenses such as food and clothing Asian Americans Chinese(w/o Taiwanese)*Filipino Indian Japanese*Korean Vietnamese Yes 63 49 72

247、61-28 61 No 32 46 25 34-64 30 No answer 6 5 3 5-8 8 n=1,789 n=117 n=486 n=305 n=10 n=248 n=344 *Several subgroups had relatively small sample sizes.For Chinese adults,there were 117 respondents,an effective sample size of 53,and 95%confidence level margin of error of+/-13.5 percentage points.Those m

248、argins of error conservatively assume a reported percentage of 50%.Chinese adults do not include those who self-identify as Taiwanese.Data for Japanese adults is included in the total but not shown separately due to small sample size.39 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org REMITTANCE2 CONT:b.For

249、a large purchase such as an appliance or home improvement Asian Americans Chinese(w/o Taiwanese)*Filipino Indian Japanese*Korean Vietnamese Yes 19 10 28 18-4 14 No 72 76 68 73-84 74 No answer 9 14 4 8-12 11 n=1,789 n=117 n=486 n=305 n=10 n=248 n=344 c.To save or invest Asian Americans Chinese(w/o Ta

250、iwanese)*Filipino Indian Japanese*Korean Vietnamese Yes 16 8 15 23-19 14 No 74 78 80 70-69 74 No answer 9 14 5 7-13 12 n=1,789 n=117 n=486 n=305 n=10 n=248 n=344 d.For health expenses Asian Americans Chinese(w/o Taiwanese)*Filipino Indian Japanese*Korean Vietnamese Yes 50 27 55 56-21 42 No 43 61 42

251、39-66 52 No answer 7 12 4 5-13 6 n=1,789 n=117 n=486 n=305 n=10 n=248 n=344 e.For a marriage or funeral Asian Americans Chinese(w/o Taiwanese)*Filipino Indian Japanese*Korean Vietnamese Yes 35 14 39 30-35 47 No 57 72 57 65-58 47 No answer 8 13 5 5-7 6 n=1,789 n=117 n=486 n=305 n=10 n=248 n=344 f.For

252、 importing products or services to the U.S.Asian Americans Chinese(w/o Taiwanese)*Filipino Indian Japanese*Korean Vietnamese Yes 7 10 5 5-6 13 No 83 75 89 86-83 76 No answer 10 14 5 9-11 11 n=1,789 n=117 n=486 n=305 n=10 n=248 n=344 *Several subgroups had relatively small sample sizes.For Chinese ad

253、ults,there were 117 respondents,an effective sample size of 53,and 95%confidence level margin of error of+/-13.5 percentage points.Those margins of error conservatively assume a reported percentage of 50%.Chinese adults do not include those who self-identify as Taiwanese.Data for Japanese adults is

254、included in the total but not shown separately due to small sample size.40 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org REMITTANCE2 CONT:g.For a business outside of the U.S.Asian Americans Chinese(w/o Taiwanese)*Filipino Indian Japanese*Korean Vietnamese Yes 6 8 4 8-4 3 No 85 77 91 83-83 86 No answer 9 1

255、5 5 9-13 11 n=1,789 n=117 n=486 n=305 n=10 n=248 n=344 h.For another reason Asian Americans Chinese(w/o Taiwanese)*Filipino Indian Japanese*Korean Vietnamese Yes 36 30 47 24-58 35 No 55 49 48 66-31 54 No answer 9 21 5 10-11 11 n=1,789 n=117 n=486 n=305 n=10 n=248 n=344 ADDITIONAL QUESITONS HELD FOR

256、FUTURE RELEASE OR PREVIOUSLY RELEASED ASK ALL:DONATEFOREIGN In the past 12 months,have you volunteered or made a donation through a charitable organization in the Asian country where you or your ancestors are from?Asian Americans Chinese(w/o Taiwanese)Filipino Indian Japanese Korean Vietnamese Yes 2

257、0 10 18 31 6 18 24 No 78 87 80 67 92 80 73 No answer 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE OR PREVIOUSLY RELEASED *Several subgroups had relatively small sample sizes.For Chinese adults,there were 117 respondents,an effective sample size of 53,and 95%confidence level margin of error of+/-13.5 percentage points.Those margins of error conservatively assume a reported percentage of 50%.Chinese adults do not include those who self-identify as Taiwanese.Data for Japanese adults is included in the total but not shown separately due to small sample size.