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1、World Nuclear Performance Report 2024Preface31.Nuclear industry performance42.Case studiesReturning Palisades to service 14KHNP targets long-term operation 16Second phase of uprates at Dukovany 183.Country pages 204.Nuclear reactor global status update575.Director Generals concluding remarks58Backgr

2、ound information 59Abbreviations60Geographical categories 60Further reading 601ContentsTitle:World Nuclear Performance Report 2024 Produced by:World Nuclear Association Published:August 2024 Report No.2024/003Cover image:EZWorld Nuclear Association is grateful to the International Atomic Energy Agen

3、cy(IAEA)for access to its Power Reactor Information System(PRIS)database,used in the preparation of this report.Country Pages data correct as of 31 July 2024.2024 World Nuclear Association.Registered in England and Wales,company number 01215741 This report reflects the views of industry experts but

4、does not necessarily represent those of World Nuclear Associations individual member organizations.3In 2023,the global nuclear fleet continued its excellent performance.Nuclear generation supplied more than 2600 TWh,up 58 TWh from 2022,and generating 9%of the worlds electricity.This increase was par

5、tly due to the return to service of French reactors after extended outages,contributing an additional 42 TWh.The increase in generation is despite a 1 GWe drop in overall capacity,to 392 GWe,of operable nuclear power plants.The average capacity factor of nuclear reactors increased by 1%,reaching 81.

6、5%in 2023,highlighting the reliability delivered by nuclear energy to the grid.Nuclear energy remains the most reliable means of supplying clean energy to the grid.Nuclear reactors have consistently achieved over 80%capacity factors for the past 20 years.Nuclear reactors helped avoid 2.1 billion ton

7、nes of carbon dioxide emissions in 2023 from equivalent coal generation-thats more than the annual emissions of almost every individual country,with only China,India,and the USA having higher national CO2 emissions.This edition of the World Nuclear Performance Report continues the trend of analyzing

8、 generation by the ages of nuclear reactors in each country,showing the excellent performance of nuclear reactors,regardless of age.The case studies illustrate ongoing efforts to generate more electricity from the nuclear fleet,including Holtecs work to return Palisades in the USA to service,KHNPs e

9、xtension of the operating lifetimes of 10 units in South Korea,and EZs uprating of the power output at the Dukovany and Temelin plants in Czechia.However,lifetime extensions or restarting shuttered reactors are not substitutes for new builds,particularly as global energy demand continues to rise.At

10、the COP28 climate change conference in Dubai,UAE,in December 2023,25 countries signed a declaration with the goal of tripling global nuclear capacity by 2050.Achieving this goal will require a significant increase in new nuclear construction.In 2023,five reactors were shut down,while five reactors w

11、ere connected to the grid across a diverse set of countries:one each in China,Slovakia,the USA,Belarus,and South Korea.Vogtle 3,the first nuclear power plant to start and complete construction in more than 40 years in the USA,was connected to the grid and began serving customers in 2023,with Vogtle

12、4 following this year.Five out of a total of six new construction starts in 2023 were in China,with the other being in Egypt.In Asia,there has been a sustained and significant increase in nuclear generation over the last decade.Of the total 64 reactors under construction today,more than two-thirds a

13、re in Asia,with 30 reactors under construction in China alone.Eastern Europe and Russia are second to Asia in terms of the number of units under construction.While more concerted efforts are needed to rapidly increase carbon-free generation to meet global decarbonization goals,nuclear energy is now

14、being recognized across an ever-growing number of countries as a reliable answer to the worlds demand for clean,secure and affordable energy.Sama Bilbao y LenDirector General World Nuclear AssociationPreface451.1 Global highlightsNuclear reactors generated a total of 2602 TWh of electricity in 2023,

15、up 58 TWh from 2544 TWh in 2022,but still down 51 TWh on the 2653 TWh generated in 2021.A key contributor to the recovery in 2023 was the 42 TWh increase in generation in France,recovering around half of the reduction in output that was caused by extended outages the previous year.Generation continu

16、ed to rise strongly in Asia,with new reactors connected to the grid since the start of 2023 in China,UAE,South Korea and Pakistan contributing to this increase.In other regions total generation in 2023 was broadly similar to the previous year.In 2023 the end-of-year capacity of operable nuclear powe

17、r plants was 392 GWe,down one gigawatt on 2022.This includes 20 GWe of capacity in Japan and less than 1 GWe capacity in India where the status is categorized as Suspended Operation by the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA).The total number of operable reactors at the end of 2023 was 437,uncha

18、nged from 2022.The total capacity of reactors that produced electricity in 2023 was 368 GWe,up 3 GWe on 2022.In addition to the 21 GWe of reactor capacity in Japan and India,a further 9 GWe of operable reactors did not produce electricity in 2023,a similar total to 2022.The six reactors at Zaporizhz

19、hia in Ukraine comprise nearly 6 GWe of this,but this is largely countered by the increase in generation from nuclear reactors in France.Figure 3.Status of operable nuclear capacityFigure 1.Global nuclear electricity productionSource:World Nuclear Association and IAEA Power Reactor Information Servi

20、ce(PRIS)300025002000150010005000197019781974198619821998200219941990200620182014201019761972198419801996200019921988200420162020201220082022Nuclear generation(TWh)West&Central Europe South America North America East Europe&Russia Asia AfricaSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS45040035030025020

21、0150100500Nuclear capacity(GWe)197019741972197819761984198619821980198819941996199219901998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022 Reactors operating Reactors not operating ex-Japan Reactors not operating JapanTable 1.Operable nuclear power reactors at year-end 2023(change from 2022)AfricaA

22、siaEast Europe&RussiaNorth AmericaSouth AmericaWest&Central EuropeTotalBWR19(-1)33860(-1)FNR22GCR88HTGR11LWGR1111PHWR23193247PWR2106(+2)41(+1)62(+1)295(-3)308(+1)Total2149(+1)54(+1)114(+1)5113(-3)437Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISFigure 2.Nuclear electricity generation by regionSource:Wor

23、ld Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS10008006004002000197019741972197819761984198619821980198819941996199219901998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022Nuclear generation(TWh)West&Central Europe South America North America East Europe&Russia Asia Africa1Nuclear industry performance67Figure 4 sh

24、ows total global electricity generation from nuclear power plants by age in each year since 1970,with generation from reactors of different ages shown in different colours.During the 1970s and 80s the rapid expansion of nuclear generation globally was a consequence of many new reactors coming online

25、,indicated by the growth of redder hues in the chart.As those reactors enter their second and third decades of operation,and the pace of new reactor start-ups declines in the 1990s,the proportion of red in each years bar reduces,reaching a minimum around 2013.Over the last decade,with increases in t

26、he number of reactors being commissioned,the amount of electricity generated by younger reactors has started to increase again,shown by the increasing amount of red in the bars over the last decade.Figure 4.Total global nuclear electricity generation by age of reactorSource:World Nuclear Association

27、,IAEA PRIS300025002000150010005000Electricity supplied(TWh)197019741972197819761984198619821980198819941996199219901998200020022004200820102012200620142016201820202022Reactor age(years)0612182430364248541.2 Operational performanceIn 2023 the global average capacity factor was 81.5%,up from 80.4%in 2

28、022,continuing the trend of high global capacity factors seen since 2000.Capacity factors in this section are based on the performance of those reactors that report electricity generation in any one calendar year.Figure 5.Global average capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISCapaci

29、ty factor(%)100806040200197019751980199019852000199520102005201520202025Figure 6.Capacity factor by reactor typeIn 2023,capacity factors for different reactor types were broadly consistent with those achieved in the previous five years.On average,boiling water reactors(BWRs)achieve the highest capac

30、ity factors.Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISCapacity factor(%)100806040200FNRGCRBWRLWGRPHWRPWR 2018-2022 202389Capacity factors in 2023 for reactors in most geographical regions were also broadly consistent with the average achieved in the previous five years,with North America maintaining

31、 the highest average capacity factors.In Africa,the sole nuclear power plant operating there,South Africas Koeberg,underwent extensive outages in 2022 and 2023 for steam generator replacements.Figure 7.Capacity factor by regionThere is no overall age-related decline in nuclear reactor performance,al

32、though there is some variation,with lower average capacity factors for those reactors between 25 and 35 years of operation and higher than average capacity factors for those reactors exceeding 45 years of operation.Figure 8.Mean capacity factor 2019-2023 by age of reactorSource:World Nuclear Associa

33、tion,IAEA PRISAfricaWest&CentralEuropeSouthAmericaNorthAmericaEast Europe&RussiaAsia100806040200Capacity factor(%)2018-2022 2023Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISCapacity factor(%)10080604020013579 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25Age of reactor(years)27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47535149There has be

34、en a steady improvement in average capacity factors in each decade since the 1970s.The high capacity factors achieved in the 2010s have continued from 2020 onwards.The spread of capacity factors in 2023 is broadly similar to the average of the previous five years.Two-thirds of reactors have a capaci

35、ty factor over 80%.Figure 9.Percentage of units by capacity factorFigure 10.Long-term trends in capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISPercentage of unitsCapacity factor(%)252015105030-3535-4045-5040-450-3055-6060-6570-7565-7050-5580-8585-9090-9575-8095 2018-2022 2023Source:World N

36、uclear Association,IAEA PRISCapacity factor%10090807060504030201001980s1990s1970s2000s2010s202320202021 90%80-90%70-80%60-70%50-60%40-50%0-40%202210111.3 New constructionIn 2023 construction began on six large pressurized water reactors(PWRs),five in China and one at the El Dabaa site in Egypt.Table

37、 2.Reactor construction starts in 2023LocationModelProcessDesign net capacity(MWe)Construction start dateSanmen 4ChinaCAP1000PWR116322 March 2023Haiyang 4ChinaCAP1000PWR116122 April 2023El Dabaa 3EgyptVVER-1200PWR11003 May 2023Lufeng 6ChinaHualong OnePWR111626 August 2023Lianjiang 1ChinaCAP1000PWR12

38、2427 September 2023Xudabao 1ChinaCAP1000PWR10003 November 2023Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISWith six construction starts in 2023,and five reactor connections to the grid,the total number of units under construction at the end of 2023 was 61,one more than at the end of 2022.Table 3.Units

39、under construction year-end 2023BWRFBRPHWRPWRTotalArgentina11Bangladesh22Belarus0(-1)Brazil11China224(+4)26(+4)Egypt3(+1)3(+1)France11India1348Iran11Japan22Russia123Slovakia1(-1)1(-1)South Korea2(-1)2(-1)Turkey44Ukraine22United Arab Emirates11United Kingdom22United States of America1(-1)1(-1)Total24

40、352(+1)61(+1)Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISFigure 11.Construction times of units grid-connected in 2023Five reactors were connected to the grid for the first time in 2023.This included Mochovce 3 in Slovakia,where construction had started in 1987,before being halted in 1990,and resuming

41、in 2015.Table 4.Reactor grid connections in 2023LocationReference unit power(MWe)ModelReactor typeConstruction startFirst grid connectionFangchenggang 3China1105Hualong OnePWR24 December 201510 January 2023Mochovce 3Slovakia440VVER-440/V-213PWR27 January 198731 January 2023Vogtle 3USA1117AP1000PWR2

42、March 201331 March 2023Ostrovets 2Belarus1110VVER V-1200/V-491PWR27 April 201413 May 2023Shin-Hanul 2South Korea1340APR-1400PWR19 June 201321 December 2023Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISThe average construction times for those five reactors is considerably higher than in recent years,with

43、 a median time of 121 months,compared to 88 months in 2021 and 89 months in 2022,and a mean construction time of 115 months.Construction times for Shin Hanul 2 and Ostrovets 2 both took longer than the first units at each site.Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS2022201720071987199219972002201

44、296 months36 months85 months126 months109 months121 monthsShin Hanul 2Ostrovets 2Vogtle 3Mochovce 3Fangchenggang 31213Most reactors under construction today started construction in the last seven years.The small number that have taken longer are either pilot plants,first-of-a-kind(FOAK)reactors,or p

45、rojects where construction was suspended before being restarted.Construction on Khmelnitski 3&4,in Ukraine,started in 1986 and 1987,respectively,before being halted in 1990.In 2021 Energoatom signed an agreement with Westinghouse that might see completion of unit 4.In Slovakia,construction started i

46、n 1987 on Mochovce 3&4.Construction was halted in 1990,before recommencing in 2015.Mochovce 3 was connected to the grid in in January 2023,and work is continuing to bring unit 4 into service.Figure 12.Operational status of reactors with construction starts since 1986Source:World Nuclear Association,

47、IAEA PRISNumber of reactorsReactor construction start date181614121086420 Permanent shutdown Operable Under construction19871994199519961992199019982000200220042008201020122006201419891986198819971993199119992001200320052009201120132007201620152023202220212020201920182017Figure 13.Reactor first grid

48、 connection and shutdown 1954-2023Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISNumber of reactors added and shutdown403020100-10-2019541956195819601962196419661968198419861988197019721974197619781980198219941996199819901992200220042006200820002010201220142016201820202022 Grid connection Permanent shutd

49、own1.4 Reactor shutdownsFive reactors were permanently shut down in 2023.These include the final three reactors operating in Germany,Kuosheng 2 in Taiwan,China,and Tihange 2 in Belgium,which were all shut down as part of phaseout policies.Table 5.Shutdown reactors in 2023LocationModelProcessCapacity

50、(MWe)Grid connectionPermanent shutdownTihange 2BelgiumWH 3-loopPWR100813 October 19821 February 2023Kuosheng 2Taiwan,ChinaBWR-6BWR98529 June 198214 March 2023EmslandGermanyKonvoiPWR133519 April 198815 April 2023Isar 2GermanyKonvoiPWR141022 January 198815 April 2023Neckarwestheim 2GermanyKonvoiPWR131

51、03 January 198915 April 2023Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISIn 2023 as five reactors closed and five were grid connected,there was no net change in the number of operable reactors worldwide.14152Case studiesThe Palisades nuclear power plant in Covert Township,Michigan,USA,consists of a sin

52、gle 805 MWe pressurized water reactor that was acquired by Holtec from its then-owner and operator,Entergy,in June 2022.Just over a month before its acquisition,the plant was shut down,having generated more than 230 TWh over the course of its 50 years of service.At that time,it was intended to disma

53、ntle,decontaminate and remediate the plant by 2041.However,following strong local,state and federal support,Holtec announced plans to apply for federal funding to enable it to reopen the plant.In March 2024 the US Department of Energy(DOE)Loan Programs Office conditionally committed up to$1.52 billi

54、on for a loan guarantee.Holtec has to satisfy certain technical,legal,environmental,and financial conditions before the DOE enters into definitive financing documents and funds the loan,which is anticipated to occur in the summer of 2024.As part of the steps towards the restart of the plant,Holtec h

55、as increased staffing by over 225 professionals,including both new hires and returning former plant employees.Holtec is also reconstituting training facilities,including rebuilding the control room simulator,submitting regulatory documents,securing a power purchase agreement and is ordering new fuel

56、 and long-lead components.Plant work is also underway,including the offsite refurbishment of the generator exciter and restoration of reactor vessels operational integrity in preparation for a deep chemical cleaning of the plants reactor cooling system.Upcoming actions include inspection of the reac

57、tor vessel internals and steam generators.Holtec is currently targeting a late 2025 restart of the reactor,with generation until 2051 under consideration which would require applying for a subsequent licence renewal.What benefits would the repowering of Palisades offer the local community?There are

58、many benefits of repowering the facility.When online the facility supports roughly 600 full-time,high-paying jobs during regular operation,with a large union workforce.Additionally,it brings an additional 1000+specialty workers to southwest Michigan for regularly scheduled refuelling and maintenance

59、 outages every 18 months.The facility is one of the regions largest taxpayers supporting local public schools and libraries,public safety,transport,veterans and senior services.A 2023 study by the Economic Growth Institute at the University of Michigan determined that the premature shutdown of Palis

60、ades resulted in an annual loss of$259 million in labour,income,and value added for the tri-county region alone.Bringing this economic benefit to the area is essential.For Michigan it provides carbon-free generation to achieve its climate goals,maintain reliability,and attract future employers,which

61、 will further increase the economic benefits for the region.What are the main challenges in restarting Palisades and how are they being addressed?The restart process has been quite complex.Initially the main challenge was gaining the support to resume operations,and for Palisades this was actually s

62、omething the state of Michigan pushed hard for and allowed us the look at the concept of repowering,which has never occurred for a plant that had been shut down prior to being decommissioned.There have been instances of plants having multi-year shutdowns before a restart so,from a physical plant per

63、spective,that challenge has been overcome at other sites in the USA.Identifying the funding a mix of federal,state,and Holtec was vital,and was initially rejected when we failed to get the DOEs Civil Nuclear Credit funding,before turning to the DOE Loan Program Office.Rehiring or hiring up to 400 pe

64、ople back to the site to assist the 220 that had remained for decommissioning continues to be a challenge in ensuring that we have the best staff to accomplish the goal.Securing a power offtaker was the next challenge and working with our partners at Wolverine and Hoosier Power this was accomplished

65、 at a price that ensures our ability to repay the DOE loan.Another ongoing challenge is developing the correct scope of work and ensuring the systems and material condition of the plant will be ready for the restart,and to allow for a long-continued operation of the facility.Finally,we continue to w

66、ork through the challenge of obtaining a licence from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC)to restart the facility.With the regulatory oversight and public input processes,we expect this to continue into 2025,but ultimately we expect to have a success path with the proper oversight and public input

67、.When do you plan for the reactor to re-enter service,and for how long could it operate?Our target is to have the facility back online producing clean power by October 2025.The facility is currently licensed to 2031,with an option for an additional 20-year extension,which will be pursued after we re

68、commence operation.Holtec intends to build its first two small modular reactors(SMRs)at Palisades.What are the pros and cons of constructing those SMRs on a site with an active reactor,rather than one that is being decommissioned?The benefits of building at an existing plant,either operating or unde

69、rgoing decommissioning are the same.You have an educated local community on the benefits of nuclear power and a trained workforce to support the plant operations.Additionally,the sites have pre-existing security plans,known environmental impacts/studies,and energy infrastructure like interconnection

70、 to the grid.We dont see many downsides and feel the long history of nuclear power at these sites is a major benefit to initial deployment.The biggest potential downside would be to let the infrastructure and highly skilled personnel go to waste by not continuing generation at these sites.Returning

71、Palisades to serviceLifting the Exciter(Image:Holtec)Interview with Patrick OBrienDirector,Government Affairs and Communications1617In South Korea,the initial operating permits of ten out of the 26 operable nuclear reactors are set to expire by 2029.Korea Hydro&Nuclear Power(KHNP),the owner and oper

72、ator of those plants,is pursuing continued operation for these ten units.Their total capacity is 8323 MWe,accounting for 32%of South Koreas nuclear power generation capacity of 25,825 MWe.South Korea conducts comprehensive safety evaluations for long-term operation,including life management assessme

73、nt of major equipment,radiological environmental impact assessments,and periodic safety assessments,according to International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)standards.The procedure for securing continued operation of a reactor involves KHNP submitting a periodic safety evaluation every 10 years.Separate

74、ly,KHNP must submit an application to the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission(NSSC)for changes in the operating permit,including a radiological environmental impact assessment,reflecting public opinion.Upon review and approval,continued operation is permitted.For Kori 2-4,the periodic safety eval

75、uations and applications for operating permit changes have been submitted to the NSSC,and the review process is ongoing.For Hanbit 1&2 and Hanul 1&2,the periodic safety evaluations have been submitted to the NSSC and are under review while public opinion comments are collected for the radiological e

76、nvironmental impact assessment.For Wolsung 2-4,the periodic safety evaluations have been submitted to the NSSC and are undergoing compatibility review.The Korean government has included the continued operation of these ten nuclear reactors in its 10th Basic Plan for Electricity Supply and Demand(202

77、2),to ensure stable power supply and achieve the countrys nationally determined contribution(NDC)for 2030.The push for continued operation of ten nuclear reactors seems challenging.What are the key strategies for successfully implementing the project?The key strategy is prioritizing nuclear safety w

78、hile aiming for timely restart of the ten refurbished units.We are maximizing the recruitment of experienced personnel for continued operation.We have established dedicated organizations for long-term operation and research,and are promoting close collaboration with domestic specialized companies,li

79、ke KEPCO E&C.By integrating domestic and international business experience and operational experience of the same reactor models,as well as utilizing the latest technical standards,we aim to establish an optimal continued operation project schedule that is compact and thorough.KHNP has already carri

80、ed out the long-term operation review process for two units.Have lessons learned led to improvements in the ongoing projects?We have analyzed and incorporated lessons learned from the operational experience and know-how from the refurbishment projects of Kori 1 and Wolsung 1.Notably,by improving the

81、 methodology for evaluating operational environments of safety-related cables that have reached the end of their design lifetime,we have significantly reduced project costs and schedule,in addition to increasing reliability of the components compared to previous test and replace methods.Additionally

82、,we developed an environmental fatigue monitoring system to predict and prevent environmental fatigue for key equipment of the reactor coolant system,enhancing the safety and integrity of critical facilities.Furthermore,efforts are being made to maximize actual plant output and optimize capacity fac

83、tors by identifying optimal areas for facility equipment and proactively replacing components.What does KHNP aim to achieve through the ongoing long-term operation projects?As the largest power company in Korea,holding over 30%of the nations total power generation capacity,KHNP plays a crucial role

84、in ensuring stable energy supply and achieving carbon neutrality.The current long-term operation projects are essential to the governments energy policy.By smoothly implementing the long-term operation projects for ten nuclear reactors,including both pressurized water reactors(PWRs)and pressurized h

85、eavy water reactors(PHWRs),we aim to accumulate engineering experience and capabilities,enhancing our competitiveness and standing as a global energy leader.KHNP targets long-term operationInspections at Kori(Image:KHNP)Interview with Jung Won-SooVice President/Head of Plant Improvement Department18

86、19In early April 2024 the operator of the Czech nuclear power plants Dukovany and Temeln,EZ,achieved the increased power of 1475 MWt for the first time at unit 3 of the Dukovany nuclear plant.This corresponds to 511 MWe and represents a 2.3%power uprate achieved without increasing fuel consumption o

87、r associated emissions.When they were commissioned between 1985 and 1987,the Dukovany VVER-440 reactors had an original gross capacity of 440 MWe.After a nine-year modernization programme,the power of each reactor was increased to almost 500 MWe in 2013.Similarly,both VVER-1000 units at the Temeln n

88、uclear power plant were modernized in stages between 2005 and 2024,reaching gross capacities of 1086 MWe an increase of over 10%on their original capacity of 981 MWe each.The preparation for the latest power uprate at Dukovany started in 2020,as part of the design margins utilization programme,which

89、 includes the transition from a 12-month to a 16-month fuel cycle.This programme involved only limited modernization of some systems and adjustment of some basic parameters.The steam pressure was increased to transfer the increased reactor power.Consequently,the reactor coolant outlet temperature in

90、creased from 298.4 C to 300.4 C.The power uprate will also be implemented at units 1&2 in 2024,and unit 4 in early 2025 to fit in with outage schedules.The capacity uprate at Dukovany is part of the B32T(Bezpen 32 terawatthodin,32 TWh safely)programme,which aims to achieve combined annual production

91、 from Dukovany and Temeln of 32 TWh by 2030,while planning to operate both plants for at least 60 years.The increase in thermal power by 2.3%might seem modest to some,so could you provide some context on the impact of this increase?This is already the second phase of power uprating at Dukovany.The f

92、irst phase took place from 2004 to 2013.EZ increased the reactor power by 5%and through the modernization of turbines,generators,unit transformers,along with several other minor steps to enhance operating efficiency,increased the power by an additional 8.5%.In total,during this first step the power

93、of each unit was increased by 13.5%from the original 440 MWe to almost 500 MWe.The second phase of the power uprate utilized the design margins of the main equipment without the need for their replacement or modernization.The increase of reactor thermal power by another 2.3%on all four units will br

94、ing an annual production increase of approximately 300,000 MWh.Do any of the changes,such as the higher water outlet temperature from the reactor,have any impact on the potential operating lifetime of the reactor?The fundamental condition for all changes and modifications carried out at Dukovany and

95、 Temeln is to be aligned with EZs priorities.This means they must not have any negative impact on the safe,reliable,and long-term operation of all units,which is currently planned to be at least 60 years.From this perspective,EZ thoroughly and extensively analyzed all significant changes and modific

96、ations,especially for power uprates and fuel cycle extensions.A modification gets the green light to proceed only when all these preconditions are met.Is there potential for any of the changes implemented at Dukovany to be applied to other power plants operated by EZ or elsewhere?Power uprates and f

97、uel cycle extensions are standard modifications that have been carried out or are being planned at many nuclear power plants.At Temeln,the first phase of reactor power uprates was implemented in 2013 and 2014.Together with turbine island modifications,the output power of each reactor was increased f

98、rom 981 MWe to 1086 MWe.Another uprate phase,based on equipment design margins similar to Dukovany,is planned around 2030 and will include the replacement of high-pressure turbine parts.Regarding the fuel cycle extension,Temeln has just got final regulatory approval and is currently in transition fr

99、om a 12-month to an 18-month cycle.This transition should be completed at both units in 2026.EZ has also introduced data-driven techniques to reduce electricity consumption at its Temeln plant.Could these adjustments be applied at Dukovany as well?Specifically,this modification is maximizing grid de

100、livery by optimization of turbine operation and power consumption of the tertiary circuit pumps(which pump cooling water from the turbine condensers to the cooling towers).These are the largest pumps,and largest power consumers,at the plant.The water flow and power consumption are controlled by adju

101、sting the pump blades based on the processing(including AI integration)of numerous data such as cooling water temperature,air temperature and humidity,and weather prediction.At Dukovany,the operation of these pumps has been optimized based on similar principles since 2012.Various operating modes of

102、the pumps with different blade angles were tested when changing water and air temperatures.All of these operation modes were evaluated,and optimal operating modes were determined.Based on this obtained library of operating modes,the pumps are operated according to water and air parameters.Second pha

103、se of uprates at DukovanyThe Dukovany plant(Image:EZ,a.s.)Interview with Bohdan ZronekDirector of the Nuclear Energy Division,EZ21Nuclear electricity production20Operable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation31641 MWe6.3%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided123425 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalThis chapt

104、ers Country Pages present summaries of recent developments and performance data for countries with reactors in operation,and updates on those new entrant countries with their first nuclear reactors under construction.The information for the numbers of operable reactors and reactors under constructio

105、n is correct as of 31 July 2024.The lifetime CO2 avoided data is calculated on the basis of the emissions of carbon dioxide that would have been released had the electricity supplied by nuclear generation in each country to 31 December 2023 been generated by coal-fired power plants instead.The value

106、s for emissions avoided annually since 2019 are derived from equivalent electricity generation from coal-fired or gas-fired plant.The nuclear share of generation figures refer to the percentage of electricity generated from nuclear for 2023.As in Chapter 1,capacity factors are calculated based only

107、on those reactors that generated electricity in each calendar year.The electricity generation charts show total electricity generation for each year and subdivide this into electricity generation by reactors of different ages,based on the date of first grid connection.3Country pagesArgentina has two

108、 nuclear power plants:Atucha,about 100 km northwest of Buenos Aires;and Embalse,about 100 km south of Crdoba.The Atucha plant comprises two Siemens-designed pressurized heavy water reactors(PHWRs),unique to Argentina;and Embalse,a single Candu 6 PHWR unit from Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd(AECL).A lon

109、g-term operation project at Atucha 1,Latin Americas first nuclear power reactor,is due to commence this year.The shutdown is expected to last two-to-three years and would allow the unit,which began operation in 1974,to operate for a further two decades.Nucleoelctrica Argentina has said that 2000 job

110、s will be created during the extension project.Atucha 2 returned to service in August 2023.The unit had been offline since October 2022,when a routine inspection revealed that one of the four internal supports of the reactor had become detached.August 2024 the unit received a renewed operating licen

111、ce for a further 10 years of operation.Construction of the CAREM25 prototype SMR also at the Atucha site began in early 2014 but has been suspended several times.The new president of the National Atomic Energy Commission(CNEA)ordered a critical design review in May 2024 to identify aspects of the pr

112、oject that might require review or redesign.ArgentinaSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS121086420Electricity supplied(TWh)1974197819761984198619821980198819941996199219901998200020022004200820102012200620142016201820202022Reactor age(years)061218243036424854Average nuclear capacity factorSour

113、ce:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%1008060402001974197819821986199019941998200220062010201420182022Emissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)108642020232020202220192021 Coal Gas2223Nuclear electricity productionOperable Reactor

114、s Nuclear Share of Generation00 MWe0%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided202160 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation1416 MWe31.1%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided0580 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalArmenia has one nuclear power plant at Metsamor,30 km west of the c

115、apital Yerevan,consisting of two VVER-440 units.Unit 1 was connected to the grid in 1976,followed by unit 2 in 1980.Both units were taken offline in 1988 due to safety concerns following a major earthquake in the region earlier that year.Unit 2 was restarted in 1995 in the face of severe energy shor

116、tages.In December 2023 Armenia and Russia signed a contract to modernize and extend the operating lifetime of the Metsamor plant.The work is expected to be completed in 2026 and would allow the plant to generate electricity until 2036.The Armenian government intends to build a new nuclear unit at Me

117、tsamor.ArmeniaSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS543210Electricity supplied(TWh)1987198919951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017201920212023Reactor age(years)061218243036424854Average nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%100806040200198719952003201

118、1199119992007201520192023Emissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)2.52.01.51.00.5020232020202220192021 Coal GasTwo VVER-1200 units are under construction in Bangladesh at Rooppur,on the east bank of the Padma River,about 160 km no

119、rthwest of Dhaka.Construction of unit 1 began in November 2017,followed by unit 2 in July 2018.The reactors are designated as V-523,which are based on the V-392M reactors at Novovoronezh II in Russia.Once completed,the two-unit plant is expected to provide about 9%of the countrys electricity.In Octo

120、ber 2023 Bangladesh received its first delivery of nuclear fuel,marking the point when the Rooppur site became a nuclear facility.Construction at the site continues to progress,with concreting of the outer containment shells of the two units achieved in March 2023 and January 2024,respectively.Earli

121、er,in October 2022 the government announced that the construction of Rooppur was running approximately one year behind schedule due to issues stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic and Russias invasion of Ukraine.Unit 1 is now expected to start providing electricity to Bangladeshs national grid in 2025

122、.In April 2024 Bangladeshs prime minister Sheikh Hasina said the country intends to build two more units at the Rooppur site.Bangladesh2425Nuclear electricity productionOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation53908 MWe41.2%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided013920 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalOp

123、erable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation22220 MWe28.6%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided0170 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalBelarus has two VVER-1200 reactors,located at Ostrovets,about 120 km northwest of Minsk.These reactors were the first VVER-1200s to be built outside of Russia.Unit 1 was conne

124、cted to the grid in November 2020 and unit 2 in May 2023.Unit 2 began commercial operation in November 2023.The plant will now provide about 40%of the countrys electricity needs.In December 2023 the energy minister Viktor Karankevich said that the country was considering building either a second nuc

125、lear power plant or a third unit at Ostrovets.In October Russias TVEL and the Belarusian Organisation for Radioactive Waste Management entered into an agreement to develop infrastructure for radioactive waste in Belarus,and to train personnel for the operation of a near-surface waste disposal facili

126、ty.BelarusSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS1210864202020202220232021TWhReactor age(years)061218243036424854Nuclear electricity productionSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)10864202022202320212020 Coal GasEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuc

127、lear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%1008060402002020202320222021Belgium has two nuclear power plants:Doel,a four-unit plant located 15 km northwest of Antwerp;and Tihange,a three-unit plant located about 25 km west-southwest of Lige.A decision was made in March 2022 to ext

128、end the operation of Doel 4 and Tihange 3 to 2035.The final agreement between the Belgian government and French utility Engie was signed in December 2023.In February 2023 the government asked Engie to investigate whether Doel 1&2 and Tihange 1 could operate beyond their current 2025 shutdown date,du

129、e to concerns about electricity supply in 2025 and 2026.Belgiums regulator has since ruled out an extension to the operating lifetimes of these three units.BelgiumEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%1008060402001976198

130、41992200020082016198019881996200420122020Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)403530252015105020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS6050403020100Electricity supplied(TWh)1973197519791977198519871983198119891995199719931991199920012003200

131、5200920112013200720152017201920212023Reactor age(years)0612182430364248542627Nuclear electricity productionNuclear electricity productionOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation22006 MWe40.4%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided05270 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of

132、Generation21884 MWe2.2%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided12771340 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalBrazil has two operating reactors with a combined capacity of 1884 MWe at Angra,200 km west of Rio de Janeiro.A third unit is being constructed at the same site.Eletronuclear is seeking a lifetime extensio

133、n from 40 to 60 years for Angra 1.Construction of the much-delayed Angra 3 unit was once again stopped in April 2023 following orders from the municipal government of Angra dos Reis and a related embargo imposed by the Rio de Janeiro Court of Justice.In June 2024 the Rio de Janeiro Court of Justice

134、removed the embargo.On the same day Eletronuclear unilaterally terminated its construction contract with the Ferreira Guedes,Matricial and ADtranz consortium that was signed in February 2022 for restarting Angra 3 civil works.Earlier,in April 2024 the projects costs came under scrutiny following an

135、analysis from the Federal Audit Court,which concluded:“The charges to consumers will be much higher if the construction of Angra 3 continues than if the project is abandoned.”Eletronuclear responded by saying that the price of electricity from Angra 3 would be competitive for a clean and reliable en

136、ergy source.BrazilAverage nuclear capacity factorEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%10080604020019831987199119952023199920032007201120152019Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)1412108642020232020202220192021 Coal GasS

137、ource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS1614121086420Electricity supplied(TWh)198419861982198819941996199219901998200020022004200820102012200620142016201820202022Reactor age(years)061218243036424854Bulgaria has one nuclear power plant,Kozloduy,located on the river Danube about 110 km north of Sofia

138、.It has two operating VVER-1000 reactors,with a combined capacity of 2006 MWe.Four VVER-440 units were shut down in the 2000s as a condition of the country joining the European Union.In January 2023 the energy minister set out an energy strategy that includes plans for two new reactors at Kozloduy a

139、nd two at Belene.The strategy outlines the continued use of coal until 2030 before reducing its use to zero by 2038.The same month,the National Assembly voted by 112 to 45,with 39 abstentions,in favour of a draft decision asking ministers to negotiate with the US government for a new AP1000 unit at

140、Kozloduy.In October 2023 the Council of Ministers in Bulgaria gave the go-ahead for construction of two AP1000 units at Kozloduy.In January 2024 companies interested in being involved in the plant construction were invited to express their interest.In February it was announced that five companies ha

141、d done so.In December 2022 Bulgaria signed a 10-year deal with Westinghouse to supply fuel for Kozloduy 5.The first batch of Westinghouse VVER fuel was loaded into the reactor in May 2024,and the unit restarted from its annual scheduled shutdown in June.BulgariaEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels gene

142、rationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%1008060402001975197919831987199119951999200320072011201520192023Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)1412108642020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS2018161

143、4121086420Electricity supplied(TWh)1974197819761984198619821980198819941996199219901998200020022004200820102012200620142016201820202022Reactor age(years)0612182430364248542829Nuclear electricity productionNuclear electricity productionOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation5654,362 MWe4.9%Reac

144、tors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided30300832,523 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation19 13,699 MWe13.7%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided029940 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalNineteen reactors operate at four plants in Canada,18 of which are in Ontario at Bruce,Darlingt

145、on and Pickering,and one in New Brunswick.Refurbishment programmes are underway at Bruce and Darlington.Six of the eight units at Bruce are being refurbished,with the first,unit 6,returned to service in 2023.At Darlington units 2&3 have been returned to service,with units 1&4 due to restart in 2025

146、and 2026,respectively.The Ontario government is supporting OPGs plans to refurbish units 5-8 at the Pickering plant,with the schedule anticipating completion of the programme by the mid-2030s.In July 2023 the Ontario government announced it was working with OPG to begin planning and licensing three

147、additional GE Hitachi BWRX-300 small modular reactors(SMRs)at Darlington,building on a contract signed earlier in the year for the first unit.Also in July,the provinces government announced it is starting pre-development work to build up to 4800 MWe of new nuclear capacity at Bruce.In New Brunswick,

148、NB Power,in partnership with ARC Clean Technology Canada,has submitted an application for a site preparation licence for an SMR.SaskPower in June 2024 said it has identified two potential sites for deployment of a BWRX-300 unit,both in the Estevan area of the uranium mining province of Saskatchewan.

149、Separately SaskPower,Westinghouse and Cameco signed an agreement in June 2024 to evaluate deploying Westinghouse reactor technology.CanadaEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%10080604020019701974197819821986199019941998

150、200220062010201420182022Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)908070605040302010020192021202320202022 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS120100806040200Electricity supplied(TWh)1970197419721978197619841986198219801988199419961992199019982000200220042008201

151、02012200620142016201820202022Reactor age(years)061218243036424854In November 2023 the countrys first project to bring nuclear-generated heat to prefecture-level cities began operation in Shandong.Heat is supplied from the Haiyang nuclear power plant to the cities of Haiyang and Rushan through a 23 k

152、m pipeline.In June 2024 Chinas first industrial-use nuclear energy steam supply project entered operation.The project,using steam from the Tianwan nuclear power plant,supplies steam to a nearby petrochemical plant.Nuclear heat is also being supplied to residents of Shandong province from the demonst

153、ration High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Pebble-bed Module(HTR-PM),which entered commercial operation in December 2023.China,mainlandMainland China has 56 operable reactors with a total capacity of 54 GWe,primarily at sites along its southeast coastline.It also had 30 reactors under construction a

154、s of 31 July 2024,totalling 3232 GWe.In April 2024 a CGN Hualong One reactor in China,unit 4 at Fangchenggang,was connected to the grid.Five reactors commenced construction during 2023(Haiyang 4,Lianjiang 1,Lufeng 6,Sanmen 4,Xudabao 1).Six units were approved by Chinas state council in August 2023 f

155、or construction:Xudabao 1&2 in Liaoning,Ningde 5&6 in Fujian,and Shidaowan 1&2 in Shandong.The State Council approved a further four reactors in January 2024:Taipingling 3&4 in Guangdong and Jinqimen 1&2 in Zhejiang.Emissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:Wo

156、rld Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%10080604020019941998200220102006201420182022Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)35030025020015010050020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS450400350300250200150100500Electricity supplied(TWh)19951997199

157、31999200120032005200920112013200720152017201920212023Reactor age(years)0612182430364248543031Nuclear electricity productionNuclear electricity productionOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation64212 MWe40%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided06190 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalOperable Reactors Nuc

158、lear Share of Generation1938 MWe6.9%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided09620 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalTaiwan has one remaining operable reactor with a capacity of 938 MWe located at Maanshan,on the southern coast of the island.The unit is expected to shut down when its operating licence expires o

159、n 17 May 2025.Maanshan 1 was shut down in July.Taiwans Democratic Progressive Party(DPP)was elected to government in January 2016 with a policy of creating a nuclear-free homeland by 2025.Under this policy,the islands six power reactors that were then operable would be decommissioned as their 40-yea

160、r operating licences expire.Shortly after taking office,the government passed an amendment to the Electricity Act,bringing its phase-out policy into law.A referendum held in November 2018 called for the government to cancel the amendment,but the policy has remained in effect.Taiwan,ChinaEmissions av

161、oided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%100806040200199019982006201419942002201020182022Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)30252015105020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA

162、PRIS454035302520151050Electricity supplied(TWh)198919951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017201920212023Reactor age(years)061218243036424854Czechia has six operable reactors:two VVER-1000 units at Temelin,100 km south of Prague;and four VVER-440 units at Dukovany,30 km west of Brno.Th

163、e governments long-term energy strategy of 2015 forecasts the need to increase the share of nuclear power in the countrys electricity mix to 50-55%by 2050.In September 2023 the Czech prime minister said the country would need at least four nuclear power reactors to achieve this aim.In October 2022 t

164、hree vendors EDF,Westinghouse and Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power(KHNP)submitted initial bids to national utility EZ for a binding offer to build a new reactor at Dukovany plus a non-binding offer for three more.In February 2024 the tender was changed to binding offers for up to four reactors units 5&

165、6 at Dukovany and units 3&4 at Temelin and EDF and KHNP were invited to submit bids.In April 2024 KHNP and EDF submitted their updated bids.In April 2024 EZ highlighted the benefits of its fleet modernization programme,stating these changes had added extra capacity equivalent to that of a large coal

166、-fired power plant.Changes at Dukovany include extending the duration of fuel cycles.At Temelin,fuel is now cycled every 18 months,rather than every 12,and parameters like air temperature,humidity and cooling water temperature are analyzed to optimize plant performance.EZ said that Temelins electric

167、ity consumption was reduced by 5400 MWh in 2023 as a result.CzechiaEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%1008060402001985198819941991200720102013201920162022Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(Mt

168、CO2)252015105020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS35302520151050Electricity supplied(TWh)19851987198919951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017201920212023Reactor age(years)0612182430364248543233Nuclear electricity productionOperable Reactors Nuclear

169、Share of Generation54394 MWe42%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided07350 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation00 MWe0%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided404400 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalFour VVER-1200 units are under construction in Egypt at El Dabaa,on the north

170、 Mediterranean coast,140 km west of Alexandria.In November 2015 an intergovernmental agreement was signed with Russia to build and operate the four reactors,including fuel supply,used fuel management,training and development of regulatory infrastructure.In April 2019 the Nuclear Power Plants Authori

171、ty(NPPA)received a site approval permit for the El Dabaa site from the Egyptian Nuclear Regulation and Radiological Authority(ENRRA).Construction of El Dabaa 1 commenced in July 2022,followed by unit 2 in November 2022,unit 3 in May 2023,and unit 4 in January 2024.EgyptFinland has two nuclear power

172、plants:Loviisa,a two-unit VVER-440 plant,located 80 km east of Helsinki;and Olkiluoto,about 220 km northwest of the capital,with twin BWR units and an EPR.In February 2023 the Finnish government approved Fortums operating lifetime extension request for an additional 20-year term,which would extend t

173、he operation of Loviisa 1&2 until the end of 2050.The units started up in 1977 and 1980,respectively.In May 2024 Fortum awarded a contract to Doosan koda Power to modernize the low-pressure turbines at Loviisa as part of its modernization programme.Teollisuuden Voima Oyj(TVO)is making preparations t

174、o extend the operational lifetimes and uprate units 1&2 at its Olkiluoto plant.In January 2024 it submitted an environmental impact assessment to the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment.FinlandEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Ass

175、ociation,IAEA PRIS%100806040200197819861994200219821990199820062010201420182022Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)30252015105020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS35302520151050Electricity supplied(TWh)19791977198519871983198119891995

176、1997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017201920212023Reactor age(years)0612182430364248543435Nuclear electricity productionNuclear electricity productionOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation00 MWe1.4%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided041980 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalOperable Re

177、actors Nuclear Share of Generation5661,370 MWe64.8%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided112,1091630 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalFrance has 56 operable reactors with a total capacity of 61.4 GWe at a variety of coastal and inland sites.An EPR is under construction at the Flamanville plant in Normandy o

178、n the northwest coast.In March 2023 Frances parliament formally approved the governments nuclear investment plan to construct six EPR2 units at three sites at an estimated cost of 52 billion.In June 2023 EDF announced that it was seeking the necessary authorizations to construct two EPR2 reactors at

179、 the Penly nuclear plant in Normandy.In July it was announced that the Bugey plant in eastern France would host the third pair of EPR2 units,with the second pair to be constructed at Gravelines on the north coast.Frances nuclear regulator authorized commissioning of Flamanville 3 in May 2024.Fuel lo

180、ading was completed in May 2024 and the unit is targeting startup in summer 2024.In August 2023 Tricastin 1 was approved to operate for a further ten years.It is the first French power reactor licensed to operate beyond 40 years.EDF has set a production target for its fleet of 315-345 TWh for 2024.T

181、he company said in April 2024 that problems linked to stress corrosion,first discovered at Civaux 1 in December 2021,will continue to weigh on output until the end of 2025.FranceEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%1008

182、0604020019701978198619941974198219901998200220062022201020142018Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)35030025020015010050020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS500450400350300250200150100500Electricity supplied(TWh)1970197419721978197619

183、84198619821980198819941996199219901998200020022004200820102012200620142016201820202022Reactor age(years)061218243036424854Germany closed its last three reactors Neckarwestheim 2,Isar 2 and Emsland in April 2023,a result of a political phase-out decision.In the last full calendar year of generation(2

184、022)nuclear plants achieved a capacity factor of 90%.Over the course of 62 years,nuclear plants in Germany supplied more than 5200 TWh of electricity,avoiding the emission of more than 4200 million tonnes of carbon dioxide,compared to coal-fired generation.Germany still uses coal-fired power plants

185、to meet around a quarter of its electricity needs.It has a phase-out date for coal-fired electricity generation of 2038,later than many of its European counterparts.GermanyEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%1008060402

186、0019711979198719951975198319911999200320072011201520192023Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)70605040302010020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS180160140120100806040200Electricity supplied(TWh)1970197419721978197619841986198219801988

187、19941996199219901998200020022004200820102012200620142016201820202022Reactor age(years)0612182430364248543637Nuclear electricity productionNuclear electricity productionOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation237425 MWe3.1%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided76225398 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalO

188、perable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation41916 MWe48.8%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided04250 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalFour VVER-440 reactors operate at the Paks nuclear power plant,100 km south of Budapest,with a combined capacity of 1916 MWe.The plant generates around half of the electrici

189、ty produced in Hungary,but supplies around one-third of electricity demand as the country relies heavily on imported electricity.The four units at Paks started up between 1982 and 1987.Their design lifetime was for 30 years but that was extended in 2005 by 20 years,to between 2032 and 2037.In Decemb

190、er 2023 the operator of the plant notified the European Union of the countrys intention to further extend the operating lifetime of the four units to 70 years.This follows the overwhelming support for the plan shown by the Hungarian parliament in December 2022.In August 2022 the Hungarian Atomic Ene

191、rgy Authority(HAEA)issued a construction licence for two VVER-1200 units at Paks II,to be built by Rosatom.In April 2023 the government announced its intention to continue with the project,despite the conflict in Ukraine and the European Unions sanctions against Russia.In May 2023 the European Union

192、 approved an amended contract with Rosatom.Preparatory groundworks began at the Paks II site in July 2023,and a construction schedule was agreed in November 2023,which targets first nuclear concrete in 2024.HungaryEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:Worl

193、d Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%10080604020019831991199920071987199520032011201520192023Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)1412108642020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS181614121086420Electricity supplied(TWh)19841986198219881994199

194、6199219901998200020022004200820102012200620142016201820202022Reactor age(years)061218243036424854India has 23 reactors at seven nuclear power plants located both inland and along the coast.The majority of reactors are indigenously designed pressurized heavy water reactors(PHWRs).In July 2023 the fir

195、st Indian-designed 700 MWe pressurized heavy water reactor(PHWR),Kakrapar 3,entered commercial operation.In February 2024 the second 700 MWe PHWR at the site,Kakrapar 4,was connected to the grid.India has a further two 700 MWe PHWR units under construction at Rajasthan,and the government has sanctio

196、ned construction of a further ten:Kaiga 5&6 in Karnataka;Gorakhpur 3&4 in Haryana;Chutka 1&2 in Madhya Pradesh;and Mahi Banswara 1-4 in Rajasthan.In April 2023 the government announced plans to increase nuclear capacity,with nuclear accounting for nearly 9%of Indias electricity by 2047,up from aroun

197、d 3%currently.In August 2023 the Minister of State said the government is exploring options for small modular reactors but that large-size plants remain the mainstay of the countrys plans to expand capacity.IndiaEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World

198、Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%10080604020019731983199320031978198819982008201320182023Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)3530252015105020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS454035302520151050Electricity supplied(TWh)1972197419781976198

199、4198619821980198819941996199219901998200020022004200820102012200620142016201820202022Reactor age(years)0612182430364248543839Nuclear electricity productionNuclear electricity productionOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation3331,679 MWe5.6%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided2625626

200、53 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation1915 MWe1.7%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided147974 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalA single VVER-1000 unit is in operation in Iran on the Persian Gulf coast at the Bushehr site,about 180 km southwest of Shiraz.Construction commenced on a

201、 second VVER-1000 at Bushehr in 2019.A further VVER-1000 is planned at the site,and in April 2024 the head of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran(AEOI)said that first concrete would be poured in May,although as of July it was not clear whether this had taken place.Earlier,in August 2023 the head

202、of the AEOI announced that the country aims to increase its nuclear power generation capacity to 20 GWe over the next 20 years.This announcement was followed up by the start of site work in Hormozgan,which the AEOI said will host four reactors.Since 2002 Iran has been the subject of International At

203、omic Energy Agency(IAEA)inquiries concerning its possible development of nuclear weapons.In June 2024 the IAEA board of governors adopted a resolution calling on Iran to fully cooperate with the agency,including giving it access to locations and material for nuclear safeguards verification activitie

204、s.IranEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%100806040200201220142016201820132015201720192020202320222021Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)654321020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World

205、Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS76543210Electricity supplied(TWh)2011201220142016201820202013201520172019202120232022Reactor age(years)061218243036424854Following the March 2011 tsunami and subsequent accident at the Fukushima Daiichi plant,all reactors in Japan have had to get regulatory approval to r

206、estart.In December 2022 the government adopted a policy maximizing the use of existing reactors by restarting as many of them as possible,whilst also developing advanced reactors to replace those that are shut down.In July 2023 and September 2023 respectively,Takahama 1&2 became the 11th and 12th Ja

207、panese reactors to resume operation.Takahama 1 had entered a regular inspection outage in January 2011,two months before the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi plant;Takahama 2 was taken offline in November 2011.In April 2024 Tepco said it planned to begin loading fuel into unit 7 of the Kashiwazaki-

208、Kariwa plant following approval by Japans Nuclear Regulatory Authority(NRA).The unit is expected to be restarted in October 2024.Onagawa 2 was due to restart in May,but this date has now been pushed back to September.In November 2023 the NRA approved the operation of Sendai 1&2 for a further 20 year

209、s.The NRA approved the same for Takahama 3&4 in May 2024.JapanEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%10080604020019701978198619941974198219901998200220062022201020142018Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion to

210、nnes CO2(MtCO2)70605040302010020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS350300250200150100500Electricity supplied(TWh)197019741972197819761984198619821980198819941996199219901998200020022004200820102012200620142016201820202022Reactor age(years)0612182430364248544041Nucle

211、ar electricity productionNuclear electricity productionOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation1482 MWe3.4%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided01420 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation21552 MWe4.9%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided02440 MWeMtCO2

212、 cf.coalMexico has two operable nuclear reactors located on the east coast of the country,300 km east of the capital,Mexico City.Laguna Verde 1 began commercial operation in 1990 and unit 2 in 1995.In July 2020 the Mexico energy ministry approved a 30-year extension of the operating licence for Lagu

213、na Verde 1.This would allow the reactor to operate until 2050.In August 2022 Laguna Verde 2 was granted an extension to its operating licence,to April 2055.MexicoEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%10080604020019901996

214、2002200819931999200520112014201720232020Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)12108642020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS14121086420Electricity supplied(TWh)198919951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017201920212023React

215、or age(years)061218243036424854A single 485 MWe PWR is operating at Borssele,about 70 km southwest of Rotterdam.In April 2023 the government announced its draft Climate Fund for 2024,which included 320 million for the development of nuclear energy.Of this funding,10 million would go towards studies

216、over the period 2023-2025 regarding the operating lifetime extension of the Borssele plant;117 million was allocated for studies on the construction of two new reactors;65 million would go towards investment in nuclear skills;and 65 million would be used to support the development of SMRs.The govern

217、ment has earmarked the Borssele site as the most suitable location for the construction of two new large reactors,but a final decision on the location is not due to be made before the end of 2024.Preliminary plans suggest that the reactors would have a capacity of 1000-1650 MWe each,providing 9-13%o

218、f the countrys electricity,and could be completed by around 2035.In February 2024 Westinghouse was awarded a contract to conduct a technical feasibility study on the deployment of two AP1000 reactors at Borssele.In the same month the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate announced its proposal fo

219、r participation in the construction of the two new reactors at Borssele was open.NetherlandsEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%10080604020019711975197919831987199119951999200320072011201520192023Source:World Nuclear A

220、ssociation,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)3.53.02.52.01.51.00.5020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS4.543.532.521.510.50Electricity supplied(TWh)197319711975197919771985198719831981198919951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017201920212023Reactor a

221、ge(years)0612182430364248544243Nuclear electricity productionNuclear electricity productionOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation21300 MWe18.9%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided01830 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation63262 MWe17.4%Reactors Under Constru

222、ctionLifetime CO2 Avoided01260 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalPakistan has six operating nuclear power reactors supplied by China at two sites:Chashma,inland 200 km southwest of Islamabad;and Karachi,on the coast about 30 km west of the city of Karachi.The four units at Chashma are CNP300 models,based on the Qinsh

223、an 1 reactor in China.The first reactor was connected to the grid in 2000 and the fourth unit in 2017.The Karachi nuclear plant is the site of the countrys first nuclear power reactor,a 90 MWe(net)Canadian PHWR that operated between 1971 and 2021.The two operating units at Karachi are HPR1000 models

224、,also known as Hualong one.Unit 2 at the plant was connected to the grid in 2021,followed by unit 3 in 2022.Also,in June 2023 it was announced that the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission had signed a$4.8 billion deal with China National Nuclear Corporation(CNNC)to construct an HPR1000 reactor as unit

225、 5 at Chashma.The reactor would be built by CNNC,which would also supply 85%of the estimated$3.7 billion required for the construction.In July 2023 a ceremonial groundbreaking ceremony took place.PakistanEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear

226、Association,IAEA PRIS%10080604020019721977198219871992199720022007201220172022Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)2015105020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS2520151050Electricity supplied(TWh)19731971197519791977198519871983198119891

227、9951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017201920212023Reactor age(years)061218243036424854Two CANDU-6 PHWRs operate at the Cernavoda plant,150 km east of Bucharest.In addition to electricity,the plant provides district heating to the adjacent town of Cernavoda.Cernavoda was originally p

228、lanned to be a five-unit plant.In December 2022 the Romanian government adopted a draft law covering a state support agreement with Societatea Nationala Nuclearelectrica(SNN)subsidiary EnergoNuclear relating to the estimated 7 billion($7.4 billion)project to complete Cernavoda 3&4.In June 2023 the R

229、omanian government and Nuclearelectrica signed a support agreement that allows for the restart of the project to construct the two units.Nuclearelectrica now expects the two units to enter commercial operation in 2030 and 2031 respectively.Cernovoda 1,which started operation in 1996,is to be upgrade

230、d to allow the reactor to operate for an additional 30 years,to 2060.In October 2023 Korea Hydro&Nuclear Power announced it had signed an agreement with Canadas Candu Energy and Italys Ansaldo Nucleare to jointly carry out the refurbishment works.Separately,in June 2024,Nuclearelectrica signed an ag

231、reement with Canadian Nuclear Partners for the provision of project management services and technical assistance during the refurbishment.A NuScale small modular reactor plant is planned for a site at Doiceti in Romanias Muntenia region.In May 2023 the USA,along with multinational public-private par

232、tners from Japan,South Korea and the United Arab Emirates,announced funding for the project.RomaniaEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%100806040200199720072017200220122022Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMilli

233、on tonnes CO2(MtCO2)202320202022201920219876543210 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS121086420Electricity supplied(TWh)1996199819972000200220042008201020122006201420162018202020221999200120032005200920112013200720152017201920212023Reactor age(years)0612182430364248544445Nuclear elect

234、ricity productionNuclear electricity productionOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation52308 MWe61.3%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided1444440 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation3626,802 MWe18.4%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided448323702 MWeM

235、tCO2 cf.coalThere are 36 operable reactors in Russia,with the majority in the west of the country.Four reactors are under construction:two VVER-1200 units at the Kursk power plant;one VVER-1200 unit at Leningrad;and a demonstration lead-cooled fast reactor,BREST-OD-300,in Seversk.As of July 2024,a t

236、otal of 20 VVER reactors were under construction outside of Russia in Bangladesh(2),China(4),Egypt(4),India(4),Iran(1),Slovakia(1),and Turkey(4).Rosatom has agreements in place with Hungary and India for the construction of further reactors,and is in discussion with other countries.In January 2024 R

237、ussias nuclear regulator,Rostekhnadzor,issued construction licences for Lengingrad 7&8.Construction commenced on unit 7,also known as Leningrad II-3,in March 2024,the first domestic reactor construction start since 2021.The two reactors at Leningrad are expected to be grid connected in 2030 and 2031

238、 respectively.In November 2023 Russia completed the first refuelling of the worlds first floating nuclear power plant,Akademik Lomonosov.In June 2023 Rosatom signed an agreement with TSS Group to construct a series of floating power units“with a capacity of at least 100 MWe and an assigned service l

239、ife of up to 60 years for foreign markets and the subsequent sale of electricity from the floating power unit in the countries of presence.”Rosatom has identified target markets for its floating units in the Middle East,southeast Asia,and Africa.RussiaAverage nuclear capacity factorEmissions avoided

240、 cf.fossil fuels generationSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%10080604020019721977198219871992199720022007201220172022Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)18016014012010080604020020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS250200150100

241、500Electricity supplied(TWh)197319711975197919771985198719831981198919951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017201920212023Reactor age(years)061218243036424854Slovakia has five operable VVER440/V-213 nuclear reactors:two at Bohunice V2,140 km northeast of Bratislava;and three at Mochovc

242、e,100 km east of Bratislava.Mochovce 3 was grid connected in January 2023,and unit 4 at that site is still under construction.In June 2023 Slovensk Elektrrne signed a memorandum of understanding with Framatome on the development of European nuclear fuel for VVER-440 reactors.In August 2023 the utili

243、ty signed a long-term agreement with Westinghouse for the licensing and supply of VVER-440 fuel assemblies.In May 2024 the government approved a plan for a new 1.2 GWe unit near the existing Bohunice plant.Detailed plans are being developed,and France,South Korea and the USA are among the potential

244、project partners.Slovakia signed a memorandum of understanding in June 2023 with a range of partners US Steel Koice,the Slovak Electricity Transmission System,VUJE,the Office of Nuclear Supervision and the Slovak Technical University in Bratislava to support development of SMRs.Slovakia is one of th

245、e first recipients of support through the US-funded Project Phoenix,announced at the COP27 conference on climate change held in Sharm el-Sheikh,Egypt in 2022.The initiative aims to support energy security and climate goals by creating pathways for coal-to-SMR plant conversions.In February 2024 Slove

246、nsk Elektrrne said that staff from Project Phoenix implementation partner Sargent&Lundy had visited its Bohunice and Mochovce nuclear power plants and the Novky and Vojany coal-fired plants to carry out field surveys.SlovakiaAverage nuclear capacity factorEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generation

247、Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%1008060402001974198219901998200620141978198619942002201020182022Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)1412108642020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS181614121086420Electricity supplied(TWh)1973

248、1975197919771985198719831981198919951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017201920212023Reactor age(years)0612182430364248544647Nuclear electricity productionNuclear electricity productionOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation21854 MWe4.4%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Av

249、oided03630 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation1688 MWe36.8%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided01660 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalSlovenia has a single reactor operating at Krko,about 40 km northeast of Zagreb.It is a two-loop Westinghouse PWR with a net capacity of 688 MWe.T

250、he plants operating company Nuklearna Elektrarna Krko(NEK)is jointly owned by Slovenian state-owned company Gen-Energija and Croatian state-owned company Hrvatska Elektroprivreda(HEP).In October 2023 the Krko plant was shut down after discovery of a leak in the primary circuit connection system.NEK

251、said that following investigation,a decision was made to replace the complete pipeline segment from the reactor vessel to the first valve.While the shutdown took place,activities for the scheduled shutdown in 2024 were brought forward.The unit returned to service at the end of November.Slovenia has

252、plans to build a new nuclear power plant the JEK2 project with a capacity of up to 2400 MWe.It is to be sited near the existing plant at Krko.In January 2024 the countrys prime minister held a meeting with opposition party leaders and members of parliament from Hungary and Italy stating that Sloveni

253、as long-term use of nuclear energy“requires the broadest national and political consensus.”The cross-party summit agreed on the need for both renewables and nuclear energy as part of the“path to a carbon-free future.”A referendum on nuclear energy will now take place later in 2024,with a final inves

254、tment decision on JEK2 targeted for 2028.SloveniaEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%10080604020019821990199820062014198619942002201020182022Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)6543210202

255、32020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS76543210Electricity supplied(TWh)1985198719831981198919951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017201920212023Reactor age(years)061218243036424854South Africa has a single nuclear power plant at Koeberg,30 km north of Cap

256、e Town.The plants two reactors,connected to the grid in 1984 and 1985,have a combined capacity of 1854 MWe.To allow for the long-term operation of Koeberg the plants steam generators have to be replaced.The replacement work at unit 1 had originally been scheduled to take place in the first half of 2

257、021,with similar work at Koeberg 2 the following year.However,the schedule was put back due to concerns about the tight supply of electricity in South Africa.Koeberg 1s maintenance outage began on 10 December 2022 and to allow for the replacement of steam generators had been expected to last about s

258、ix months.In the event the unit returned to service in November 2023,after nearly a year offline.Unit 2 was taken offline in December 2023.In February 2024 Eskom said it expected the unit to return to service in September 2024.South Africas Department of Mineral Resources and Energy(DMRE)confirmed i

259、n December 2023 that it is proceeding with the procurement of 2500 MWe of new nuclear capacity.South AfricaEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%1008060402001985198819941991200720102013201920162022Source:World Nuclear As

260、sociation,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)12108642020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS1614121086420Electricity supplied(TWh)19841986198819941996199219901998200020022004200820102012200620142016201820202022Reactor age(years)0612182430364248544849Nuclear electricit

261、y productionNuclear electricity productionOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation77123 MWe20.3%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided017820 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation2625,825 MWe31.5%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided233672680 MWeMtCO2 c

262、f.coalThere are 26 reactors operating in South Korea,providing more than a quarter of the countrys electricity.Two APR-1400 units are under construction,with further units planned.In March 2022 a new President,Yoon Suk-yeol,was elected on a platform that rejected his predecessors nuclear phase-out p

263、olicy.In June 2023 the government approved the project implementation plan for Shin Hanul 3&4,allowing Korea Hydro&Nuclear Power(KHNP)to restart preliminary construction.In December 2023 a consortium led by Hyundai Engineering&Construction was selected as the contractor for the construction of the m

264、ain facilities of the two units.First nuclear concrete is expected later in 2024.In July 2023 it was announced that the countrys Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy is to review the need for new nuclear power.The committee noted the recent mid-to long-term changes in power supply and demand condit

265、ions with the need for growing capacity fuelled by the increase in electric vehicles,expansion of data centres and investment in semi-conductor and battery manufacture.In July 2023 a public-private partnership comprising 42 entities was created to advance Koreas small modular reactor(SMR)sector,incl

266、uding 11 government and public institutions.In June 2024 President Yoon Suk-yeol announced plans to create an SMR hub in the city of Gyeongju in the southeastern corner of the countrys North Gyeongsang province.South KoreaEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSou

267、rce:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%100806040200197819821986199019941998200220062010201420182022Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)14012010080604020020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS180160140120100806040200Electricity supplied

268、(TWh)19781984198619821980198819941996199219901998200020022004200820102012200620142016201820202022Reactor age(years)061218243036424854Spain has seven operable nuclear reactors at five sites across the country,all of which started up in the 1980s.With a combined capacity of 7123 MWe,the units generate

269、 over 20%of the countrys electricity.Until 2011 it was planned that operation of Spains reactors would end in the 2020s as operating lifetimes would be limited to 40 years.That restriction has since been removed;however,at the end of 2023 the new government confirmed that it would phase out nuclear

270、power between 2027 and 2035.In July 2023 dismantling of the Santa Mara de Garoa nuclear power plant began following the transfer of ownership from Nuclenor to decommissioning and waste management firm Enresa.Decommissioning is expected to take about 10 years.SpainEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels ge

271、nerationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%10080604020019711975197919831987199119951999200320072011201520192023Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)5040302010020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS7

272、06050403020100Electricity supplied(TWh)197019741972197819761984198619821980198819941996199219901998200020022004200820102012200620142016201820202022Reactor age(years)0612182430364248545051Nuclear electricity productionNuclear electricity productionOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation42973 MW

273、e32.4%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided08540 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation66944 MWe28.6%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided021950 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalThere are six reactors operating in three locations in Sweden:Ringhals,50 km south of Gothenburg

274、;Oskarshamm,220 km south of Stockholm;and Forsmark,120 km north of Stockholm.In October 2022 a pro-nuclear centre-right coalition government took office.In January 2023 the government announced that it was preparing legislation that would scrap both the countrys limit of ten reactors and the require

275、ment to only build new nuclear reactors at locations where they already exist.The bill was passed by parliament in November 2023.Earlier,in August 2023,Swedens Radiation Safety Authority(SSM)presented its final report to the government on how the regulatory framework should be developed for nuclear

276、power to be expanded in the country.This followed a government request a year earlier for SSM to review the regulatory framework to ensure there are conditions for using both existing and future nuclear power.In November 2023 the government announced plans to construct two large-scale reactors by 20

277、35 and the equivalent of 10 new reactors,including small modular reactors,by 2045.Also in November,Vattenfall sought planning permission to enable construction of new reactors on the Vr Peninsula at its Ringhals site.In June 2024 the owners of the Forsmark and Ringhals nuclear power plants announced

278、 they are assessing the possibility of extending the operating lifetimes of the plants reactors from 60 to 80 years.SwedenEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%10080604020019721977198219871992199720022007201220172022Sour

279、ce:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)605040302010020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS80706050403020100Electricity supplied(TWh)197319711975197919771985198719831981198919951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017201920212023Rea

280、ctor age(years)061218243036424854Switzerland has two reactors at Beznau,30 km southwest of Zurich,one at Gsgen,40 km southwest of Zurich and one at Leibstadt,40 km northwest of Zurich.Together they generate up to 40%of the countrys electricity.The country has a policy of gradual withdrawal of nuclea

281、r power:no new reactors are to be built,but existing reactors may remain in operation as long as the regulator considers them safe.In September 2022 following a 14-year site selection process for a deep geological repository,Switzerlands national radioactive waste disposal cooperative Nagra proposed

282、 the Nrdlich Lgern site in northern Switzerland.The repository for low-level and intermediate-level waste is planned to be in operation by 2050,with the high-level waste facility planned to be operational ten years later.SwitzerlandEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity

283、 factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%10080604020019701978198619941974198219901998200220062022201020142018Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)252015105020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS302520151050Electricity supplied(T

284、Wh)197019741972197819761984198619821980198819941996199219901998200020022004200820102012200620142016201820202022Reactor age(years)0612182430364248545253Nuclear electricity productionOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation1513,107 MWe50.7%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided223432070

285、MWeMtCO2 cf.coalOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation00 MWe0%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided404456 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalThe Akkuyu nuclear plant,under construction on Turkeys southern coast,120 km southwest of Mersin,will comprise four 1114 MWe VVER-1200 reactors.Construction of t

286、he fourth unit commenced in August 2023,and commissioning work for unit 1 began in April 2024.The reactors are expected to come online between 2025 and 2028.Turkey has been in talks with Russia,China and South Korea over its planned second and third nuclear power plants.In comments made in July 2023

287、 Turkeys energy minister also revealed the country is talking to organizations in the USA and UK regarding small modular reactors(SMRs).He said that with the countrys energy demand continuing to grow,“our first priority is to ensure security of supply in a sustainable manner.”TurkeyAll 15 reactors i

288、n Ukraine are VVER units.Rovno and Khmelnitski are in the west of the country,and South Ukraine and Zaporizhzhia in the south.In February 2022 Russia launched a military offensive against Ukraine.The war has had an impact on energy systems across Ukraine,with all six units at Zaporizhzhia which is o

289、ccupied by Russian military forces having not generated electricity since September 2022.Output from Ukraines other reactors has been less affected.Since January 2023 teams of nuclear safety and security experts from the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)have been stationed at Ukraines nuclear

290、 power plants and the Chernobyl site.All units at Zaporizhzhia have been in cold shutdown since April 2024,following the installation of four diesel steam generators for liquid waste treatment at the site,and the end of the heating season.In June 2024 IAEA Director General Rafael Mariano Grossi said

291、 there“was an understanding”that the Zaporizhzhia plants reactors would not be restarted during the conflict.In October 2023 the State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate of Ukraine(SNRIU)established a pre-licensing system based on the approach adopted by the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission.In Novemb

292、er 2023 South Ukraine 1 received a 10-year extension to its operating licence.The reactor entered commercial operation in 1983.UkraineEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%100806040200197719871997200719821992200220122017

293、2022Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)70605040302010020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS1009080706050403020100Electricity supplied(TWh)197919771985198719831981198919951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017201920212023

294、Reactor age(years)0612182430364248545455Nuclear electricity productionNuclear electricity productionOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation95883 MWe12.5%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided223993260 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation45348 MWe19.7%Reactors

295、Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided0500 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalThe United Arab Emirates(UAE)has four operable nuclear power reactors at its Barakah nuclear power plant,located 230 km west of Abu Dhabi.It is the first nuclear power plant in the Middle East.Barakah 1 produced first power in August 2020,fo

296、llowed by unit 2 in September 2021,unit 3 in October 2022 and unit 4 in March 2024.Now fully operational,the four units supply some 25%of the UAEs electricity.The Barakah One Company PJSC a joint venture between Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation(ENEC)and Korea Electric Power Corporation(KEPCO)comp

297、leted the AED 8.9 billion($2.4 billion)refinancing of the project in July 2023.United Arab EmiratesSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS 353025201510502020202220232021TWhReactor age(years)061218243036424854Emissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%10

298、08060402002020202320222021Average nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)3025201510502022202320212020 Coal GasTwo further EPR units are planned at Sizewell.In May 2024 the countrys regulator issued a site licence for Sizewell C.This followed the iss

299、uance of a Development ConsentOrder on 15 January,which paves the way for constructionwork to begin at the site,and the commitment on 23January of a further GBP1.3 billion of governmentfunding for infrastructure work at the site ahead of a finalinvestment decision.The new Labour government,elected i

300、n July 2024,has said that new nuclear power stations,such as Sizewell C,and small modular reactors,will play an important role in helping the UK achieve energy security and clean power while securing thousands of good,skilled jobs.United KingdomThe UK has nine operable reactors at five sites;eight a

301、re advanced gas-cooled reactors(AGRs),with one pressurized water reactor(PWR)at Sizewell.In January 2024 EDF announced it would invest a further GBP1.3 billion in the UKs operating plants over the following two years and planned to further extend the lives of the AGR plants.Two EPR units are under c

302、onstruction at Hinkley Point.In January 2024 EDF said that they are now unlikely to be operational before 2030.In the same announcement EDF said the estimated cost of the project had increased to between GBP31 and 34 billion(in 2015 prices)up from 26 billion,as estimated in 2022.Emissions avoided cf

303、.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%10080604020019701978198619941974198219901998200220062022201020142018Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)605040302010020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Asso

304、ciation,IAEA PRIS9080706050403020100Electricity supplied(TWh)197019741972197819761984198619821980198819941996199219901998200020022004200820102012200620142016201820202022Reactor age(years)0612182430364248545756Nuclear electricity productionOperable Reactors Nuclear Share of Generation9496,952 MWe18.6

305、%Reactors Under ConstructionLifetime CO2 Avoided024,6460 MWeMtCO2 cf.coalThe USA has 94 operable reactors with a combined capacity of 95,800 MWe,the largest nuclear fleet of any single country.Vogtle 3,an AP1000,was connected to the grid in April 2023 and began commercial operation in July.Unit 4 wa

306、s connected to the grid in March 2024 and began commercial operation in April.In October 2023 Holtec International applied to restart the Palisades plant in Michigan,having purchased the 800 MWe PWR from owner and operator Entergy in June 2022,shortly after the plant was shut down.In March 2024 the

307、US DOE Loan Programs Office committed up to USD1.52 billion for a loan guarantee to support the project.In December 2023 Californian regulators agreed to extending the operation of Diablo Canyon nuclear plant for an additional five years,to 2030.Pacific Gas&Energy had agreed in 2016 that the plant w

308、ould close at the end of its current licences-in 2024 for unit 1 and 2025 for unit 2.At that time,it was thought that the plants output would no longer be required as California focused on an energy policy centred on efficiency,renewables and storage.However,in September 2022 as Californias energy g

309、rid saw its highest-ever peak demand during a record-breaking heatwave the state passed a law allowing the two nuclear units that provide 9%of Californias power generation to continue operation.United States of AmericaEmissions avoided cf.fossil fuels generationAverage nuclear capacity factorSource:

310、World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS%10080604020019711979198719951975198319911999200320072011201520192023Source:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRISMillion tonnes CO2(MtCO2)700600500400300200100020232020202220192021 Coal GasSource:World Nuclear Association,IAEA PRIS9008007006005004003002001000Electric

311、ity supplied(TWh)197019741972197819761984198619821980198819941996199219901998200020022004200820102012200620142016201820202022Reactor age(years)061218243036424854Grid Connections 1 January-31 July 2024LocationModelNet Capacity(MWe)Grid ConnectionKakrapar 4IndiaPHWR-70063020 February 2024Vogtle 4USAAP

312、100011171 March 2024Barakah 4UAEAPR-14001337 23 March 2024Fangchenggang 4ChinaHualong One11059 April 2024Construction Starts 1 January-31 July 2024LocationModelNet Capacity(MWe)Construction StartEl Dabaa 4EgyptVVER-1200/V-529110023 January 2024Zhangzhou 3ChinaHualong One112622 February 2024Leningrad

313、 II-3RussiaVVER-1200/V-491110114 March 2024Lianjiang 2ChinaCAP1000116126 April 2024Xudabao 2ChinaCAP1000116017 July 2024Ningde 5ChinaHualong One111628 July 2024Shidaowan 1ChinaHualong One111628 July 2024Permanent Shutdowns 1 January-31 July 2024LocationModelNet Capacity(MWe)Permanent ShutdownKursk 2

314、RussiaRBMK-100092531 January 2024Maanshan 1Taiwan,ChinaWE 31293628 July 20244Nuclear reactor global status31 July 20245859Last years report noted the ever-growing policy support for nuclear;this year momentum has increased further.At the COP28 climate change conference in Dubai in December 2023,nucl

315、ear energy received high-level recognition for the first time.Leaders from 25 governments signed a ministerial declaration committing to the tripling of global nuclear energy capacity to achieve net zero by 2050.Notably,countries currently without nuclear energy,such as Ghana,Jamaica,Mongolia,Morocc

316、o,and Poland,signed the declaration alongside long-established nuclear energy countries,such as France,South Korea,the UK,and the USA.The industry responded to the ministerial declaration with the Net Zero Nuclear pledge,signed by more than 120 companies supporting nuclear energy worldwide.The World

317、 Nuclear Performance Report 2023 data and case studies illustrate the work being done to improve operational performance and make the most of the current nuclear fleet.At the same time,a significant increase in new nuclear construction is necessary if the tripling goal is to be achieved.This level o

318、f construction depends on the nuclear industry rising above the financing,supply chain and regulatory challenges faced by new projects,particularly in the Western world.Governments are increasingly creating supportive policy environments to advance nuclear development for both small and large plants

319、 with a range of applications,with resurgence in the USA,Canada,and many European countries.Meanwhile,in Asia particularly in China,India and South Korea continues to pursue clear energy and industrial growth strategies that include nuclear power.Nuclear has rapidly become a significant component of

320、 the UAE energy mix,while the new build programmes of other newcomers such as Bangladesh,Egypt,and Turkey are proceeding well.Nuclear technologies will have a broader role than traditional grid electricity supply.There is increasing interest from end energy users such as data centres,which have high

321、 electricity requirements,and industrial producers,that require heat for chemical and material production applications or desalination.This offers the potential to decarbonize the wider economy,especially hard-to-abate sectors.The global nuclear reactor fleet has a proven track record of excellent p

322、erformance.It is now time to build on that track record and significantly accelerate the pace of new nuclear construction.Today,there are 64 reactors under construction around the world,with many more planned and proposed in both new and established nuclear countries.The industry is set for a major

323、expansion,and we can expect more governments and companies to sign the declaration to triple global nuclear energy capacity.Additionally,we anticipate increased collaboration with other industries.Now is the time for the nuclear industry to capitalize on this momentum and deliver the full potential

324、of nuclear energy for people and planet.5Director Generals concluding remarksBackground informationAcknowledgementWorld Nuclear Association is grateful to the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)for access to its Power Reactor Information System(PRIS)database,and use of its data in the preparati

325、on of this report.Definition of Capacity FactorCapacity factors are calculated as the percentage obtained by dividing a reactors actual electricity output by the output expected if the reactor operated constantly at 100%of its net capacity.When calculating capacity factors,those reactors that do not

326、 generate any electricity during the calendar year are not included.For reactors that start-up or shut down during a calendar year the capacity factor for that year is calculated based on the electricity output that would have been generated were they to operate at 100%output for the fraction of the

327、 year in which they were in an operable status.Reactor StatusesThe IAEA PRIS reactor database has a status type Suspended Operation differentiated from its Operating status.As of 1 August 2024,this status has been assigned to 21 reactors in Japan,which have not restarted since their outage after the

328、 2011 accident at Fukushima Daiichi.It has also been assigned to four reactors in India:Madras 1,Rajasthan 1,Tarapur 1 and Tarapur 2.World Nuclear Association uses the Operable status for reactors categorized by IAEA as Suspended Operation or Operable,with the exception of Rajasthan 1,which we consi

329、der to be in Permanent Shutdown status.UkrainePerformance data for reactors in Ukraine have not been provided to the IAEA PRIS database for 2022 and 2023.Estimates for output from Ukraine reactors are based on other data sources,such as overall electricity output from nuclear power plants in Ukraine

330、 published by the International Energy Agency,using Ukrainian electricity transmission system operator(UKRENERGO)data,for the period 1 January 2022 to 27 October 2022,and data published in Energy Institutes 2024 Statistical Review of World Energy.Sama Bilbao y Len,Director GeneralWorld Nuclear Assoc

331、iationJuly 202460AGR Advanced gas-cooled reactorBWR Boiling water reactorCO2 Carbon dioxideCOVID-19 Disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirusFNR Fast neutron reactorFOAK First-of-a-kindg gramGWe Gigawatt(one billion watts of electric power)IAEA International Atomic Energy AgencyMWe Megawatt(one m

332、illion watts of electric power)PHWR Pressurized heavy water reactorPRIS Power Reactor Information System database(IAEA)PWR Pressurized water reactorSMR Small modular reactorTWh Terawatt hour(one trillion watt hours of electricity)VVER Vodo-Vodyanoi Energetichesky Reaktor(a PWR)AbbreviationsAfricaEgy

333、pt,South AfricaAsiaArmenia,Bangladesh,China mainland and Taiwan,India,Iran,Japan,Kazakhstan,Pakistan,South Korea,Turkey,United Arab Emirates(UAE)East Europe&RussiaBelarus,Russia,UkraineNorth AmericaCanada,Mexico,United States of America(USA)South AmericaArgentina,BrazilWest&Central EuropeBelgium,Bulgaria,Czechia,Finland,France,Germany,Hungary,Italy,Lithuania,Netherlands,Poland,Romania,Slovakia,Slo