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1、OECD Review of Fisheries 2025OECD Review of Fisheries2025This document,as well as any data and map included herein,are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory,to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory,city or area.The s

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11、ation in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration(PCA)Arbitration Rules 2012.The seat of arbitration shall be Paris(France).The number of arbitrators shall be one.3 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Foreword The 2025 edition of the Review of Fisheries comes at a critical juncture for

12、 international fisheries policy.This year will see the 3rd United Nations Ocean Conference take place in Nice as well as continued negotiations at the World Trade Organization on disciplines to eliminate environmentally harmful fisheries subsidies.Now,more than ever,countries require strong evidence

13、 to take concrete actions for sustainable fisheries.The OECD Review of Fisheries 2025 can help to provide just that.The Review presents unique country-level data on the health of fish resources,fisheries management policies,government support to the sector(including subsidies)and the overall perform

14、ance of the sector.It also features background material on climate change adaptation and mitigation in fisheries,as well as an initial exploration of gender issues in the sector.This years edition highlights that ensuring the sustainability of fish resources remains a challenge.While the majority of

15、 fish stocks that are scientifically assessed are healthy(81%),many are not abundant enough to allow for optimal productivity(41%).This means that with optimal management,the sector could contribute even more to the livelihoods of coastal communities and to local and global food systems.Further,the

16、knowledge base to sustainably manage fish stocks remains very limited in some countries.To overcome those limitations,the Review offers concrete suggestions for investment in knowledge-building and better fisheries regulation.The report also finds that public money could be better spent to support t

17、he sector and improve its resilience to shocks,including those caused by climate change.About USD 10 Billion were provided to fisheries,annually,in the countries and territories covered in the report between 2020 and2022,which is just over 10%of the value of landings.But 65%of this support was provi

18、ded though policies that risk driving unsustainable fishing if fishing is not managed effectively.Such support also risks harming the fishers governments want to help.In other words,there is significant opportunity for governments to better support the sector and the communities that rely on it,whil

19、e also better protecting Ocean ecosystems,by re-purposing and better targeting support.The Review also offers a framework that governments can use to identify priorities for reform.Reforms are already taking place.The balance of risks posed by government support has improved significantly since 2010

20、,with a marked reduction in policies that pose the highest risk(e.g.fuel subsidies)in favour of policies where the risk posed is less direct(e.g.income support).OECD Members have notably increased their spending on fisheries management,monitoring,control and surveillance,which is critical both to im

21、prove the health of resources and also reduce the risks posed by other types of support policies.This positive trend in spending on fisheries management is likely to also help countries respond to the challenges posed by climate change,which is already having a noticeable impact on fishers and fish

22、resources.In 2025,countries have a golden opportunity to leverage international processes to secure a sustainable and resilient future for both their fisheries sector and the Ocean ecosystems.However,co-ordinated efforts are needed to ensure these opportunities do not slip through the net.This editi

23、on of the Review offers data,evidence and recommendations that policymakers can use to accelerate and amplify reforms that support sustainable and resilient global fisheries.4 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Acknowledgements The 2025 edition of the OECD Review of Fisheries was prepared by th

24、e Fisheries and Aquaculture Unit of the OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate(TAD).It was authored and coordinated by Claire Delpeuch(Head of Unit),Will Symes(main author of Chapters 3,4,and 5),James Innes(main author of Chapters 6 and 7),Fabiana Cerasa(data management and author of Chapter 2),and

25、Amara Steven(main author of Chapter 8),with input from Lorena Rivera Orjuela,Maki Katsube,Peter McNamara,Juan Pablo Rosado,and Yeol-San Seong.Marion Jansen(TAD Director)and Guillaume Grure(Head of Division)provided strategic guidance.Data visualisation direction was provided by Marc Rgnier,while Cai

26、tlin Boros and Jennifer Allain provided editorial advice.Martina Abderrahmane and Michle Patterson prepared the report for publication.The team is grateful to the OECD Fisheries Committee Delegates for contributing data and expert input and feedback throughout the preparation of this report.The auth

27、ors also thank colleagues in partner organisations and OECD colleagues in other teams for their precious feedback:Carl-Christian Schmidt(Nordic Marine Think-Tank),Joo Nunes and Sainabou Taal(World Trade Organisation),Stefania Vanuccinni,Audun Lem,and Rishi Sharma(Food and Agriculture Organization of

28、 the United Nations),and Jess Antn,Florence Bossard,Hubertus Gay,Roger Martini,and Martin von Lampe(OECD).The team also thanks the speakers who participated in two expert workshops organised by the OECD in 2023,on Climate Change and Fisheries and Fostering Sustainable Aquaculture,which provided key

29、input for dedicated thematic chapters in the report:Bjrn sgrd,Franois Bastardie,Harry Beeson,Emilie Berger,Tim Benik,Danielle Blacklock,Eleanor Bors,Angel Calvo,Gemma Cripps,Laurent Daniel,Jean Davis,Hseyin Dede,Justine Garrett,Barry Green,Jo Heon-Ju,Nathalie Hilmi,Sara Hornborg,Ingrid Kelling,Megan

30、 Linwood,Cian Montague,Valentina ebalj,Paul Tacuri,Olivier Thbaud,Kjersti Vartdaland,and Dong-sik Woo.Finally,the team acknowledges the consultants who collected information on fisheries policies in the non-Member countries that do not directly participate in the work of the Fisheries Committee Germ

31、an Ponce Diaz and Alamu Rathinasabapathy.5 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Table of contents Foreword 3 Acknowledgements 4 Acronyms and abbreviations 9 Executive summary 10 1 An introduction to the 2025 edition of the OECD Review of Fisheries 14 1.1.What is the purpose of this Review and who

32、 is it for?15 1.2.Why are capture fisheries and aquaculture important and why should countries strive for better policies?15 1.3.What are some of the challenges facing the sector?16 1.4.What is the geographical coverage of this report?18 1.5.What can be found in this report?18 References 20 Notes 21

33、 Part I Fisheries in the OECD and beyond 22 2 Fisheries performance in recent years 23 2.1.Whats the issue?25 2.2.Total production of aquatic animals and plants is growing,driven by aquaculture 25 2.3.Capture fisheries production is declining in volume,but its value is rising driven by growth in the

34、 non-Members 27 2.4.Aquaculture production has expanded significantly,but more slowly in the OECD Members than in the non-Members 30 2.5.Trade in fish products at an all-time high after recovery from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic 33 2.6.OECD Members are a major trading bloc 33 2.7.Employment

35、in fishing and aquaculture has overall been relatively stable,and dominated by the Asian non-Members 34 2.8.Fewer vessels but fleet capacity has increased 37 References 42 Notes 43 3 The sustainability of marine fish resources 44 3.1.Whats the issue?46 3.2.An OECD perspective on fish stock health an

36、d productivity 47 3.3.Health and productivity of assessed fish stocks in 2024 48 6 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 3.4.Trends in fish stock health and productivity,2019-24 52 3.5.Further reflections 55 References 56 Notes 57 4 Climate change and the future of fisheries 58 4.1.Whats the issue

37、?60 4.2.Impacts on fisheries from climate change 60 4.3.Greenhouse gas emissions in fish production 65 4.4.Further reflections 68 References 70 Notes 74 Part II Better policies for better fisheries 75 5 Towards sustainable fisheries management 76 5.1.Whats the issue?78 5.2.OECD perspective on fisher

38、ies management 79 5.3.Recent trends in the use of fisheries management tools 79 5.4.What does climate change mean for sustainable fisheries management?82 5.5.Fisheries management can also help reduce fisheries greenhouse gas emissions 87 5.6.What can policymakers do?90 References 91 Notes 96 6 Gover

39、nment support to fisheries in recent years 97 6.1.Whats the issue?99 6.2.Using the OECD FSE database to analyse trends in support to fisheries 100 6.3.Total support to fisheries has decreased over the last decade despite recent increases 101 6.4.The overall policy mix continues to evolve away from f

40、uel support,with marked differences across countries and territories in how the money is spent 104 6.5.The gap in support to management,monitoring,control and surveillance has widened between the OECD Members and the non-Members 107 6.6.Fisheries-specific support to fuel is falling but still represe

41、nts a significant share of spending,while the magnitude of non-specific fuel support remains largely unknown 109 6.7.Fewer countries use fishing vessel and licence buyback schemes to reduce overcapacity but together spend more on buyback 111 6.8.Most support for vessels goes towards vessel modernisa

42、tion and the purchase of gear 112 6.9.Income support has doubled over a decade 113 6.10.Support to infrastructure is mainly provided for construction and modernisation 115 6.11.Support for access to foreign waters is only recorded for the European Union and China,highlighting a need for greater tran

43、sparency 115 6.12.What can governments do?117 References 120 Notes 121 7 The sustainability impact of government support to fisheries 122 7.1.Whats the issue?124 7.2.How and when does government support to fisheries risk encouraging unsustainable fishing?124 7 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025

44、 7.3.How has the fisheries support policy mix evolved in terms of the risks it may present to fish stock health?128 7.4.What can governments do?131 References 133 Notes 133 8 Gender equality and equity in capture fisheries and aquaculture 134 8.1.Whats the issue?136 8.2.What do we know about the rol

45、e of women and the challenges they face in fisheries,aquaculture and the seafood value chain?137 8.3.What do we know about gender mainstreaming policies and initiatives in fisheries and aquaculture?140 8.4.What can governments do?142 References 144 Notes 149 FIGURES Figure 2.1.Marine capture fisheri

46、es and aquaculture production in all countries and territories,2005-22 26 Figure 2.2.Marine capture fisheries and aquaculture production in the OECD Members,2005-22 27 Figure 2.3.Marine capture fisheries production in all countries and territories,2005-22 28 Figure 2.4.Marine capture fisheries produ

47、ction in the largest producers(and total for the OECD Members),2022 29 Figure 2.5.Aquaculture production in all countries and territories,2005-22 30 Figure 2.6.Aquaculture production in the largest producers(and total for OECD Members),2022 31 Figure 2.7.Production of Atlantic Salmon and other speci

48、es in the OECD Members,2005-22 32 Figure 2.8.Trade in fish products,2005-22 33 Figure 2.9.Employment in fishing and aquaculture in all countries and territories,2005-22 34 Figure 2.10.Share of fishers and fish famers in total employment,2022 35 Figure 2.11.Employment in fishing,2005-22 36 Figure 2.1

49、2.Employment in aquaculture,2005-22 36 Figure 2.13.Fishing fleets in all countries and territories,2005-22 37 Figure 2.14.Number of vessels in the countries and territories with the largest fishing fleets(and total number of vessels in all others),2022 38 Figure 2.15.Composition of the fishing fleet

50、s(in number of vessels by length categories),2022 39 Figure 2.16.Total projected growth in production volume,2022-32 40 Figure 2.17.Global aquaculture production(left)and capture fisheries(right),1990-2033 41 Figure 3.1.Structure of the stock status indicators database 47 Figure 3.2.Status of assess

51、ed stocks in 2024 49 Figure 3.3.Status of conclusively assessed stocks with respect to health limits(left)and proportion of conclusively assessed stocks in all assessed stocks(right),2024 51 Figure 3.4.Status of conclusively assessed stocks with respect to productivity targets(left)and proportion of

52、 conclusively assessed stocks in all assessed stocks(right),2024 52 Figure 3.5.Status of assessed stocks with respect to health limits,2019-24 53 Figure 3.6.Changes in the composition of the stock status database by health status,2019-24 54 Figure 3.7.Stock status with respect to productivity target

53、s,2019-24 55 Figure 4.1.Average sea surface temperature between 1970 and January 2025 61 Figure 4.2.Occurrence of major marine heatwaves between 2000 and 2021 63 Figure 4.3.Greenhouse gas emissions intensity of protein production 66 Figure 5.1.Proportion of landings from the most commercially valuab

54、le species that were covered by total allowable catch limits in 2022 80 Figure 5.2.Use of management tools in the stocks of the most commercially valuable species 81 Figure 5.3.Fuel savings from different efficiency measures 88 Figure 6.1.Total support to fisheries in recent years 101 Figure 6.2.Tot

55、al support to fisheries and intensities of provision across countries and territories,2020-22 103 Figure 6.3.Support policy mix in recent years 105 8 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Figure 6.4.Support policy mix(left)and the total value of support(right),across countries and territories,2020

56、-22 107 Figure 6.5.Support to management,monitoring,control and surveillance(left)and the intensity at which this is provided relative to fleet size(right),2020-22 109 Figure 6.6.Support to fuel(left)and the intensity at which this is provided(right),2020-22 111 Figure 6.7.Support to income(left)and

57、 the intensity at which this is provided(right),2020-22 114 Figure 6.8.Payments by the sector(left)and as a proportion of total support(right),2020-22 117 Figure 7.1.Risks of encouraging unsustainable fishing associated with different support policy types,depending on the policy context 125 Figure 7

58、.2.Support to fisheries by risk of encouraging unsustainable fishing in the absence of effective management,2010-22 128 Figure 7.3.Support to fisheries by risk of encouraging unsustainable fishing in the absence of effective management(left)and total support(right),across countries and territories,2

59、020-22 131 Figure 8.1.Sex disaggregation in the OECD-FAO Employment data set,2022 137 TABLES Table 4.1.Projected global mean surface sea temperature increase relative to 1850-1900 61 Table 4.2.Projected global mean surface pH change relative to 1850-1900 65 Table 4.3.Factors influencing variations i

60、n emissions between similar fisheries 68 Table 4.4.Variations in fuel intensity within fisheries 68 Table 5.1.Impact of best practice fisheries management on global fish stocks,under different climate scenarios 83 Table 5.2.Examples of lessons learned from including climate and ecosystem effects in

61、stock assessments 84 Table 6.1.Total support to fisheries:Levels and trends at a glance 101 Table 8.1.Examples of gender,fisheries and aquaculture policies and initiatives 141 BOXES Box 1.1.International commitments to reform fisheries policies with sustainability objectives 17 Box 2.1.OECD-FAO Agri

62、cultural Outlook trends for fisheries and aquaculture 41 Box 3.1.The OECD stock status indicators database 47 Box 4.1.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes climate change scenarios 61 Box 4.2.“The Blob”heatwave,North-east Pacific,2015 64 Box 5.1.Climate induced management issues in North East A

63、tlantic Mackerel stocks 85 Box 6.1.The OECD Fisheries Support Estimate database 100 Box 6.2.Support to emissions-reducing technologies and practices 113 Box 6.3.Shedding light on support to aquaculture 118 Box 7.1.Four risk categories based on how directly different types of policies create incentiv

64、es for unsustainable fishing 127 Box 7.2.Reporting requirements with regards to subsidy specifics in the WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies 132 Box 8.1.Key international and regional policy objectives and commitments in favour of gender equality and equity 136 9 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD

65、2025 Acronyms and abbreviations AFS Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation DisMAP Distribution Mapping and Analysis Portal EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FSE Fisheries Support Estimate GHG Greenhouse gas GT Gross t

66、onnage ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Sea IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ITQ Individual transferable quota IUU Illegal,unreported and unregulated kg Kilogramme km Kilometre LNG Liquified natural gas MSY Maximum sustainable yield MCS Monitoring,control and surve

67、illance MMCS Management,monitoring,control and surveillance Mt Million tonnes NA Not available NEAFC North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration RCP Representative Concentration Pathway RFMO Regional fisheries management organization SDG Sustainable

68、Development Goal SME Small and medium-sized enterprise TAC Total allowable catch US United States USD United States dollar WTO World Trade Organization 10 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Executive summary Fisheries and aquaculture provide food for billions of people thereby playing a key rol

69、e in global food security.The sector also plays an important role in the local economy and cultural life of coastal communities around the world,while fish products are among the most traded foods.But fish stocks and ecosystems are under stress from climate change,illegal fishing,overfishing and pol

70、lution.Sustainably managing fish stocks and ensuring government support to fisheries does not compromise the health of resources is fundamental to the social,economic,and environmental performance of the fisheries sector and its resilience against shocks,notably those driven by climate change.Agains

71、t this background,the OECD Review of Fisheries aims to monitor the sectors performance and sustainability and explore how smarter public policies can reinforce fisheries role in global food security and the ocean economy.This 2025 edition covers 41 countries and territories:30 OECD Members and 11 no

72、n-Members,including the three largest global producers of fish the Peoples Republic of China(hereafter China),India and Indonesia.Together,they accounted for the majority of global fish production in 2020-22,namely:87%of aquaculture production(excluding seaweeds),69%of marine capture fisheries produ

73、ction and 93%of seaweed production.See Chapter 1 Performance and sustainability of the fisheries sector Fish production and trade are growing driven by the expansion of aquaculture in Asia while,in OECD Members,overall,aquaculture is generating more value and fishing is creating fewer jobs The overv

74、iew of sector performance presented in this report underscores the major and increasing role the Asian non-Members play in global fisheries production,driven by the rapid growth of their aquaculture production.Taken together,however,the OECD Members remain a major actor in capture fishing,and the pr

75、imary actor of international trade in aquatic products.Overall,the fisheries and aquaculture sector is growing again(after a slow-down or even contraction during the COVID-19 pandemic):international trade is at a high;aquaculture production is seeing sustained growth(with a 450%increase in nominal v

76、alue and a doubling of production volumes compared to 2005);and the value of capture fisheries peaked in 2021(a 65%increase in nominal value since 2005)despite a decline in volume.In the OECD Members,employment in capture fisheries has declined by 20%since 2005.see Chapter 2 11 OECD REVIEW OF FISHER

77、IES 2025 OECD 2025 The majority of assessed fish stocks are healthy,but many are below levels that allow production volume or value to be maximised Healthy fish stocks are essential for economically,socially,and environmentally sustainable fisheries.Regular stock assessments are the basis of the sci

78、ence-based fisheries management needed to harvest fish stocks in ways that preserve their health and maximise their productivity and hence benefits to society including in terms of food security.However,stock assessments can be expensive and complex,thus only a subset of harvested stocks are rigorou

79、sly assessed.Examining stock status data provides information on what is known about stock health and productivity but also about the extent of knowledge gaps.The OECD gathers information on stocks assessed by the countries and territories covered in this Review and uses the data to compute country-

80、level stock status indicators to provide policymakers with information on the extent to which their sectors rely on healthy and productive resources at the level of decision-making.Based on the most recent data collected from 1 623 stocks assessed,fisheries management works.Where it was possible to

81、determine a health status,81%of assessed stocks were healthy.This is more than the Food and Agriculture Organizations estimated global share of 62%of sustainable stocks.One explanation for this difference could be that fish stocks are healthier where scientific management is possible thanks to rigor

82、ous stock assessments.The proportion of healthy stocks has also increased by 5 percentage points since 2019.However,more could be done to harvest healthy stocks optimally.Only 59%of healthy stocks also meet productivity targets aimed at maximising the catch or value of landings.This highlights the i

83、mportance of improved fisheries management to optimise food production or fisher incomes and reduce greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions,even for healthy stocks.see Chapter 3 Climate change is leading to changes in fish abundance and location that will increasingly complicate sustainable fisheries managemen

84、t and require adaptation Climate change is one of the major challenges facing fisheries.Variations in ocean temperatures,changes in currents and acidification,and more frequent extreme weather events are all having significant and growing impacts on fish stocks and fishers livelihoods across the glo

85、be.Understanding how climate change is already affecting the performance and sustainability of capture fisheries,as well as the projections of climate impact into the future is important for sustainable fisheries management both at domestic and multilateral levels.At the same time,the sector needs t

86、o reduce its GHG emissions to contribute to national and international efforts to move towards net zero economies.This edition reviews evidence on fisheries GHG emissions,highlighting the use of fuel as the main source of emissions,and shows that fish is a relatively low-carbon and nutrition-rich fo

87、od compared to other animal food products,noting vast difference in emissions intensity depending on targeted fishes and fishing techniques.Enhancing co-operation between scientists,stakeholders and policymakers from across the globe is key to help anticipate climate impacts and identify adaptation

88、and mitigation strategies.see Chapter 4 12 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Better policies for sustainable and resilient fisheries The majority of fish production from commercially important fisheries comes from species that are subject to catch limits,but climate change calls for caution an

89、d flexibility Sustainable fisheries management is a win-win-win strategy to increase fisher welfare,preserve ocean health and contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation.Effective management requires a co-ordinated collection of policy tools that limit how much,how and where fish can be c

90、aught.This usually includes regulating catch volumes through limits on the total allowable catch(TAC)of specific species in specific fisheries(and sometimes further dividing and distributing the TAC into individual or community quotas);regulating fleets(e.g.vessel size,power and type of gear);and de

91、fining where and when fleets can operate.Using TAC limits allows managers to control the amount of fish caught and ensure it stays at levels that allow for healthy and productive fisheries.In 2022,the majority(60%by value)of fish production from commercially important fisheries came from species tha

92、t were fully subject to TAC limits.However,scope for progress exists,with an overall 28%of the production value still coming from species that are not subject to any catch limit,and another 12%from species that are only partially covered by catch limits.Moreover,to adequately address the impacts of

93、climate change,management institutions at both national and international levels need to be flexible and able to make changes in a timely manner.For fisheries where stocks shift across borders,this may mean regional fisheries bodies,and other types of co-operative agreements,have to adjust overall c

94、atch limits and quota allocations,to prevent the overall pressure on stocks exceeding sustainable levels.Restoring the health and productivity of fish stocks is critical to increase the resilience of the sector,because more abundant stocks are less impacted by and recover more quickly from short ter

95、m extreme climatic events such as marine heat waves.More abundant stocks will also reduce the emissions intensity of production by increasing catch per unit of fishing effort,meaning less energy is required to catch the same volume of fish.see Chapter 5 Government support to fisheries amounted to ju

96、st over 10%of the value of landings with support to income almost doubling since 2010-12 Over USD 10 billion goes to support capture fisheries in the countries and territories covered in this report every year.Over 2020-22,government support amounted to 10.6%of the value of fish landed,or an average

97、 of USD 552 per fisher per year.To ensure support benefits the fishers who need it and contributes to stated goals,governments need to understand how public money is being spent,where benefits are distributed and how it impacts all dimensions of the sectors performance.Six economies accounted for 85

98、%of the support reported in the period 2020-22,therefore driving the overall trends observed in spending:China(36.1%),Japan(12.4%),the United States(11.0%),Canada(10.7%),EU Member states(combined;8.0%)and Brazil(6.4%).Overall,support to fisheries in 2020-22 was 3%lower than what it was in 2010-12.Ov

99、er the period considered,total support peaked in 2012-14(at USD 12.9 billion)and was the lowest in 2016-18(at USD 9.0 billion)Three other key trends are,first,an increase in spending on fisheries management,monitoring,control and surveillance in the OECD Members,which is good news,as assessing the h

100、ealth of fish stocks and managing fisheries sustainably is vital to ensuring they are profitable in the long term and resilient to climate change.The gap in spending on management,monitoring,control and surveillance between the OECD Members and the non-Members is however growing as spending has decr

101、eased in a number of non-Members.Second,support to income has almost doubled since 2010-12,with most of the increase 13 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 occurring during and after 2020,as governments aimed to mitigate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on fishers.Third,fisheries support to

102、fuel consumption has fallen in recent years,albeit at a slower pace than in the first half of the last decade.However,the lack of information on broader fuel support policies that target fisheries alongside other sectors means the true scale of fuel support and how it is changing over time are not c

103、ompletely understood.see Chapter 6 In 2020-22,almost two-thirds(65%)of all support to fisheries presented a risk of encouraging unsustainable fishing in the absence of effective management Some government support to fisheries is critical to ensure sustainability and help boost productivity and build

104、 resilience in the sector.But subsidies that make it easier and cheaper to fish can drive unsustainable and illegal fishing,particularly where fisheries management is weak.When it results in above-optimal fishing effort,support not only risks fish stock health and productivity but also ultimately ha

105、rms the fishers governments seek to help and undermines other policy objectives such as reducing GHG emissions.The OECD has developed a framework to identify the policies that may present a risk of encouraging unsustainable fishing in the absence of effective management.It shows that across all coun

106、tries and territories,in 2020-22,almost two-thirds(65%)of all support to fisheries presented a risk of encouraging unsustainable fishing in the absence of effective management.In the OECD Members,almost half(49%)of total support presented no risk in 2020-22;this consisted mainly in spending on fishe

107、ries management and enforcement.However,scope for reform remains:42%of support still presented a high(8%)or moderate(34%)risk of encouraging unsustainable fishing.In the non-Members,90%of fisheries support in 2020-22 presented a risk(moderate or high)of encouraging unsustainable fishing.Ensuring fis

108、heries sustainability calls for policy reform along three priorities:1)favouring support policy types that do not present a risk of encouraging unsustainable fishing;2)designing support policies carefully to target the provision of support to sustainable fisheries and fishing practices;and 3)mitigat

109、ing the risk inherent in the support policy mix by ensuring the effectiveness of fisheries management and enforcement with adequate and sufficient funding.In practice,this means that a significant share of the current spending could be re-purposed away from policies such as subsidies for fuel,vessel

110、s,and access to infrastructure and instead be directed to investment in stock assessments,management and enforcement as well as targeted time-bound income support for fishers detrimentally affected by crises with higher social benefits.see Chapter 7 A lack of gender-disaggregated data limits our und

111、erstanding of gender issues in the sector and calls for gender mainstreaming in the analysis of sector performance as a basis for informed policy-making Gender equality and equity is a fundamental human right,and it is proved to support economic performance and sustainability.However,in capture fish

112、eries and aquaculture,across the world,women and girls continue to face persistent and long-standing barriers and systemic disadvantages as in many domains of social and economic life.A review of available evidence shows that the lack of relevant gender-disaggregated data only provides a limited und

113、erstanding of gender issues in the sector.Information on the policies being used to promote gender equality and equity in the sector also remains limited but suggests that in many cases,impulse for gender equality and equity comes from cross-sectoral policies.The report concludes that a systematic e

114、ffort to research and better understand gender issues in fisheries and aquaculture in the OECD Members is needed to complement existing research,which focuses on developing country case studies,and help understand how solutions can be transferred to different contexts.Such research would benefit fro

115、m a cross-sectoral perspective.see Chapter 814 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 This chapter is a short introduction to this edition of the OECD Review of Fisheries.It presents the key objectives of the report and discusses how different audiences might be interested in the different parts of

116、 the report.It also describes the geographical coverage of the report and its structure.1 An introduction to the 2025 edition of the OECD Review of Fisheries 15 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 1.1.What is the purpose of this Review and who is it for?The OECD Review of Fisheries(hereafter“the

117、 Review”or“this report”)is the flagship report of the OECD Fisheries Committee,which is published every two years.1 It monitors and evaluates fisheries performance and policies across countries and territories in recent years to help countries investigate how public policies could better support fis

118、heries sustainability and contribution to global food security and the ocean economy.The report notably focuses on policies aimed at ensuring the health of fish stocks and government support to capture fisheries.The 2025 edition of the OECD Review of Fisheries brings together data on fisheries perfo

119、rmance covering both capture fisheries and aquaculture as well as the sustainability of capture fisheries in 41 countries and territories,which are the OECD Members and non-Members participating in the work of the Fisheries Committee and the three other largest producers of fish globally.The 2025 ed

120、ition of the Review can be used differently by distinct groups of readers:Policymakers will be interested in the key messages and the policy recommendations highlighted at the start of each chapter.Thematic policy briefs summarising the key findings from the report can also be found on the OECD fish

121、eries and aquaculture main web page.Researchers and fisheries stakeholders will be interested in the detailed analysis presented throughout the report,as well as the statistics that have been collected and computed for the report,which can be downloaded from the OECD Data Explorer or the OECD fisher

122、ies and aquaculture main web page.Some sections of the report are also useful to various specialised audiences:Experts on global food systems will be interested by the detailed data and discussion of the production of fish products,and projections for the future production,which informs on a key and

123、 often overlooked aspect of the outlook for food production.Climate change experts will be interested in elements which focus on climate change and the future of fisheries,which illustrates how climate change is affecting a sector whose performance is particularly interlinked with natural conditions

124、.Gender experts will be interested in the Chapter discussing gender issues in fisheries,which provides an original sector-specific perspective on the issue of gender inequalities.Trade and environment experts will be interested by the analysis and discussion of the sustainability impact of support t

125、o fisheries,which presents a framework that could inspire ways to evaluate the environmental impact of subsidies in other sectors.1.2.Why are capture fisheries and aquaculture important and why should countries strive for better policies?Capture fisheries and aquaculture provide food for billions of

126、 people and are critical for global food and nutrition security.Aquatic animals(hereafter referred to as fish)are a central element of traditional diets in many cultures and are a major source of animal protein and vital nutrients(FAO,20221;Kawarazuka and Bn,20102;Khalili Tilami and Sampels,20173;HL

127、PE,20144;Bn et al.,20155;Maulu et al.,20216;Bn et al.,20167;FAO,20248).In 2021,they provided 15%of total animal protein and 6%of all protein consumed globally and accounted for at least 20%of the average per capita protein intake from all animal sources for 3.2 billion people(or 40%of the global pop

128、ulation)(FAO,20221).Fish is a particularly important source of food in developing countries thanks to its relative affordability,availability and accessibility for poor communities.Across the OECD,the estimated annual average per capita consumption of aquatic animals was 24.9 kilogrammes(kg)in 2022,

129、well above the global per capita 16 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 average of 20.6 kg.However,at the OECD level,these numbers varied from a high of 55 kg per person in Korea to a low of 5.4 kg in Trkiye(FAO,20221).Fish products are among the most traded food commodities(FAO,20248).Trade in

130、fish products is particularly important for coastal and insular communities for whom exports constitute a substantial proportion of overall trade,generating earnings and jobs.As global food security continues to pose a pressing challenge,with an estimated 757 million people suffering from hunger equ

131、ating to one out of 11 people in the world in 2023(FAO et al.,20249),capture fisheries and aquaculture,hold the potential to contribute to more resilient and sustainable food systems that provide affordable nutritious food.In this way fish can also play a key role in achieving key targets pursued by

132、 the international community with respect to Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)2“ending hunger and malnutrition in all its forms”(HLPE,20144;FAO,20248).Fish is a relatively low-carbon food.Fish generally have a lower greenhouse gas emissions intensity of production than other animal food products,bot

133、h by live weight and by gramme of protein.The lowest emissions-intensive fish,such as small pelagics and certain molluscs,are produced with emissions intensities comparable to those of plant-based protein(Chapter 4).Likewise,algae and seaweeds are increasingly recognised for their rich micronutrient

134、 content,and have been identified as a healthy,high-fibre and low-calorie food option.The cultivation of algae and seaweeds generates relatively few emissions,requires relatively little arable land and freshwater and can even support the restoration of aquatic ecosystems(Cai et al.,202110;World Bank

135、,202311;UNCTAD,202412).The sector,therefore,has a role to play in achieving resilient food systems that minimise impacts on biodiversity,ecosystems and the climate.But fish stocks and ecosystems are under stress from climate change,illegal fishing,overfishing and pollution.Sustainably managing fish

136、stocks,and aquaculture production systems and supporting the fisheries sector in ways that do not compromise the health of resources is fundamental to the social,economic and environmental performance of the fisheries sector.Sustainability is also important for the sectors resilience to shocks,inclu

137、ding those caused by climate change.This involves a range of measures to control how much fish can be caught and how,when and where it can be caught,as well as investment in the underlying science.1.3.What are some of the challenges facing the sector?Ensuring effective fisheries management:Creating

138、an economic,environmental and socially sustainable sector requires fisheries management systems that can constrain fishing activity to levels that protect the health of fish stocks while allowing fishers to operate profitably.There is no perfect management system,and the way that fisheries respond t

139、o management action can be complex and unpredictable.Fisheries management must,therefore,be able to adapt to changing circumstances.Adapting to climate change:The changing climate is increasingly altering marine ecosystems and creating uncertainty in how fish stock health is affected by fishing pres

140、sure.Climate induced changes,such as the rise in sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification,are affecting the effectiveness of existing fisheries management measures,highlighting the need to make climate change a central consideration when taking management decisions.Assessing the status of st

141、ocks regularly and accurately:A good understanding of the status of fish stocks is fundamental to a sustainable and productive sector and requires accurate and regular stock assessments.Without stock assessments,fishers are likely missing out on potential profits either through underfishing or overf

142、ishing.However,in some countries,very few stocks are assessed,which complicates the job of fisheries managers.17 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Reducing emissions to contribute to climate mitigation imperatives:Like all economic sectors,fisheries need to reduce their greenhouse gas emission

143、s to contribute to national and international efforts to move towards net zero emission economies,calling for mitigation strategies.Avoiding unintended support policy impacts:Governments regulate and support fisheries to ensure they are productive,sustainable and resilient in the face of external th

144、reats.But government support can pose risks to the sustainability and productivity of fisheries when it encourages overfishing and illegal,unreported and unregulated(IUU)fishing.This ultimately compromises fishers livelihoods while potentially making them more dependent on support and less competiti

145、ve in the process.Preventing illegal,unreported and unregulated fishing:IUU fishing is a major issue for global fisheries.It complicates the stock assessments needed for effective and evidence-based management and causes unfair competition over resources and in markets.Maintaining effective global c

146、o-operation:Regional fisheries bodies(such as regional fisheries management organisations and arrangements)play a key role in regulating the fishing of migratory and straddling fish stocks and fishing on the high seas.International co-operation is,however,key,even when it comes to domestic fisheries

147、 policies.As fish stocks cross borders,migrate and are part of complex food chains and ecosystems,fisheries regulation and support have direct impacts beyond countries own waters.The importance of collectively working towards more sustainable fisheries has been flagged by a series of international c

148、ommitments calling for policy reforms(Box 1.1).Box 1.1.International commitments to reform fisheries policies with sustainability objectives Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)14“Conserve and sustainably use the oceans,seas and marine resources for sustainable development”contains two fisheries-relate

149、d targets:o Target 14.4:“by 2020,effectively regulate harvesting,and end overfishing,illegal,unreported and unregulated(IUU)fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans,to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible at least to levels that can produce

150、maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics.”o Target 14.6:“by 2020,prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing,and eliminate subsidies that contribute to IUU fishing,and refrain from introducing new such subsidies,re

151、cognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the WTO fisheries subsidies negotiation.”Target 18 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework covers support to all sectors with a biodive

152、rsity impact by inviting Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity to“identify by 2025,and eliminate,phase out or reform incentives,including subsidies,harmful for biodiversity,in a proportionate,just,fair,effective and equitable way,while substantially and progressively reducing them by at

153、least USD 500 billion per year by 2030,starting with the most harmful incentives,and scale up positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity”.The World Trade Organization(WTO)Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies(AFS):Formally adopted by WTO Members in June 2022,after over 2

154、0 years of negotiations,notably in response to SDG Target 14.6,the agreement has three main prohibitions.It prohibits subsidising vessels or operators engaged in IUU fishing and fishing-related activities(article 3),subsidising fishing and fishing-related activities regarding an overfished stock if

155、there are no measures to rebuild that stock(article 4)and subsidising fishing or fishing-related activities 18 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 outside of the jurisdiction of a coastal Member or a coastal non-Member and outside the competence of a relevant RFMO/A(article 5.1)alongside other d

156、isciplines,which notably target subsidies to vessels not flying the subsidising Members flag and subsidies to fishing or fishing related activities regarding stocks the status of which is unknown.The agreement will enter into force once two-thirds of WTO Members have deposited their instrument of ac

157、ceptance of the Protocol of the WTO AFS.At the end of December 2024,87 deposits were received and 24 more were needed for entry into force.In addition,since 2022,WTO Members have continued discussions to achieve a comprehensive agreement on fisheries subsidies,including through further disciplines o

158、n certain forms of fisheries subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing.1.4.What is the geographical coverage of this report?This edition of the OECD Review of Fisheries covers 41 countries and territories:Thirty OECD Members:All the OECD Members who report data on support to fisherie

159、s to the OECD:Australia,Belgium,Canada,Chile,Colombia,Costa Rica,Denmark,Estonia,France,Germany,Greece,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Japan,Korea,Latvia,Lithuania,Mexico,the Netherlands,New Zealand,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Trkiye,the United Kingdom and the United States.Eight non-Members

160、who regularly participate in the work of the OECD Fisheries Committee and report data on support to fisheries to the OECD:Argentina,Brazil,Bulgaria,Chinese Taipei,Croatia,Indonesia,Peru and Romania.The three other largest global producers of fish products:The Peoples Republic of China(hereafter“Chin

161、a”),India and Viet Nam.The majority of global fish production is covered.Together,over the period 2020-22,the 41 countries and territories covered in this report accounted for 79%of the global production of aquatic animals by volume(that is,87%of global aquaculture production excluding seaweeds and

162、69%of global marine capture fisheries production).They also accounted for 93%of seaweed production from aquaculture.The report covers all top 10 producers of capture fisheries(in volume),with the exception of the Russian Federation,as well as six of the top 10 aquaculture producers(with the exceptio

163、n of Bangladesh,Ecuador,Egypt and Myanmar).2 Throughout the report,average statistics are reported across the OECD Members(and the non-Members,despite the heterogeneity of that group),to provide context for Members to situate the relative performance and sustainability of their fisheries.1.5.What ca

164、n be found in this report?Part I reviews available data on the performance and sustainability of fisheries both capture and aquaculture in recent years.Chapter 2 focuses on socio-economic performance,reviewing recent trends in production,trade,employment and fleet and discussing the outlook for the

165、next decade based on projections made in the latest edition of the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook(OECD/FAO,202413).Chapter 3 then reviews the facts on fish stock health and productivity,based on data collected by the OECD,and discusses how stock status and knowledge have evolved in recent years.Final

166、ly,Chapter 4 discusses the impact of climate change on capture fisheries and the outlook for expected changes in fish abundance and location under different climate scenarios.19 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Part II turns to policies and monitors recent developments in the 41 countries and

167、 territories covered in the report.It looks at the management tools governments use to regulate their most valuable fisheries in Chapter 5 and the policies they use to support capture fisheries in Chapter 6.It then investigates how better support policies could help ensure the sustainability of the

168、resource base while maximising benefits for societies in Chapter 7.Finally,Chapter 8 discusses issues related to gender equality in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors and how to better address them.20 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 References Bn,C.et al.(2016),“Contribution of Fisheries

169、and Aquaculture to Food Security and Poverty Reduction:Assessing the Current Evidence”,World Development,Vol.79,pp.177-196,https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.007.7 Bn,C.et al.(2015),“Feeding 9 billion by 2050 Putting fish back on the menu”,Food Security,Vol.7/2,pp.261-274,https:/doi.org/10.10

170、07/s12571-015-0427-z.5 Cai,J.et al.(2021),“Seaweeds and microalgae:An overview for unlocking their potential in global aquaculture development”,FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular(2070-6065),No.1229,Food and Agriculture Organization,Rome,https:/doi.org/10.4060/cb5670en.10 FAO(2024),The State of W

171、orld Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024,Food and Agriculture Organization,Rome,https:/doi.org/10.4060/cd0683en.8 FAO(2022),“FAOSTAT:Food Balances(2010-)”,https:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS(accessed on 2024).1 FAO et al.(2024),The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024,Food and Agric

172、ulture Organization,Rome,https:/doi.org/10.4060/cd1254en.9 HLPE(2014),Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition.A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security,FAO,Rome,https:/www.fao.org/3/i3844e/i3844e.p

173、df.4 Kawarazuka,N.and C.Bn(2010),“Linking small-scale fisheries and aquaculture to household nutritional security:An overview”,Food Security,Vol.2/4,pp.343-357,https:/doi.org/10.1007/s12571-010-0079-y.2 Khalili Tilami,S.and S.Sampels(2017),“Nutritional Value of Fish:Lipids,Proteins,Vitamins,and Mine

174、rals”,Reviews in Fisheries Science&Aquaculture,Vol.26/2,pp.243-253,https:/doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2017.1399104.3 Maulu,S.et al.(2021),“Fish Nutritional Value as an Approach to Childrens Nutrition”,Frontiers in Nutrition,Vol.8,https:/doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.780844.6 OECD/FAO(2024),OECD-FAO Agr

175、icultural Outlook 2024-2033,OECD Publishing,Paris/Food and Agriculture Organization,Rome,https:/doi.org/10.1787/4c5d2cfb-en.13 UNCTAD(2024),An Ocean of Opportunities:The Potential of Seaweed to Advance Food,Environmental and Gender Dimensions of the SDGs,United Nations Conference on Trade and Develo

176、pment,New York,NY,https:/unctad.org/publication/ocean-opportunities-potential-seaweed-advance-food-environmental-and-gender-dimensions.12 World Bank(2023),Global Seaweed New and Emerging Markets Report 2023,World Bank Group,Washington,DC,https:/www.worldbank.org/en/topic/environment/publication/glob

177、al-seaweed-new-and-emerging-markets-report-2023.11 21 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Notes 1 Due a change in publication timing from the end of the year to the beginning of the year,the time-lapse since the last edition(published in December 2022)has been slightly over two years.2 The Revie

178、w also covers eight of the top 10 global producers of marine and coastal aquaculture,missing only Ecuador and the Philippines.22 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Part I Fisheries in the OECD and beyond 23 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 This chapter reviews the performance of capture

179、fisheries and aquaculture in the OECD Members and the non-Members covered in this report in the past 15 years,thereby setting the scene for the policy analysis conducted in the second part of this report.It highlights the major role played by Asian economies in global fisheries production,especially

180、 aquaculture production,which is much more concentrated geographically than production from capture fishing.It also discusses how the OECD Members remain important in capture fisheries production and trade in fisheries products.The chapter further reviews trends in employment and fleet.Finally,it di

181、scusses the outlook for the sector.2 Fisheries performance in recent years 24 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Key messages on fisheries performance At the level of all 41 countries and territories covered in this report,the fisheries and aquaculture sectors have recovered from the COVID-19 p

182、andemic.o International trade is at an all-time high in value terms.o Aquaculture production is growing:production doubled in volume and has increased by 450%in value since the mid-2000s.o The value of capture fisheries production peaked in 2021(a 65%increase in nominal value since 2005)despite a de

183、cline in volume.The trends in production are largely and increasingly driven by the Asian non-Members.In 2022,the OECD Members accounted for:o 40%of the capture fisheries catch volume and 34%of the value of landings from the 41 countries and territories covered in this report(down from highs of 47%o

184、f volume in 2006 and 54%of value in 2005)o 9%of the aquaculture production volume and 17%of the production value(down from highs of 13%of volume in 2005 and 30%of value in 2006).Aquaculture is continuing to grow in importance,including in the OECD Members.Across the 41 countries and territories cove

185、red in this report,aquaculture(excluding seaweeds)accounted for 72%of the value and 60%of the volume of aquatic animal production in 2022.Across OECD Members,it accounted for 55%of the production by value but only 25%of production volume.In the OECD Members,employment in fishing has declined by 20%s

186、ince 2005,but the value generated by capture fisheries has been stable in nominal terms.Global fish production is projected to grow over the next decade(driven by the continued expansion of aquaculture in Asian non-Members).However,the pace of growth will be slower than previous year.25 OECD REVIEW

187、OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 2.1.Whats the issue?In recent years,fish production and trade were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic which reduced production and trade in many parts of the world.More generally,sector performance is impacted by variations in the price of inputs,most notably fuel;the heal

188、th of fish stocks;government policies for the sector and socio-economic trends that cut across sectors.Capture fisheries,for example,are facing an ageing workforce in several OECD Members.This chapter reviews data from the 41 countries and territories covered in this report1(Chapter 1),on the socio-

189、economic performance of capture fisheries and aquaculture in recent years thereby setting the scene for the policy analysis conducted in Part II of this report.It reviews trends in production,trade,employment,and fleets,and ends with a discussion of projections for production in the coming decade ba

190、sed on a recent OECD-FAO report(OECD/FAO,20241).Throughout this chapter,figures are presented either at the level of“all countries and territories”,which refers to the 41 countries and territories covered in the report,or at the level of“the OECD Members”and“the non-Members”amongst them.Values are a

191、ll expressed in nominal terms.2.2.Total production of aquatic animals and plants is growing,driven by aquaculture Overall,in 2022,the 41 countries and territories covered by this report produced 172 million tonnes of aquatic products:56 million tonnes of aquatic animals from marine capture fisheries

192、 and 116 million tonnes from aquaculture,including 82 million tonnes of aquatic animals and 34 million tonnes of seaweeds(Figure 2.1a).The volume of total production has increased by 50%over the last 15 years(that is,+2%yearly over the period),with aquacultures share growing from 45%of total product

193、ion in 2005(or 39%when excluding seaweeds)to 68%in 2022(or 60%when excluding seaweeds).Aquaculture production has surpassed production from capture fisheries in volume since 2013 when all countries and territories are considered.The increase in total production is even more significant in value,risi

194、ng from USD 127 billion in 2005 to USD 381 billion in 2022,tripling its value in 15 years(an equivalent of 7%yearly over the period).The influence of aquaculture is also more evident in value than in volume,as aquaculture accounted for 73%of total production by value in 2022(72%excluding seaweeds).I

195、n the OECD Members,total production reached 32 million tonnes for a total value of USD 80 billion in 2022(Figure 2.2).The share of production from the OECD Members in the production of all countries and territories has decreased since 2005 to about a fifth in both volume and value(specifically from

196、31%to 19%in volume and from 41%to 21%in value).The share of aquaculture in the total production volume in the OECD Members has increased over time,but it still only represented 25%in 2022.In value terms,however,aquaculture surpassed landings from capture fisheries since 2019.In 2022,aquaculture acco

197、unted for 55%of total production value in the OECD Members(excluding seaweeds).This is due to a steady increase in aquaculture value(not a decline in the value of capture fisheries landings,which has remained stable since 2005),reflecting the focus on producing predominantly higher value species(suc

198、h as salmon).Aquaculture is the main source of domestic fish production in many countries,both major fish producers and countries where overall fish production is modest on a global scale.Notably,aquaculture accounted for 93.5%of fish production volume in Slovenia,86.3%in China,77.9%in Romania,73.7%

199、in India and 70.4%in Colombia.At the other end of the spectrum,aquaculture represented less than 2%of total fish production in Latvia(1.4%),Belgium(1.3%),Estonia(1.1%)and Argentina(0.7%).26 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Figure 2.1.Marine capture fisheries and aquaculture production in all

200、countries and territories,2005-22 Note:Official data were complemented with estimates where data were not available.Mammals are not included.Values are expressed in nominal terms.Source:OECD(2025),Marine landings,http:/data-explorer.oecd.org/s/gn.FAO(2024),FishStat:Global aquaculture production 1950

201、-2022 and Global capture production 1950-2022,www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics/software/fishstatj(Accessed on 31 July 2024).27 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Figure 2.2.Marine capture fisheries and aquaculture production in the OECD Members,2005-22 Note:Official data were complemented with

202、 estimates where data were not available.Mammals are not included.Values are expressed in nominal terms.Source:OECD(2025),Marine landings http:/data-explorer.oecd.org/s/gn.FAO(2024),FishStat:Global aquaculture production 1950-2022 and Global capture production 1950-2022.www.fao.org/fishery/en/statis

203、tics/software/fishstatj Accessed on 31 July 2024.2.3.Capture fisheries production is declining in volume,but its value is rising driven by growth in the non-Members In 2022,the 41 countries and territories covered in this report together captured 56 million tonnes of aquatic animals and plants in ma

204、rine waters,down from 63 million tonnes in 2005(and from a more recent high of 60 million tonnes in 2018).2 The landings were worth USD 103 billion in 2022,almost double their value in the mid-2000s,and almost back to the all-time high of USD 105 billion in 2018(Figure 2.3).28 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERI

205、ES 2025 OECD 2025 Figure 2.3.Marine capture fisheries production in all countries and territories,2005-22 Note:Official data were complemented with estimates where data were not available.Mammals are not included.Values are expressed in nominal terms.Source:OECD(2025),Marine landings http:/data-expl

206、orer.oecd.org/s/gn.FAO(2024),FishStat:Global capture production 1950-2022,www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics/software/fishstatj(Accessed on 31 July 2024).Overall,trends in marine capture fisheries performance are also increasingly driven by what is happening outside the OECD as the OECD share of prod

207、uction is decreasing but to a lesser extent than what is observed for overall production.In 2022,the OECD Members accounted for 40%of the catch volume from the countries and territories covered in this report(down from a high of 47%in 2006)and 34%of the value of landings(down from a high of 54%in 20

208、05).In 2022,China alone accounted for 21%of the catch volume and 35%of the value of marine landings,and Indonesia for 12%of catch volume and 13%of value.In terms of catch volume,they were followed by Peru(10%);the United States(8%);India(7%);Viet Nam(6%);Japan,Chile and Norway(all 5%);and Mexico(3%)

209、.In value terms,the other top 10 producers were 29 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Japan and India(7%),the United States(6%),Viet Nam and Canada(4%),Korea and Norway(3%),and Peru(2%)(Figure 2.4).In volume,two species stood out:Anchoveta and Skipjack tuna,which made up respectively 9%and 3%of

210、 total catches.They were followed by Alaska pollock,Atlantic herring,Pacific chub mackerel,Jumbo flying squid,Pacific sardine,Chilean jack mackerel,Largehead hartail and Japanese anchovy,each accounting for 2%of catches.3 Figure 2.4.Marine capture fisheries production in the largest producers(and to

211、tal for the OECD Members),2022 Note:Official data were complemented with estimates where data were not available.Mammals are not included.Values are expressed in nominal terms.Source:FAO(2024).FishStat:Global capture production 1950-2022,www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics/software/fishstatj Accessed

212、on 31 July 2024.OECD(2025),Marine landings http:/data-explorer.oecd.org/s/gn.30 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 In 2022,the 41 countries and territories covered in this report also captured more than 4 million tonnes of aquatic animals from inland waters,a level of production in line with wh

213、at was seen over the last 15 years.India and China were the largest producers,together accounting for 74%of the total inland catch.Carps,barbels and other cyprinids were the most important species for inland production(22%).No data are available on the value of inland catches at the cross-country le

214、vel.2.4.Aquaculture production has expanded significantly,but more slowly in the OECD Members than in the non-Members In 2022,aquaculture production(excluding seaweed farming)reached 82 million tonnes in the 41 countries and territories covered in this report,about twice as much as in 2005,following

215、 a continuous growth since then.Aquaculture production was worth USD 261 billion in 2022,almost five times its value in the mid-2000s(Figure 2.5).Figure 2.5.Aquaculture production in all countries and territories,2005-22 Note:Seaweeds are not included.Values are expressed in nominal terms.Source:FAO

216、(2024),FishStat:Global aquaculture production 1950-2022,www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics/software/fishstatj(Accessed on 31 July 2024).31 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Trends in aquaculture production(excluding seaweed farming)are also increasingly driven by what is happening outside the O

217、ECD,and even more so than for capture fisheries.The OECD Members only accounted for 9%of the production volume and 17%of the production value in 2022,down from highs of 13%of volume in 2005 and 30%of value in 2006.The OECD share of aquaculture production has declined over the last 15 years both in v

218、olume and value,despite an overall increase in production in the OECD Members(on average+2.5%yearly in volume and+5.8%in value),due to greater growth in the non-Members(on average+4.7%in volume and+10.3%in value).Aquaculture production of aquatic animals(i.e.excluding seaweed)is dominated by China,w

219、hich accounted for 64%of the volume and 65%of the value of production in all countries and territories(Figure 2.6).In volume,the other major producing countries were India(12%),Indonesia(7%),Viet Nam(6%),Norway and Chile 2%each).In value terms,India accounted for 7%,Viet Nam 6%,Chile,Indonesia and N

220、orway all accounted for 4%each,and Japan for 1.3%.Other countries and territories individually did not account for more than 1%of either volume or value.Figure 2.6.Aquaculture production in the largest producers(and total for OECD Members),2022 Note:Values are expressed in nominal terms.Source:FAO(2

221、024),FishStat:Global aquaculture production 1950-2022,www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics/software/fishstatj(Accessed on 31 July 2024).32 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Aquaculture production in OECD Members focuses on high-value species,most notably Atlantic salmon,whose production has incre

222、ased over the last 15 years,reaching 2.7 million tonnes in 2022(up from 1.2 million tonnes in 2005)and USD 21.2 billion(up from USD 4.9 billion in 2005).As a result,in 2022,Atlantic salmon accounted for 37%of production volume and 49%in value in the OECD Members(Figure 2.7).4 Norway accounts for mor

223、e than half of the production of this species in OECD Members(1.5 million tonnes and USD 10.5 billion,or 57%of the volume and 50%in value).The second largest producer was Chile,with about 760 000 tonnes(28%in volume and 35%in value).5 Figure 2.7.Production of Atlantic Salmon and other species in the

224、 OECD Members,2005-22 Note:Data refers to aquaculture production,excluding seaweeds.Values are expressed in nominal terms.Source:FAO(2024),FishStat:Global aquaculture production 1950-2022,www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics/software/fishstatj(Accessed on 31 July 2024).Seaweed farming in the 41 countri

225、es and territories covered reached almost 34 million tonnes in 2022,worth more than USD 16 billion up from 13 million tonnes and USD 5 billion in 2005(on average+5.8%yearly in volume and+6.9%in value).The production was highly concentrated.In 2022,China and 33 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025

226、 Indonesia dominated production,accounting for 67%and 27%of the production volume(respectively)and 73%and 17%,of the value.They were followed by Korea(5%of volume and 3%of value),Japan(1%of volume and 5%of value)and Chile(0.05%in volume and 1%in value).Another 15 countries and territories reported p

227、roduction,all individually accounting for below 0.05%(of volume or value).Overall,the OECD Members thus produced 6%of the total volume of seaweed and 10%of the total value in 2022 and have seen their production shares decrease over the last 15 years,despite an increase in production volume and value

228、 in absolute terms,due to greater growth in China and India.2.5.Trade in fish products at an all-time high after recovery from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic Fish is one of the most traded food commodities(FAO,20242).In 2022,global trade in fish products accounted for just over 9%of total agri

229、cultural trade in value and about 1%of total merchandise trade value.Trade is also an essential part of fisheries sectors in the countries and territories covered in this report.In 2022,exports of fish products from all of them were worth USD 147 billion an all-time high,following a recovery in trad

230、e after a drop in 2020 due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic(+26%since then)().6 The top five exporters were:China(USD 22.6 billion),Norway(USD 15.6 billion),Viet Nam(USD 11 billion),Chile(USD 8.7 billion)and India(USD 7.9 billion).On the other hand,the top five importers were the United State

231、s(USD 32.4 billion),China(USD 23.2 billion),Japan(USD 15.4 billion),Spain(USD 9.5 billion)and France(USD 8.2 billion).7 Figure 2.8.Trade in fish products,2005-22 Note:Values are expressed in nominal terms.Source:FAO(2024),FishStat:Global Aquatic Trade Statistics 1976-2022,www.fao.org/fishery/en/stat

232、istics/software/fishstatj(Accessed on 31 July 2024).2.6.OECD Members are a major trading bloc With an export value of USD 91.1 billion in 2022,the OECD Members accounted for 62%of the exports from the 41 countries and territories covered in this report by value and for 60%by volume.A large portion 3

233、4 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 of that trade was between OECD Members:64%of OECD exports in volume and 75%in value were to an OECD destination.This highlights the importance of high-income territories as trading partners for valuable fisheries exports.Overall,the OECD Members have been ne

234、t importers of aquatic animal products over the past 15 years.The species group with the biggest trade deficit in 2022 were:shrimps and prawns(USD-16.9 billion);tunas,bonitos and billfishes(USD-7.7 billion);squids,cuttlefishes and octopuses(USD-5.9 billion);and cods,hakes and haddocks(USD-3.1 billio

235、n).Salmons,trouts and smelts,on the other hand,was both the most exported and most imported species group by the OECD Members,with USD 34.4 billion in exports and USD 30.1 billion in imports,making it the species group with the largest trade surplus(USD 4.3 billion).2.7.Employment in fishing and aqu

236、aculture has overall been relatively stable,and dominated by the Asian non-Members In 2022,in the countries and territories covered by this report,38 million people were employed in fishing8 and aquaculture production a small increase from 2005 when it was around 34 million(Figure 2.9).9 The vast ma

237、jority of workers in the fishing and aquaculture sectors(94%)were in the Asian non-Members,as has been the case over the last 15 years.Figure 2.9.Employment in fishing and aquaculture in all countries and territories,2005-22 Note:Fishing includes both marine and inland fishing but excludes subsisten

238、ce and recreational fishing.The number of workers reported under Sector unspecified(e.g.that cannot be allocated to fisheries and aquaculture)are not included in the graph(significant numbers of workers were reported under this category only by India).Official data were complemented with estimates w

239、here data were not available.Source:OECD/FAO(2025),Employment in fisheries,aquaculture and processing,http:/data-explorer.oecd.org/s/h1.2.7.1.The sector employed a much smaller share of the workforce in the OECD Members than in the non-Members Employment in fishing and aquaculture accounts for a muc

240、h higher share of total employment in the non-Members than in the OECD Members.Over the past 15 years,on average,fishing and aquaculture made up about 2.5%of total employment in the non-Members,compared to about 0.2%in the OECD Members.35 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 These shares were con

241、firmed in 2022(2.4%versus 0.2%).However,significant differences can be observed at the country level,with shares ranging from 5%in Viet Nam to 0.01%in Belgium(Figure 2.10).Figure 2.10.Share of fishers and fish famers in total employment,2022 Note:Fishing includes both marine and inland fishing but e

242、xcludes subsistence and recreational fishing.Official data were complemented with estimates where data were not available.Source:OECD/FAO(2025),Employment in fisheries,aquaculture and processing,http:/data-explorer.oecd.org/s/h6;OECD(2024),Annual labour force survey,summary tables,http:/data-explore

243、r.oecd.org/s/h7;ILOSTAT(2024),Employment by sex and age(thousands).2.7.2.Overall,fishing and aquaculture had similar levels of employment in 2022 but shares and trends vary considerably across countries and territories While overall jobs were equally shared between fishing and aquaculture production

244、 in 2022,the split between sectors varies considerably across countries and territories.Within the OECD Members,fishers made up 74%of total employment.This share was 81%in 2005 and has decreased steadily over the last 15 years,highlighting the growing relative importance of the aquaculture sector.In

245、 the non-Members,aquaculture accounted for just over half of the employment(51%)in 2022,a modest increase since 2005 when aquaculture already employed almost as many workers as fisheries(47%).Across all countries and territories,there were 19 million jobs in fishing in 2022,in line with figures seen

246、 since the mid-2000s,which fluctuated between 17 million and 19 million jobs(Figure 2.11).In 2022,the sector employed about 1 million people in the OECD Members(5%of the total number of jobs in fishing across all countries and territories),down 20%compared to 2005.Together,the OECD Members would ran

247、k fourth in terms of employment in fishing after India,Indonesia and China,which together accounted for 83%of the total number of fishers.This OECD share of jobs in fishing has remained relatively stable over the past 15 years.Aquaculture,on the other hand,employed just over 19 million people in 202

248、2.Most of the workers were in Asian non-Members,particularly China(47%),India(31%)and Indonesia(10%),which together accounted for 88%of total employment in the sector.Their combined share of aquaculture employment has remained stable since 2005 as a reduction in the Chinese share has been offset by

249、the growing Indian 36 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 share.The share of aquaculture employment in the OECD Members has remained stable at around 2%since the mid-2000s(Figure 2.12).Figure 2.11.Employment in fishing,2005-22 Note:Fishing includes both marine and inland fishing but excludes sub

250、sistence and recreational fishing.Official data were complemented with estimates where data were not available.Source:OECD/FAO(2025),Employment in fisheries,aquaculture and processing,http:/data-explorer.oecd.org/s/h1.Figure 2.12.Employment in aquaculture,2005-22 Note:Official data were complemented

251、 with estimates where data were not available.Source:OECD/FAO(2025),Employment in fisheries,aquaculture,and processing,http:/data-explorer.oecd.org/s/h1.37 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 2.8.Fewer vessels but fleet capacity has increased 2.8.1.The number of vessels has decreased in the OECD

252、 Members since 2005,but has only done so since 2013 in the non-Members In 2022,more than 2 million vessels of all sizes were recorded by all countries and territories,down from over 2.8 million in 2005(Figure 2.13).The total number of vessels has declined by 26%since 2013,mostly due to a decline in

253、the number of vessels in the non-Members since then.This followed from a period(2005-13)when the number of vessels declined in the OECD Members but increased in the non-Members with an overall stable total number of vessels.Figure 2.13.Fishing fleets in all countries and territories,2005-22 Note:Off

254、icial data were complemented with estimates where data were not available.Source:OECD(2025),Fishing fleet,http:/data-explorer.oecd.org/s/h5 38 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 The OECD Members accounted for 25%of the number of vessels in 2022,coming back to the share seen in the mid-2000s aft

255、er having declined until 2014,to a low of 21%.In 2022,the vast majority of vessels(81%)were in Asia:Indonesia(34%),China(24%),Japan(10%),India(8%)and Viet Nam(5%)(Figure 2.14).Figure 2.14.Number of vessels in the countries and territories with the largest fishing fleets(and total number of vessels i

256、n all others),2022 Note:“Others”includes all countries and territories covered in the report not otherwise listed in the graph.Official data were complemented with estimates where data were not available.Source:OECD(2025),Fishing fleet,http:/data-explorer.oecd.org/s/h8.2.8.2.Total fleet capacity is

257、increasing after a few years of decline In terms of gross tonnage,however,fleet capacity is returning towards the levels seen in the 2000s,after a declining over 2014-19.The combined fleets of all countries and territories considered in this report was estimated to about 71 million gross tonnage in

258、2022(down by 3 million from 74 million in 2005 and a more recent peak of 77 million in 2014)(Figure 2.13b).10 The OECD Members accounted for 12%of the gross tonnage in 2022,a share which has remained stable since 2005.Information on vessel length is missing for the majority of vessels(79%),as severa

259、l of the countries with the largest fleets do not provide data on vessel length:China,India,Indonesia,Japan and the United States.Considering only countries where information on vessel length is available,small-scale vessels(0-12 metres in length)represented 78%of the total number of vessels in 2022

260、.This share has increased since 2017 but most of this increase is due to the addition of detailed data from Viet Nam,when the country started to publish the number of national vessels by length overall in 2017.In the OECD Members,small-scale vessels(12m)represented 85%of the number of vessels,with s

261、ignificant differences among countries(98%in Estonia versus 0%in Belgium).In the non-Members,small-scale vessels accounted for 67%of the total number of vessels,with country shares ranging from 37%in Argentina to 94%in Bulgaria(Figure 2.15).11 39 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Figure 2.15.C

262、omposition of the fishing fleets(in number of vessels by length categories),2022 Note:Official data were complemented with estimates where data were not available.Source:OECD(2025),Fishing fleet,http:/data-explorer.oecd.org/s/h8.2.8.3.Outlook:Slower growth in production and trade According to the 20

263、23 edition of the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook,the global production of aquatic animals is expected to continue growing in the next decade,albeit at a slower pace than in previous decades(Box 2.1).The vast majority of the production growth is expected to take place in the Asian non-Members through

264、aquaculture.The individual projected growth rates vary quite considerably across the countries and territories covered in this report(Figure 2.16).Generally,aquaculture production is expected to grow faster at the level of OECD Members total production growth is projected to be+9.6%for aquaculture a

265、nd+1.7%for capture fisheries.In some economies,such as Colombia,the European Union,the United States and Viet Nam,however,capture fisheries production is expected to grow faster than aquaculture production.40 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Figure 2.16.Total projected growth in production vo

266、lume,2022-32 Note:Aquaculture production excludes seaweeds.The average production in 2020-22 is used as the base period for calculating projected growth rates to 2032.Source:OECD/FAO(2024),“OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook”,OECD Agriculture statistics(database),http:/dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr-outl-data-en

267、.41 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Box 2.1.OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook trends for fisheries and aquaculture The OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2024-2033 provides a comprehensive analysis of the ten-year prospects for agricultural commodity and fish markets at national,regional and global l

268、evels.The Outlook has been produced jointly by the OECD and Food and Agriculture Organization for 20 years,in collaboration with their Members and international commodity organisations.This box provides a summary of the results from a global level projection and therefore the country coverage is bro

269、ader than the 41 countries and territories featured elsewhere in this edition of the OECD Review of Fisheries.Growth in fish production and trade are expected to slow between 2024 and 2033 Global fish production is anticipated to rise between 2024 and 2033,reaching 206 million tonnes(Mt)by 2033,an i

270、ncrease of 22 Mt from the 2021-23 average.However,the pace of growth is expected to be slower compared to the previous decade when it grew by 32 Mt.The rise in production is driven by the ongoing expansion of aquaculture,particularly in Asia(Figure 2.17).Over 85%of the additional projected productio

271、n will stem from aquaculture,elevating its share in global fish production to 55%.The largest production increases are expected in the Peoples Republic of China,India and Indonesia,accounting for nearly 80%of the additional aquaculture output.Capture fisheries production is anticipated to grow modes

272、tly,with volumes ranging between 89 Mt in El Nio years and 94 Mt.Figure 2.17.Global aquaculture production(left)and capture fisheries(right),1990-2033 Note:Data are expressed in live-weight equivalent.Source:OECD-FAO(20241)“OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook”,OECD Agriculture Statistics(database,accessed

273、 17 October 2024).Global exports of fish for human consumption are expected to continue growing between 2024 and 2033,although at a slower rate compared to the previous decade.This trend reflects a long-term slowing of trade expansion.Asia,led by China,will continue to be the main force behind the r

274、ise in exports,followed by the Americas.Conversely,exports from Africa and Oceania are expected to decline over the Outlook period.Africa and the Americas will absorb the majority of the import growth,while import levels for Asia and Europe are anticipated to decline over the period,as demand will i

275、ncreasingly be met by domestic production in these regions and due to a lower per capita consumption in Europe.Source:OECD-FAO(20241).42 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 References Calado,R.et al.(2021),“Summer is coming!Tackling ocean warming in Atlantic salmon cage farming”,Animals,Vol.11/6

276、,p.1800,https:/doi.org/10.3390/ani11061800.4 FAO(2024),The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024,Food and Agriculture Organization,Rome,https:/doi.org/10.4060/cd0683en.2 Moe Fre,H.et al.(2022),“Technological innovations promoting sustainable salmon(Salmo salar)aquaculture in Norway”,Aquacult

277、ure Reports,Vol.24,p.101115,https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101115.3 OECD/FAO(2024),OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2024-2033,OECD Publishing,Paris/Food and Agriculture Organization,Rome,https:/doi.org/10.1787/4c5d2cfb-en.1 43 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Notes 1 The report covers 30 OE

278、CD Members(Australia,Belgium,Canada,Chile,Colombia,Costa Rica,Denmark,Estonia,France,Germany,Greece,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Japan,Korea,Latvia,Lithuania,Mexico,the Netherlands,New Zealand,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Trkiye,the United Kingdom and the United States);and eleven non-Membe

279、rs(Argentina,Brazil,Bulgaria,Chinese Taipei,Croatia,India,Indonesia,the Peoples Republic of China,Peru,Romania,and Viet Nam).See Chapter 1 for more details on the geographical coverage.2 In 2022,1.2 million tonnes of seaweed were captured.3 In value terms,American lobster ranked first,with 5%of the

280、overall landings value;followed by Queen crab,Argentine red shrimp,Atlantic cod,Anchoveta and Skipjack tuna(3%each);and Atlantic mackerel,Yellowfin tuna,Bigeye tuna,Yesso scallop and Atlantic herring(2%each).However,this ranking does not include data from Brazil,China,Denmark,Iceland,India,Indonesia

281、 and Viet Nam as species-level landings data were unavailable.Nor does it include the species that are not separately reported,as confidential,by Canada,Ireland,Latvia and the United States.4 The most important species after Atlantic salmon is Rainbow trout,which accounts for 7%of total production v

282、alue.5 Most of the value of aquaculture production in Chile and Norway came from the production of Atlantic salmon(66%and 95%,respectively).Both Norway and Chile have large areas suitable for producing certain aquaculture species due to a prevalence of sheltered fjords and bays,with deep cool water(

283、Moe Fre et al.,20223;Calado et al.,20214).6 These trade figures include both captured fish(from fisheries production)and farmed fish(from aquaculture production),as trade data do not distinguish between the two.7 The top five species groups exported in 2022 were:salmon,trout and smelt(USD 35.4 billi

284、on);shrimp and prawns(USD 19.1 billion);cod,hake and haddock(USD 13.4 billion);and squid,cuttlefish and octopus(USD 11.2 billion).The top five species groups imported in 2022 were:salmon,trout and smelt(USD 33.4 billion);shrimps and prawns(USD 28.7 billion);cod,hake and haddock(USD 16.4 billion);tun

285、a,bonito and billfish(USD 13.3 million);and squid,cuttlefish and octopus(USD 10.3 billion).The species groups refer to the International Standard Statistical Classification of Aquatic Animals and Plants(ISSCAAP).8 Fishing includes both marine and inland fishing but excludes subsistence and recreatio

286、nal fishing.9 This number includes full-time,part-time and occasional fishers.10 Data on fleet gross tonnage for Canada,India,Indonesia,the United States and Viet Nam(which together account for half of the vessels from the 41 countries and territories covered in this report)was estimated.11 The abse

287、nce of information on vessel capacity and/or length for major fishing fleets,in part because fleet management measures are based only on gross tonnage or length in some countries,hinders a more detailed comparative analysis of the fleet composition across countries and time.44 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERI

288、ES 2025 OECD 2025 This chapter reviews the individual stock status data available for the countries and territories covered in this report and analyses the sustainability and productivity of fisheries resources at the country level and at an aggregate level.The analysis sheds light on how much is kn

289、own and on the overall health and productivity of the assessed fish stocks.By focusing on assessed stocks,it provides a unique perspective on the effectiveness of science-based management at maintaining a sustainable and productive resource base.The chapter also explores trends in fish stock health

290、and productivity since 2019.3 The sustainability of marine fish resources 45 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Key messages on resource sustainability Healthy and productive fish stocks are essential for an economically,socially and environmentally sustainable fisheries sector.Regular stock as

291、sessments are the basis of the science-based fisheries management needed to harvest fish stocks in ways that preserve their health and maximise their productivity and hence benefits to society.Stock assessments can be expensive and complex,hence only a subset of harvested stocks are assessed.Examini

292、ng stock status data provides information on what is known about stock health and productivity but also about the extent of knowledge gaps.The OECD collects and publishes individual stock status data for the stocks harvested by the countries and territories covered in this report that are assessed a

293、nd publicly released or reported to the OECD.In 2024,data were recorded for 1 623 assessed stocks,across 31 OECD Members and non-Members,specifying whether stocks were healthy(i.e.above their limit thresholds)and whether they were meeting productivity targets(i.e.catch or value is sustainably maximi

294、sed).For 23%of these stocks,the assessment was not conclusive(i.e.it was not possible to determine the health status).Data suggest that management works.Where it was possible to determine a health status,81%of assessed stocks were healthy.This is more than the FAO estimated global share of 62%of sus

295、tainable stocks.One explanation for this difference could be that fish stocks are healthier where scientific management is possible thanks to rigorous stock assessments.More could be done to harvest healthy stocks optimally.Looking at stocks for which both the health and productivity statuses were k

296、nown suggests that only 59%of healthy stocks also meet productivity targets aimed at maximising the catch or value of landings.This highlights the importance and the potential of improved fisheries management to optimise food production or fisher incomes and reduce greenhouse gas emissions,even for

297、healthy stocks.At the country level,there is considerable variation in both the status of stocks and the number of stocks assessed.The proportion of assessed stocks known to be healthy increased by 5 percentage points between 2019 and 2024 and the proportion of unhealthy stocks also declined by 5 pe

298、rcentage points.While this indicates that the health of assessed fish stocks is likely improving,this trend must be interpreted with caution given changes in the underlying database.The sustainability and productivity of the sector could be improved by:o Investing in stock assessments and data colle

299、ction more generally to ensure,where possible,all commercially important stocks are assessed on a regular basis(at intervals appropriate to the biology of the species),and that stock assessments conclusively report against both health(limit reference points)and productivity(targets)status.o Investin

300、g in research and development to refine existing stock assessment methodologies and develop new assessments for difficult to assess stocks,particularly low-cost and low data methodologies that are applicable to multispecies stock complexes.46 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 3.1.Whats the iss

301、ue?Healthy and productive fish stocks are essential for an economically,socially and environmentally sustainable fisheries sector.A fish stock is considered healthy when the population is large enough that the risk of collapse in the short term is small(i.e.it is above limit thresholds often defined

302、 in terms of biomass).The health of fish stocks is not only impacted by fishing,but also by a range of natural factors(such as climate)and other economic activities(such as recreational fishing)and pollution.The goal of sustainable fisheries management is to ensure that stocks are not only healthy b

303、ut also productive;in other words,the catch value or volume can be maximised under sustainability constraints.Unhealthy fish stocks are bad for both the marine environment and the profitability of fishers,leading to negative impacts on the communities in which they live.Further,unhealthy fish stocks

304、 will also result in lower food production,which leads to negative impacts on food security,particularly in vulnerable coastal communities.Regular stock assessments are fundamental to fisheries management and essential for ensuring decisions are based on scientific evidence.Ideally,stock assessments

305、 should accurately model the population dynamics of a stock and adequately model all the key natural processes that define the status of the stock,including natural mortality,recruitment and growth(Punt,20231).However,the accuracy of most stock assessment is limited by the availability of resources

306、and data.As such,it is rarely possible to conduct“ideal”assessments.Instead,fisheries managers must balance the need for accuracy against available resources and the socio-economic importance of the stock.Consequently,the ability of any given stock assessment to accurately diagnose the state of the

307、stock varies,with some assessments having higher uncertainty than others(Edgar et al.,20242).Climate change will exacerbate these issues,with long-term warming trends,short-term weather events(e.g.marine heatwaves)and ocean acidification having significant impacts on the distribution and abundance o

308、f stocks(IPCC,20193)(for more information see Chapter 4).The increased variability in fish stocks from year to year and changing ecosystems only increase the importance of conducting regular accurate stock assessments for effective fisheries management.Accuracy of stock assessments is important beca

309、use it directly impacts the decisions fisheries managers take.Recent evidence suggests that overfished stocks tend to have less accurate stock assessments,with a systematic bias towards overestimating the underlying stock biomass(Edgar et al.,20242).Further,stocks of lower value species or in warmer

310、 waters are also more likely to have positively biased assessments,suggesting the resources available for assessment and the technical challenges to assessment(stocks in warmer waters are more likely to be part of multispecies stock complexes)also play an important role.While the direction of causal

311、ity is not yet clear i.e.are the stocks overfished due to inaccurate stock assessments or are the assessments inaccurate due to the stocks being overfished better stock assessments are associated with healthier stocks,further underlining the important role they play in fisheries management systems.T

312、he Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)estimates that,globally,the proportion of fish stocks outside biologically sustainable levels increased from 10%in 1972 to 37.7%in 2021,driven primarily by overfishing(FAO,20244).These declines in the health of fish stocks are still ongoing and the proportion

313、 of overfished stocks globally has increased 2.3%since 2019.However,these global numbers mask important regional trends,with some regions(e.g.Mediterranean and Black Sea and North West Pacific)having a much higher proportion of overfished stocks than others.Importantly,some fish stocks are much larg

314、er than others,so despite 37.3%of stocks being overfished,only 23.1%of capture production came from overfished stocks in 2021(FAO,20244).Finally,these figures are based on a fixed list of 445 reference aggregated stocks from which global and region totals are extrapolated.The geographical scale of t

315、he published figures does not highlight local nuances,making it difficult to translate them into actionable policy recommendations in individual countries.47 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 3.2.An OECD perspective on fish stock health and productivity The OECD approach to stock status attemp

316、ts to complement the FAOs global approach by collecting and publishing individual stock status data for the assessed stocks harvested by the countries and territories covered in this report where the results of the assessments are publicly released or reported to the OECD.For this edition of the Rev

317、iew of Fisheries,stock assessment results were received or identified from public sources for 1 623 stock assessments across 31 OECD Members and non-Members.1 Data are presented at an aggregated and a national level,with respect to both health limits and productivity targets,as explained in Box 3.1.

318、The database underpinning the analysis in this chapter has been compiled from a range of sources,including country submissions,publicly available documents from regional fisheries management organisations/arrangements(RFMO/As)2 and data downloaded directly from the International Commission for the E

319、xploration of the Seas.It is likely there are data sources that have not been included,because they are either not publicly available or difficult to access.As such,the chapter illustrates both the most uptodate understanding of stock status in the countries and territories covered in this report an

320、d also the extent of publicly available information on the status of the resources on which their fisheries sector relies.3 Box 3.1.The OECD stock status indicators database As part of the OECD Review of Fisheries,the OECD regularly collects data on recent fish stock assessments(“recent”being define

321、d as within the last ten years)with nationally(or regionally)determined standards for:health limits(i.e.limit reference points,typically defined in terms of biomass or mortality thresholds)productivity targets(i.e.target reference points,typically aimed at optimising catch value or volume,such as ma

322、ximum sustainable yield(MSY)and maximum economic yield(MEY).Figure 3.1.Structure of the stock status indicators database 48 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 While national authorities may use different terms for stocks within the ranges described above,in this chapter a healthy fish stock is

323、one that exceeds the health limits,and a productive stock is one that meets productivity targets.Not all stock assessments are conclusive.A number of them conclude an undetermined health status(23%)and an undetermined productivity status(21%).Additionally,a number of stock assessments report status

324、only against health limits(29%),in which case the status is said to be unreported against productivity targets.By definition,unhealthy stocks cannot meet productivity targets(but sometimes their status is unreported against productivity targets).The data do not contain any information on unassessed

325、fish stocks.Stock status data are used to produce a series of aggregate and country-level indicators,including the total number of stocks assessed,and the proportions of assessed stocks with different health and productivity statuses.3.3.Health and productivity of assessed fish stocks in 2024 3.3.1.

326、The majority of assessed stocks are healthy,but many do not meet productivity targets Of the 1 623 assessed stocks reported in the database,62%were reported to be healthy(i.e.above their limit reference points),15%were unhealthy and for 23%,the health status was not able to be determined(Figure 3.2a

327、).Moreover,31%of assessed stocks were reported to be meeting productivity targets(e.g.maximum sustainable yield or maximum economic yield),19%were reported not to meet such targets,in 21%of the stocks the status was undetermined with respect to productivity and in 29%the assessments did not report s

328、tatus with respect to productivity targets(Figure 3.2b).For 50%of the assessed stocks,the productivity status is thus unknown,which complicates the interpretation of the productivity results.The stocks where the productivity status is unreported largely come from Australia where currently the assess

329、ments only report the status with respect to health limits,not productivity targets(Roelofs et al.,20245).Looking at stocks for which the health status could be determined(henceforth“conclusively assessed”stocks)i.e.removing stocks with an undetermined health status shows that 81%of them were health

330、y and 19%unhealthy.In other words,one in five conclusively assessed stocks is unhealthy.The majority(73%)of healthy stocks were also meeting productivity targets,where both the health and productivity statuses were known.4 Thus,applying this ratio to all healthy stocks means that an estimated 59%of

331、conclusively assessed stocks were also meeting productivity targets.Where healthy stocks are below the levels that allow for optimal productivity,fishing can lead to below optimal incomes,or below optimal production volume,and in both cases increased greenhouse gas emissions(Parker et al.,20186).Thi

332、s highlights the importance and the potential of improved fisheries management to optimise food production or fisher incomes and reduce greenhouse gas emissions,even for healthy stocks(Bastardie et al.,20227).49 OECD REVIEW OF FISHERIES 2025 OECD 2025 Figure 3.2.Status of assessed stocks in 2024 Not

333、e:No stock assessments were reported by Denmark,Iceland,Lithuania,Mexico,Portugal,Trkiye,China,Indonesia,India and Viet Nam.Source:OECD(2025),Stock Status Indicators.The proportion of conclusively assessed stocks that are healthy(81%)is significantly higher than the global average of 62%of sustainable stocks(i.e.stocks that are underfished or maximally sustainably fished)reported in the FAO State