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1、ITUPublicationsInternational Telecommunication UnionDevelopment SectorMeasuring digital developmentState of digital developmentand trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesFebruary 2025Measuring digital development State of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenge

2、s and opportunities February 2025Please consider the environment before printing this report.ITU 2025Some rights reserved.This work is licensed to the public through a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 3.0 IGO license(CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO).Under the terms of this licence,you may

3、 copy,redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes,provided the work is appropriately cited.In any use of this work,there should be no suggestion that ITU endorse any specific organization,products or services.The unauthorized use of the ITU names or logos is not permitted.If you adap

4、t the work,then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence.If you create a translation of this work,you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation:“This translation was not created by the International Telecommunication Union(ITU).ITU

5、is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation.The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”.For more information,please visit https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/DisclaimersThe designations employed and the presentation of the material

6、 in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Telecommunication Union(ITU)or of the ITU secretariat concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city,or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or

7、 boundaries.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ITU in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.Errors and omissions excepted;the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initi

8、al capital letters.All reasonable precautions have been taken by ITU to verify the information contained in this publication.However,the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind,either expressed or implied.The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material

9、lies with the reader.The opinions,findings and conclusions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of ITU or its membership.ISBN978-92-61-40181-8(Electronic version)978-92-61-40171-9(EPUB version)iiiForewordAs it navigates an increasingly complex and uncertain global lands

10、cape,Europes future prosperity will partly depend on its ability to fully harness the power of digital transformation.Achieving universal and meaning-ful connectivity(UMC)the possibility for everyone to use the Internet in optimal conditions at an affordable cost,whenever and wherever needed is esse

11、ntial to unlocking this potential,ensuring that everyone can access and benefit from the digital economy.By reaching this goal,Europe can strengthen its resilience,competitiveness,and ability to thrive in the digital age.This publication provides a comprehensive assessment of Europes digi-tal landsc

12、ape and shows that the region is well on track to achieving UMC.Virtually everyone in Europe can connect to the Internet at broadband speed,and more than nine in ten people actually use it.The region also leads in broadband afford-ability and gender parity in Internet use.Most countries boast sound

13、regulatory digital frameworks.These achievements are cause for celebration and position Europe as a global leader in digital connectivity,ready to leverage its progress for economic and social transformation.Europe is also at the forefront of ICT measurement,thanks to its strong focus and investment

14、 in data collection and evidence-based policymaking.This leadership ensures that digital strategies are built on reliable insights.At the same time,Europe must guard against complacency.As ICT technologies evolve,so does the very definition of meaningful connectivity.Continued investment in next-gen

15、eration digital infrastructure will be essential to maintaining Europes leadership.Furthermore,as digitalization accelerates,so do its risks.Cybersecurity threats,online addiction,disinformation,and the misuse of AI must be addressed to ensure that connectivity remains a force for economic growth an

16、d social well-being,rather than a source of new vulnerabilities.When it comes to sustainability,Europe has also taken a leading role in tackling e-waste through robust policy frameworks.The region recycles e-waste at twice the global rate.However,as the demand for digital services and data storage g

17、rows,further efforts will be needed to mitigate the environmental impact of ICT.As we approach the World Telecommunication Development Conference 2025,this publication offers a valuable resource for policymakers and stakeholders.By ensuring that digital progress is both inclusive and well-governed,a

18、nd by proactively preparing for the future,Europe can build a resilient digital foundation where connectivity continues to drive prosperity,innovation,and sustainable growth.Dr Cosmas Luckyson Zavazava Director of the Telecommunication Development Bureau International Telecommunication UnionivForewo

19、rd iiiIntroduction 1Part 1 The state of digital connectivity in the Europe region and recent trends 3ICT regulation and digital policy frameworks 3Internet use 10Broadband subscriptions 16Mobile network coverage 18Availability of fixed-broadband infrastructure 20Internet traffic 22Affordability of I

20、CT services 24Mobile phone ownership and subscriptions 26ICT skills 28Revenue and investment 32Cybersecurity 34E-waste management 36Disparities within the region 40Overview of data availability in the Europe region 42Part 2 BDT4Impact:Selected case studies from the Europe region 44Promoting and meas

21、uring meaningful connectivity around the world 44Promoting child online protection in the Europe region 45IPv6 laboratory in Montenegro 46Driving sustainable rural digital transformation in Albania 47CyberDrills in Bulgaria and Cyprus enhance cybersecurity readiness in countries and across regions 4

22、8Supporting broadband mapping systems in Albania,Bosnia and Herzegovina,and Moldova 49Annex:Data resources 50Table of contents1Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesIntroductionLaunched in the context of the preparation

23、of ITUs World Telecommunication Development Conference 2025,this publication provides an overview of the state of digital connectivity in the Europe region through key indicators(Part 1)and showcases impactful case studies from the region(Part 2).Universal and meaningful connectivity is a policy imp

24、erative The concept of universal and meaningful connectivity(UMC)has emerged as a vital policy objective.UMC is defined as enabling everyone to enjoy a safe,enriching and productive online experience at an affordable cost.It does not mean everyone must be connected all the time but describes a situa

25、tion where everyone can access the Internet optimally and affordably whenever and wherever needed.In the journey towards UMC,the Europe region is leading the way,having achieved universal broadband access,bridged or considerably narrowed digital divides across generations,locations and genders.The E

26、urope region is a global leader in regulation for digital transformation Europe boasts strong information and communication technology(ICT)regulatory frameworks and cohesive policy initiatives.Since the 1990s,the region has led significant telecommunication reforms,harmonizing regulatory approaches

27、to foster competition,innovation and digital inclusion.The European Unions unified digital framework,exemplified by initiatives such as the Digital Decade,has further enhanced the regions position as a global leader in ICT governance.Despite these achievements,however,challenges remain:disparities i

28、n digital access and use persist between European single market countries and the other countries in the region,underscoring the need for targeted policies and greater collaboration.The Europe region boasts high levels of connectivity The regions digital connectivity landscape reflects its successes

29、 and remaining challenges.Europe boasts high levels of Internet usage,with 91 per cent of the population using the Internet in 2024,far exceeding the global average of 68 per cent.The region has achieved gender parity in Internet use,with a near-equal proportion of men and women online.Mobile-and fi

30、xed-broadband subscriptions stand significantly above global averages.Mobile network coverage has also seen rapid expansion,with 5G networks already covering 72 per cent of the population as of 2024;yet,urban-rural divides persist,particularly in access to high-speed networks,underscoring the need f

31、or continued investment in rural areas.The Europe region leads in broadband affordability,making connectivity accessible to all In terms of affordability,Europe stands out as the region with the most affordable broadband services globally.Entry-level mobile-broadband services account for just 0.3 pe

32、r cent of gross national income(GNI)per capita,compared to a global average of 1.1 per cent.Fixed-broadband services,though costlier,remain affordable by international standards,with average costs below the target of the ITU/UNESCO Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development of 2 per cent of mo

33、nthly GNI per capita.Cybersecurity is a priority for a digitally secure future Overall,European countries exhibit strong commitment to cybersecurity,as reflected in the regions average score of 66 out of 100 in the Global Cybersecurity Index(GCI).However,there are some stark differences:some countri

34、es rank among the global leaders,while others lag far behind,with the regions worst performer scoring just 25.9.2Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesThe Europe region leads in e-waste management but faces regional disp

35、arities Europe generates nearly 20 per cent of the worlds e-waste,amounting to approximately 12.3 billion kg in 2022.The region boasts one of the highest recycling rates globally at 46 per cent,which is twice the global average;disparities persist,however,with some countries lacking the infrastructu

36、re and policy frameworks needed to address e-waste effectively.The telecommunication sector drives economic growth but reveals investment disparities The telecommunication sector is a cornerstone of the Europe regions digital economy,contributing significantly to economic development both directly a

37、nd indirectly.In 2023,the sector generated USD290 billion in revenue,accounting for an average of 1.2 per cent of gross domestic product(GDP)across the region.Disparities in investment,however,highlight underlying challenges,with some countries investing substantially more as a percentage of GDP com

38、pared to others.This uneven distribution of resources could hinder the pace of digital transformation in less-developed parts of the region,emphasizing the need for targeted policies to stimulate investment and ensure balanced growth.High data availability and quality enable evidence-based policy-ma

39、king The Europe region stands out for the availability and quality of its ICT data,which exceeds that of other regions.This comprehensive and reliable data enables policy-makers to identify gaps,set priorities,design effective interventions and track progress.High-quality data collection supports Eu

40、ropes strong digital performance,helping governments make informed decisions and achieve impactful results in areas such as Internet access,cybersecurity and broadband development.Initiatives demonstrate the transformative power of digital connectivity The second part of the report presents a select

41、ion of impactful initiatives led or supported by the ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau(BDT)in collaboration with regional stakeholders.These stories demonstrate the potential of connectivity to drive social and economic development.For instance,Montenegros IPv6 laboratory showcases how innova

42、tion can enhance digital readiness.In Albania,the Digital Agriculture and Rural Transformation programme is leveraging technology to support smallholder farmers,contributing to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).Broadband mapping initiatives in Albania,Bosnia and Herzegovina,and

43、Moldova reveal the importance of targeted interventions to enhance connectivity in underserved and hard-to-reach areas.These are concrete,tangible examples of how ITU,Member States and partners can combine to tackle some of the challenges identified in this report and accelerate progress towards UMC

44、 and digital transformation.The Europe region is ready to shape the future of digital transformation Building on its successes and addressing remaining gaps,Europe has the potential to achieve UMC in the near future.This will enable the region to unleash the full potential of digital technologies fo

45、r social progress and economic prosperity.3Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesPart 1 The state of digital connectivity in the Europe region and recent trendsICT regulation and digital policy frameworksThe digital tran

46、sformation in the Europe region is driven by its strong ICT regulatory frameworks and key digital policy initiatives,which play a crucial role in balancing the development of digital public services,digital inclusion and the growth of digital markets.As Europe continues to refine its regulatory appr

47、oaches,understanding its priorities and challenges provides valuable insights into effective digital governance.The Europe region,a global pioneer in ICT regulationSince the 1990s,Europe has led significant telecommunication regulatory reforms,aligning closely with commitments under the General Agre

48、ement on Trade in Services(GATS)of the World Trade Organization(WTO).The European Union(EU)has championed a unified regional approach,created a harmonized framework that liberalized markets,promoted competition and fostered cross-border integration.This includes establishing independent regulatory a

49、uthorities,enforcing open market access and adopting technology-neutral policies.These reforms have strengthened the telecommunication sector,setting a global standard for regionalized ICT regulation and governance and enabling the expansion of digital services across EU Member States and other coun

50、tries of the region.Evolution of the generations of ICT regulation in the Europe region0%20%40%60%80%100%2007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022G1G2G3G4Note:The generations of ICT regulation provide a high-level conceptual framework for assessing the overall development of n

51、ational legal instruments,policies and governance for the ICT and digital sectors.Generations 1 through 4 are based on ICT Regulatory Tracker scores:G1 Command and control approach:score between 0 and 40G2 Early open markets:score between 40 and 70G3 Enabling investment and access:score between 70 a

52、nd 85G4 Integrated telecommunication regulation:score between 85 and 100Data for 2021 is unavailable;2020 data is used as a proxy for 2021.Source:ITU4Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesToday,the Europe region is home

53、to the worlds top-performing countries in ICT regulation,with the 10highest-ranked countries globally all situated in the region.Nearly 90 per cent of European countries have achieved the most advanced generation of ICT regulation(i.e.G4 integrated telecommunication regulation).Italy leads the way f

54、ollowed closely by Lithuania,Finland,Ireland and Slovenia.However,gaps persist,as three countries remain in the first generation(i.e.G1 command and control approach),and the country with the least-developed regulatory framework in the region ranks 184th out of 193 countries worldwide in 2022.These t

55、hree G1 countries,microstates with fully State-owned ICT sectors,face limited prospects for regulatory advancement owing to their small market size.In contrast,two countries currently in the third generation(i.e.G3 enabling investment and access),Ukraine and Israel,show significant potential to adva

56、nce their regulatory frameworks and strengthen their ICT markets.However,both have been facing significant challenges,particularly due to conflicts that hinder progress in regulatory reforms and market development.The Europe regions trailblazing role in digital policyEurope has established itself as

57、 a global leader in digital policy,integrating its regionally harmonized approach with the goals of the Digital Decade initiative to set robust standards for digital regulation and governance.1 Through the cohesive EU framework,Member States have aligned on key issues such as data protection,digital

58、 markets and cross-border connectivity,creating a unified digital ecosystem that fosters competition and consumer trust while influencing global regulatory trends.Europes strong ICT regulatory foundation has supported the region in building sound governance frameworks for digital markets,exemplified

59、 by the Digital Market Act and the Digital Services Act,positioning it ahead of many parts of the world.The region boasts the highest proportion of countries with Advanced digital governance frameworks,at 60 per cent(as of 2023).Some 18 per cent of European countries appear in the Leading category,m

60、atching the Asia and the Pacific region and significantly outperforming other regions.Eight of the 18 countries in the Leading category for digital governance are from Europe:Austria,Estonia,Finland,Germany,the Kingdom of the Netherlands,Norway,Portugal and the United Kingdom.1 See EU,A Europe fit f

61、or the digital age Empowering people with a new generation of technologies5Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesLevel of digital governance frameworks,by region(%),2023 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%AfricaAmericasAra

62、b StatesAsia-PacificCISEuropeWorldLeadingAdvancedTransitioningLimitedNote:The level of readiness is assessed based on the G5 Benchmark 2023(see methodology).Source:ITU,gen5.digital.The Europe region has only one country at the Limited level of readiness and the lowest proportion of Transitioning cou

63、ntries among all regions.While these countries must increase investment and implement targeted initiatives to improve their enabling environments for digital markets,they stand to benefit significantly from the regions strong integration and collaborative frameworks,which may enable rapid progress.D

64、igital gaps beyond the European single marketDespite Europes advanced legal,policy and governance frameworks for digital transformation,progress across the region remains uneven.Countries within the European single market(including EU and European Free Trade Association(EFTA)Member States)and the Un

65、ited Kingdom2 demonstrate an overall digital readiness of 74 per cent,according to the ITU Unified Framework.This is 20 percentage points higher than the other countries in the region,which still perform above global averages in most areas.The gap between European single market countries and other c

66、ountries in the region is particularly wide in important benchmarks such as regional and international cooperation(36-point gap),and in legal instruments for the telecommunication/ICT sector and ICT market rules(each with a 21-point gap).2 For the purposes of this analysis,the term EU Single Market

67、also encompasses UK due to its historical and policy similarities with EU countries.6Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesLegal,policy and governance frameworks for digital transformation,20230%20%40%60%80%100%National

68、digital policy agendaRegulatory capacityGood governanceCollaborative governanceStakeholder engagementLegal instruments for ICT/telecomLegal instruments for digitalmarketsICT market rulesRegional&internationalcollaborationEurope averageWorld averageEU,EFTA,UKOther EuropeNote:The nine thematic benchma

69、rks(as in the chart above)each comprise a subset of indicators,as part of the ITU Unified Framework for the readiness of national policy,legal and governance frameworks for digital transformation The chart shows the average progress score on the nine benchmarks for:Europe;European single market(EU a

70、nd EFTA)and the United Kingdom;other European countries;and the world The percentage of achievement on each benchmark indicates the proportion of met versus unmet targets on indicators in each benchmark in each groupSource:ITUNational digital strategies further illustrate these disparities.Over two-

71、thirds of European single market countries have adopted such strategies to align policies supporting e-government,inclusion and the growth of digital economies,compared to just over one-third of other European countries.Moreover,half of EU countries with digital strategies include mechanisms for imp

72、lementation and operational objectives,enabling faster and more efficient progress.In contrast,fewer than a third of other countries in the region include these elements.Universal access to broadband,a critical driver of digital inclusion,remains unaddressed at the policy level in 62 per cent of oth

73、er European countries,where access to and use of digital services remain significantly lower than the rest of the region.Regulatory capacity,a cornerstone of digital governance,also reveals stark differences.All European single market countries have established separate regulatory authorities for IC

74、Ts and digital services with strong decision-making autonomy.In comparison,a third of other European countries still have no ICT or digital regulators altogether and only half of the existing ones enjoy autonomy.The use of key policy instruments varies widely across the region.For instance,ex-post p

75、olicy reviews are conducted in 77 per cent of EU countries,compared to just 38 per cent of other European countries,limiting opportunities to evaluate implementation outcomes and refine policy directions for improved results.Broad,outcome-oriented collaboration has been recognized as essential for e

76、nabling coherent and mutually reinforcing cross-sectoral frameworks for digital transformation3,but collaboration between regulators is another area where gaps persist.The European single market leads with a collaborative governance benchmark of 61 per cent in 2023,significantly above the global ave

77、rage of 43 per cent.ICT regulators in EU countries most often collaborate with counterparts 3 ITU,Global Digital Regulatory Outlook 20237Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesfrom the postal,spectrum management,broadcast

78、ing and cybersecurity authorities,with engagement levels between 75 and 92 per cent.Only half of EU ICT regulators,however,engage with data protection and consumer protection authorities,highlighting significant room for improvement in these critical areas.Collaboration with financial regulators is

79、even more limited,practiced in only 19 per cent of EU countries compared to a global average of 33 per cent.In other European countries,the collaborative governance benchmark stands at a modest 43 per cent,with stronger collaboration observed with spectrum management regulators and education ministr

80、ies,involving 77 per cent of ICT regulators.Key areas such as broadcasting,cybersecurity and competition see collaboration in just over half of these countries.The lowest levels of collaboration only 8 per cent are with government entities responsible for transport and energy regulation while collab

81、orative practices with financial regulators are almost non-existent.Across all regions,there is a considerable gap between the levels of maturity of telecommunication and digital regulation;Europe is no exception.European single market countries,as early adopters of telecommunication reforms,have to

82、day some of the most comprehensive ICT regulatory frameworks in the world and achieve 90 per cent of this benchmark in 2023.By comparison,legal instruments for digital markets score 60 per cent in these countries,still significantly higher than the global average of 39 per cent.Other European countr

83、ies lag,scoring 59 per cent and 43 per cent,respectively,on the legal instruments for ICT and digital market benchmarks.Notable gaps in telecommunication regulation,ranging from 20 to 30 percentage points,persist between EU and other countries in areas such as unified licensing regimes,infrastructur

84、e sharing,co-location and number portability.In digital regulation,e-government capacity demonstrates the starkest gap,with all European single market countries having high or very high capacity,compared to only 15 per cent of other European countries4.Despite these gaps,both subregions show full al

85、ignment in critical areas,including national cybersecurity strategies,data protection and e-commerce laws,with all countries in the region having these instruments in place.A regionally harmonized regulatory approach has allowed European single market countries to position themselves at the forefron

86、t of telecommunication and digital development globally,with 84per cent participating in regional integration mechanisms that include ICTs or digital chapters as of 2023.In contrast,none of other European countries are engaged in such mechanisms or participate in regional agreements on cross-border

87、data flows.Furthermore,all single market countries have made a commitment to facilitate trade in telecommunication services under GATS,compared to only half of other European countries.These disparities in adopting harmonized legal frameworks risk impeding cross-border digital transactions and e-com

88、merce across the Europe region and beyond,limiting opportunities to strengthen digital economies across the region.Nonetheless,a notable achievement in international cooperation is that all countries in the region are party to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime(Budapest Convention),and a

89、ll were also engaged in bilateral agreements that addressed either capacity development or information sharing in cybersecurity5.4 e-Government capacities as defined by UNDESA in the E-Government Development Index(EGDI).5 ITU,Global Cybersecurity Index 2024.8Measuring digital developmentState of dig

90、ital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesTo advance digital transformation readiness across the region,fostering greater regional cooperation,harmonizing regulatory frameworks and addressing disparities in policy adoption and implementation will be critical to ens

91、uring inclusive and sustainable progress.Challenges facing non-EU countries in building supportive ecosystems for emerging technologiesCreating supportive ecosystems for emerging technologies is essential for fostering innovation and the competitiveness of digital economies.European single market co

92、untries are considerably better equipped than other European countries across key related policy and regulatory areas,scoring consistently above the world averages.Major regionalized instruments such as the Artificial Intelligence(AI)Act and the European industrial strategy are providing cohesive fr

93、ameworks for advancing innovation,ethical standards and market competitiveness,further enhancing the regions economic resilience.Policy instruments enabling emerging technologies ecosystems,Europe region,20230%20%40%60%80%100%EU,EFTA,UKOther EuropeWorld averageNote:The subregions average scores for

94、key indicators under national digital agenda policy,legal instruments for digital markets,stakeholder engagement and regional and international collaboration in the ITU Unified Framework for countries in and outside the European single market compared to the world averageSource:ITUNon-EU countries i

95、n the Europe region are less likely to have frameworks for emerging technologies and currently fall slightly below global averages in most key areas.Only 15 per cent of these countries have instruments for AI and cloud computing,while just over one-third have adopted regulations or standards for the

96、 Internet of Things.Spectrum strategies addressing new digital technologies are in place in only 38 per cent of non-EU countries,compared to 94 per cent across the European single market.However,leveraging broader regional dynamics,97 per cent of EU countries and 85 per cent of other European countr

97、ies have adopted innovation policies,providing a holistic framework for science,technology and innovation development.9Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesRegulatory experimentation mechanisms,essential for testing and

98、 refining innovative services,business models and policy approaches,are indispensable for fostering emerging technologies and digital ecosystems;yet,only 38 per cent of non-EU countries have implemented such mechanisms,compared to 75 per cent of European single market countries.Targeted incentives f

99、or ICT and digital market players,which can drive investment and lower entry barriers for new players,have been introduced in just 23 per cent of non-EU countries.On a positive note,88 per cent of EU countries and 85 per cent of non-EU countries have refrained from imposing specific taxes on ICT and

100、 digital services,enhancing the overall ease of doing business.Regulatory fragmentation stemming from the uneven development of policy and regulatory frameworks for emerging technologies across the Europe region hinders cross-border economic exchanges,creates uncertainty for investors and innovators

101、 and may stifle the growth of dynamic digital ecosystems.Overcoming these challenges will require targeted strategies to attract investment,enhance policy coherence and strengthen regional partnerships to build robust,inclusive and sustainable digital economies across the region.10Measuring digital

102、developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesInternet useInternet use in the Europe region approaching universalityPercentage of individuals using the Internet020406080100EuropeWorldSource:ITUFor most indicators assessed,the Europe region is eit

103、her the leading region or a close second.This includes for the percentage of individuals using the Internet,which stood at 91 per cent in 2024,approaching universal use.6 This puts Europe far ahead of the global average of 68 per cent.Because of the very high rate,growth in Internet use has been mod

104、est in Europe,having progressed by 2.4 per cent annually on average in the last decade.In comparison,Internet use globally grew 6.1 per cent annually over the same period.In terms of Internet use,Europe is relatively homogeneous,with only 20 percentage points separating the countries with the highes

105、t rate(100 per cent)and the lowest rate(80 per cent).6 Considering that some people may never want to connect,as a matter of convention universality is taken to mean an Internet penetration rate of at least 95 per cent.11Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Eur

106、ope region:Challenges and opportunitiesPercentage of individuals using the Internet in the Europe region,2023 or latest year available7020406080100MoldovaBulgariaGeorgiaUkraineAlbaniaCroatiaBosnia and HerzegovinaGreeceSerbiaPortugalCzech RepublicPolandFranceItalySan MarinoIsraelNorth MacedoniaTrkiye

107、(2024)LithuaniaRomaniaMontenegroSlovakia(2024)SloveniaCyprusHungary(2024)MaltaLatviaEstoniaGermany(2024)FinlandBelgiumAustria(2024)AndorraSpainSwedenUnited KingdomIrelandNetherlandsLiechtensteinSwitzerlandLuxembourg(2024)NorwayMonacoDenmark(2024)Iceland2023 or latest year availableRegional average(2

108、023)2018Note:Country submitted are in a darker shade,non-official data(usually ITU estimates)in a lighter shadeSource:ITUGender parity in Internet use has been reached Percentage of individuals using the Internet,by gender,2024Female,90 Female,65 Male,92 Male,70 2019:802019:502019:842019:56020406080

109、100 Europe WorldSource:ITU7 In this report,for figures and tables reporting economy-level data,all economies are shown except for the Vatican,for which no data is available.Countries are sorted by value of the indicator.A data point is only shown if it is for the year 2020 or later,otherwise it is m

110、arked as not available(N/A),or excluded altogether(when data is not available for many countries).In addition,a marker shows the data point for the year 2018,if available.Data is extracted from the ITU DataHub,based on the data release of end January 2025.Since country-level data is available for th

111、e year 2023 at best,for comparison purposes,the regional average for the year 2023 is reported as well,as published in Facts and Figures 2024.To save space in these figures and tables,“Netherlands”is used instead of“Netherlands(Kingdom of the)”.12Measuring digital developmentState of digital develop

112、ment and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesIn 2024,90 per cent of women in the Europe region were online,compared with 92 per cent of men.This translates into a gender parity score(GPS)of 0.98,up from 0.94 in 2019,indicating that parity has been achieved.8 In most countries of

113、the region,gender parity has been reached with a GPS between 0.98 and 1.02.In nine countries,there is still a bias towards men using the Internet,while in four countries the bias is towards women.Percentage of individuals using the Internet,by gender,2023 or latest year available N/A0102030405060708

114、090100Ukraine(2021)North Macedonia(2020)BulgariaCroatiaAlbaniaGeorgiaBosnia and HerzegovinaTrkiye(2024)SerbiaGreeceCzech RepublicPortugalItalyIsraelFrancePolandMontenegro(2022)RomaniaSlovakia(2024)SloveniaLithuaniaHungary(2024)CyprusLatviaFinlandGermany(2024)Ireland(2020)MaltaEstoniaUnited Kingdom(2

115、020)Austria(2024)BelgiumSwedenSpainNetherlandsSwitzerlandLuxembourg(2024)NorwayIceland(2021)Denmark(2024)AndorraLiechtensteinMoldovaMonacoSan MarinoFemaleMale2018Source:ITU8 The gender parity score is calculated as the proportion of women who use the Internet divided by the proportion of men who use

116、 the Internet.A value less than one indicates that men are more likely to use the Internet than women,while a value greater than one indicates the opposite.Gender parity is considered achieved if the value lies between 0.98 and 1.02.13Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and tre

117、nds in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesAlmost all young people use the InternetPercentage of individuals aged between 15 and 24 years using the Internet,2024Youth(15-24),98 Youth(15-24),79 Rest of the population,91 Rest of the population,66 2021:982021:742021:862021:59020406080100 Euro

118、pe WorldSource:ITUAmong young people(aged 15 to 24 years),almost no one is offline in the Europe region.While the percentage of young people using the Internet has been stable at 98 per cent over the last four years,the generational gap,which is measured as the ratio of Internet users between young

119、people and the rest of the population,has been steadily improving since 2021.This means other age groups are catching up,so that it will only be a matter of time before universal use will be reached in the region.In all countries of the region for which data is available,Internet use among young peo

120、ple is above 93 per cent.For the 25-to-74-year-old population,the percentages ranged from 79 to 100 per cent.The picture is different though for the older population,aged 75 years and above,where the Internet penetration was between 19 and 92 per cent for the ten countries with available data.14Meas

121、uring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesPercentage of individuals using the Internet by age group,2023 or latest year available0102030405060708090100BulgariaMontenegro(2021)Albania(2022)CroatiaBosnia and HerzegovinaUkraine(202

122、1)SerbiaPortugalPolandGeorgiaTrkiye(2024)ItalyLithuaniaRomaniaSlovakia(2024)IsraelSloveniaCyprusHungary(2024)Czech RepublicLatviaMaltaFranceGermany(2024)BelgiumAustria(2024)SpainSweden(2022)United Kingdom(2020)FinlandNorway(2021)SwitzerlandLuxembourg(2024)Denmark(2024)AndorraEstoniaGreeceIcelandIrel

123、andLiechtensteinMoldovaMonacoNetherlandsNorth MacedoniaSan Marino14 years and younger15 to 24 years25 to 74 years75 years and olderN/ASource:ITU15Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesInternet use in rural areas trails o

124、nly somewhat behind urban areasPercentage of individuals using the Internet,by location,2024Urban,93 Urban,83 Rural,86 Rural,48 2021:902021:772021:822021:44020406080100 Europe WorldSource:ITUIn urban areas in the Europe region,93 per cent of the population was online,compared with 86 per cent in rur

125、al areas.This gap is much smaller than it is globally,with 83 per cent online in urban areas,against only 48 per cent in rural areas.In countries with high overall Internet penetration,the urban-rural gap was much smaller than in countries with lower overall Internet penetration.Percentage of indivi

126、duals using the Internet by location,2023 or latest year available0102030405060708090100RuralUrban2018Source:ITU16Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesBroadband subscriptionsThe Europe region is the frontrunner in fixed

127、-broadband subscriptions Broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitantsMobile020406080100120 Europe WorldFixed010203040Europe WorldSource:ITUThe Europe region had 112 active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in 2024,above the global average of 95.The difference is considerably higher f

128、or fixed-broadband penetration:Europe boasted 37 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants,almost twice the global average of 20,and much higher than any other region.Mobile-broadband penetration showed significant variation across the region,though,ranging from 70 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in Bosni

129、a and Herzegovina to 215 in Poland.Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants,2023 or latest year available04080120160200240Bosnia and HerzegovinaAlbaniaUkraineTrkiyeNorth MacedoniaHungaryCyprusGreeceSlovakiaMoldovaGermanyRomaniaBelgiumSloveniaItalyPortugalMonacoCzech RepublicAndorraF

130、ranceSwitzerlandMontenegroSerbiaSpainGeorgiaLuxembourgNorway(2022)IrelandBulgariaLatviaNetherlandsIcelandLiechtensteinAustriaMaltaUnited KingdomCroatiaSwedenSan Marino(2022)LithuaniaDenmarkIsraelFinlandEstoniaPoland2023 or latest year availableRegional average(2023)2018Source:ITU17Measuring digital

131、developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesFixed-broadband subscriptions ranged from 20 per 100 inhabitants in Ukraine to 56 in Monaco.Unlike in other,lower-income regions,in Europe almost all the fixed-broadband subscriptions had an advertise

132、d speed of 10 Mbit/s or above.Fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants,2023 or latest year available0102030405060UkraineTrkiyeAlbaniaLatviaPoland*MoldovaLithuania*CroatiaBosnia and HerzegovinaNorth MacedoniaGeorgiaAustriaIsraelSerbiaItalySloveniaIrelandMontenegroSlovakiaRomaniaEstoniaFinlan

133、dSan Marino(2022)HungaryBulgariaSpainIcelandCzech RepublicLuxembourg(2022)CyprusSwedenUnited KingdomNetherlandsBelgiumGreeceDenmarkPortugalMaltaGermanyNorway(2022)SwitzerlandFranceLiechtensteinAndorraMonaco256 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s2 Mbit/s to=10 Mbit/sRegional average(2023)2018(all speeds)*Full breakdo

134、wn by speed not available for Poland and LithuaniaSource:ITU18Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesMobile network coverage5G network roll-out is progressing fastPercentage of population covered by type of mobile network

135、Europe0102030405060708090100 2G 3G 4G 5GWorld0102030405060708090100 2G 3G 4G 5GNote:The values for 2G,3G and 4G networks show the incremental percentage of the population that is not covered by a more advanced technology network(eg in 2024,96 per cent of the world population is covered by at least a

136、 3G or above network,that is 4 per cent+41 per cent+51 per cent)There is insufficient data to produce estimates for 5G coverage prior to 2020Source:ITUBetween 2020 and 2024,5G mobile network coverage in the region increased from 28 to 72 per cent of the population.Globally,5G coverage grew only from

137、 9 to 51 per cent.Where 5G was not yet available,4G mobile networks covered 99 per cent of the population in 2024,implying that almost everyone in the Europe region has access to a good quality mobile network.However,the roll-out of 5G has been uneven in the region:while in some countries,mostly loc

138、ated in Eastern Europe or the Western Balkans,5G is not available at all,it is already available to the whole population in other countries.19Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesPercentage of population covered by type

139、 of mobile network,2023 or latest year available0102030405060708090100Ukraine(2022)SerbiaBosnia and HerzegovinaSan Marino(2022)MoldovaAlbaniaTrkiyeGeorgiaRomaniaIsrael(2021)SlovakiaNorth MacedoniaPolandLatviaSloveniaItalyNorway(2022)HungaryIrelandUnited KingdomMontenegroSpainCzech RepublicBulgariaEs

140、toniaBelgiumLiechtensteinSwedenFranceAndorraIcelandGermanyAustriaCroatiaPortugalLithuaniaNetherlandsGreeceLuxembourgFinlandCyprusDenmarkMaltaMonacoSwitzerland 5G 4G 3G 2GNote:The values for 2G,3G and 4G networks show the incremental percentage of the population that is not covered by a more advanced

141、 technology network(eg in 2023,99 per cent of the population in Slovakia is covered by at least a 4G or above network,that is 63 per cent+36 per cent)Source:ITUThere is a significant gap in 5G mobile network availability between rural and urban areas.In 2024,5G covered 81 per cent of the urban popul

142、ation in Europe,but only 46 per cent in rural areas.The disparity was much smaller for 4G networks,with 100 per cent of the population covered in urban areas compared with 97 per cent in rural areas.Population coverage by type of mobile network and location,202429 67 46 81 53 32 51 19 8 5 0102030405

143、060708090100 Rural Urban Rural Urban World Europe 5G 4G 3G 2GNote:The values for 2G,3G and 4G networks show the incremental percentage of the population that is not covered by a more advanced technology network(eg 90 per cent of the worlds rural population is covered by at least a 3G or above networ

144、k,that is 29 per cent+53 per cent+8 per cent)Source:ITU20Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesAvailability of fixed-broadband infrastructureSix out of ten people live within 10 km of an optical fibre nodeFixed-broadband

145、 infrastructure forms the backbone of the Internet and is a cornerstone of digital transformation efforts.As part of ongoing research at ITU,the broadband map initiative provides an overview of fixed-broadband infrastructure placement.Overlaying this data with demographic data makes it possible to i

146、nfer the availability and proximity of fixed broadband to populations.This is essential for planning costly infrastructure projects and helps to ensure that networks have the necessary capacity and reach.Map of transmission networks and submarine cables for the Europe regionNote:The image reports ac

147、tive and planned submarine cables and operational,planned and under-construction transmission networks(optical fibre cable and microwave)The designations employed and the presentation of material on the map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ITU or its secretariat c

148、oncerning the legal status of the country,territory,city or area or its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundariesSource:ITU,https:/bbmaps.itu.int/appProximity to an optical fibre node is a crucial metric for transformative connectivity as it directly impacts network p

149、erformance,reliability and scalability.It reduces latency,improves connection stability and lowers deployment costs,making broadband access more affordable and efficient.Additionally,it enables easier upgrades to support growing bandwidth demands,ensuring networks remain future-proof.As of 2023,61 p

150、er cent of the population of the Europe region lived within 10 km of an optical fibre node.Almost 9 of every 10 people(88 per cent)lived within 25 km,97 per cent within 50 km and almost everyone within 100 km of a node.21Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Eur

151、ope region:Challenges and opportunitiesPercentage of population within reach of an optical fibre node,20230102030405060708090100Bosnia and HerzegovinaIsraelTrkiyeUkraineSwitzerlandSlovakiaCroatiaGeorgiaLithuaniaFinlandAustriaFrancePolandSwedenSan MarinoGermanyHungaryMoldovaBulgariaCyprusAlbaniaSpain

152、MontenegroRomaniaItalyGreecePortugalSloveniaNorth MacedoniaDenmarkUnited KingdomCzech RepublicLatviaEstoniaNorwayIrelandBelgiumNetherlandsIcelandMaltaLuxembourgAndorraLiechtensteinMonacoSerbia10 km25 km50 km100 kmNote:The percentage of population within reach of transmission networks refers to the p

153、ercentage of people that are within physical reach of nodes on core terrestrial transmission networks for a given distance(see https:/bbmaps.itu.int/indicators-bbmaps).)Source:ITU22Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesI

154、nternet trafficInternet traffic in the Europe region growing faster than globallyBroadband Internet traffic per subscription per month,in gigabytesMobile024681012141618201920202021202220232024 Europe WorldFixed050100150200250300350400201920202021202220232024 Europe WorldSource:ITUInternet traffic me

155、asures the total volume of data downloaded and upload by the end users in a country over a given period.For ease of interpretation,figures presented refer to the average monthly traffic per both fixed-and mobile-broadband subscription.Traffic levels are typically higher for fixed than mobile broadba

156、nd,not only because subscriptions are shared by multiple users(e.g.in households),but also because they include mobile traffic routed over Wi-Fi when available.Between 2019 and 2024 monthly mobile-broadband traffic in the Europe region increased from 5 to 15GB per mobile-broadband subscription,outst

157、ripping the global average for traffic growth,which increased from 6 to 14 GB per month during the same period.Fixed-broadband traffic in the region increased from a monthly 170 GB to 370 GB per subscription,while it increased from 141 to 311 GB globally.23Measuring digital developmentState of digit

158、al development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesMobile-broadband Internet traffic,in gigabytes,per subscription per month,2023 or latest year availableN/A01020304050AndorraIrelandSan Marino(2022)LiechtensteinBelgiumBosnia and HerzegovinaNetherlandsAlbaniaPolandCzech Republ

159、icGermanyMoldovaPortugalLuxembourgUnited KingdomGeorgiaNorth MacedoniaRomaniaSlovakiaNorwaySerbiaMonacoSpainIsraelHungaryGreeceBulgariaMaltaTrkiyeFranceItalySloveniaMontenegroSwitzerlandCyprusDenmarkCroatiaSwedenIcelandEstoniaLithuaniaAustriaFinlandLatviaUkraine2023 or latest year available2023 regi

160、onal average2018Note:Internet traffic originating within country Source:ITUThe region shows more heterogeneity for indicators of Internet traffic by subscription than for some of the other indicators explored in this report.For mobile-broadband traffic,the values ranged from 2GB per subscription per

161、 month to 46GB.For fixed-broadband traffic,the spread was from 107 to 530GB per subscription per month.Fixed-broadband Internet traffic per subscription per month,in gigabytes,2023 or latest year availableN/A0100200300400500600IrelandAlbaniaSerbiaSwitzerlandAustriaSlovakiaNorth MacedoniaHungaryGreec

162、eRomaniaTrkiyeFinlandSan Marino(2022)ItalyBulgariaBelgiumAndorraPortugalLiechtensteinGermanyMontenegroCzech RepublicCyprusCroatiaSpainGeorgiaMonacoDenmarkBosnia and HerzegovinaIcelandSloveniaLatviaPolandUnited KingdomEstoniaFranceIsraelLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaMoldovaNetherlandsNorwaySwedenUkraine202

163、3 or latest year available2023 regional average2018Source:ITU24Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesAffordability of ICT servicesMobile and fixed broadband generally affordable in the Europe regionBroadband basket price

164、s as%of gross national income per capita,2018-2024Mobile(2GB)012342018201920202021202220232024EuropeWorld2%targetFixed(5GB)012342018201920202021202220232024EuropeWorld2%targetNote:Median values shown in the chart are calculated as a percentage of GNI per capita for the set of economies for which dat

165、a was available for all years from 2018 to 2024 for a given basket to adjust the effect of changing data availabilitySource:ITUInternet cost is a barrier to Internet use and to meaningful connectivity.The ITU/UNESCO Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development set itself the goal of making broad

166、band in developing countries affordable by 2025,affordability being defined as the availability of broadband access at a price that is less than 2 per cent of monthly GNI per capita.Europe is the region with the most affordable prices for both mobile and fixed broadband.For an entry-level data-only

167、mobile-broadband service,the average European citizen had to pay 0.3 per cent of GNI per capita in 2024,substantially below the global average of 1.1 per cent.In all countries of the Europe region,the price of such a service was below the 2-per-cent target of the Broadband Commission.Entry-level fix

168、ed-broadband subscriptions are typically costlier than mobile for various reasons,including the cost of infrastructure,higher speeds and larger allowances included,and different market conditions.In the Europe region,the average cost of an entry-level fixed-broadband service stood at 1.1per cent of

169、GNI9,far below the global average of 2.5 per cent.This made the Europe region the only region below the Broadband Commissions 2-per-cent target.Of the 44 countries,only six recorded a price above this target.9 Considering only those countries for which data was available for all years from 2018 to 2

170、024.25Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesBroadband basket prices as%of gross national income per capita,2024012345LiechtensteinFinlandLuxembourgFranceCroatiaEstoniaLithuaniaAustriaDenmarkCyprusMonacoIsraelMaltaGermany

171、San MarinoSwitzerlandSwedenIcelandNetherlandsUnited KingdomIrelandSpainItalyLatviaBelgiumNorwayCzech RepublicSloveniaAndorraBulgariaRomaniaHungaryPolandPortugalGreeceGeorgiaMoldovaSlovakiaSerbiaNorth MacedoniaTrkiyeBosnia and HerzegovinaMontenegroUkraineAlbaniaData-only mobile-broadband basket(2GB)F

172、ixed-broadband basket(5GB)20182%targetSource:ITU26Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesMobile phone ownership and subscriptionsMobile phone ownership is universalPercentage of individuals owning a mobile phone0204060801

173、00201920202021202220232024Europe WorldPercentage of individuals owning a mobile phone by gender,2024Female,95 Female,77 Male,96 Male,82 2021:932021:732021:942021:80020406080100Europe WorldNote:Individuals aged 10 and olderSource:ITUWhile globally“only”four out of five individuals aged 10 or older ow

174、ned a mobile phone,in Europe this number stood at 95 out of 100,which for practical purposes means they have achieved universality.There was only a small difference between the share of men owning a mobile phone and the share of women owning one,which leads to a gender parity score of 1.00.Percentag

175、e of individuals owning a mobile phone,2023 or latest year available020406080100AlbaniaBelgiumBosnia and HerzegovinaNetherlandsGermanySwedenMoldovaNorth MacedoniaUkraineHungaryBulgariaLuxembourgAndorraGeorgiaPolandSan MarinoMontenegroGreeceUnited KingdomItalySerbiaFranceNorwayTrkiye(2024)AustriaLiec

176、htensteinLithuaniaMaltaIrelandCyprusCroatiaLatviaEstoniaPortugalFinlandIsraelIcelandDenmarkSwitzerlandMonacoSloveniaRomaniaCzech RepublicSlovakiaSpain2023 or latest year availableRegional average(2023)2018Notes:Individuals aged 10 and older Country submitted are in a darker shade,non-official data(u

177、sually ITU estimates)in a lighter shadeSource:ITU27Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesIn all countries of the region,mobile ownership was very high,between 86 and 100 per cent.For the 11 countries for which gender dis

178、aggregated data is available,the gender parity score indicated that gender parity was reached in all but two countries.To use a mobile phone,a mobile-cellular or mobile-broadband subscription is needed.In the Europe region,there were 125 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in 2024,somewhat above the g

179、lobal average of 112.This indicator is plateauing in Europe,as it has hardly moved since 2012.Mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants020406080100120140 Europe WorldSource:ITUAt the country level,the region was relatively homogeneous,with values ranging from 93 to 156 subscriptions per 100

180、inhabitants,with one outlier at 207.Mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants,2023 or latest year available04080120160200AlbaniaBelgiumMonacoNorth MacedoniaHungaryTrkiyeGreeceIrelandNorway(2022)FranceCroatiaNetherlandsBosnia and HerzegovinaBulgariaLatviaSan Marino(2022)AustriaUkraineUnited K

181、ingdomPortugalRomaniaIcelandGermanyCzech RepublicDenmarkLiechtensteinFinlandSpainSerbiaSwitzerlandSloveniaMoldovaItalyPolandLithuaniaSlovakiaSwedenMaltaLuxembourgEstoniaIsraelGeorgiaCyprusAndorraMontenegro2023 or latest year availableRegional average(2023)2018Source:ITU28Measuring digital developmen

182、tState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesICT skillsLarge variety in ICT skills among Internet usersAs self-reporting of individuals ICT skills is subjective,ICT skills are measured based on household surveys asking whether an individual has recently p

183、erformed certain activities.Performing these activities presupposes a degree of proficiency in relevant digital skills.The activities are grouped into five areas:information and data literacy;communication and collaboration;digital content creation;safety;and problem solving.While the importance of

184、digital skills in leveraging ICTs for economic prosperity and social well-being is well-documented,data remain very scant,although better in the Europe region,with 38 countries having submitted data since 2020.However,fewer just 20 countries provided comparable data on ICT skill levels(see box for d

185、etails on the methodology for calculating ICT skill levels).Methodology for calculating ICT skill levelsAt its 11th meeting in September 2023,ITUs Expert Group on ICT household indicators(EGH)recommended changes in how data on ICT skill levels are reported,including,most importantly,that skill level

186、s of individuals should be assessed for different areas.Individuals should be assessed on the number of activities within a skill area they report having done in the last three months using the following progression:NoneBasicAbove basic0 activities1 activityMore than 1 activity Skill levels should n

187、ot be assessed in skill areas where fewer than two indicators are collected.Indicators should be weighted equally within each skill area.Skill areas with different numbers of components should be treated equally.While this recommendation does not require any additional data collection,it does requir

188、e that countries perform additional analysis on existing survey microdata.ITU requested data on ICT skills for the first time in its April 2024 data collection and received data from 40 countries,including 20 European countries.However,other countries were unable to provide data,even though in many

189、cases data on the underlying activities had been collected.It is expected that data availability will improve as familiarity with these new recommendations increases.ICT skills data goes beyond simple access and use of ICTs to provide a view of the capabilities of ICT users.Data on individuals in th

190、e Europe region with different levels of ICT skills are shown below as a share of Internet users.This data demonstrates the substantial variation between countries in the level of ICT skills of those already using the Internet.It also shows the areas where attention is needed to increase ICT skills.

191、29Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesPercentage of Internet users with ICT skills in information and data literacy,2023 or latest year available020406080100Above basic skillsBasic skillsNote:Bulgaria,Georgia,Latvia an

192、d Trkiye calculate skill levels using the methodology recommended by the ITUs Expert Group on ICT household indicators All other countries calculate skill levels using the Joint Research Council of the European Commission Digital Skills Indicator(DSI)2.0Source:ITUSkill levels for information and dat

193、a literacy,referring to activities such as reading news online or seeking health information,are generally high in Europe.In this area,values ranged from 74 per cent of Internet users in Georgia with at least basic skills to 98 per cent in Lithuania.Percentage of Internet users with ICT skills in co

194、mmunication and collaboration,2023 or latest year available020406080100Above basic skillsBasic skillsNote:Bulgaria,Georgia,Latvia and Trkiye calculate skill levels using the methodology recommended by the ITUs Expert Group on ICT household indicators All other countries calculate skill levels using

195、the Joint Research Council of the European Commission Digital Skills Indicator(DSI)2.0Source:ITUCommunication and collaboration are typically what most people use the Internet for;activities in this area include essentials such as making calls using messaging apps.This is confirmed by the data for t

196、his skill area.Between 82 and 100 per cent of Internet users had at least basic skills in the countries for which there is data.30Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesPercentage of Internet users with ICT skills in digi

197、tal content creation,2023 020406080100Above basic skillsBasic skillsNote:Bulgaria,Georgia and Latvia calculate skill levels using the methodology recommended by the ITUs Expert Group on ICT household indicators All other countries calculate skill levels using the Joint Research Council of the Europe

198、an Commission Digital Skills Indicator(DSI)2.0Source:ITUThis stands in contrast to digital content creation,for which skill levels were much lower.Skill levels in digital content creation,which includes activities such as using spreadsheets or copy and paste tools,also varied substantially among cou

199、ntries.The share of Internet users with at least basic skills in this area ranged from 34 to 98 per cent of Internet users.Percentage of Internet users with ICT skills in safety,2023020406080100SloveniaBulgariaItalyFranceSpainMaltaSwitzerlandBelgiumAbove basic skillsBasic skillsNote:Bulgaria calcula

200、tes skill levels using the methodology recommended by the ITUs Expert Group on ICT household indicators All other countries calculate skill levels using the Joint Research Council of the European Commission Digital Skills Indicator(DSI)2.0Source:ITUSafety is another essential skill for ICT users;act

201、ivities in this area include changing privacy settings and setting up security measures.While only eight countries reported data on safety skill levels,shares of Internet users with at least basic safety skills ranged widely from 41 to 92 per cent for these countries.31Measuring digital developmentS

202、tate of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesPercentage of Internet users with ICT skills in problem solving,2023 or latest year available020406080100Above basic skillsBasic skillsNote:Bulgaria,Georgia,Latvia and Trkiye calculate skill levels using the meth

203、odology recommended by the ITUs Expert Group on ICT household indicators All other countries calculate skill levels using the Joint Research Council of the European Commission Digital Skills Indicator(DSI)2.0Source:ITUFinally,for problem solving,an area which includes activities such as installing n

204、ew devices or purchasing products online,a skills divide is apparent between countries.Fewer than 60 per cent of Internet users in Romania,Bulgaria and Georgia have at least basic skills in this area while nearly 80 per cent or more have at least basic skills in all other reporting countries.32Measu

205、ring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesRevenue and investment The European telecommunication sector is a key economic driverThe telecommunication sector is an important enabler of economic development,with both direct and indi

206、rect impacts.While it is harder to capture the indirect impact,recent data on revenue and investment reveals the significance of the sectors direct impact on development but also the considerable gaps between countries.Revenue from all telecommunication services,in USD billion and as a%of GDP,2023 o

207、r latest available year0.01.02.03.04.05.005101520253035404550LiechtensteinMonacoIcelandMontenegroMoldovaMaltaAlbaniaNorth MacedoniaEstoniaGeorgiaLatviaLuxembourg(2022)Cyprus(2022)Bosnia and HerzegovinaLithuaniaSloveniaBulgariaCroatiaSlovakiaSerbiaUkraineRomaniaFinlandHungaryCzech RepublicIrelandNorw

208、ay(2022)PortugalAustriaSwedenDenmarkGreeceIsrael(2022)BelgiumTrkiyePolandNetherlandsSwitzerlandSpainItalyFranceUnited KingdomGermanyAndorraSan MarinoTelecommunication revenues,USD bln(left-hand axis)As a%of GDP(right-hand axis)Regional average(right-hand axis)N/ANote:Annual average exchange rates ap

209、plied,last available year values at constant 2023 pricesSource:ITU,World Bank World Development IndicatorsIn 2023,the telecommunication sector in the Europe region generated total revenue of USD290 billion,averaging USD6.7 billion per country.This sector directly contributed an average of 1.2 per ce

210、nt to the regions GDP.The size of the telecommunication market varies significantly across European countries,with 11 countries reporting revenue of up to USD 500 million,while Germany,the largest market,achieved nearly USD50 billion.Although the sector typically represents 1.2 per cent of a country

211、s GDP,this proportion fluctuates,ranging from less than 1 per cent in nine countries to over 3 per cent in two countries.The European telecommunication sector has attracted around USD90 billion in investment in recent years,amounting to around 0.3 per cent of the regions GDP.By nature,the level of i

212、nvestment fluctuates annually,which is why statistics are presented as the period average for 2021-2023.The five largest European economies with investment levels of at least USD6 billion account for around two-thirds of the regions total telecommunication investments,whereas 13 economies barely rea

213、ch investment levels of USD200 million.33Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesInvestment capacity is shaped by the actual and potential size of the telecommunication market in a country.Typically,investment amounts to a

214、 quarter of the revenue in the sector,but this rate varies significantly,with seven European countries investing only around 15 to 20 per cent of sector revenue on the lower end,and six countries investing between 35 and 47 per cent on the higher end.Annual investment in telecommunication services,i

215、n USD billion and as%of GDP0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.8024681012141618LiechtensteinAlbaniaMoldovaNorth MacedoniaMontenegroIcelandGeorgiaLatviaEstoniaLithuaniaLuxembourgBosnia and HerzegovinaCyprusSloveniaBulgariaSlovakiaUkraineCroatiaHungaryRomaniaFinlandSerbiaCzech RepublicAustriaPortugalIrelandG

216、reeceIsraelSwedenDenmarkNorwayTrkiyeBelgiumPolandSwitzerlandNetherlandsSpainItalyUnited KingdomGermanyFranceAndorraMaltaMonacoSan MarinoTelecommunications investment,USD bln(left-hand axis)As a%of GDP(right-hand axis)Regional average(right-hand axis)N/ANote:Data is a three-year(2021-2023)average of

217、available data points to correct for annual fluctuations and gaps Investment figures are in constant 2023 USDSource:ITU,World Bank World Development Indicators34Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesCybersecurityThe Euro

218、pe region countries exhibit high levels of cybersecurity commitmentMeaningful connectivity requires trustworthy and secure communications.With over 5.5 billion people now online,cybersecurity in the digital economy is no longer an afterthought.Addressing cybersecurity requires a holistic approach ad

219、dressing legal,technical,organizational,capacity development and cooperation issues.Since 2015,the Global Cybersecurity Index(GCI)has tracked countries performance on these issues,each represented by a pillar of the index,with an aggregate GCI score on a 0-100 scale.The 2024 edition revealed a notab

220、le improvement in countries commitment to cybersecurity:the average GCI score for the world reached 66,up 14 points from the 2021 edition.Global Cybersecurity Index scores,2017-202453708186364452660204060801002017201820212024EuropeWorldNote:Questions and weightings have been updated between editions

221、,in collaboration with the GCI Expert Group,to better measure cybersecurity commitments by countries Source:ITUThe countries of the Europe region have continued to expand their commitments with an average score of 86,a gain of 5 points from the previous edition.Global Cybersecurity Index scores,by p

222、illar and overall,2024020406080100AlbaniaAndorraAustriaBelgiumBosnia and HerzegovinaBulgariaCroatiaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGeorgiaGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyLatviaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaMoldovaMonacoMontenegroNetherlandsNorth MacedoniaNorwayPola

223、ndPortugalRomaniaSan MarinoSerbiaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTrkiyeUkraineUnited KingdomLegalTechnicalOrganisationalCapacity developmentCooperative measuresNote:The overall GCI score shown is the sum of the score of the five pillarsSource:ITU35Measuring digital developmentState of digital

224、development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesThe performance of European countries in the GCI is mixed,with a 74-point difference between the regions best performers,which achieved the maximum score of 100,and the regions worst performer San Marino,scoring 25.9.Globally,co

225、untries from all categories of level of development are represented among the top scoring countries in the GCI,indicating that development level is not a reliable predictor of cybersecurity efforts.The Europe regions large number of high-income countries,in particular Northern European countries,con

226、tinue to score very well.While Southern Europe is the lowest scoring subregion,it has also made the largest improvement from the previous edition,increasing from 70 to 78.8 points.The technical pillar of the GCI assesses the effectiveness of national mechanisms and institutional structures in detect

227、ing,preventing,responding to and mitigating cyberthreats and incidents.Computer incident response teams(CIRTs)are responsible for protection against,detection of and response to cybersecurity incidents and can enhance a countrys ability to manage such incidents.Nearly all countries in the Europe reg

228、ion have established national CIRTs,and many are participating in regional cyber exercises.Still,there is a need to further develop these CIRTS and to expand efforts for the protection of critical information infrastructure.Child online protection(COP)encompasses strategies and initiatives to protec

229、t children from harm or exploitation online.This includes ensuring children are using age-appropriate software and filtering tools and educating parents and children about staying safe online.COP is tracked through questions under the legal,organizational and capacity development pillars.A total of

230、164 countries reported having legal measures on COP in the 2024 edition of the GCI,compared to 130 countries in the previous edition.These measures were sometimes part of other rules,regulations and substantive law,such as on online crime or sexual exploitation.Some 74 per cent of European countries

231、 have some form of COP strategy with associated actions;however,linking these efforts to educational efforts for educators,parents and policy-makers is key.Finally,to meet the demand for cybersecurity professionals,countries are increasingly developing cybersecurity skills within their populations.W

232、hile 91 per cent of European countries have cybersecurity-focused university degrees,it is important to ensure that there are multiple pathways towards building cybersecurity competency in order to meet ongoing cyber needs.36Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the

233、 Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesE-waste managementAs countries strive to harness the benefits of technology to drive economic growth and achieve national development priorities,the challenge of managing electronic waste has become increasingly urgent.Strengthened e-waste policy and regula

234、tory e-waste management are pivotal for ensuring environmental sustainability,supporting circular economy practices and advancing progress towards the SDGs.E-waste generated,in million kg,2022 N/A020040060080010001200140016001800San MarinoIcelandMaltaMontenegroLuxembourgCyprusEstoniaMoldovaNorth Mac

235、edoniaLatviaAlbaniaBosnia and HerzegovinaGeorgiaSloveniaLithuaniaCroatiaSerbiaSlovakiaBulgariaIrelandFinlandDenmarkHungaryNorwayIsraelCzech RepublicAustriaPortugalGreeceSwitzerlandSwedenRomaniaBelgiumUkraineNetherlandsPolandSpainTrkiyeItalyFranceUnited KingdomGermanyAndorraLiechtensteinMonacoSource:

236、ITU and UNITAR,Global E-waste Monitor,2024The Global E-waste Monitor(2024)finds that,in 2022,the Europe region generated approximately 12.3billion kg of e-waste,representing almost 20 percent of global e-waste generation(62 billion kg).However,significant disparities exist across the region.Countrie

237、s like Germany(1767 million kg),the United Kingdom(1652 million kg)and France(1445 million kg)were the largest contributors,together accounting for nearly 40 percent of the regions total e-waste.In contrast,countries like San Marino,Iceland and Malta generated close to 20 million kg of e-waste combi

238、ned,representing less than 0.2 percent of Europes total e-waste generation.This significant variation reflects differences in population size,economic development and technological adoption across the region.37Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:

239、Challenges and opportunitiesE-waste per capita generated,in kg,2022N/A051015202530MoldovaAlbaniaGeorgiaUkraineNorth MacedoniaBosnia and HerzegovinaSerbiaLatviaTrkiyeCyprusMontenegroRomaniaBulgariaCroatiaLithuaniaPolandMaltaEstoniaHungarySlovakiaCzech RepublicIsraelSloveniaPortugalGreeceItalyAustriaS

240、painIrelandLuxembourgSwedenGermanyFinlandBelgiumNetherlandsSan MarinoDenmarkFranceIcelandSwitzerlandUnited KingdomNorwayAndorraLiechtensteinMonacoKg per capitaRegional average(2022)Source:ITU and UNITAR,Global E-waste Monitor,2024The analysis of e-waste trends in Europe can be further deepened by ex

241、amining per capita e-waste generation.While Europe collectively exceeds the global per capita e-waste average of 7.8 kg,disparities between countries are significant.The regional average of 18 kg per capita reflects a diverse landscape where high-income nations drive up the overall figure.For instan

242、ce,Norway and the United Kingdom stand out with the highest per capita e-waste generation at 26.8 kg and 24.5 kg,respectivelymore than three times the global average.Similarly,Switzerland and France,with per capita e-waste generation of 23.4 kg and 22.4 kg,respectively,also exhibit high figures,in l

243、ine with their economic status and widespread access to advanced digital technologies.In contrast,lower-income nations such as Moldova(6.8 kg)and Albania(8.3 kg)generate significantly less e-waste per capita.Meanwhile,mid-range contributors such as the Czech Republic(16.5 kg)and Portugal(17.8 kg)hov

244、er closer to the regional average yet still generate more than twice the global average.Europe is among the regions generating the most e-waste.However,it also boasts one of the highest documented collection and recycling rates,recycling 46.2 percent(5704 million kg)of the e-waste generated more tha

245、n double the global rate of 22.3 percent.Notably,Germany reported recycling 956.6millionkg of e-waste in 2022.In contrast,a few countries in the region,such as Albania and Georgia,lack significant formal recycling activity.38Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the

246、 Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesE-waste policies and regulations in place,2022CountryNational e-waste legislation/policy or regulation Extended producer responsibility frame-work for e-wasteCollection targetsRecycling targetsAlbaniaYesYesNoNoAndorraN/AN/AN/AN/AAustriaYesYesYesYesBelgiumYe

247、sYesYesYesBosnia and Herzegov-inaYesYesYesYesBulgariaYesYesYesYesCroatiaYesYesYesYesCyprusYesYesYesYesCzech RepublicYesYesYesYesDenmarkYesYesYesYesEstoniaYesYesYesYesFinlandYesYesYesYesFranceYesYesYesYesGeorgiaYesYesYesNoGermanyYesYesYesYesGreeceYesYesYesYesHungaryYesYesYesYesIcelandYesYesYesYesIrel

248、andYesYesYesYesIsraelYesYesNoNoItalyYesYesYesYesLatviaYesYesYesYesLiechtensteinN/AN/AN/AN/ALithuaniaYesYesYesYesLuxembourgYesYesYesYesMaltaYesYesYesYesMoldovaYesYesYesNoMonacoN/AN/AN/AN/AMontenegroYesNoNoNoNetherlandsYesYesYesYes39Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends

249、in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesCountryNational e-waste legislation/policy or regulation Extended producer responsibility frame-work for e-wasteCollection targetsRecycling targetsNorth MacedoniaYesYesYesNoNorwayYesYesYesYesPolandYesYesYesYesPortugalYesYesYesYesRomaniaYesYesYesYesSan

250、 MarinoNoNoNoNoSerbiaYesYesYesNoSlovakiaYesYesYesYesSloveniaYesYesYesYesSpainYesYesYesYesSwedenYesYesYesYesSwitzerlandYesYesYesYesTrkiyeYesYesYesYesUkraineYesNoNoNoUnited KingdomYesYesYesYesSource:ITU and UNITAR,Global E-waste Monitor,2024Europe region countries,in particular those within the Europe

251、an Union,stand out as global leaders in effective e-waste legislation and management.Globally,only 42 percent of countries(81 of 193)have enacted national e-waste policies,legislation or regulations.Europe emerges as one of the regions with the most extensive implementation,with 41 countries,or 89.1

252、 percent of the region,having implemented such frameworks.Moreover,39 European countries have adopted extended producer responsibility(EPR)frameworks for e-waste,accounting for 84.8 percent of the region.This represents nearly half of the 67 countries worldwide with legal provisions on EPR for e-was

253、te.These frameworks are critical for holding producers accountable for the entire lifecycle of their products,from design to disposal,and underline Europes leadership in promoting sustainable e-waste management practices.Countries with national e-waste legislation,policy or regulation tend to have a

254、 wide network of collection points for the separate collection of e-waste,as well as better documentation and e-waste management infrastructure.However,the stagnation of the global e-waste collection and recycling rate is likely exacerbated by the fact that only 46 countries worldwide have collectio

255、n rate targets and only 36 have recycling rate targets.Of these,37 and 33,respectively,are European countries.Expanding national e-waste legislation and establishing collection and recycling targets in the remaining countries will further strengthen the Europe regions efforts to advance a circular e

256、conomy and reduce environmental and health impacts.E-waste policies and regulations in place,2022(continued)40Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesDisparities within the regionRegional averages conceal disparities in co

257、nnectivity among Europe region countriesEurope is diverse in many respects:income level,with the wealthiest countrys GNI per capita nearly 50 times larger than the poorest;urbanization rate,which ranges from less than 50 per cent to 100 per cent;and population,which ranges from microstates with fewe

258、r than 100000 residents to large countries with more than 80 million residents.Given these differences,it can be useful to group European countries into clusters,according to their scores on indicators of Internet use,mobile phone ownership,mobile-broadband and fixed-broadband subscription rates,aff

259、ordability of entry-level mobile and fixed broadband,and gender equality.This cluster analysis yields four distinct groups,the respective members of which share similar ICT profiles.The first group,consisting of three quarters of Europe region countries(34 of the 45 countries analysed)is characteriz

260、ed by rates of ICT usage and ownership that are well above the world average.Both fixed broadband and data-only mobile broadband are very affordable relative to the world average,with the median entry-level prices as a share of monthly GNI per capita far below the Broadband Commission target of 2 pe

261、r cent of monthly GNI per capita or lower.There is also a high level of gender parity in terms of Internet use in this group.The second group,consisting of Estonia and Poland,is similar to the main group of European countries.These countries also have above-average rates of ICT use and ownership and

262、 excellent affordability and gender parity.The primary difference with these countries is their higher subscription rates for both mobile broadband and fixed broadband.When compared to the first two groups,the next,consisting of Croatia,Moldova and Trkiye,has somewhat lower rates of ICT use.This is

263、in addition to lower subscription rates and somewhat worse affordability scores.However,averages in this group are still substantially above global averages in nearly all cases,with mobile phone ownership on the same level as in the above groups.The average Internet use for these countries is still

264、83 per cent compared to a global rate of only 65 per cent.Conversely,gender parity is less positive for this group with the gender parity score for average Internet use falling below that for the world.This group is also similar in most respects to the final group of Albania,Bosnia and Herzegovina,G

265、eorgia,North Macedonia,Serbia and Ukraine.ICT use and ownership is still higher than global averages in these countries though not quite as high as for other European countries.ICT services are somewhat less affordable as well with the average price for the data-only mobile-broadband basket above th

266、e Broadband Commission target of 2 per cent of monthly GNI per capita or lower.Gender parity,however,is improved in this final group compared to that in the third group and similar to that in most European countries.The diversity of these groups of countries underlines the need to design tailored ap

267、proaches to achieve universal and meaningful connectivity.41Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesAverage of key ICT indicators by groups of similar European countries,2023GroupIndicator(unit)1(34 Euro-pean countries)2(2

268、 Euro-pean countries)3(3 Euro-pean countries)4(6 Euro-pean countries)World aver-ageShare of individuals using the Internet(%)92.489.883.183.9654Gender equality-Inter-net use (gender parity score)0.991.020.920.98093Share of individuals owning mobile phones(%)95.695.594.691.2786Mobile-broadband subscr

269、iptions (per 100 inhabitants)115.0202.3103.889.4899Fixed-broadband subscriptions (per 100 inhabitants)39.530.726.126.7186Data-only mobile broad-band prices (as a%of GNI per capita)0.30.30.70.728Fixed broadband prices(as a%of GNI per capita)0.90.81.42.213Note:Group medians shown for data-only mobile-

270、broadband and fixed-broadband prices as a%of GNI per capitaSource:ITU42Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesOverview of data availability in the Europe regionData plays a key role in achieving universal and meaningful c

271、onnectivity.Reliable and timely data equips policy-makers to identify needs,set priorities,design effective interventions,track progress and measure impact.Investing in data yields substantial returns by enabling better decision-making and more efficient interventions.The importance of data for the

272、delivery of the Kigali Action Plan of the World Telecommunication Development Conference(Kigali,2022)was acknowledged by the ITU Telecommunication Development Sectors Telecommunication Development Advisory Group,which adopted five key performance indicators(KPIs)tracking the extent to which Member S

273、tates submit timely ICT data to ITU,including KPIs related to the submission of ICT skills data and data on Internet use disaggregated by location and gender.The availability and quality of ICT statistics in the Europe region,including both administrative indicators and those derived from household

274、surveys,are exceptional and generally surpass those of other regions.Availability for a core set of 14 administrative ICT indicators,typically collected by national regulatory authorities or ministries,is on average 90 per cent in the region(see indicator list in the note of the figure below).Some 1

275、2 countries report full availability,while 29 countries are missing only one indicator.Even the two countries with the lowest data availability provide recent data for nine indicators.Countries need to improve the quality and availability of international bandwidth usage,as well as fixed broadband I

276、nternet traffic data,as they are only available in,respectively,18 and 34 of the 45 European countries studied.Percentage availability of selected administrative ICT indicators,2022-20230255075100UkraineLithuaniaLuxembourgEstoniaIsraelMaltaSan MarinoAndorraAustriaBosnia and HerzegovinaFinlandFranceM

277、oldovaNetherlandsNorwaySwedenAlbaniaBelgiumCzech RepublicDenmarkGermanyHungaryIrelandItalyLatviaLiechtensteinMonacoPolandRomaniaSpainSwitzerlandTrkiyeUnited KingdomBulgariaCroatiaCyprusGeorgiaGreeceIcelandMontenegroNorth MacedoniaPortugalSerbiaSlovakiaSlovenia%of administrative indicators availableR

278、egional averageNote:An indicator is considered available if at least one value is available for the period in question Assessment based on the following set:active mobile-broadband subscriptions,fixed-broadband subscriptions(total,as well as by speed-tiers:256 Kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s,2 Mbit/s to 10 Mbit/

279、s,and above 10 Mbit/s),mobile network coverage indicators by technology(at least 2G,3G,LTE/WiMAX,5G),total fixed-broadband Internet traffic,mobile-broadband Internet traffic within the country,international bandwidth usage,total telecommunication revenue and investment in telecommunication services

280、Source:ITU43Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesData on ICT access and use by households and individuals is also widely available.This is partly due to the European Commissions mandate for annual ICT household surveys

281、in member countries.Nevertheless,data remains scarce for several countries,in particular microstates.In addition,data for some socio-economic disaggregation is rarely reported for some countries.Latest year of submission of ICT household survey data,by socio-economic attributeCountryOverallGenderUrb

282、an RuralHousehold compositionAgeLevel of educationLabour force statusAlbania20232023202120232021Andorra2017201720002000Austria202420242024202420242017Belgium2023202320232023202320232023Bosnia and Herzegovina2023202320232023202320232023Bulgaria2023202320232023202320232023Croatia2023202320232013202320

283、232023Cyprus2023202320232022202320202023Czech Republic2023202320232023202320232023Denmark2024202420242024202420242024Estonia2023202320202017201720202020Finland202320232013202320232013France2023202320232023202320232023Georgia2023202320232023202320172015Germany2024202420242024202420242024Greece2023202

284、32013201820132013Hungary2024202420242024202420242024Iceland202120212013201820132013Ireland202020202013201520132013Israel2023202320232023202320232023Italy2023202320232023202320232023Latvia2023202320232023202320232023Liechtenstein201820182018Lithuania2023202320232023202320232023Luxembourg2024202420242

285、024202420242024Malta2023202320232023202320232023Moldova202320232023202320092009Monaco2008Montenegro2022202220222011202220112011Netherlands202320232013201820132013North Macedonia2020202020182018201720182012Norway202320232021202120212021Poland2023202320232023202320232023Portugal20232023202320232023202

286、32023Romania2023202320232023202320232023San Marino201820182018Serbia2023202320232023202320232023Slovakia2024202420242024202420242024Slovenia202320232023202320132013Spain2023202320232023202320232023Sweden202420242013202420132016Switzerland2023202320232023202320232023Trkiye2024202420122013202420242024

287、Ukraine2021202120212021202120212021United Kingdom202020202020202020202020Source:ITU44Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesPart 2 BDT4Impact:Selected case studies from the Europe regionPromoting and measuring meaningful

288、connectivity around the worldUniversal and meaningful connectivity(UMC)is the foundation for a safe,satisfying,enriching and productive online experience at an affordable cost.The ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau(BDT)and the European Commission have launched a EUR 3 million project on promot

289、ing and measuring universal and meaningful digital connectivity.In line with both ITUs mission to connect the world and leave no one behind and the objectives of the European Unions Global Gateway,the project aims to make UMC a top policy priority;generate more and better UMC data;and improve eviden

290、ce-based policy-making,fund sourcing and project implementation.The work will help to advance holistic policy approaches and provide recommendations on boosting good-quality Internet and mobile access.As part of the project,a series of regional workshops were held in 2024 in the Bahamas,Qatar and Th

291、ailand.Apart from the learning experiences,the workshops provided opportunities for participants to network with various data producers and learn from other countries challenges and experiences.More workshops are planned for 2025,including one in March targeting the members of 18 United Nations coun

292、try teams of Europe and Central Asia,and another in June,targeting the administrations of the Western Balkans(Albania,Bosnia and Herzegovina,Montenegro,North Macedonia and Serbia),Georgia,Moldova,Trkiye and Ukraine.45Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe

293、region:Challenges and opportunitiesPromoting child online protection in the Europe regionAlthough the Internet represents priceless opportunities for young peoplefrom education to social activity,it also poses risks such as cyberbullying,data protection issues,harassment and financial exploitation.T

294、he ITU Office for Europe is facilitating child online protection(COP)initiatives across the region,collaborating with national stakeholders to promote safer digital environments for children.In Andorra,a national COP assessment was launched in collaboration with the countrys government and facilitat

295、ed a multistakeholder event on the topic.In Malta,a train-the-trainer event helped to raise awareness of the protection and rights of children online.The training taught educators across the country the skills to confront these issues at school,train education-system colleagues and create a safer on

296、line experience for children.The training was conducted at the request of the Malta Foundation for the Wellbeing of Society,led by former President of Malta Marie-Louise Coleiro.In Serbia,support was given to the rollout of COP guidelines by the National Contact Centre for Childrens Safety.The guide

297、lines were launched in a national event that was complemented by a dissemination campaign in schools that reached 60 educators and nearly 1000 children.46Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesIPv6 laboratory in Montenegr

298、oThe migration to Internet Protocol version 6(IPv6),a high version Internet protocol,is a fundamental enabler of digital economy transformation and better social governance.The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is a technical upgrade and a key step towards a more robust and sustainable digital future.An

299、IPv6 laboratory was officially opened at the University of Montenegro in Podgorica,marking a milestone in Montenegros journey towards IPv6 readiness.The laboratory is fostering innovation,building capacity and helping to develop Montenegros digital infrastructure.Other activities helping Montenegro

300、to advance its digital transformation journey include:a national workshop on IPv6 strategies and policies;training of experts from public institutions;a technical assistance paper for the deployment of IPv6;and an IPv6 transition workshop.In the area of broadband,ITU has assisted in developing a nat

301、ional broadband plan which aims to bring Montenegro towards universal and meaningful connectivity and aligns with European Union targets.47Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesDriving sustainable rural digital transform

302、ation in AlbaniaAgriculture is a cornerstone of the Albanian economy;more than 40 per cent of the population live in rural areas,and nearly half of jobs rely directly or indirectly on the countrys agricultural and food system.Digital Agriculture and Rural Transformation(DART)is a groundbreaking join

303、t programme leveraging digitalization to advance Albanias sustainability goals with interventions targeting smallholder farmers.With funding from the Digital Transformation Window of the Joint SDG Fund,BDT is supporting the initiative along with the Food and Agriculture Organization(the lead agency)

304、;the United Nations Resident Coordinators Office for Albania;the International Labour Organization;and Albanias Ministries of Agriculture and Rural Development,Infrastructure and Energy,and Finance and Economy.DART is developing a national digital agriculture strategy and action plan aligned with th

305、e European Unions legal framework,improving the delivery of digital public services,and developing digital capacities among small-scale farmers,students,technical,vocational and educational training schools and centres,and public sector employees.By bridging the gap between vision and impact,Albania

306、s agricultural sector is moving towards a digital sustainable future while contributing to the SDGs.48Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesCyberDrills in Bulgaria and Cyprus enhance cybersecurity readiness in countries

307、and across regionsTwo recent CyberDrill events drew participants from multiple countries,helping bolster their capacity to respond to cyberattacks and other disruptions,and protect themselves from cyber threats.The ITU Cybersecurity Forum and CyberDrill for Europe and Mediterranean,held in Sofia,Bul

308、garia,brought together representatives from 19 countries,as well as experts from the Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams,Europol,the World Bank and the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity.The event fostered a comprehensive dialogue on cybersecurity among participants from government ag

309、encies,national CIRTs,private sector companies,academia and international organizations.In Cyprus,the 2023 Interregional CyberDrill for the Europe and the Asia and the Pacific regions also promoted collaboration for a more secure digital future.Hosted by the countrys Digital Security Authority,the e

310、vent tested organizations cyber capabilities by running simulations of cyberattacks,information-security incidents and other disruptions.Experts from across the Europe and the Asia and the Pacific regions highlighted common experiences in combating escalating cyber threats,as well as region-specific

311、 challenges and approaches.Case studies provided actionable strategies,while discussions with key stakeholders offered diverse perspectives on fostering cooperation within regions and across borders.49Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenge

312、s and opportunitiesSupporting broadband mapping systems in Albania,Bosnia and Herzegovina,and Moldova Note:The image reports active and planned submarine cables and operational,planned and under-construction transmission networks(optical fibre cable and microwave)The designations employed and the pr

313、esentation of material on the map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ITU or its secretariat concerning the legal status of the country,territory,city or area or its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundariesSource:ITU,https:/bbmaps.itu

314、.int/appTechnical assistance has been provided in broadband mapping systems in Albania,Bosnia and Herzegovina,and Moldova,and in building regional collaboration through two regulators networks:the European Mediterranean Regulators Group(EMERG)and the Eastern Partnership Electronic Communications Reg

315、ulators Network(EaPeReg).In Bosnia and Herzegovina support was given in tailored policy recommendations to enhance the enabling environment for broadband mapping,while in Albania and Moldova,assistance was provided for dedicated technical specifications for the development of broadband mapping syste

316、ms.Over 2023-24,a series of six joint workshops were delivered in coordination with EMERG and EaPeReg to exchange best practices and address challenges related to broadband infrastructure and emerging technologies.The workshops yielded a compendium of 18 case studies that showcased broadband mapping

317、 systems and experiences in numerous countries;these case studies serve as a resource for global best practices.ITU support has also included:a policy paper that analyses the regulatory environment in Bosnia and Herzegovina,with recommendations for a functional broadband mapping system;and reports o

318、utlining the technical requirements for implementing broadband mapping systems in each of the three countries.50Measuring digital developmentState of digital development and trends in the Europe region:Challenges and opportunitiesAnnex:Data resources To ensure up-to-date information and enhance read

319、ability,all data presented in this report is available for download as Excel files:Country-level data organized by tabs corresponding to the sections of this report(URL:https:/www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/rpm _eur _pub _2025 _data.xlsx).Country level data were extracted from the I

320、TU DataHub,reflecting the February 2025 data release.Regional and global estimates,as compiled for Facts and Figures 2024(URL:https:/www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/ITU _regional _global _Key _ICT _indicator _aggregates _Nov _2024.xlsx).Office of the Director International Telecommun

321、ication Union(ITU)Telecommunication Development Bureau(BDT)Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Office of Deputy Director and Regional Presence Field Operations Coordination Department(DDR)Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Email:bdtdirectoritu.int Email:bdtdeputydiritu.int T

322、el.:+41 22 730 5035/5435 Tel.:+41 22 730 5131 Fax:+41 22 730 5484 Fax:+41 22 730 5484 Digital Networks and Society(DNS)Digital Knowledge Hub Department(DKH)Partnerships for Digital Development Department(PDD)Email:bdt-dnsitu.int Email:bdt-dkhitu.int Email:bdt-pdditu.int Tel.:+41 22 730 5421 Tel.:+41

323、 22 730 5900 Tel.:+41 22 730 5447 Fax:+41 22 730 5484 Fax:+41 22 730 5484 Fax:+41 22 730 5484 Africa Ethiopia Cameroon Senegal Zimbabwe International Telecommunication Union(ITU)Regional Office Gambia Road Leghar Ethio Telecom Bldg.3rd floor P.O.Box 60 005 Addis Ababa Ethiopia Union internationale d

324、es tlcommunications(UIT)Bureau de zone Immeuble CAMPOST,3e tage Boulevard du 20 mai Bote postale 11017 Yaound Cameroon Union internationale des tlcommunications(UIT)Bureau de zone 8,Route du Mridien Prsident Immeuble Rokhaya,3e tage Bote postale 29471 Dakar-Yoff Senegal International Telecommunicati

325、on Union(ITU)Area Office USAF POTRAZ Building 877 Endeavour Crescent Mount Pleasant Business Park Harare Zimbabwe Email:itu-ro-africaitu.int Email:itu-yaoundeitu.int Email:itu-dakaritu.int Email:itu-harareitu.int Tel.:+251 11 551 4977 Tel.:+237 22 22 9292 Tel.:+221 33 859 7010 Tel.:+263 242 369015 T

326、el.:+251 11 551 4855 Tel.:+237 22 22 9291 Tel.:+221 33 859 7021 Tel.:+263 242 369016 Tel.:+251 11 551 8328 Fax:+237 22 22 9297 Fax:+221 33 868 6386 Fax:+251 11 551 7299 Americas Brazil Barbados Chile Honduras Unio Internacional de Telecomunicaes(UIT)Escritrio Regional SAUS Quadra 6 Ed.Luis Eduardo M

327、agalhes,Bloco“E”,10 andar,Ala Sul(Anatel)CEP 70070-940 Brasilia-DF Brazil International Telecommunication Union(ITU)Area Office United Nations House Marine Gardens Hastings,Christ Church P.O.Box 1047 Bridgetown Barbados Unin Internacional de Telecomunicaciones(UIT)Oficina de Representacin de rea Mer

328、ced 753,Piso 4 Santiago de Chile Chile Unin Internacional de Telecomunicaciones(UIT)Oficina de Representacin de rea Colonia Altos de Miramontes Calle principal,Edificio No.1583 Frente a Santos y Ca Apartado Postal 976 Tegucigalpa Honduras Email:itubrasiliaitu.int Email:itubridgetownitu.int Email:itu

329、santiagoitu.int Email:itutegucigalpaitu.int Tel.:+55 61 2312 2730-1 Tel.:+1 246 431 0343 Tel.:+56 2 632 6134/6147 Tel.:+504 2235 5470 Tel.:+55 61 2312 2733-5 Fax:+1 246 437 7403 Fax:+56 2 632 6154 Fax:+504 2235 5471 Fax:+55 61 2312 2738 Arab States Asia-Pacific Egypt Thailand Indonesia India Interna

330、tional Telecommunication Union(ITU)Regional Office Smart Village,Building B 147,3rd floor Km 28 Cairo Alexandria Desert Road Giza Governorate Cairo Egypt International Telecommunication Union(ITU)Regional Office 4th floor NBTC Region 1 Building 101 Chaengwattana Road Laksi,Bangkok 10210,Thailand Int

331、ernational Telecommunication Union(ITU)Area Office Gedung Sapta Pesona 13th floor JI.Merdeka Barat No.17 Jakarta 10110 Indonesia International Telecommunication Union(ITU)Area Office and Innovation Centre C-DOT Campus Mandi Road Chhatarpur,Mehrauli New Delhi 110030 India Email:itu-ro-arabstatesitu.i

332、nt Email:itu-ro-asiapacificitu.int Email:bdt-ao-jakartaitu.int Email:Tel.:+202 3537 1777 Tel.:+66 2 574 9326 8 Tel.:+62 21 380 2322 Area Office:itu-ao-southasiaitu.int Fax:+202 3537 1888 +66 2 575 0055 Innovation Centre:itu-ic-southasiaitu.int Website:ITU Innovation Centre in New Delhi,India CIS Eur

333、ope Russian Federation Switzerland International Telecommunication Union(ITU)Regional Office 4,Building 1 Sergiy Radonezhsky Str.Moscow 105120 Russian Federation International Telecommunication Union(ITU)Office for Europe Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Email:itu-ro-cisitu.int Email:eurregionitu.int Tel.:+7 495 926 6070 Tel.:+41 22 730 5467 Fax:+41 22 730 5484 International Telecom