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1、ADVANCING ZERO-EMISSION TRUCKS AND GREEN PORTSUnited Nations Development ProgrammeNovember 2024ACKNOWLEDGMENTAuthors:Samin Sarraf Boshrouei(Research Analyst,ICPSD UNDP),Johannes Sahmland-Bowling(Policy Coordinator,ICPSD UNDP),Ozay Ozaydin(Industrial Engineering Assistant Professor,Dou University).Th

2、e report benefited from contributions from:Yunis Sharifi(Research Fellow,ICPSD UNDP),Dilek Soykuvvet(Research Analyst,ICPSD UNDP),Baqir Khawari(Quantitative Research Intern,ICPSD UNDP).And benefited from reviews and comments from Bill Van Amburg(Global Zero Emission Transportation Strategist and Exp

3、ert),Lewis M.Fulton(Director,Energy Futures Program,Institute of Transportation Studies,University of California Davis,Davis,CA,USA),Paula Martinez Corraliza(Green Energy Specialist,Green Energy Solutions Team,ITM UNDP),and Mortatha Hasan(IoT Technical Specialist,Green Energy Solutions Team,ITM UNDP

4、).UNDP and Dou University have complete editorial independence.The report funding was provided by Windrose Technology.UNDP is the leading United Nations organisation fighting to end the injustice of poverty,inequality,and climate change.Working with our broad network of experts and partners in 170 c

5、ountries,we help nations to build integrated,lasting solutions for people and planet.The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s)and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations,including UNDP,or the UN Member States.Copyright:UNDP 2024.All rights reserved.One Unite

6、d Nations Plaza,NEW YORK,NY10017,USA.Layout&Design:BakOS DESIGNTable of ContentsAbbreviations.5List of figures.5Executive summary.61.Introduction.81.1.Methodology of the research.92.Background.103.Infrastructure and technology.123.1 Challenges.123.1.1 Limited charging infrastructure.123.1.2 High cap

7、ital investment for charging networks.123.1.3 Interoperability issues.123.1.4 Grid capacity limitations and available renewable energy for charging.133.1.5 Slow charging speeds.133.1.6 Battery weight and size.133.1.7 Limited range.133.1.8 Durability in harsh conditions.133.1.9 Upgrading depot and wa

8、rehouse infrastructure.143.2 Strategies and polices.143.2.1 Improving charging stations.143.2.2 Permissions and zoning.153.2.3 Interoperability of chargers.153.2.4 Incentivize the development and operation of charging infrastructure.154.Operations and logistics.164.1 Challenges.164.1.1 ZET inputs an

9、d supply chains.164.1.2 Fleet management and logistics planning.174.1.3 Cargo capacity and weight limitations.174.1.4 Cold chain and specialized logistics.184.2 Strategies and policies.185.Finance and business models.195.1 Challenges.195.1.1 Business model complexity.195.1.2 Limited access to financ

10、e.195.2 Strategies and policy.205.2.1 Truck Loan Assistance Program.205.2.2 Blended finance.20UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Ports35.2.3 Green bonds.215.2.4 Credit guarantee.215.2.5 Partial risk guarantee.215.2.6 Residual value guarantees.215.2.7 Collective purchasing.215.2.8 Subsidie

11、s.225.2.9 Rental business models.226.Policies and regulations.236.1 Challenges.236.2 Policies and strategies.236.2.1 CO2 reduction standards.236.2.2 Sales and purchase requirements.246.2.3 Policies on total cost of ownership.257.Partnership.267.1.Challenges.267.2 Strategies and policy.267.2.1 Establ

12、ish multi-stakeholder alliances.267.2.2 Standardize data sharing and regulatory frameworks.267.2.3 Implement joint public-private funding mechanisms.277.2.4 Raise awareness through customer-to-customer outreach.278.Overall recommendations.288.1 Unlocking economic potential with innovative business m

13、odels.298.2 Strategic financial instruments to unlock EV infrastructure investment.298.3 Electrifying port logistics and creating port-based ZET charging infrastructure.298.4 Form strategic partnerships between governments,research institutes,international organizations and industry.308.5 Engaging t

14、he private sector and providing awareness of the benefits of ZETs.308.6 Implement policies that ensure the transport sector sources its energy from renewable production.318.7 Conduct technical and financial analyses of power grids to accommodate growing energy demand.319.Conclusion.3210.Case studies

15、:ZETs within ports.3311.Annex.414UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green PortsAbbreviations BaaS battery-as-a-service BETs battery electric trucks BEV battery electric vehicle BDA big data analytics CO2 carbon dioxide CCS Combined Charging System EV electric vehicle EVSE electric vehicle suppl

16、y equipment ESG environmental,social and governance EU European Union GHG greenhouse gas HDV heavy-duty vehicle ICPSD International Centre for Private Sector in Development IEA International Energy Agency IoT Internet of things LDVs light-duty vehicles MHDV medium-and heavy-duty vehicle NZEVs near-z

17、ero-emission vehicles OEMs original equipment manufacturers PRG partial risk guarantee PHEVs plug-in hybrid electric vehicles PPPs public-private partnerships R&D research and development RVG residual value guarantee SMEs small-and medium-sized enterprises TCO total cost of ownership UNDP United Nat

18、ions Development Programme VGI Vehicle Grid Integration ZETs zero-emission trucks ZEVs zero-emission vehiclesList of figuresFigure 1:Electric truck registration by region 20152023Figure 2:Public and privately installed light-duty vehicle charging points by power rating and by typeFigure 3:National l

19、evel type of policies for MHDV deploymentFigure 4:National level type of policies for electric vehicle supply equipment(EVSE)UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Ports5Executive summaryThis report aims to analyse and address the key thematic areas necessary for advancing the transition to s

20、ustainable transport,focusing on the trucking sectors adoption of zero-emission trucks(ZETs).With global transport emissions on the rise,the need for immediate action to mitigate environmental and health impacts has never been more pressing.It identifies challenges,strategies and policies that can a

21、ccelerate this transition,highlighting the significant role ZETs play in reducing carbon emissions and advancing climate resilience,while also highlighting the operational capabilities and innovative technologies driving ZET development.The report emphasizes the critical role of ZETs in sustainable

22、port logistics and their potential to become a cornerstone of environmentally friendly transportation systems.Key findingsInfrastructure and technology:The challenges in establishing infrastructure for ZETs include limited charging infrastructure,high capital investment for charging networks,interop

23、erability issues,grid capacity limitations,slow charging speeds,battery weight and size constraints,limited driving range,insufficient durability in harsh conditions,and the need for upgrading depot and warehouse infrastructure.Strategies and policies to support ZET infrastructure development focus

24、on improving charging stations,streamlining permissions and zoning,ensuring the interoperability of chargers,and incentivizing the development and operation of charging infrastructure.Operations and logistics:Integrating ZETs into operations and logistics faces several challenges,including the need

25、for fleet adjustments,updated protocols and specialized driver training.Supply chain constraints,particularly regarding critical components like batteries and fuel cells,limit production capacity and create uncertainties around vehicle residual values and total costs.Additionally,operational flexibi

26、lity is affected by the limited range of battery electric trucks(BETs)and inadequate hydrogen fuelling infrastructure,complicating intermodal transportation logistics.Strategies and policies for overcoming these challenges focus on fostering partnerships between original equipment manufacturers(OEMs

27、)and suppliers,prioritizing investment in research and development for new technologies,and diversifying supply chains to improve resilience against disruptions.Implementing flexible sourcing strategies and enhancing workforce training can support effective ZET adoption.Tracking market trends allows

28、 organizations to adjust sourcing decisions in response to industry developments and meet the demands of a transitioning transportation sector.Finance and business models:The challenges in the finance and business models for ZETs include business model complexity,high upfront costs,maintenance costs

29、 and limited access to finance,particularly for small-and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs).To address financial challenges,various strategies and policies can be implemented,including credit guarantees,truck loan assistance programmes,blended finance,green bonds,partial risk guarantees(PRGs),residual

30、value guarantees(RVGs),collective purchasing,subsidies and innovative rental business models.Regulations and policy:Supporting the adoption of ZETs involves a complex regulatory landscape,particularly in port settings,where fiscal measuressuch as purchase incentives and government investments in cha

31、rging infrastructureare vital for ensuring ZETs can compete with diesel trucks and achieve total cost of ownership(TCO)parity.Clear regulatory frameworks can foster market growth,leading to increased production and reduced costs over time.Key strategies include establishing carbon dioxide(CO2)reduct

32、ion standards that progressively decrease,incentivizing improved fuel efficiency and investing in emissions-reducing technologies.Sales and purchase requirements mandating manufacturers to increase their zero-emission vehicle(ZEV)sales may also play an important role.Additionally,policies focusing o

33、n TCO are crucial,as they consider both the initial purchase price and 6UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Portsongoing operational costs.Supportive measures like purchase subsidies,carbon pricing and feed-in tariffs can help close the TCO gap between battery electric trucks(BETs)and dies

34、el trucks,aiming for parity by or before 2030.Partnerships:Partnerships are essential for advancing zero-emission trucking and green ports,enabling governments,the private sector,industry stakeholders and port operations to collaboratively develop strategies,share resources and drive innovation.They

35、 facilitate the deployment of charging infrastructure and the integration of renewable energy,while also creating supportive policies for zero-emission technologies.Without strong partnerships,the transition to green transportation systems encounters challenges like fragmented data sharing and incon

36、sistent regulations,which hinder progress and large-scale implementation.Strategies include establishing multi-stakeholder alliances,standardizing data sharing and regulatory framework,implementing joint public-private funding mechanisms and raising awareness through customer-to-customer outreach.Ov

37、erall recommendations To advance the transition to ZETs and sustainable transport,it is essential to unlock economic potential with innovative business models that offer flexible leasing options and financial incentives for fleet operators.Rapidly adopting these models is crucial to lower the high u

38、pfront costs that remain a primary barrier to ZET adoption,especially in developing markets.To facilitate the availability of affordable second-hand ZETs,policies should promote fleet turnover and financial support for purchasing these vehicles.Implementing buyback programmes with guaranteed residua

39、l values,along with subsidies for reselling ZETs in the secondary market,will help ensure affordability.Creating a vibrant second-hand market is key to making ZETs accessible across the sector,expediting their integration into small and medium-sized fleets.Leveraging strategic financial instruments

40、to unlock electric vehicle(EV)infrastructure investment,such as green bonds and residual value guarantees,will catalyse the development of the necessary charging networks.Expanding these networks is urgent to support the growing ZET fleet,and strategic instruments can help attract the investment nee

41、ded to scale infrastructure swiftly.In addition to these instruments,providing grants,loans and incentives,along with operational support,like utilization guarantees or subsidies,will further enhance the effectiveness of infrastructure investment during the initial years.A critical focus should be o

42、n electrifying port logistics and creating port-based ZET charging infrastructure,enabling the smooth integration of ZETs into real-world logistics.Electrifying ports and installing ZET infrastructure will drastically cut emissions in high-traffic,pollution-heavy areas,protecting public health and a

43、ligning ports with global sustainability targets.However,it is essential to recognize the significant challenges that ports face in providing sufficient charging for their own equipment and drayage trucks,including the need for substantial power and the potential for high grid connection fees,as wel

44、l as spatial limitations.To drive innovation,stakeholders must form strategic partnerships between governments,research institutes,international organizations,industry and port operations,pooling resources and expertise.These partnerships are critical to overcoming technological,logistical,and finan

45、cial barriers and establishing a cohesive,scalable roadmap for ZET adoption.Equally important is communicating the benefits of ZETs to the private sector,ensuring operators understand both the financial and environmental advantages.Governments should implement policies that ensure the transport sect

46、or sources its energy from renewable production,aligning clean energy supply with green mobility goals.Additionally,it is crucial for governments to encourage or mandate power providers and distributors to invest in infrastructure upgrades in priority locations,and to expedite the interconnection pr

47、ocess to the grid.Finally,conducting technical and financial analyses of power grids will help identify necessary upgrades to accommodate the increased energy demand from large-scale ZET adoption.UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Ports71.Introduction1 Global CO2 emissions from transport

48、by sub-sector in the Net Zero Scenario,20002030,IEA,https:/ World Economic Forum,(2023).Net-Zero Industry Tracker 2023 Edition,Insight Report November,World Economic Forum,https:/ IEA,(2023).Road transport,Net Zero Emissions Guide,Paris,IEA,https:/www.iea.org/reports/road-transport.Licence:CC BY 4.0

49、.4 Pranjal Barman,Lachit Dutta,Sushanta Bordoloi,Anamika Kalita,Pronamika Buragohain,Swapna Bharali,Brian Azzopardi,Renewable energy integration with electric vehicle technology:A review of the existing smart charging approaches,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,Volume 183,2023,113518,ISSN 13

50、640321,https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113518.5 Jacob Richard,Jessie Lund,Baha Al-Alawi,(2024).Zeroing in on Zero-Emission Trucks:The State of the US Market,CALSTART.6 IEA(2024).Renewables 2024,https:/www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2024,Licence:CC BY 4.0.7 Ibid.In 2022,global CO2 emissions from t

51、he transport sector increased by over 250 Mt,reaching nearly 8 Gt3 percent higher than in 2021,with road emissions having the highest share 5.87 Gt.1 The trucking industry contributes to 5 percent of the global energy related greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.The industry experienced a 2 percent emission

52、 growth from 2019 to 2022.Without immediate intervention,this upward trajectory will continue,compounding the already critical climate and health risks associated with transport emissions.This results from 96 percent of the fuel mix being composed by fossil fuels,as reported in 2021.Trucking emissio

53、ns can be categorized as well-to-tankbeing primarily upstream emissions from the production and distribution of fossil fuelsand tank-to-wake,mainly resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels,primarily diesel,utilized in trucking operations.2 ZEVs represent an enormous opportunity to reduce global

54、 CO2 emissions.With the right infrastructure and support,ZETswhich include both battery electric trucks and those powered by hydrogen fuel cells excluding low-emission technologiesoffer the transport sector a pathway to a more sustainable operating model.Accelerating the adoption of electrification

55、and biofuels is crucial for decarbonizing road transport by 2030.After this period,electrification will become the primary technology,with electricity accounting for three-quarters of energy consumption in road transport by 2050.The sales share of plug-in hybrid,battery and fuel cell EVs for heavy t

56、rucks is projected to be 1 percent in 2022,increasing to 37 percent by 2030,65 percent by 2035 and reaching 100 percent by 2050.3 It should be noted that although EVs are tremendously efficient,the amount of greenhouse gas emissions they can reduce also relies on the source of electricity needed to

57、power them.4 To ensure maximum impact,ZET adoption must go hand-in-hand with an increase in renewable energy sources,positioning ZETs as a cornerstone in sustainable energy ecosystems.To further reduce emissions,it will be essential for the ZET ecosystem to integrate a larger share of green energy i

58、nto the power grid and implement smarter charging infrastructure that capitalizes on surplus renewable energy.Transitioning to ZETs can significantly reduce the trucking industrys environmental impact,mitigate climate change and improve public health,while also providing a more efficient and less co

59、stly transportation system.Freight vehicle emissions disproportionately affect vulnerable communities near highways,warehouses and ports,where air quality is often poorest.Therefore,advancing in ZETs is essential for tackling environmental challenges and fostering a more sustainable,healthier future

60、 for all.5The demand for renewable energy in the transport sector is projected to rise by 3.0 EJ,which is twice the 1.5 EJ increase observed from 2017 to 2023.6 This surge in demand highlights an urgent need to prioritize ZET adoption,as it will play a critical role in meeting the sectors rapidly ev

61、olving energy landscape.This growth will also become more diverse as renewable electricity,aviation biofuels,marine biofuels,hydrogen and e-fuels emerge alongside increased biofuel usage for road transportation.This significant uptick in demand highlights the urgent need to advance ZET technology an

62、d infrastructure to meet this evolving landscape.7 The overarching objective of this report is to analyse and address the key thematic areas necessary for progressing the transition to sustainable transport.A primary focus is placed on identifying the challenges,strategies and policies that can supp

63、ort the transition of the trucking sector towards ZETs,green portsthose 8UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Portsworking to minimize the environmental impact of their operationsand green corridors.Furthermore,the report seeks to raise awareness,and highlight the reliability,operational ca

64、pabilities and innovative technologies that are driving ZET development.The report will also illustrate the critical role ZETs play in the larger context of sustainable port logistics,underpinning the practical implementation of ZETs within real-world logistics systems,demonstrating their potential

65、to become a cornerstone of environmentally friendly transportation.In addition to the technological perspective,the report emphasizes the economic and environmental benefits of zero-emission truck production,particularly in the context of achieving net zero emissions targets.The analysis will focus

66、on how ZETs can serve as a bridge between environmental sustainability and economic growth,offering ports and logistics operators a pathway to reduce carbon footprints while enhancing operational efficiency.Finally,the report will highlight the importance of sustained investment from both the public

67、 and private sectors in fostering a robust ZET ecosystem.1.1.Methodology of the researchData collection and analysisThe research was led by the United Nations Development Programmes(UNDP)International Centre for Private Sector in Development(ICPSD)in collaboration with Dou University,based on primar

68、y qualitative interviews and extensive secondary data analysis.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four key stakeholder groups,including academicians,international organizations,local or port authorities and truck manufacturers,engaging a total of 29 key respondents(please refer to the An

69、nex for further information).Additionally,the research incorporated an extensive review of relevant literature,policy documents,case studies on green ports and ZETs,and existing initiatives in port logistics and ZET integration.UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Ports92.Background8 UNEP,T

70、ransport-https:/www.unep.org/explore-topics/energy/what-we-do/transport.9 UNEP,(2023).Broken Record Temperatures hit new highs,yet world fails to cut emissions(again),Emissions Gap Report 2023,-https:/ World Economic Forum,(2023).Net-Zero Industry Tracker 2023 Edition,Insight Report November,World E

71、conomic Forum,https:/ Briceno-Garmendia,Cecilia;Qiao,Wenxin;Foster,Vivien,(2023).The Economics of Electric Vehicles for Passenger Transportation.Sustainable Infrastructure Series.Washington,DC:World Bank,http:/ BY 3.0 IGO.12 Ibid.13 ICCT(2024),European Heavy-Duty Vehicle Market Development Quarterly

72、,(JanuaryMarch 2024).14 Jacob Richard,Jessie Lund,Baha Al-Alawi,(2024),Zeroing in on ZETs,January 2024 Update,CALSTART,https:/ transport sector accounts for roughly a quarter of all energy-related GHG emissions,as it relies heavily on fossil fuel combustion,making it a major contributor to both urba

73、n and regional air pollution.Recent studies estimate that outdoor air pollution leads to over 3.2 million premature deaths globally each year.8 The global GHG emissions in 2022 set a new record of 57.4 GtCO2e,9 with the trucking industry contributing 5 percent of the global energy-related GHG emissi

74、ons.The industry experienced 2 percent emission growth from 2019 to 2022.10 Reducing the environmental impact of the transportation sector can be considered as the main reason behind increasingly ambitious policies promoting EVs.For developed countries,the priority is to cut CO emissions by pushing

75、for rapid EV adoption.In developing countries,the focus is on reducing local pollutants,improving public health and enhancing air quality,while mitigating noise pollution in the process.The lower costs of owning and operating EVs further support the shift to electric mobility.11 This shift is partic

76、ularly evident in the growing market for electric trucks.In 2023,the sales of electric trucks increased by 35 percent,compared to 2022.In 2017,China saw the highest electric truck sales due to substantial government subsidies,totalling nearly CNY 30 billion.Sales peaked with this support but decline

77、d after subsidies were reduced in 2018.However,in 2021 and 2022,sales rebounded as electric trucks became more cost-competitive due to improvements in performance,economies of scale and market consolidation.China accounted for 85 percent(33,800 units)of globally registered electric trucks in 2022.Th

78、is number decreased to 70 percent(38,200 units)in 2023,to reflect increased uptake elsewhere.In Europe,the number of registered electric trucks increased from 3,700 in 2022(9.3 percent)to 10,800 in 2023(20 percent).12 In the first quarter of 2024,over 86,000 heavy-duty vehicles(HDVs)of all powertrai

79、n types were sold in the European Union(EU),signifying a 9 percent decline compared to the same period in 2023.Sales rose in the three largest European marketsGermany(25,000 units),France(15,000 units)and Italy(9,000 units)which collectively accounted for 57 percent of total HDV sales in the EU,with

80、 increases of 27 percent,16 percent and 9 percent respectively,compared to the first quarter of 2023.Meanwhile,the Spanish market saw a decrease in its share from 8 percent to 5 percent.13 As of 2023,over 17,500 ZETs have been deployed across the United States.14 This surge in sales is also caused b

81、y the increasing availability of ZET models,giving fleet operators more choices to adopt sustainable transport solutions that meet diverse operational needs.Figure 1:Electric truck registration by region 20152023(in thousands)LEGEND:China Europe United States OtherSource:Global EV Outlook 2024,Inter

82、national Energy Agency(2024)10203040506070201520162017201820202019202120222023010UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green PortsThe availability of zero-emission vehicle models has seen a significant increase,with over 967 models available in 2024,compared to 910 models in 2023.This represents a

83、 6.26 percent growth in the number of available vehicle models,reflecting the rapid advancements and growing demand for sustainable transportation solutions.The increase in sales of ZETs,supported by an expanding range of available models,signals a transformative shift towards sustainable transporta

84、tion.However,for ZETs to operate efficiently,the infrastructure surrounding their use must also evolve.This is where green ports come into play,serving as crucial hubs for the electrification of transport.Ports are major points of congestion and pollution,with a high concentration of freight activit

85、y.15 Transitioning to green portswhich incorporate renewable energy sources,electrified equipment and advanced charging infrastructurenot only reduces the environmental footprint of shipping and logistics16 but also supports the integration of ZETs by providing essential power sources and charging f

86、acilities.In this way,green ports play a vital role in enabling the full potential of ZETs,contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable transportation network.Furthermore,the creation of green corridorswhich are dedicated essential routes connecting global industrial hubs,ports and citiesoffers an

87、 excellent opportunity for ZET advancement through uniting stakeholders in developing ecosystem solutions aimed at decarbonizing the transportation of people,goods and services.1715 Zhao,Hm.,He,Hd.,Lu,Wz.et al.,(2020).Characterizing the variation of particles in varied sizes from a container truck i

88、n a port area.Environ Monit Assess 192,787,https:/doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08752-x.16 Lin C-Y,Dai G-L,Wang S,Fu X-M.The Evolution of Green Port Research:A Knowledge Mapping Analysis.Sustainability.2022;14(19):11857,https:/doi.org/10.3390/su141911857.17 Adrian Serna Tamez,Drive to Zero,Bill Van Amb

89、urg(2024).Global Green Road Corridors:Enabling Factors for Successful Launch,Development,and Scale.Global Drive to Zero,September 2024.UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Ports113.Infrastructure and technology18 Marie Rajon Bernard,Alexander Tankou,Hongyang Cui,and Pierre-Louis Ragon,(2022

90、).Charging solutions for battery-electric trucks,ICCT,22 December 2022.19 Gulfem,Er.,Grkan,Soykan.,Ethem,anakolu.(2024).Designing an optimal multi-energy system with fast charging and hydrogen refueling station under uncertainties.Sustainable Energy,Grids and Networks,https:/ Marie Rajon Bernard,Ale

91、xander Tankou,Hongyang Cui,and Pierre-Louis Ragon,(2022).Charging solutions for battery-electric trucks,ICCT,22 December 2022.21 Smart Freight Centre,(2023).Financing the transition to electric trucks,https:/ Marie Rajon Bernard,Alexander Tankou,Hongyang Cui and Pierre-Louis Ragon,(2022).Charging so

92、lutions for battery-electric trucks,ICCT,22 December 2022.23 Ibid.24 Ibid.3.1 Challenges 3.1.1 Limited charging infrastructureThe inadequate availability of charging stations along key freight corridors and ports hinders the long-haul operations of ZETs,as charging infrastructure is imperative for e

93、lectric truck operations and must be available where and when needed,with services that meet operational requirements.Early electric trucks used charging infrastructure intended for light-duty vehicles.18 However,this infrastructure cannot sufficiently support higher numbers of larger vehicles.Devel

94、oping a comprehensive network of charging stations and hydrogen refuelling points is crucial.The challenge is not just in building this network but also in ensuring its reliability and capacity to serve growing ZET fleets.19 Charging infrastructure deployment also requires significant planning and c

95、oordination,with timelines varying due to local regulations,administrative processes and grid upgrades.20 This can impact the adoption and use of ZETs,due to the risk of service disruptions.Without sufficient infrastructure,the benefits of ZETs cannot be fully realized.3.1.2 High capital investment

96、for charging networksDeploying charging infrastructure requires substantial capital investment,due to the necessary equipment,construction and installation costs,which will influence on the price of an electric truck.The need for grid upgrades,along with potential workarounds like smart charging or

97、energy storage,increase installation costs,which are often reflected in total energy and service fees.21High upfront costs for charging equipment,installation,permits and utility connections make charging infrastructure expensive to establish.The cost of land and grid upgrades can vary and may be un

98、predictable,adding complexity to financial planning.Electricity grid upgrade costs vary widely depending on the project and location and can range from minor upgrades like breakers to major substation improvements.These costs are often covered by public utilities,which recover the expenses through g

99、eneral grid tariffs.223.1.3 Interoperability issuesCharger standard strategies encompass a range of options,from accepting multiple chargers regardless of interoperability to adopting a single standard for manufacturers to follow,as well as implementing interoperability regulations that support vari

100、ous vehicle types.The choice made by a country is significant,as it involves substantial investments from both governments and manufacturers,and can determine the long-term trajectory of charging infrastructure,making future changes challenging and costly.In addition to this,a wide variety of charge

101、r types introduces increased complexity and costs in establishing extensive charging infrastructure,potentially hindering the speed of network development.23Similar to the light-duty vehicle sector,there is currently a variety of charging standards for ZETs,with CHAdeMO/ChaoJI mainly deployed in Jap

102、an and Combined Charging System(CCS),whose variants are primarily used in Europe and North America.Megawatt Charging System(MCS)is an emerging global standard for very high-rate charging.Many countries are still deciding on which standards to adopt.24 The challenges inherent in these diverse standar

103、ds include the need for significant investment in infrastructure,potential gaps in accessibility for certain vehicle types,and the 12UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Portscomplexities associated with harmonizing various technologies to facilitate widespread adoption.International standa

104、rds organizations and vehicle manufacturers both play pivotal roles in influencing national charger strategies,which in turn shape vehicle markets and charging infrastructure within each nation.25 To fully streamline the transition to ZEVs,harmonization should extend beyond national borders,promotin

105、g international alignment in standards to reduce technical barriers and ease cross-border mobility.3.1.4 Grid capacity limitations and available renewable energy for charging The existing distribution power grids may not have sufficient capacity to support the large-scale electrification of trucking

106、 in all desired locations,leading to potential overloads and service disruptions.Many logistics and parking sites were not constructed with the necessary grid capacity to support high-powered charging,requiring costly upgrades to both facility connections and local grid systems.26 Electricity grid u

107、pgrade costs vary widely depending on the project and location,and can range from minor upgrades like breakers to major substation improvements.27 Although EVs are tremendously efficient,the amount of greenhouse gas emissions they can reduce relies on the source of electricity needed to power them.2

108、8 This dependence on non-renewable energy sources underscores the need for a larger share of green energy in the power grid,to fully realize the environmental benefits of ZEVs and address climate change effectively.3.1.5 Slow charging speedsEven with advancements in fast-charging technologies,chargi

109、ng batteries in electric trucks takes significantly longer than refuelling diesel vehicles.This impacts 25 Samantha Pettigrew,(2023).Strategies for setting a national electric vehicle charger standard:Relevant factors and the case of Chile,ICCT,9 January 2023.26 Smart Freight Centre,(2023).Financing

110、 the transition to electric trucks,https:/ Marie Rajon Bernard,Alexander Tankou,Hongyang Cui,and Pierre-Louis Ragon,(2022).Charging solutions for battery-electric trucks,ICCT,22 December 2022.28 Pranjal Barman,Lachit Dutta,Sushanta Bordoloi,Anamika Kalita,Pronamika Buragohain,Swapna Bharali,Brian Az

111、zopardi,(2023).Renewable energy integration with electric vehicle technology:A review of the existing smart charging approaches,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,Volume 183,2023,113518,ISSN 1364-0321,https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113518.29 Vipulesh,Shardeo.,Bishal,Dey,Sarkar,(2023).Adopt

112、ion of hydrogenfueled freight transportation:A strategy toward sustainability.Business Strategy and The Environment,https:/doi.org/10.1002/bse.3482.30 Stephanie Gagnon,(2023).Clearing Roadblocks for Zero Emission Medium-and Heavy-Duty Transportation,C2ES,https:/ Paul,D.,Larson.,R.,Parsons.,Deepika,K

113、alluri,(2024).Zero-Emission Heavy-Duty,Long-Haul Trucking:Obstacles and Opportunities for Logistics in North America.Logistics,https:/doi.org/10.3390/logistics8030064.scheduling and route planning,especially for time-sensitive deliveries.Hydrogen refuelling is quicker but faces infrastructure,produc

114、tion and distribution limitations.293.1.6 Battery weight and sizeThe large size and weight of medium-and heavy-duty vehicles(MHDVs)and their cargo present technological challenges for manufacturers in developing battery electric vehicles that can match the range and capacity of diesel models on a pe

115、r-weight basis.30 3.1.7 Limited range Compared to the driving range that diesel trucks can achieve before requiring refuelling,most ZETs are still significantly limited.They require frequent recharging stops,which can disrupt logistics operations.Battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell trucks both c

116、urrently face challenges in meeting the diverse needs of the logistics sector,though performance is projected to improve each year.For battery electric vehicles,limitations in energy density affect range and payload capacity,crucial factors for long-haul transportation.While suitable for regional op

117、erations and urban deliveries,existing battery technology is less effective with heavier loads and longer distances.Hydrogen fuel cells offer both a promising range and an improved refuelling speed but face efficiency and infrastructure hurdles.31 3.1.8 Durability in harsh conditions ZETs may face p

118、erformance challenges in extreme weather conditions or rugged terrains,affecting battery life and overall vehicle reliability.To achieve significant uptake,they must match or exceed the operational flexibility of diesel trucks.This includes the ability to cover long distances,operate in various clim

119、ates and handle diverse topographies.Although thermal management systems are being used to mitigate this UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Ports13issue,the impact on the range reduction at very cold temperatures is still considerable.323.1.9 Upgrading depot and warehouse infrastructureEx

120、isting fleet depots and logistics hubs may require significant retrofitting to accommodate charging stations and maintenance equipment for ZETs.However,many freight depots and sites can initially accommodate a limited number of trucks without extensive modifications,allowing phased upgrades as deman

121、d grows.Fleet operators are expected to provide charging infrastructure at their parking locations,while truck stop installations face additional expenses like land,concessions and permitting.333.2 Strategies and polices3.2.1 Improving charging stations In 2020,there were 11.9 million private EV cha

122、rgers installed globally.This figure is expected to grow to 124.4 million by 2030.Publicly accessible slow chargers for light-duty vehicles(LDVs)are projected to rise from 4.3 million in 2020 to 9.69 million in 2025.34 The rapid expansion of charging infrastructure is a critical enabler for the tran

123、sition to ZETs,facilitating long-haul electrification and driving decarbonization in the transport sector.To fully support long-haul electrification,charging systems should be strategically deployed at truck stops and along routes with faster,high-power options,while depot locations can utilize slow

124、er charging systems.Effective planning and smart charging are also essential for efficiently managing electricity demand in regard to both time and cost.35 Vehicle Grid Integration(VGI)enables EVs to transfer power back to the grid in response to power demand,benefiting both the grid and the EV user

125、.Through VGI,EVs serve as dynamic energy assets,providing grid services,optimizing energy use and supporting renewable energy integration.Economies of scale in charging station development suggest that building multiple stations at a single site is more cost-effective than constructing fewer station

126、s at separate locations,which incurs higher aggregated 32 Maximilian,Zhringer.,Olaf,Teichert.,Georg,Balke.,Jakob,Schneider.,Markus,Lienkamp,(2024).Optimizing the Journey:Dynamic Charging Strategies for Battery Electric Trucks in Long-Haul Transport.Energies,https:/doi.org/10.3390/en17040973.33 Smart

127、 Freight Centre,(2023).Financing the transition to electric trucks,https:/ Global EV Outlook 2024,International Energy Agency(2024).35 Marie Rajon Bernard,Alexander Tankou,Hongyang Cui,and Pierre-Louis Ragon,(2022).Charging solutions for battery-electric trucks,ICCT,22 December 2022.capital expendit

128、ures.Additionally,operational costs for maintenance and cleaning only increase slightly with more stations,allowing energy capacity to grow faster than costs and ultimately reducing the cost per kWh.Public-private partnerships(PPPs)and strategic infrastructure investments are vital for accelerating

129、the development of charging networks,reducing financial barriers and ensuring the seamless integration of ZETs into long-haul freight operations and ports.In addition,integrating smart charging can lower operating costs by enabling charging during off-peak periods when electricity prices are lower.T

130、his can help balance energy demand,reducing strain on the grid and supporting more efficient energy use.In the United States,the majority(60 percent)of the$30 billion funding for MHDV charging comes from federal sources,while private investment(14 percent)and state/municipal funding(9 percent)contri

131、bute smaller portions.The reliance on federal funding to establish the early market highlights the crucial role of government support in advancing charging infrastructure,but the relatively low private sector involvement suggests that more incentives may be needed to encourage broader industry parti

132、cipation.Figure 2:Public and privately installed light-duty vehicle charging points by power rating and by type (in thousands)LEGEND:Private-home Private-other Public-slow Public-fastSource:Global EV Outlook 2024,International Energy Agency(2024)105201530253540201520162017201820202019202120222023014

133、UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Ports3.2.2 Permissions and zoning Streamlining permitting and zoning processes is necessary to facilitate the rapid deployment of ZET infrastructure.Simplifying and expediting permitting processes for ZET infrastructure,especially in port areas,can signi

134、ficantly reduce implementation timelines.Updating building codes and zoning laws to accommodate the installation of charging and refuelling stations is equally important for creating a supportive infrastructure environment.36 Launching pilot programmes and demonstrations,particularly in port environ

135、ments,provides valuable real-world data and experiences.These projects can test ZET technologies in actual operating conditions and gather insights to inform and refine policy approaches.The lessons learned from these pilots can be instrumental in shaping more effective regulations and support mecha

136、nisms.37 Additionally,integrating the internet of things(IoT)technology within ZET infrastructure enables real-time monitoring and data collection,optimizing maintenance,enhancing efficiency and providing critical insights for future planning.3.2.3 Interoperability of chargersA key challenge for cou

137、ntries transitioning to EVs is establishing a charger standard strategy that promotes EV fleet growth in alignment with national development goals.Interoperability serves as a viable strategy for promoting ZETs by facilitating widespread adoption and reducing the barriers associated with diverse cha

138、rging standards.Interoperability regulations involve adopting a charging infrastructure policy that supports many vehicle types and models.38 Interoperability for chargers in ports is particularly important due to the high volume of freight movement and the need for efficient,seamless charging opera

139、tions.Standardizing charging systems at ports ensures that a variety of ZETs can access charging infrastructure without delays,minimizing downtime and improving logistics efficiencies in these critical transportation hubs.36 Serdar,elik.,eyda,Ok,(2024).Electric vehicle charging stations:Model,algori

140、thm,simulation,location,and capacity planning.Heliyon,https:/ Shujun,Wang.,Xiaoshen,Cai,(2019).Analysis of Policy Tools for the Governance of Streamlining Administration and Delegating Power,Improving Regulation,and Upgrading Services in Chinas Pilot Free Trade Zones,https:/doi.org/10.2991/iceess-19

141、.2019.74.38 Samantha Pettigrew,(2023).Strategies for setting a national electric vehicle charger standard:Relevant factors and the case of Chile,ICCT,9 January 2023.39 Fulton,L.,&Gruen,J.,(2024).Zero-Emission Trucks:Benefits Analysis and Policy Synergy Recommendations.UC Davis:Energy Futures Researc

142、h Center.Retrieved from https:/escholarship.org/uc/item/2gh6x0 x1.3.2.4 Incentivize the development and operation of charging infrastructureMany EU countries,along with the United States and China,have initiated programmes to incentivize the development and operation of charging infrastructure for M

143、HDVs,such as subsidies and direct funding.These initiatives also include hydrogen refuelling programmes,which are essential for advancing fuel cell vehicle markets,highlighting broad support for infrastructure development across jurisdictions.As an example,the European Union(EU)has established a rob

144、ust regulatory framework through the Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Regulation(AFIR),mandating that member states install fast-charging stations for on specific public highways by the mid-to-late 2020s.By 2025,15 percent of sealed roadways must have fast-charging stations at intervals of no more th

145、an 120 km,increasing to 50 percent by 2027 and 100 percent by 2030,with the maximum distance between stations reduced to 60 km.39 UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Ports154.Operations and logistics40 Senyan,Yang.,Lianju,Ning.,Lu,Tong.,Pan,Shang,(2022).Integrated electric logistics vehicl

146、e recharging station locationrouting problem with mixed backhauls and recharging strategies.Transportation Research Part C-emerging Technologies,https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2022.103695.41 Ali,Alavi.,Hong-Oanh,Nguyen.,Jiangang,Fei.,Jafar,Sayareh,(2018).Port Logistics Integration:Challenges and Appro

147、aches.International Journal of Supply Chain Management.42 Christopher,C,De,Saxe.,Daniel,Ainalis.,John,Miles.,Phil,Greening.,Adam,Gripton.,Christopher,Thorne.,David,Cebon,(2023).An electric road system or big batteries:Implications for UK road freight.Transport Engineer,http:/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tre

148、ng.2023.100210.43 Marm,Dixit.,Brett,Witherspoon.,Nitin,Muralidharan.,Matthew,M.,Mench.,Chol-Bum,Kweon.,YangKook,Sun.,Ilias,Belharouak,(2024).Insights into the Critical Materials Supply Chain of the Battery Market for Enhanced Energy Security.ACS energy letters,http:/dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.

149、4c01300.From an operational standpoint,integrating ZETs into existing fleet operations requires several adjustments.Port authorities and trucking companies must devise new protocols,specialized driver training programmes,and optimized routes and schedules that account for charging or refuelling cons

150、iderations.These operational shifts can impact productivity and require careful management to maintain work efficiency.On the market side,the ZET industry faces challenges in scaling up production to meet growing demand while ensuring a robust and reliable supply chain.The limited availability of cr

151、itical components,such as batteries and fuel cells,can constrain manufacturing capacity.Moreover,the nascent nature of the ZET market introduces uncertainties for fleet operators in terms of vehicle residual values,long-term performance and the total cost of ownership(TCO).These challenges emphasize

152、 the importance of strategic planning,innovation,and investment to support the successful transition to ZETs.In the context of ports,these challenges are further amplified by the need for seamless integration with existing logistics systems and the high-intensity,round-the-clock nature of port opera

153、tions.Addressing these operational and market challenges is crucial for creating a sustainable ecosystem that can support the widespread adoption and long-term viability of ZETs in both port environments and the broader transportation sector.4.1 ChallengesTo effectively introduce ZETs into their ope

154、rations,companies must make adjustments to their existing practices,including route planning,driver training and new protocols.The integration of ZETs into diverse logistics environmentsranging from urban last-mile deliveries to long-haul freight and specialized transport like cold chain logisticspr

155、esents unique operational challenges.On the market front,high initial costs,uncertain residual values and a rapidly evolving regulatory landscape create a complex decision-making environment for fleet operators and logistics companies.Moreover,the interplay between ZET adoption and broader market fo

156、rces,including competition from improving diesel technologies and shifting customer preferences,adds layers of complexity to the transition.The limited range of battery electric trucks and the scarcity of hydrogen refuelling stations necessitate more careful route planning and scheduling.Without pla

157、nning,this can lead to reduced operational flexibility compared to conventional diesel trucks,potentially impacting delivery times and service reliability.40 Integrating ZETs into intermodal transportation networks presents operational challenges,particularly at transition points like ports and rail

158、 terminals.Ensuring seamless handoffs and managing charging or refuelling within tight intermodal schedules can be complex,and will require considerable planning.41 4.1.1 ZET inputs and supply chainsThe heavy batteries in electric trucks can reduce payload capacity,potentially requiring more trips t

159、o transport the same volume of goods.This challenge is particularly significant for weight-sensitive logistics operations and may necessitate rethinking load distribution and route optimization.42 The production of ZETs relies on critical components like batteries and fuel cells,which often have com

160、plex,globally distributed supply chains.Disruptions in these supply chains can affect ZET availability and pricing.43 The novelty of ZET technologies can make securing favourable financing terms and insurance coverage challenging.This can further increase the TCO and create barriers 16UNDP|Advancing

161、 Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Portsto adoption.44 As the component demand moves away from combustion engines towards high-value and new components for ZETs,the powertrain supplier landscape will experience a substantial disruption.This shift will introduce new points of differentiation and reshape

162、 the supplier landscape,compelling OEMs to adopt a new sourcing strategy.454.1.2 Fleet management and logistics planningDriving behaviours significantly impact the performance of ZETs.Factors like understanding the payload and environment are vital,since there are variables that can reduce the opera

163、tional range of battery electric trucks by 4147%.46 Energy-efficient driving can decrease fuel consumption by up to 25 percent.47 This highlights the importance of eco-driving practices tailored specifically for ZETs.Implementing advanced technologies like big data analytics(BDA)and the IoT can info

164、rm fleet operations,but infrastructure 44 Ulrike,Stefani.,Francesco,Schiavone.,Blandine,Laperche.,Thierry,Burger-Helmchen,(2019).New tools and practices for financing novelty:A research agenda.European Journal of Innovation Management,http:/dx.doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-08-2019-0228.45 Anders Suneson,Anna

165、 Herlt,Malte Hans,Christian Begon,Henrik Becker,(September 13,2024).The bumpy road to zero-emission trucks,Mckinsey and company,https:/ Pihlatie,M.(2023),Zero-emission truck powertrains for regional and long-haul missions,World Electric Vehicle Journal,14(9),253,https:/doi.org/10.3390/wevj14090253.4

166、7 Hoffmann,C.and Thommes,K.,(2020),Combining egalitarian and proportional sharing rules in team tournaments to incentivize energy-efficient behavior in a principal-agent context,Organization&Environment,35(2),307331,https:/doi.org/10.1177/1086026620945343.48 Tadesse,M.,Gebresenbet,G.,Tavasszy,L.,&Lj

167、ungberg,D.,(2021),Assessment of digitalized logistics for implementation in low-income countries,Future Transportation,1(2),227247,https:/doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp1020014.49 Aryanpur,V.,(2024),Decarbonising road freight transport:the role of zero-emission trucks and intangible costs,Scientific Re

168、ports,14(1).https:/doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-52682-4.50 Samet,M.,Liimatainen,H.,Vliet,O.,&Pllnen,M.,(2021),Road freight transport electrification potential by using battery electric trucks in Finland and Switzerland,Energies,14(4),823.https:/doi.org/10.3390/en14040823.and expertise gapsespecially i

169、n low-income countriesoften limit their adoption.484.1.3 Cargo capacity and weight limitationsThe cargo capacity limitations of ZETs can impact logistics and require drivers to adapt their loading and unloading practices,further complicating the transition.49 Battery electric trucks(BETs)tend to hav

170、e heavier powertrains due to the weight of their batteries.This can significantly reduce the available payload capacity,as the additional weight from batteries can lessen cargo capacity by approximately 310 percent compared to their diesel counterparts.This,in turn,impacts the overall efficiency of

171、freight operations.This reduction in payload capacity can necessitate more trips to transport the same volume of goods,thereby increasing operational costs.Moreover,the design of ZETs often demands a trade-off between battery size and cargo space.Therefore,ZET design requires balancing battery size

172、with cargo space,challenging profitability in payload-sensitive sectors.50UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Ports174.1.4 Cold chain and specialized logisticsCold chain logistics,which requires constant refrigeration,consumes roughly 30 percent more energy than standard trucking.This can

173、offset the environmental benefits of ZETs due to high emissions from cooling systems.51 Additionally,the weight of refrigeration equipment and extra batteries limits ZET cargo capacity,posing challenges in load efficiency which is critical to cold chain operations.52 Effective logistics route optimi

174、zation using real-time data and advanced algorithms is essential to maintain temperature control and improve efficiency,mitigating the risk of compromising refrigerated goods.4.2 Strategies and policies To overcome the challenges posed by the shift in component demand from combustion-engine parts to

175、 high-value components for ZETs,OEMs can adopt several strategies.Developing strategic partnerships with suppliers specializing in batteries,fuel cells and advanced technologies can provide access to new expertise.Enhancing supplier relationships through regular communication and collaboration can f

176、urther encourage innovation and adaptability.Investing in research and development focused on new powertrain technologies will help accelerate innovation.In the first quarter of 2024,Chinese EV manufacturers NIO and BYD allocated 29 percent and 8.5 percent,respectively,of their revenue to research a

177、nd development(R&D).In 2022,Volkswagen,Stellantis and Mercedes-Benz spent 6.8 percent,3.7 percent and 5.7 percent,respectively,of their revenue on R&D.53 Diversifying the supply chain to include firms with the capacity to deliver high-value components mitigates the risks associated with disruptions.

178、Implementing flexible sourcing strategies,including mixed sourcing models,facilitates adaptability to changing market demands.Investing in workforce development will equip employees with the necessary skills to manage and integrate new technologies effectively.Finally,monitoring market trends throug

179、h regular analysis will allow companies to anticipate changes and guide sourcing decisions,positioning them for success in the transition to ZETs.51 Bai,Q.,Yin,X.,Lim,M.,&Dong,C.,(2021),Low-carbon VRP for cold chain logistics considering real-time traffic conditions in the road network,Industrial Ma

180、nagement&Data Systems,122(2),521543,https:/doi.org/10.1108/imds-06-2020-0345.52 Shao,X.and Shichang,L.,(2023),Optimizing dual distribution scheme in pharmaceutical cold chain for cost and carbon emissions reduction,Applied Sciences,13(9),5524,https:/doi.org/10.3390/app13095524.53 Aravind Harikumar,K

181、rithika PR,(2024),Four reasons to double down on investment in R&D for electric vehicles in India,ICCT,15 September 2024,https:/ and business models54 Electric&Hybrid,(2024),How heavy-duty vehicles are tackling the challenges of electrification,accessed 14 October 2024,https:/ Recharged,Differences

182、Between ICE and EV Maintenance,accessed 14 October 2024,https:/ Jeremy Wolfe,(2024),Despite challenges,heavy-duty EVs are improving,FleetOwner,Accessed 14 October 2024,https:/ Freight Centre,(2023),Financing the Transition to Electric Trucks,accessed 14 October 2024,https:/ International Council on

183、Clean Transportation,(2022),No fleet left behind:Barriers and opportunities for small fleet zero-emission trucking,accessed 14 October 2024,https:/ Ricardo Energy&Environment,(2022),Financing of zero-emission trucks:Key financing needs and barriers,European Clean Trucking Alliance.Accessed 14 Octobe

184、r 2024,https:/ Xue,L and Chen,K.,(2024),Lessons from Chinas Growing Adoption of Zero-emission Trucks,World Resource Institute,accessed 14 October 2024,https:/ Challenges The transition to ZETs in developing countries faces several financial obstacles.These include substantial upfront costswhich are

185、up to three times higher than diesel trucksand an unknown residual value since the market for used electric trucks is still undeveloped,making it difficult to estimate their resale value.The lack of VGI infrastructure also presents a challenge,as it prevents ZET owners from realizing potential opera

186、tional savings by selling excess energy during peak demand or grid shortages,which could lower operational costs.Additionally,the absence of integration with renewable energy sources extends the payback time,as ZETs miss out on a stable and sustainable energy supply.5.1.1 Business model complexity C

187、omplex business models pose financial challenges,since the operational unpredictability of EVs make calculating the return from investment difficult.High initial costs,uncertain residual values and a rapidly evolving regulatory landscape create a complex decision-making environment for fleet operato

188、rs and logistics companies.Moreover,the interplay between ZET adoption and broader market forces,including competition from improving diesel technologies and shifting customer preferences,further complicates the transition.Understanding and addressing these operational and market challenges is cruci

189、al for accelerating the adoption of ZETs and realizing their potential to transform the logistics sector towards a more sustainable future.For example,batteries account for approximately 40 percent of a vehicles total investment.54 Batteries typically experience gradual degradation,meaning that batt

190、eries are lasting about 10 years before moderate degradation.Replacing a battery for a ZET can cost from$5,000 to$10,000,increasing repair and maintenance expenses.55 A ZETs operational costs are influenced by factors such as recharging time and the availability of charging infrastructure,given that

191、 longer charging times could reduce operational efficiency which causes revenue loss.56 5.1.2 Limited access to financeParticularly among SMEs,the uptake of ZETs is significantly impacted by limited access to finance that would otherwise facilitate their acquisition,with costs subsequently recouped

192、through operational savings.57 The high upfront cost of ZETs makes it difficult for SMEs to invest in fleet renewal.Financial institutions struggle to de-risk business cases due to uncertainties surrounding the new technology,effectively cutting off smaller truck owners from financial support.Moreov

193、er,SMEs face barriers in navigating the complex procedures for securing financing,grants or subsidies,since they cannot always access the specialized resources and advisory services that are available to larger businesses.58 Stringent criteria for financial products and higher interest rates for sma

194、ller fleet owners further reduce opportunities for financial support,compounding the challenge of fleet renewal for SMEs in the face of high upfront ZET purchasing costs.59UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Ports195.2 Strategies and policy5.2.1 Truck Loan Assistance ProgramLoan assistance

195、 programmes are another useful tool to facilitate transition to ZETs in the long term.The Truck Loan Assistance Program,administered by CPCFA,is a good example.It streamlines financing opportunities for qualified fleets with 15 or fewer heavy-duty vehicles,with a focus on accelerating ZET adoption a

196、mong smaller operators.To be eligible,companies must qualify as small businesses with fewer than 150 employees,generate less than$15 million in annual revenue and have vehicles registered with the states Department of Motor Vehicles.The programme efficiently operates through the State Capital Access

197、 Program,where the relevant authority contributes to a loan loss reserve account to reduce lending risks.Participating lenders follow streamlined underwriting procedures with a competitive interest rate cap of 20 percent.This financing structure helps accelerate the adoption of ZETs by making them m

198、ore financially accessible to smaller fleet operators,who might otherwise struggle with the higher upfront costs of clean vehicle technology.60 5.2.2 Blended financeBlended finance can accelerate ZET adoption by combining public funding with private investment to overcome initial cost barriers and m

199、itigate risk.For example,the Green Climate Fund(GCF)has committed up to$200 million in junior equity to establish an EV leasing and financing company in India.This public investment aims to leverage additional capital from institutional investors,with a target of raising around$205 million,ultimatel

200、y mobilizing approximately$1.5 billion for the e-mobility ecosystem.By providing concessional finance and reducing perceived risks,blended finance facilitates the growth of financing solutions and domestic manufacturing,thereby accelerating the adoption of ZETs and green transition.61 60 California

201、Air Resources Board,(2024),Truck Loan Assistance Program,https:/ Macquarie,(2024),Green Climate Fund,https:/ Green bondsGreen bonds are issued by governments,municipalities,financiers or corporations to fund environmentally friendly projects,such as ZETs and related infrastructure.These bonds are in

202、creasingly popular among investors prioritizing environmental,social and governance(ESG)portfolios.For instance,in 2020,Daimler raised 1 billion through a green bond to support sustainable fleet development,zero-emission vehicle infrastructure and energy-efficient production.62 Scaling up green bond

203、s for ZETs can significantly accelerate adoption by providing direct financing for production and infrastructure,lowering the cost of capital,and increasing market liquidity and standardization.5.2.4 Credit guaranteeCredit guarantees play an important role in facilitating the adoption of ZETs by mit

204、igating the risk associated with their high upfront costs and uncertain residual values.Credit guarantees have proven effective in improving credit access for companies with weaker credit profiles with lower interest rates which is particularly important for small fleet owners.This de-risking mechan

205、ism has already been applied in the American state of California.Through a loan-loss reserve system,the California Air Resources Board(CARB)has partnered with the California Pollution Control Financing Authority(CPCFA)to provide financing opportunities for small businesses transitioning to medium-an

206、d heavy-duty zero-emission vehicles.For each qualified zero-emission vehicle loan made,CARB contributes 25 percent of the loan amount into a participating lenders loan-loss account.In case of default,lenders can request reimbursement from CPCFA for principal losses.63 5.2.5 Partial risk guaranteeA p

207、artial risk guarantee(PRG)is a government-backed financial mechanism designed to reduce default risk for operators and improve their borrowing conditions.It allows operators additional time to repay loans during liquidity crises by accessing government guarantees for debt service payments.Amounts dr

208、awn under the PRG must be repaid within a specified period to ensure future availability.For instance,the World Bank 62 Zero Emission Truck Taskforce,(2022),HGV financing models,https:/ California Air Resources Board,(2024),Zero-Emission Truck Loan Pilot Project,https:/ Ibid.65 Xue,L.and Chen,K.,(20

209、24),Lessons from Chinas Growing Adoption of Zero-emission Trucks,World Resource Institute,accessed 14 October 2024,https:/ Transport Scotland,(2022),accessed 14 October 2024,https:/ Asian Development Bank have utilized PRGs to assist infrastructure developers in eligible countries by covering costs

210、if the government fails to meet its commitments,thus giving developers more time to secure alternative financing.In the context of ZETs,PRGs can be adjusted to support operators transitioning to cleaner technologies by covering a portion of their financing costs,thereby enhancing lending conditions

211、and reducing the perceived risks associated with ZET adoption.645.2.6 Residual value guarantees A residual value guarantee(RVG)ensures a set future value for an EV until the end of its lease or ownership term.This reduces the risk for fleet operators by mitigating concerns about the depreciation of

212、EV technology over time.An example of this strategy in action is the partnership between Lombard and NatWest in the United Kingdom,which offers a Residual Value Lease for large commercial vehicles,including ZETs.This programme allows fleet operators to acquire vehicles with reduced risk and responsi

213、bility,covering amounts from 25,000 to 10 million.In China,fleet operator DST Electric Vehicle Rental has also provided residual value guarantees for certain ZET models.65 By specifying the residual value at the start of the agreement,this approach leads to lower monthly payments compared to traditi

214、onal financing solutions.The pricing is calculated based on the anticipated future value of the vehicle,making ZETs more financially accessible and attractive to a wider range of businesses.66 5.2.7 Collective purchasingCollective purchasing can increase bargaining power,secure bulk discounts and al

215、low vehicles to be customized to meet specific operator needs.This approach involves multiple buyers forming a coalition to bundle their investments and orders,capitalizing on economies of scale.Additionally,it reduces the risk of debt default for lenders,as the partnership of buyers presents a more

216、 secure investment than individual borrowers.The European Commissions Big Buyers Working Together project has enabled European cities to utilize their collective market power to purchase ZETs for their respective piloting schemes and use these ZETs UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Ports

217、21as service vehicles while sharing information about their procurement experience.67 5.2.8 SubsidiesSubsidies are another powerful financial incentive that reduces the upfront costs of ZETs and narrows the price gap with conventional diesel trucks,making them more accessible to fleet operators.Many

218、 European countries have implemented subsidy programmes to facilitate green transition.For instance,Austria offers subsidies up to 72,000 per vehicle,while Germany provides up to 25 million per company annually for vehicles,infrastructure and feasibility studies.In addition,some countries cover a pe

219、rcentage of the additional costs of ZETssuch as 40 percent in Belgiumcompared to conventional trucks.68 Beyond Europe,China also supports ZET adoption by offering subsidies of up to CNY 28,000 for battery electric vehicle(BEV)trucks and CNY 17,600 for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles(PHEVs),further

220、reducing the cost barrier for operators.69 5.2.9 Rental business models In addition to financial instruments for de-risking,various innovative business models are emerging to support the transition to ZETs in the long term.These offer an alternative to vehicle ownership without requiring a significa

221、nt upfront cost,along with predictable vehicle access.The Trucking-as-a-Service model allows fleet operators to access ZETs and related infrastructure through a subscription-based service,reducing the financial and operational risks associated with ZET adoption.A range of companies already has adopt

222、ed this model in Europe.For example,PragmaCharge has established hubs across the United Kingdom and Europe,offering a modular service that includes truck leasing,analytics,maintenance and access to charging infrastructure.Another example would be Forum Mobility,a company providing overnight and dayt

223、ime charging depots near the ports and along the major drayage routes which also provides cost competitive purchasing and leasing solutions for new ZETs.70 The Battery-as-a-Service model offers significant 67 European Clean Trucking Alliance,(2024),Study on financing of zero-emission trucks,Ricardo

224、Energy&Environment,https:/ Ibid.69 Dialogue Earth,(2023),Life after subsidies for Chinas EVs,accessed 15 October 2024,https:/ Forum Mobility,https:/.71 European Clean Trucking Alliance,(2024),Study on financing of zero-emission trucks,Ricardo Energy&Environment,https:/ EV Magazine,(2024),Top 10:Flee

225、t as a Service(FaaS)Platforms,accessed 15 October 2024,https:/ Global Drive to Zero,(2021),Taking commercial fleet electrification to scale:White paper,accessed 15 October 2024,https:/ Australian Renewable Energy Agency(ARENA),(2023),accessed 15 October 2024,https:/ in reducing the upfront costs of

226、ZETs through allowing customers to buy vehicles without paying the battery costs,which constitute 4660 percent of a vehicles price.The primary advantage of this model lies in its ability to reduce upfront investment by distributing costs through regular payment options,while also mitigating the fina

227、ncial burden associated with battery degradation costs.71 The Fleet-as-a-Service model provides fleet operators with an all-inclusive package covering financing,vehicle selection and management.A good example is the Rivus Fleet Solutions platform in the United Kingdom,which supports the transition t

228、o EVs with tailored vehicle procurement,maintenance and infrastructure development.72 Another example would be Einride which provides tailored electric vehicle deployment,fleet integration,and operational optimization with advanced shipping algorithms for efficient,cost-effective transport.The Charg

229、ing-as-a-Service model typically comes in two forms.73 The first is depot-based charging,which involves setting up dedicated infrastructure at the fleet operators facility or depot,allowing trucks to charge overnight or during downtime.The second model is access to public charging networks,where ope

230、rators use publicly available charging stations,ideal for long-haul or unpredictable routes when depot charging isnt feasible.JET Charge in Australia utilizes this model,with the company installing and maintaining EV chargers at customer sites,allowing fleet operators to outsource their charging nee

231、ds through a subscription-based service.This enables small businesses to benefit from bundled payments and economies of scale for reduced charging costs.7422UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Ports6.Policies and regulations75 Fulton,L.,&Gruen,J.,(2024),Zero-Emission Trucks:Benefits Analys

232、is and Policy Synergy Recommendations.UC Davis:Energy Futures Research Center.Retrieved from https:/ Theodora Konstantinou,Konstantina Gkritza,(2023),Examining the barriers to electric truck adoption as a system:A Grey-DEMATEL approach,Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives,Volume 17

233、,2023,100746,ISSN 2590-1982,https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2022.100746.77 Fulton,L.,&Gruen,J.,(2024),Zero-Emission Trucks:Benefits Analysis and Policy Synergy Recommendations,UC Davis:Energy Futures Research Center.Retrieved from https:/ Fulton,L.,&Gruen,J.,(2024),Zero-Emission Trucks:Benefits Analys

234、is and Policy Synergy Recommendations,UC Davis:Energy Futures Research Center.Retrieved from https:/ Ibid.80 European Commission,Reducing CO emissions from heavy-duty vehicles,https:/ Challenges To maximize the cost savings,emissions reductions and GHG mitigation from electrified transportation,both

235、 technological and financial challenges must be overcome.While continued advancements in technology and infrastructure will be key,along with cost reductions,operational adjustments in fleet management and logistics will also be crucial.Government policy,particularly through regulatory actions that

236、set clear targets and provide support to meet them,is the driving force behind accelerating the transition to electrified transportation.This may include CO2 emissions standards and mandates for the sale or purchase of specific vehicles like ZEVs.Additionally,easing certain regulations,such as weigh

237、t limits to accommodate heavier electric trucks,may be required.75 The adoption of ZETs faces a complex landscape of regulatory and policy challenges that impact its implementation,especially in port environments.76 Supportive fiscal actions are crucial for making ZEVs more competitive with diesel t

238、rucks in the early years of this transition.This includes purchase incentives,reduced operating costs,and government investments in charging and refuelling infrastructure,which help achieve total cost of ownership(TCO)parity.Clear regulatory direction and policies can encourage market growth,thereby

239、 leading to increased production volumes and declining costs over time.77 6.2 Policies and strategies6.2.1 CO2 reduction standardsA key regulatory approach to promoting ZEV adoption is the establishment of CO2 standards averaged across manufacturers vehicle sales.78 By imposing CO2 limits for differ

240、ent vehicle categories,with limits gradually decreasing over time,this approach promotes enhancements in fuel efficiency and the adoption of technologies that reduce CO2 emissions per kilometre driven.Since ZEVs produce no direct CO2 emissions,their sales can significantly improve a fleets average t

241、ailpipe CO2 emissions per vehicle sold.Additionally,as options for optimizing fuel economy in conventional vehicles become more limited and costly,this further incentivizes the adoption of ZEVs to comply with regulations.Even when considering the full well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions from EVs,

242、these vehicles still offer significant benefitsespecially as grids decarbonizewhile also eliminating tailpipe emissions,making the tightening of CO2 standards an essential strategy for promoting ZEV adoption and reducing overall fleet CO2 intensity to near zero.79 For example,the EU introduced its f

243、irst CO2 emission standards for heavy-duty vehicles(HDVs)through Regulation(EU)2019/1242,setting a 15 percent reduction target by 2025.This regulation applies to lorries over 16 tonnes,which contribute to around 70 percent of HDV CO2 emissions.As part of the Fit for 55 package,revised standards took

244、 effect on 26 June 2024,expanding the regulation to cover nearly all HDV emissions,with ambitious CO2 reduction targets of 45 percent by 2030,65 percent by 2035 and 90 percent by 2040.80 UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Ports23Another example is China,which has implemented several criti

245、cal initiatives.The State Council launched the Blue-Sky Defense action plan in 2018a three-year initiative with a strong focus on curbing emissions,particularly from heavy-duty diesel vehicles.Complementing this is Chinas Clean Diesel Program,an ambitious strategy to reduce pollutants from diesel en

246、gines and heavy-duty vehicles by targeting key sources of emissions.Additionally,China has enacted a range of new laws,in-use vehicle and engine testing,and stricter CO regulations for new vehicles.The introduction of China VI emission standard for heavy-duty vehicles brings substantial changes to t

247、esting schemes and methods,aiming to measure emissions with greater accuracy and reliability.81 6.2.2 Sales and purchase requirementsA direct approach to ZET adoption is the gradual prohibition of manufacturing,selling and operating vehicles with combustion engines.Californias Advanced Clean Trucks(

248、ACT)regulation mandates that OEMs of medium-duty and heavy-duty vehicles sell an increasing percentage of ZEVs or near-zero-emission vehicles(NZEVs)from 2024 to 2035.OEMs selling over 500 vehicles annually must report their sales,while those with 500 or fewer heavy-duty trucks are exempt but can vol

249、untarily trade or bank compliance credits.82 The Advanced Clean Fleet(ACF)regulation complements the ACT rule by requiring fleets in three large categories to adopt an increasing percentage of ZEVs,including battery electric,long-range plug-in hybrids and hydrogen fuel cell trucks.Compliance varies

250、based on truck type and usage,affecting fleets with over 50 trucks,private companies with annual revenues exceeding$50 million,drayage truck fleets at Californian ports or rail yards,and public fleets owned by government agencies that operate medium-and heavy-duty trucks.8381 Shiyue Mao,Felipe Rodrg

251、uez,(2022),The evolution of heavy-duty vehicles in China:A retrospective evaluation of CO2 and pollutant emissions from 2012 to 2021,ICCT,27 October 2022.82 Electric Vehicle Regulations and Laws:A Primer for Decision MakersAn overview of EV-related policies and who needs to comply.RMI,24 July 2023.8

252、3 Ibid.Figure 3:National level type of policies for MHDV deployment(number of policies)Figure 4:National level type of policies for electric vehicle supply equipment(number of policies)LEGEND:Ambition Legislation Proposal TargetSource:International Energy Agency(2024)LEGEND:Ambition Legislation Prop

253、osal TargetSource:International Energy Agency(2024)884422661212101016161414181820201620172016201820182019201920212021202020202022202220232023202420240024UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green PortsIn early 2024,Ethiopia became the first country to ban the importation of all gas-powered passen

254、ger vehicles,significantly boosting the adoption of EVs.To facilitate this transition,the government reduced the import tax for fully assembled EVs to 15 percent,down from customs taxes as high as 200 percent on gas vehicles.Additionally,investments in electrifying public transportation aim to make

255、EVs more accessible,particularly for lower-income groups.84 This strategy could also be applied to trucks by implementing similar import bans and tax incentives,encouraging the transition to ZETs for freight transport.6.2.3 Policies on total cost of ownershipThe total cost of ownership(TCO)for encom

256、passes not only the initial purchase price but also ongoing operational expenses such as fuel,maintenance,insurance and taxes,along with considerations of resale value over a defined ownership period.While the purchase cost of BETs is expected to decrease significantly in the coming years,they are a

257、lready often cheaper to operate than diesel trucks due to lower 84 Ella Nilsen,Nimi Princewill,(2024),EVs are starting to overtake gas-powered cars in a surprising place,CNN,19 August 2024,https:/ Fulton,L.,&Gruen,J.,(2024),Zero-Emission Trucks:Benefits Analysis and Policy Synergy Recommendations,UC

258、 Davis:Energy Futures Research Center.Retrieved from https:/ requirements and reduced energy costs.Supportive policies,including purchase subsidies,carbon pricing and feed-in tariffs can further narrow the TCO gap between BETs and diesel trucks,with projections indicating that various vehicle types,

259、particularly battery-electric transit buses and last-mile delivery trucks,may achieve TCO parity with diesel counterparts by or before 2030,in both Europe and the United States.85UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Ports257.Partnership86 Lee,Fleming.,Hillary,Greene.,Guan-Cheng,Li.,Matt,Mar

260、x.,Dennis,A.,Yao,(2019),Government-funded research increasingly fuels innovation.science,https:/doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw2373.87 REEL,Regional electrified logistics;Report based on interviews with logistics actors 1st edition 2022:10,CLOSER.88 Ibid.7.1.Challenges Partnership is crucial in advancin

261、g ZET uptake and green ports because it fosters collaboration between governments,private companies,industry stakeholders and international organizations to develop comprehensive strategies,share resources and drive innovation.Effective partnerships enable the pooling of expertise and investments,fa

262、cilitating the deployment of charging infrastructure,the integration of renewable energy sources and the creation of policies that incentivize the adoption of zero-emission technologies.Without strong partnerships,efforts to transition to green transportation systems face significant challenges,such

263、 as fragmented data sharing,inconsistent regulations and a lack of coordinated financial mechanisms,all of which slow progress and hinder the large-scale implementation of sustainable solutions.7.2 Strategies and policy7.2.1 Establish multi-stakeholder alliancesCreating formal alliances between gove

264、rnments,private companies,research institutes and industry organizations fosters collaboration and the sharing of knowledge,resources and best practices.86 Research institutes play a vital role in providing unbiased,evidence-based insights on the technological,environmental and economic impacts of z

265、ero-emission technologies.Their involvement ensures that decision-making is guided by objective data,which is essential for creating effective policies,optimizing infrastructure,and assessing the long-term benefits of zero-emission trucking and green ports.These alliances should focus on building a

266、shared vision,setting clear objectives and promoting transparent communication to align efforts across the transport and logistics sectors.Even small-scale partnerships play an important role in enhancing the ZET ecosystem by supporting collaboration,sharing resources and driving innovation across t

267、he industry,particularly within ports.An example of an effective partnership is Alltransport,a leading carrier based in stergtland,which is made up of several smaller transport companies operating as a haulier network.Each of these companies is a co-owner of Alltransport,which has a fleet of around

268、350 trucks.In spring 2022,it began operating an electric truck from Scania for two of its customers,Rusta and Stadium.The truck,which transports 40-foot containers weighing up to 14 tonnes,runs between the Port of Norrkping and customers warehouses,covering a total daily distance of 200 km,with an a

269、verage energy consumption of 1.2 kWh/km.It is charged overnight at Alltransports depot using a charger,which is sufficient to fully charge the truck before the next days operations.87 Wibax,a chemical supplier headquartered in Pite,collaborates with Scania to demonstrate an electric and other chemic

270、als between Pite and Skellefte,covering about 300 km daily in a two-shift operation.Through partnerships,Wibax installed chargers at both its Pite terminal and the Port of Skellefte to ensure efficient charging during loading and unloading.88 7.2.2 Standardize data sharing and regulatory frameworksS

271、tandardized data-sharing platforms and regulatory frameworks can be strategically developed to encourage cooperation between stakeholders.Connectivity solutions,such as 5G/Starlink and hybrid networks,should be utilized where available to improve data flow,with edge computing minimizing disruptions

272、in remote areas.For regions without these options,local data storage can ensure continued data access and reliability.Governments can play a critical role by providing up-to-date information on infrastructure development,including the availability and location of charging stations for ZETs.This data

273、 can be made accessible through centralized databases,helping 26UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Portsindustry players plan better routes,optimize logistics and make informed investment decisions.Ensuring transparency and consistency across jurisdictions will reduce barriers to adoption

274、 and support coordinated efforts to build a sustainable transport ecosystem.On 24 May 2022,the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI released an analysis for the European Automobile Manufacturers Association(ACEA)to guide governments and infrastructure operators in prioritizin

275、g electric truck charging point installations.The research emphasizes the importance of battery electric trucks in decarbonizing road freight transport,with ACEA Chairperson Martin Lundstedt highlighting the urgency of rapidly installing charging stations to facilitate market growth.The study analys

276、ed global positioning system(GPS)data from 400,000 trucks over a year,identifying that 10 percent of the most frequented truck stop locations account for 50 percent of total stops.The ACEA is urging national governments to equip these top locations with suitable electric chargers by 2027.The analysi

277、s includes detailed regional maps that illustrate truck stop locations and their respective stopping timescrucial information for determining the necessary charging infrastructure.This collaboration reflects the shared objective of supporting the transition to sustainable freight transport through o

278、ptimizing the logistics network for electric trucks,by ensuring that charging facilities meet operational needs.89 89 ACEA,(2022),Electric trucks:New data maps out priority locations for charging points,24 May 2022,https:/ Implement joint public-private funding mechanismsPublic-private partnerships(

279、PPPs)that incentivize investment in zero-emission technologies and infrastructure can be introduced to support the adoption of ZETs.Governments can provide financial incentives,such as grants,tax credits or low-interest loans,while private companies can contribute through co-investment in charging s

280、tations,renewable energy solutions and vehicle development.This will help distribute the financial burden and accelerate the deployment of green transport systems.7.2.4 Raise awareness through customer-to-customer outreachEncouraging early adopters of ZETs to share their experiences with potential c

281、ustomersshowcasing the operational benefits,cost savings and environmental impact of ZETswill increase confidence in green transportation systems.Peer-to-peer engagement,such as case studies or testimonials,can help reduce uncertainty and build trust,offering real-world examples of how transitioning

282、 to green logistics is both feasible and advantageous.This can be further supported by industry forums,webinars and outreach campaigns.UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Ports278.Overall recommendationsUnlocking economic potential with innovative business modelsElectrifying port logistics

283、 and creating port-based ZET charging infrastructureEngaging the private sector and providing awareness of the benefits of ZETsConduct technical and financial analyses of power grids to accommodate growing energy demandStrategic financial instruments to unlock EV infrastructure investmentForm strate

284、gic partnerships between governments,research institutes,international organizations and industryImplement policies that ensure the transport sector sources its energy from renewable production288.1 Unlocking economic potential with innovative business modelsTo ensure ZETs are economically viable,go

285、vernments and the private sector must collaborate to create flexible leasing models and financing options,reducing capital barriers for fleet operators.PPPs can play a pivotal role in sharing investment costs,while financial incentives such as tax credits and subsidies will drive early adoption,maki

286、ng ZETs accessible to smaller companies and enhancing economies of scale.o Impact:Decreasing financial barriers for fleet operators8.2 Strategic financial instruments to unlock EV infrastructure investment Innovative financial tools,such as residual value guarantees and utilization guarantees,can mi

287、tigate risks and attract investors by ensuring the future value of ZETs and the steady use of charging infrastructure.Green bonds and sustainability-linked loans can also be leveraged to fund the development of EV charging stations,green corridors and port electrification,offering competitive return

288、s tied to the achievement of sustainability goals.Securing investment through innovative financial tools is crucial to meeting global emission reduction targets,highlighting the critical need for immediate action.o Impact:Enhancing investor confidence and mobilize capital for essential EV infrastruc

289、ture8.3 Electrifying port logistics and creating port-based ZET charging infrastructure Supported by comprehensive electrification strategies,ports must implement clear regulatory frameworks mandating the phased adoption of ZETs.The development of port-based charging infrastructure will enable seaml

290、ess ZET operations.Robust regulations and infrastructure development is critical for achieving sustainable,zero-emission operations in global trade hubs.o Impact:Creating a supportive environment for ZET operations at ports,improving logistics efficiency and reducing emissions in global trade298.4 F

291、orm strategic partnerships between governments,research institutes,international organizations and industry Effective collaboration between key stakeholders is essential for devising a comprehensive road map for ZETs,ensuring a unified and scalable transition to sustainable transport.Governments can

292、 set regulatory frameworks,while research institutes provide technical insights and data-driven analysis to guide decision-making.International organizations can share global best practices and harmonize efforts across borders,while the industry contributes with innovation and practical implementati

293、on strategies.Together,these partnerships can create a robust,actionable road map that addresses technical,financial and policy challenges,laying the groundwork for widespread ZET deployment.o Impact:Introducing comprehensive road map for ZET deployment,addressing financial,technical and policy chal

294、lenges more effectively8.5 Engaging the private sector and providing awareness of the benefits of ZETs A targeted awareness campaign is needed to educate potential ZET usersranging from logistics companies to fleet operatorsabout the environmental,operational and financial benefits of ZETs.This incl

295、udes clear communication on TCO,available incentives,and the long-term savings from reduced fuel and maintenance costs.Additionally,showcasing successful case studies and organizing workshops or demonstrations can help dispel misinformation,address concerns and build confidence in the transition to

296、ZETs.Without strong private sector engagement,the shift to ZETs will be delayed,putting emission reduction goals further out of reach.o Impact:Leading to increased engagement from the private sector and accelerating the transition to sustainable transport308.6 Implement policies that ensure the tran

297、sport sector sources its energy from renewable productionIntegrating renewable energy into the transport sector will reduce carbon emissions,enhance energy security and accelerate the global transition towards carbon-neutral transportation.Additionally,policies that incentivize renewable energy gene

298、ration for transportation usage will be crucial in aligning clean energy production with green mobility goals and can further reduce zero emission operational costs.o Impact:Reducing carbon emissions in the transport sector while promoting energy security and aligning with sustainability goals8.7 Co

299、nduct technical and financial analyses of power grids to accommodate growing energy demandEach country has varying energy resources,grid infrastructure and economic realities,making localized technical and financial analyses essential.These studies will identify where first truck volumes will be loc

300、ated and grow over time and can inform the timing of necessary upgrades,eliminate potential bottlenecks and set investment requirements for grid expansion.By planning proactively and ensuring power grids are equipped to support large-scale EV adoption,countries can avoid disruptions while fostering

301、a seamless transition to electrified transport.o Impact:Enabling proactive infrastructure planning,facilitating a seamless transition to electrified transport319.ConclusionThe transition to ZETs is not just an environmental necessity,but an urgent response to the climate crisis.With the transport se

302、ctor accounting for approximately 25 percent of energy-related emissions and trucking alone responsible for 5 percent of these emissions,there is an urgent need for innovative solutions that address this situation.The recent surge in electric truck sales and the increasing availability of ZET models

303、 highlight a transformative shift towards sustainable transportation.However,this transition is not without its challenges,including the need for robust charging infrastructure,operational adjustments,financial hurdles and complex regulatory landscapes.To unlock the full potential of ZETs,a multi-fa

304、ceted approach is necessary.This includes fostering public-private partnerships to create flexible financing models,implementing strategic financial instruments to attract investments in infrastructure and developing comprehensive electrification strategies at key logistical hubs like ports.Electrif

305、ying port operations and building port-based charging infrastructure will ensure seamless ZET functionality,positioning green ports as key enablers of sustainable global trade.Moreover,targeted awareness campaigns will be essential to educate stakeholders on the operational and financial benefits of

306、 ZETs,while policies promoting the use of renewable energy sources will align the transport sector with broader sustainability goals.By implementing these strategies through collaboration and innovation,a resilient and sustainable transportation ecosystem could be built that not only meets the growi

307、ng demand for zero-emission solutions but also contributes to improved public health,reduced environmental impact and enhanced economic viability.The collective efforts of governments,industries and communities will be pivotal in shaping the future of transportation,ensuring a cleaner,greener and mo

308、re sustainable world.3210.Case studies:ZETs within portsHainan province,China Port of Yangpu Medium-to long-term Action Plan on New Energy Vehicle Deployment(20232030)*was released by Chinas Hainan province in July 2023.*The annual freight activity at the Xiaochantan Container Terminal at the Port o

309、f Yangpu is 1.46 TEU.*36 battery electric tractor-trailers have been purchased by a logistics company which operates the port and are being utilized in the terminal.*Each Huasheng Cement and Xinhai Cement plant has about 50 battery-run electric concrete mixer trucks.*The trucks are using battery swa

310、pping and all of the drayage trucks at the port have been replaced by BETs using the battery-as-a-service(BaaS)business model.*BETs with battery swapping in the BaaS model reduce costs by 10 percent for drayage and 17 percent for concrete delivery.Non-BaaS BETs cut costs by 10 percent for drayage an

311、d 15 percent for concrete delivery.Renting batteries spreads costs,making BETs more appealing.Liquified natural gas(LNG)trucks have similar costs to diesel,while fuel cell trucks have the highest costs.*Hainan Daily,Hainan issues medium-and long-term action plan for new energy vehicle deployment,Xin

312、hua News Agency,9 August 2023,https:/ Niu,Hongyang Cui,Yihao Xie,(2024).Real-world use cases for zero-emission trucks:Port tractor-trailers and concrete mixer trucks in Hainan province,ICCT,17 April 2024.UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Ports33Shanghai,China Yangshan Deepwater Port The

313、Yangshan Port 5G+L4 IHDT project launched in 2019 to develop self-driving trucks that reduce emissions by up to 60 percent on a 72-kilometre route,and by 2022,a successful test with three unmanned vehicles led to the deployment of 60 trucks,increasing transport capacity by 40 percent.*The private se

314、ctor spearheaded the R&D,operation,data collection and testing of intelligent heavy-duty trucks,while the public sector ensured regulatory support,provided subsidies and innovation funds,and upgraded public infrastructure to support the project.*Tianlin Niu,Hongyang Cui,Yihao Xie,(2024).Real-world u

315、se cases for zero-emission trucks:Port tractor-trailers and concrete mixer trucks in Hainan province,ICCT,17 April 2024.34UNDP|Advancing Zero-Emission Trucks and Green PortsWashington,United States Ports of Seattle and Tacoma In 2023,$54 million was granted to expand Tacomas Husky Terminal and a fur

316、ther$12 million was provided for electric truck charging hubs at Seattle and Tacoma Ports to support zero-emission technologies.*In April 2024,$16 million was allocated to deploy 3658 zero-emission drayage trucks and charging infrastructure at Seattle and Tacoma ports to reduce emissions and improve

317、 local air quality.*Seattles policies,including federal funding and the Advanced Clean Trucks rule,support battery electric vehicle(BEV)growth.The Transportation Electrification Blueprint aims for 30 percent zero-emission goods delivery by 2030,with incentives for electric Class 8 drayage trucks.*US

318、 Senator Patty Murray.Senators Murray,Cantwell Announce$16 Million for Zero-Emission Trucks at the Ports of Seattle and Tacoma,25 April 2024,https:/ Steimer,Charlie Allcock,Ray Minjares,Jerold Brito,Claire Buysse,(2024).Powering Seattle fleets,ICCT,23 May 2024,https:/ Zero-Emission Trucks and Green

319、Ports35California,United States Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach 201 electric trucks operate at the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex,making up just over 1 percent of the 23,761 total trucks,with Amazon deploying eight electric semi-trucks as part of its zero-emission logistics push.*The Clean

320、Truck Fund(CTF)Rate,introduced in March 2020 as part of the Clean Air Action Plan,includes a$10 fee per TEU for non-exempt trucks,encouraging investment in zero-emission vehicles.Zero-emission trucks are exempt,while low NOx trucks remain exempt until 31 December 2027,if registered by the end of 202

321、2.*Fee collection began in April 2022,raising over$115 million,and by January 2024,195 zero-emission Class 8 trucks were in operation,supporting the goal of a zero-emission fleet by 2035.*Temporary access permits are available for out-of-state and infrequent Licensed Motor Carriers(LMCs),allowing up

322、 to 24 terminal entries annually under the Clean Truck Program,which also requires compliance with truck tariff fees.The Non-Container Terminal Access Sticker Program,effective since 2009,requires trucks entering non-RFID-equipped terminals to display a valid access sticker or day pass.The ports of

323、Los Angeles and Long Beach are contributing$25 million to a$135 million initiative for electric drayage truck charging infrastructure,adding 207 charging units across eight locations,managed by the South Coast Air Quality Management District.*World Ports Org.,(2024).Amazon unveils first electric sea

324、port trucks amid push to slash tailpipe emissions,9 May 2024,https:/ of Los Angeles,Clean Truck Program Overview,https:/ Zero-Emission Trucks and Green PortsNetherlands Port of Rotterdam In January 2024,the Port of Rotterdam,in partnership with Truckparking Rotterdam Exploitatie(TRE),opened the firs

325、t charging station for electric trucks,accommodating up to eight trucks simultaneously with five charging points,including three terminals with two connectors each and two fast chargers with one connector each.*The charging infrastructure at the truck parks supports sustainable logistics,offering 24

326、/7 surveillance for safety and comfort,enabling access without parking fees or prior reservations via intercom,and contributing to net-zero CO2 emissions,improved air quality,and eco-friendly transport.*A 2022 TNO study predicts around 2,000 electric trucks at the Port of Rotterdam by 2030,requiring

327、 50 charging points.Early adoption includes 50-tonne electric trucks deployed in 2021 and DFDSs order of 125 e-trucks for European use in 2022,with hydrogen also playing a key role in complementing sustainable transport efforts at the port.*Port of Rotterdam,(2024).First charging station for electri

328、c trucks opened in the port of Rotterdam,26 January 2024,https:/ Zero-Emission Trucks and Green Ports37Germany Port of Hamburg In June 2024,Hamburger Hafen und Logistik AG(HHLA)launched its first two electric trucks at Container-Transport-Dienst GmbH(CTD)for container transfers and testing at the Po

329、rt of Hamburg.*E.ON introduced four 400-kilowatt charging stations on the A7 motorway,enabling electric trucks to recharge during 45-minute legal breaks,providing 300 kilometres of driving range and supporting future megawatt charging upgrades.*A newly launched hydrogen refuelling station at the por

330、t supports emissions-free logistics,refuelling trucks and straddle carriers with green hydrogen at 350 bar.Open to the public,it offers companies a chance to explore climate-friendly solutions.*Since 2022,HHLA has partnered with over 40 global entities in the Clean Port&Logistics cluster,focusing on

331、 hydrogen-powered vehicles and equipment development.*HHLA,(2024).Decarbonising truck traffic:HHLA deploys new electric trucks,6 June 2024,https:/ of Hamburg,(2024).First charging station for electric trucks in the Port of Hamburg,3 September 2024,https:/ Truck and Van,(2024).Hydrogen refueling stat

332、ion being tested at the Port of Hamburg,3 July 2024,https:/ Zero-Emission Trucks and Green PortsBelgium Port of Antwerp-Bruges In 2024,the Ketenis and Goordijk hubs support the green corridor between Antwerp and Bruges,targeting carbon neutrality by 2050.The Ketenis hub,Europes largest for Milence,h

333、as ten Combined Charging System(CCS)chargers and twenty bays,each delivering up to 400 kW,while the Goordijk hub will have five CCS chargers and ten bays,with plans to transition to Megawatt Charging Systems.*Compagnie Maritime Belges hydrogen station in Antwerp serves ships,trucks,cars,and tractors,aiming for 300 hydrogen-powered trucks by 2025 under the HyTrucks initiative.The PIONEERS project t