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1、Nordic InnovationReinventing aviation in the Nordics2024Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.November 2024Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enha

2、nced industry-government collaboration.20242“Policymakers can accelerate the uptake of battery-electric and hydrogen aircraft through framing strategic goals and forward-looking policies.”1The urgent need to reduce the climate impact of aviation is beyond dispute,demanding swift and extensive action

3、.The global airline industry has already committed to achieving net-zero carbon emissions from their operations by 2050.However,achieving this goal demands action on many fronts,including the development of new aircraft and propulsion technology.The Nordic region is uniquely positioned to lead the g

4、lobal transition,particularly in regional electric aviation where the Nordic region is already a global leader.The Nordic Network for Electric Aviation(NEA)is committed to driving this transformation,enhancing Nordic competitiveness,and securing regional jobs,in collaboration with the Nordic governm

5、ents.The solutions needed are within reach,and the electric aviation ecosystem is set to commercialise by the end of this decade.Nordic governments and policymakers are important parts of the puzzle,i.e.in the ongoing systems change,and must play their part in supporting and enabling the transition

6、to regional electric aviation.NEA,an industry-driven collaboration and innovation project supported and co-funded by Nordic Innovation since its launch in 2019,was in 2024 tasked with assessing progress and identifying obstacles to the realisation of electric aviation in the Nordics.In response to a

7、 mandate from the Nordic Ministers for Transport and Infrastructure,NEA embarked on a Nordic Policy Tour starting in Denmark in April and ending in Iceland in May 2024.This tour brought together over 100 representatives from the aviation industry,policymakers,experts,and stakeholders in mobility and

8、 transport across all five Nordic countries.The goal was clear:to align industry and governmental actions to expedite the implementation of electric aviation in the Nordics,including cross-border flights.The“Target True Zero:Government Policy Toolkit to Accelerate Uptake of Electric and Hydrogen Air

9、craft”,prepared by the World Economic Forum with input from NEA and others,has been used as guidance in connection with the Policy Tour and as a structural basis for this report.Executive summaryAccelerating the Uptake of Electric Aviation in the Nordics:A call to Action to align industry and govern

10、mental actions in the Nordics1 https:/www.weforum.org/publications/target-true-zero-govern-ment-policy-toolkit-o-accelerate-uptake-of-electric-and-hydrogen-aircraft/Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government colla

11、boration.20243The purpose of this report is to share the insights from the NEA Policy Tour 2024.The short-term goals of the tour were as follows:Map the current state of electric aviationEstablishing a baseline for joint action moving forward.This included country-specific reports and assessments as

12、 well as joint Nordic recommendations and activities.Identify obstacles and opportunitiesIdentifying obstacles to the realisation and commercialisation of Nordic electric aviation from 2028 onwards.Opportunities at societal,regional,and industry levels were explored,including benefits for the public

13、.Provide grounds for decision-makingThe tour,and hence this report,aimed to provide the Nordic governments with sufficient grounds for decision-making regarding the next steps at the Nordic and at the national level.1.2.3.The Nordic region includes all the partners needed in the ecosystem to pioneer

14、 new technologies for electric and hybrid-electric aviation.This presents a significant opportunity to lead in the drive to net-zero aviation,fostering both the net-zero transition and economic growth.To realise the potential,it is necessary to overcome engineering challenges,to develop new business

15、 models,and to implement policies that encourage adoption.In short,a collaborative effort among industry,governments,and politicians is urgently needed.2 https:/www.iata.org/en/programs/sustainability/flynetzero/Reinventing aviation in the Nordics through Electric AviationNordic Innovation-Reinventi

16、ng aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.20244Although the Nordic countries are small,collectively they form the worlds 11 largest economy,capable of making a significant impact.By integrating aviation,energy,and industrial

17、strategies,the Nordics can establish themselves as leaders in sustainable aviation also in a long-term perspective.“Not so long ago,the perceived wisdom suggested that demand for sub-50-seat regional airliners would remain limited for a foreseeable future.But the pressure to bring reduced or zero ca

18、rbon propulsion technology to market is changing the outlook and opening new possibilities to connect thousands of smaller communities that benefit from little or no scheduled airline service.”Quote from Charles Alcock,Farnborough Airshow 2024 Electric aviation will shape a new form of transportatio

19、n,in between the commercial aviation of today and public transportation.It will increase availability,not only with new routes,but also with increased frequency.As noted in the NEA report,“Business models for Nordic electric aviation”3:“Businesses that are located in rural areas can get much better

20、connections to regional and national markets and capitals,as well as the rest of the world,which can be translated into economic growth for these businesses”.Regional and national governments may see themselves at the centre of a new and blooming global industry.When electric aviation becomes availa

21、ble to customers,the increased flexibility may shift the trend of urbanisation by offering ways of commuting that are flexible,affordable and sustainable.Regions may become more attractive to young people,and they may be seen as more lucrative places to establish business.Greater connectivity will r

22、esult in increased welfare for many by providing better access to essential services and opportunities.This report shares findings and provides recommendations that aim to deliver a technology transition where the Nordics are setting the global standard.3 https:/www.nordicinnovation.org/2022/busines

23、s-models-nordic-electric-aviationNordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.20245Nordic GoalsThere is already a Nordic framework in place upon which targeted,joint Nordic goals and priorities for ele

24、ctric aviation and the way forward can be built:The Nordic Prime Ministers vision(Nordic Vision 2030)says that the Nordic region will become the most sustainable and integrated region in the world by 2030.One of three innovation missions under the Nordic Vision 2030 states that the Nordic region sho

25、uld become a pioneering region for green mobility.The Fredrikstad declaration concretises this ambition.A study commissioned by Nordic Innovation,“The next stages of Nordic Innovation and Cooperation for sustainable mobility and transport|Nordic Innovation”,concluded that the transition to green avi

26、ation should be a top priority for collaboration in mobility and transport going forward.Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.20246Net-zero Aviation StrategyAll Nordic countries are committed t

27、o achieving net-zero aviation by 2050,in line with ICAO and EU goals.However,the national goals vary in terms of scale,timeline,and terminology-such as“net-zero”,“CO2 neutral”,“fossil-free”,“green”and“carbon neutrality”.Accelerate the transition towards zero and low emission aviationAligned with ICA

28、OAll departing domestic flightsAll departing international flightsAligned with ICAOAs soon as technologically possible205020502030205020252050 Aligned with ICAO All domestic routes Aligned with ICAO One domestic route Aligned with ICAO Net-zeroNet-zeroGreen routeGreen routeNet-zero2030(domestic)2045

29、(all aviation)2050Zero and low emissionNet-zeroFossil-freeFossil-freeNet-zero Key FindingsTask 1ScopeYeartargetDenmarkFinlandIcelandNorwaySwedenNordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.20247Create

30、Enabling EnvironmentWhile there is support for innovation,research and development in place,more is needed to accelerate progress.Electric aviation often competes with other mobility solutions for grants.In many cases the selection criteria are not relevant or targeted enough for electric aviation.F

31、urthermore,electric aviation bridges public and commercial transport,offering unique benefits that current frameworks sometimes overlook.The Policy Tour confirms that regulatory bodies appreciate the opportunity to discuss aviation at a systemic level,recognising its potential for transformative imp

32、act.Nordic regulatory bodies face challenges in developing and deploying updated regulatory frameworks through ICAO,the EU,and EASA before the technology exists and is available in the market.This is a chicken and egg dilemma.It is vital to avoid delays in the innovation and implementation process t

33、o reach the 2030 climate targets and to foster a viable new aviation industry.Cross-border support and collaboration within the Nordic region can accelerate the realisation of electric aviation.On the Policy Tour country meetings were held,and all reported back that clarifications are needed as rega

34、rds which laws and regulations apply to electric aviation.Only road and water transportation can be regarded as public transportation,according to EU-legislation.This is a barrier to the development of electric aviation and to the development of multimodality and new business models.Accelerate Uptak

35、e with Incentives and Targets Currently no Nordic country has specific incentives or targets for electric or hybrid-electric aviation in place.However,Norway and Denmark have published plans that include electric aviation.Norways National Transport Plan allocates NOK 1 billion to support zero and lo

36、w-emission aviation from 2025 to 2036.Denmark has agreed to establish a public fund to support the transition through tenders for green domestic routes,as well as funding to support smaller regional airports,and other initiatives-in total 2.85 billion between 2027 to 2033.Nordic Innovation-Reinventi

37、ng aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.20248 Allocate more state funding:There should be a joint Nordic investment strategy to help fund the agreed goals.This should cover all parts of the ecosystem,including airports(grid

38、,charging,energy storage,loans),airlines(routes,pilot training,loans),OEMs(innovation,R&D,testing,scaling,loans,production investment),government(CAA empowered).Delivering a new generation of electric aircraft will require considerable state financial support.All the incumbent OEMs are the global le

39、aders they are because they have the support and backing of host states that provide bridging loans and other financial mechanisms to compensate for the long R&D lead times that the private sector cannot support.It is a fact that no modern-day aircraft programme has come to market without some form

40、of government funding,up to and including the most recent airframe and engines we see flying today.In the Nordics,there is also precedent.The Swedish government supported the development of the SF340 and 2000 programmes in the 1980s with funding solutions.Unless the Nordic countries,individually or

41、collectively,are prepared to do the same with Nordic OEMs,there is a risk that the technology will scale in other countries and regions that are prepared to invest.This is not a question of providing direct state aid in the form of grants,but rather financial instruments(loans,guarantees)that are mo

42、re favourable than what is available in the open market.Agree key policy priority areas:The Nordic states should identify and establish priority areas for policy development and create blueprints for implementation.An example could be to prioritise infrastructure development in good time before airc

43、raft enter into service.Ensure infrastructure is delivered in parallel:All Nordic airports are currently working on their implementation plans.However,without the timely development of infrastructure(charging infrastructure,grid capacity,energy forecasts),there is a risk that new electric aircraft t

44、echnology will not be able to be fully utilised when ready for take-off.Collaboration within the ecosystem is crucial.Identifying obstacles and opportunitiesDuring the Policy Tour the NEA ecosystem identified the obstacles that may prevent a technology transition,and turned them into recommendations

45、:Set Nordic Goals:The Nordic countries should define a set of goals for 2040 with subgoals and intermediate milestones to attract investors and spur governmental and industry action.These goals should also be supported with state funding mechanisms.A first goal could be to agree,on the Nordic level,

46、on where the first electric routes should be and support the realisation with funding.Task 2Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.20249 Strengthen regulatory agency collaboration:The cooperation

47、 between the CAAs in the Nordics and the entire ecosystem of electric aviation should be strengthened.This would ensure that preparatory work on new laws and regulations are ready and in step with the timelines of new aircraft delivery.There is a need for closer cooperation and focus on electric avi

48、ation within EASA,the EU and ICAO to set international standards in Europe and globally.The Swedish Minister of Infrastructure emphasised the importance of preparatory work on future laws and regulations to avoid regulatory conflicts once the aircrafts are ready.(First meeting in February 2024 betwe

49、en NEA and the Nordic ministers)The Nordic states should collaborate to maintain their leading position,accelerate the implementation of international and EU regulatory frameworks,support the scaling up the industry,and position the Nordics as a test arena for electric/hybrid-electric aviation.Avino

50、r and the Norwegian Civil Aviation Authority have entered into a cooperation agreement on the establishment of Norway as an international test arena for zero-and low-emission aircraft.There is also test arenas in Sweden and Finland.We should assure that they learn from each other and collaborate to

51、enhance the work even more.Airports need comprehensive forecasts to start planning,to set up grid for an airport takes time.There is also a need for a stronger electric grid in the Nordics with more capacity/production to support airports with the electricity needed.Review EU PSO rules to drive tech

52、nology uptake:The Nordic region is a pioneer and significant user of PSO networks.The current EU level rules on PSO could be adapted to drive a faster uptake of new electric technology by prioritising new technology and driving funding to ground infrastructure.In making these recommendations,NEA par

53、tners emphasise the importance of supporting all technologies and pathways that contribute to sustainable aviation.Electric and hybrid-electric technologies offer clear pathways to decarbonisation for regional flights,and they can alleviate the demand for sustainable aviation fuels(SAF)which is urge

54、ntly needed for longer flights.Overall,it is essential that all aviation actors,industry and government must focus on both SAF and new technologies,ensuring a comprehensive strategy for sustainable aviation.The industry will only achieve its net-zero targets using a basket of measures and no industr

55、y roadmap to net-zero gets beyond 70%with SAF alone.Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202410Providing ground for decision-makingNext Steps for Accelerating Electric Aviation in the NordicsTo

56、 build on the momentum generated by the Nordic Policy Tour and the findings from the recent assessment,the following next steps are recommended to further accelerate the adoption of electric aircraft in the Nordics:Proposal:Establish a Nordic Working GroupTo debate,develop and implement these findin

57、gs and recommendations,it is crucial that a forum is urgently established that will allow a holistic approach,but also that the fine details can be discussed and agreed.As an example,it should be agreed what could be done collectively at the Nordic level and what should be done at the national level

58、.Even if the overall goals are shared,there may be differences as regards the approach to implementation.A Nordic working group could provide a platform for sharing best practices,harmonising regulations,and coordinating infrastructure development and preparations for the implementation of electric

59、aviation before the end of the decade.Moreover,it would give the Nordics a united front when working with global partners,such as EU,EASA and ICAO.Task 3The findings in this report of the NEA Policy tour 2024 was presented at the Nordic Transport Ministers meeting in Gothenburg,August 14th,2024.At t

60、he meeting a declaration for electric aviation was signed.“When we,the Nordic transport ministers,convened in Fredrikstad on 8 November 2022,we agreed to pave the way for the establishment of Nordic fossil-free air routes by 2030.This commitment involves promoting a fossil-free aviation sector world

61、wide and encouraging future collaboration between the Nordic countries.Electric aviation is pivotal in the shift towards a fossil-free aviation sector,not least in the more sparsely populated parts of the Nordic regions.The Nordic countries have the potential to become pioneers for the establishment

62、 of commercial electric aviation on a larger scale.However,to fulfil the goals set forth in the Fredrikstad declaration,we must intensify our efforts.Possible tasks of the Nordic Working groupNordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhance

63、d industry-government collaboration.202411We will do so by:-COLLABORATING on the requisite regulatory frameworks and permit processes to introduce electric aviation,while ENCOURAGING close dialogue between the Nordic authorities concerned.-ADVOCATING COLLECTIVELY in global platforms such as the Euro

64、pean Union and the International Civil Aviation Organization for a seamless and harmonized introduction of electric aviation.-PROMOTING and ACCELERATING the establishment of commercial electric aviation in the Nordic countries,while SUPPORTING opportunities for our industries to become world leaders

65、 in important technologies related to electric aviation.”The Nordic Network for Electric Aviation(NEA)invites the Nordic ministers to embrace a collaborative approach that aligns with the goals of fostering electric aviation within the region,as expressed by the declaration.The summery of our work,s

66、o far,outlines how our shared efforts can not only meet your objectives but also position the Nordics as a global hub for electric aviation technology.1.Collaborating on Regulatory Frameworks:There is a need for coherent regulatory frameworks to facilitate the introduction of electric aviation.Colla

67、boration can enable streamlined permit processes,ensuring a supportive environment for innovation.By establishing a Nordic Working Group,we can create a platform for close dialogue between Nordic authorities,industry stakeholders,and policymakers to discuss the unique regulatory needs of electric av

68、iation,thus enabling faster adoption and implementation.2.Advocating Collectively on Global Platforms:Together we can be advocating for harmonised regulations and standards in international forums,including the European Union and the International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO).Through a united N

69、ordic front,we can push for policies that recognise electric aviation as a critical pathway to achieving net-zero emissions,enhancing our influence in shaping global standards.3.Promoting and Accelerating Commercial Electric Aviation:Our initiative aims to accelerate the establishment of commercial

70、electric aviation in the Nordics.By setting joint Nordic goals for electric aviation,we can create a cohesive strategy that includes necessary funding mechanisms and infrastructure development.Establishing,on a Nordic level,where the first electric routes could be and support it with funding,will no

71、t only demonstrate feasibility but also attract investment and bolster public confidence in electric aviation.Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202412More recommendations can be found in cha

72、pter 7.The Nordic region stands at the forefront of electric aviation innovation,with the potential to set global standards in sustainable aviation.By collaborating closely,we can overcome obstacles,harness opportunities and ensure that the Nordic countries not only meet their climate commitments bu

73、t also secure a prosperous future in electric aviation.Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202413Table of contentsIntroduction02303236404248434745495657596067797118131419152117Executive summar

74、y Chapter 1:Introducing NEA and the outlook for electric aviation in the Nordic regionClimate,cost and connectivity-the 3CsThe Nordic Network for Electric Aviation(NEA)Aviation in the Nordic countries towards 2030 BackgroundTable of contents List of AbbreviationsChapter 2:Technical developmentChapte

75、r 3:Market DevelopmentChapter 4:Net-zero Aviation StrategyMega TrendsSummaryInfrastructure to support electric aviationNordic RoutesGlobal and Nordic goalsNordic DeclarationsR&D and innovation to accelerate battery-electric and hybrid-electric aviationAirport infrastructure considerationsTechnical a

76、dvancements in aircraft developmentSummaryMarket commitments from regions in the NordicsChapter 5:Creating and Enabling EnvironmentChapter 6:Accelerate Uptake with Incentives and TargetsChapter 7:The way forwardAcknowledgements for participating in NEA Policy Tour 20248069889110097 94991011071021031

77、0911192Nordic regulatory reviewCollaboration beyond the NordicsSummaryMeasures to encourage consumer awarenessGovernment financial measuresCountry contribution to accelerate uptake with incentives and targetsMandates,targets and restrictionsProviding grounds fordecision makingEstablish a Nordic Work

78、ing groupContributorsReferencesWhat is important for a system change?Efforts for Sustainable Aviation Across Nordic CountriesSummaryNordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202414List of Abbreviati

79、onsACI:Airports Council InternationalAFIR:Alternative Fuels Infrastructure RegulationBESS:Battery energy storageBEV:Battery electricCAA:Civil aviation authorityEASA:European Union Aviation Safety AgencyEVSE:Electric vehicle supply equipmentFAA:Federal Aviation AdministrationIATA:The International Ai

80、r Transport AssociationICAO:International Civil Aviation Organization MCS:Megawatt charging systemNEA:Nordic Network for Electric AviationNISA:Nordic Initiative for Sustainable AviationPHEV:Plug-in hybrid vehiclePSO:Public Service Obligations AF:Sustainable Aviation Fuel WEF:World Economic Forum Nor

81、dic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202415Chapter 1:Introducing NEA and the outlook for electric aviation in the Nordic regionNordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of ele

82、ctric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202416Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202417The overall aim of the Nordic Network for Electric Aviation,NEA,is to

83、 speed up the transition to a sustainable future where Nordic citizens can benefit from innovative mobility and connectivity solutions.The Nordic countries are frontrunners when it comes to electric aviation.However,before NEA these were stand-alone efforts.The idea behind NEA was that by combining

84、and coordinating individual efforts,the Nordic countries could take a leading position in the transition to electric regional air travel worldwide.This development presents an important opportunity for Nordic business and innovation.Individually,the Nordic countries are small,and to have a truly glo

85、bal impact NEA plays a vital role,bringing the countries and aviation industry together in a cross-border ecosystem collaboration.When working together,the Nordic countries represent the worlds 11th largest economy,which significantly strengthens the regions influence and capabilities.The Nordic cou

86、ntries have all set ambitious sustainability goals.In January 2019,the Nordic Prime ministers signed the“Declaration on Nordic Carbon Neutrality”,committing their countries to strengthening cooperation to attain carbon neutrality domestically.The declaration emphasises the importance of decarbonisat

87、ion of the transport sector.NEA is a contribution to this work.NEAs mission:To accelerate the shift to electric regional aviation through collaboration.NEAs vision:A connected and vibrant Nordic region empowered by electric aviation.The Nordic Network for Electric Aviation(NEA)Nordic Innovation-Rein

88、venting aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202418Electric aviation is one of many important contributions to the transition toward zero and low-emission aviation.During the NEA project,the Nordic region has witnessed the

89、emergence of an entirely new aviation industry.The ball started rolling in 2018 when Avinor shared the vision that all domestic short-haul flights should be electric by 2040.Around the same time,the start-up companies Heart Aerospace(Sweden)and Elfly Group(Norway)were founded.The Nordics have been t

90、railblazers in setting national targets for sustainable development.Several specific conditions have made the Nordic countries attractive to the growing electric aviation industry.These conditions include:1.Geography:The geography encourages the development of air transport,as it presents natural ob

91、stacles to the construction of road and rail networks.Notable geographic features include the long coastlines of Norway,the abundance of lakes in Finland and Sweden,and the long-stretched archipelagos,mountains,and harsh winter climate in the Northern region,including the islands of Iceland,land,Gre

92、enland and the Faroe Islands.2.Energy Infrastructure:The existing energy infrastructure includes access to hydropower,geothermal energy,wind,and solar power plants,creating the cleanest energy mix in the world.Benefitting from this,electric aviation will leave close to zero climate footprint from us

93、e in the Nordics.3.Innovative Industries:Nordic industries are innovative,focused on export markets,and able to attract highly skilled talent for research,development and innovation.4.Shared Values:The shared Nordic values encompass openness and willingness to share,as well as traditions for collabo

94、ration and progress,making the Nordics a shared platform for innovation.All these circumstances have propelled the Nordic Network for Electric Aviation and have provided the Nordics with a uniqueindustry collaboration.1Norsk luftfart skal bli elektrisk i 2040 NRK Norge Oversikt over nyheter fra ulik

95、e deler av landetBackgroundNordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202419From the very start,in the first project description submitted to Nordic Innovation,NEA used the 3Cs as explanatory model.T

96、he 3 Cs describe both the reasoning behind electric and hybrid-electric aviation,as well as the solutions that electric and hybrid-electric aviation can bring.Let us start with the reasoning behind the need for a change in regional aviation.Climate:Aviation accounts for 2,7%of the global CO2 emissio

97、ns today,but emissions will grow exponentially if nothing is done(see more details in the table below).Cost:Both regional airliners and airports in the Nordics are burdened by high costs that give low profitability.Airliners also have high maintenance costs,and in some parts of the Nordics there is

98、a decreasing number of travellers.Connectivity:Aviation is growing in major hubs,which leads to underuse of regional airports.NEA believes that electrification can positively impact the 3 Cs.Not only in bringing down emissions,alongside SAF and hydrogen,but also in making flying and sustainable mobi

99、lity accessible to more people.Electric planes are cheaper to operate and can therefore unlock convenient and effective regional travelling,and help regional airliners and airports make a sustainable profit.A value proposition for regional aviation can be based on the 3 Cs:1.Climate relates to the c

100、limate footprint of electric aviation.Operations with close to true zero carbon emissions are possible due to the clean Nordic energy mix.2.Cost relates to the reduced direct operating cost made possible due to the lower maintenance requirements and increased energy efficiency.3.Connectivity relates

101、 to benefits for people and businesses from a distributed aviation route system.It includes the rebirth of old regional routes and new regional routes,while enabling faster door-to-door travel times.The world looks different today than in 2019.A fourth bullet point should be added in our reasoning:R

102、esilience.One example of ensuring resilience could be to produce electricity by solar and wind close to the airport instead of using fossil aviation fuel imported from other countries.We have seen evidence that Nordic airliners are struggling.Norwegian Air Shuttle ASA have bought Wider,and Braathens

103、 Regional Airlines will fly on contract for Scandinavian Airlines,which in turn was recently bought by KLM and Air France.Climate,Cost and Connectivity the 3 CsNordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaborat

104、ion.202420Aviation,with the engines and energy it runs on today,is a threat to a sustainable future.Aviation accounts for 2,7%of the CO2 emissions globally.One could argue that there are other areas we should start with to stay on the path towards 1,5-2 degrees warming,according to the carbon law th

105、at was behind the Paris agreement.As can be seen from the table above,air travel has grown in the last decades.Consequently,emissions have increased,even though aircraft themselves have become more fuel efficient.The development came to an abrupt stop during the lockdown,but today the emissions are

106、back to where they were before the pandemic.By 2050,the emissions from aviation are expected to triple.Today only 20%of the worlds population has set foot on an airplane.This will increase as more people can afford flying,as have already started happening in China and India.As other industries are d

107、ecarbonising,the share of emissions from aviation will increase even more rapidly.Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202421This section gives an overview of the state of play in Nordic aviati

108、on,highlighting recent developments in each country and trends towards 2030 relevant for electric aviation.Number of airports 2023DenmarkFinlandACInetzero14a+20b20+42030202536.900.00026 000 00033.500.00018 300 000070,1%*Passengers 2019Passengers 2023PSOrouters 2023SAF 2023Pipistrels 20240(airforce 2

109、 2021-23)1IcelandNorwaySweden1+1243+510+322030203020208.000.00054 099 00051 870 000*8.500.00049 015 00034 474 000*625(route areas)1100.5%1,8%*145Aviation in the Nordic countries towards 2030Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced

110、industry-government collaboration.202422*Fueling options are provided by fuel companies in Finland.*All Swedish Airports*SAF used on all Swedish airports as proportion of total Jet-A1a Commercial airportsb Airfields(private)Note on Norwegian numbers:Avinor operates 43 airports in Norway.In addition,

111、there are five other airports with commercial flights.The number of passengers reported is passengers in Avinors airports.SAF 2023 shows the percentage of sold fuel at Avinors airports which is SAF.PSO routes:https:/transport.ec.europa.eu/document/download/9168af3e-67c7-430f-b46c-61b76236d8cb_en?fil

112、ename=pso_inventory_table_2023-02.pdf(17/2-23 for EU countries)Note on Danish numbers:SAF 2023 shows the approx.percentage of sold SAF in CPH Airport and AAL(Aalborg lufthavn).Note on Swedish numbers:Swedavia operates ten airports and 32 are operated by municipalities and regions(two additional priv

113、ately owned airports exist,not included here).Figures for flown passengers include the 42(10+32)airports mentioned.Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202423Overview of Aviation in Denmark 202

114、4-Airports and InfrastructureDenmarks aviation sector consists of 14 commercial airports and 20 private airfields,which include helicopter landing sites for various purposes.Copenhagen Airport(CPH),the largest,is co-owned by private investors and the Danish state and manages Roskilde Airport.Many pu

115、blic airports are operated by municipalities or regions,while smaller airports are privately owned.Major Airports:Copenhagen Airport(CPH),Roskilde Airport(RKE),Billund Airport(BLL),Aarhus Airport(AAR),Aalborg Airport(AAL),Odense Airport(ODE),Snderborg Airport(SGD).Regional Airports:Esbjerg Airport(E

116、BJ),Karup Airport(KRP),Bornholm Airport(RNN).Private Airports:Sindal Airport(CNL),Skive Airport(SQW),Lolland Falster Airport(MRW).Military Use:Airports like Karup and Aalborg serve both civil and military purposes.Airlines Scandinavian Airlines(SAS)is the largest Danish airline,offering both domesti

117、c and international routes.Low-cost carriers such as Ryanair and Norwegian are also prominent,alongside regional airlines like DAT and Alsie Express,which serve Denmarks internal connections.Nordic Seaplanes offers seaplane services between Copenhagen and Aarhus ports.Passenger Traffic and TrendsAs

118、the aviation industry recovers from the pandemic,both leisure and business travel are seeing a steady increase.The government and industry players are focusing on reducing the environmental impact of air travel through investments in sustainable aviation fuel(SAF)and the development of electric and

119、hydrogen-powered aircraft.Environmental and Regulatory Initiatives Denmark has set ambitious targets to reduce aviation emissions,with Copenhagen Airport leading efforts towards energy-efficient operations,renewable energy use,and becoming CO2-neutral.In line with national policy,the focus is on pro

120、moting safe,efficient,and environmentally sustainable air travel.The government has committed to achieving green domestic flights by 2030,and a passenger tax will be introduced in 2025,starting at DKK 70 per trip and rising to DKK 100 by 2030.Revenue from this tax will support social initiatives and

121、 fund sustainable aviation solutions,such as establishing green domestic routes.DenmarkNordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202424Technological Advancements and Infrastructure Development The D

122、anish aviation sector is advancing on several fronts:Expansion Projects:Copenhagen Airport is undergoing expansion to accommodate future growth and further strengthen its position as a European hub.Sustainable Aviation Projects:There are multiple projects focused on integrating SAF and preparing for

123、 electric aviation.Copenhagen Airport is leading the EU-funded Smart Airport project,ALIGHT,to promote sustainable aviation.Economic Contributions:Aviation plays a vital role in Denmarks economy,supporting employment,tourism,and trade,and serving as a crucial enabler for global business connections.

124、Electric Aviation Denmark is preparing for the introduction of electric aircraft,with projects such as the collaboration between Vridion and Copenhagen Helicopter to establish an electric route between Roskilde and Ls.Nordic Seaplanes is also exploring opportunities to introduce electric aircraft on

125、 its routes between Copenhagen and Aarhus.Overview of Aviation in Finland 2024-Airports and InfrastructureFinlands aviation network consists of 24 airports,with 20 managed by the state-owned company Finavia.Helsinki-Vantaa Airport is the countrys largest hub,with Finavia also operating regional airp

126、orts across Finland,including key locations in Lapland which are vital for tourism.As tourism in Lapland continues to grow,Finavia has invested heavily in upgrading the regions airports.Major Airports Major Airports Helsinki-Vantaa Airport(HEL):Finlands central hub for both domestic and internationa

127、l flights.Regional Airports:Airports in Lapland,including Rovaniemi,Ivalo,and Kittil,play an increasingly important role in Finlands growing tourism sector.Sustainability InitiativesFinavia is at the forefront of sustainability efforts,having achieved net-zero emissions at its airports in Lapland in

128、 2023.It aims to achieve carbon neutrality across all Finnish airports by 2025,ahead of the global target of 2030 set by the Airports Council International(ACI).FinlandNordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government co

129、llaboration.202425Airlines and Geopolitical Challenges Finnair,Finlands national airline,has historically focused on routes to Asia via Russian airspace.Due to geopolitical tensions,these routes have been restructured,leading to longer flight times and higher fuel consumption.Nonetheless,Finnair is

130、committed to reaching carbon neutrality by 2045 and is investing in SAF,research,and new technologies to reduce emissions.Electric and Sustainable Aviation While Finland has no commercial electric flights currently,electric and hybrid aviation could offer a sustainable alternative for short domestic

131、 routes.Routes connecting Laplands regional airports or the Helsinki-Tallinn route(approx.90 km)are under consideration for future electric aviation.Hydrogen is also seen as a potential solution for long-haul flights,and Finlands government is positioning the country to become a leader in the hydrog

132、en economy.EU Regulations and National Infrastructure Finland is aligning with the EUs AFIR Regulation,which requires the exploration of electricity and hydrogen in aviation.A national programme to develop the necessary infrastructure for alternative fuels and technologies,including electric aviatio

133、n,is being prepared and will be submitted to the European Commission in 2024.Overview of Aviation in Iceland 2024-Airports and InfrastructureIcelands aviation sector consists of 13 airports,with Keflavik Airport(KEF)serving as the primary international gateway.In 2023,KEF handled 7.8 million passeng

134、ers,reinforcing its importance as a central hub for international connections and transcontinental flights.KEF is operated by Isavia ohf.,a public limited liability company owned by the Icelandic state.The airport is committed to the ACI Net Zero 2030 target.A study on Future Fuel Readiness was cond

135、ucted at KEF to evaluate the steps necessary to prepare the airport for future energy needs.While electric flights will have limited use at KEF,the long-term focus is on hydrogen as a sustainable solution,with sustainable aviation fuel(SAF)acting as a bridge in the short term.Significant expansion o

136、f the electric grid will be required to support the energy transition for ground operations.Isavia Regional Airports,a subsidiary of Isavia ohf.,operates under a service agreement with the state and does not receive funding from the parent company.It manages 12 regional airports,including three inte

137、rnational airports in Reykjavk,Akureyri,and Egilsstair.In 2023,there were six Public Service Obligation(PSO)IcelandNordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202426routes,with two additional PSO rout

138、es funded during winter months.Passenger numbers on these routes represent 3-4%of total passengers,with pre-pandemic levels near 800,000 passengers,now reduced to below 700,000 post-2019.Electric Aviation PreparationsBy 2025,Iceland expects the arrival of its first electric training aircraft,which w

139、ill use small portable charging stations.The country is preparing to establish electric charging infrastructure,starting with sites near Reykjavik.Over the next five years,airport development projects will focus on collaborating with airlines to assess energy needs and update staff training for the

140、changing aircraft fleet.Infrastructure DevelopmentCurrently,electric infrastructure for aircraft is limited to Reykjavk Airport,where a charging station is used for Pipistrel aircraft.This small electric aircraft can reach Selfoss airfield(49 km)and requires about 30 minutes to recharge.Expanding ch

141、arging infrastructure at domestic airports is essential,especially outside Reykjavk.Isavia Regional Airports will conduct an analysis to assess the energy infrastructure and distribution grids capacity to meet the needs of both small and large aircraft.This development will be crucial for both opera

142、tional and potential future airports likely to serve electric aviation near urban centres.Icelandair and Future PlansIn 2021,Icelandair signed a Letter of Intent(LOI)with Heart Aerospace for the hybrid-electric 30-seater ES-30.Icelands National Transportation Plan(2024-2038)emphasizes the importance

143、 of using advanced technology to connect communities and link Iceland to the rest of the world in an environmentally sustainable way.Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202427New Airport Devel

144、opmentNorway is constructing its first new airport since Oslo Gardermoen opened in 1998.The new Mo i Rana Airport is scheduled to open in 2027.In addition,a new airport in Bod,replacing the existing facility,is expected to be completed by 2029/2030.This project is a collaboration between Avinor,Bod

145、Municipality,and the Norwegian Armed Forces.Transition to Fossil-Free FuelsNorway is committed to phasing in fossil-free fuels for aviation,requiring significant infrastructure updates at airports.This includes ensuring the availability of electricity,hydrogen,and other alternative energy carriers.E

146、stablishing this infrastructure will demand substantial investment,and Avinor has already begun assessing the power needs at its airports to support future electrification.Avinors traffic light map identifies the costs and timeline for grid connections at different airports,with some projects requir

147、ing up to eight years from request to completion.National Transport Plan(2025-2036)The Norwegian Ministry of Transport has established a collaborative forum with the Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise(NHO)and the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions(LO)to guide the green transition in aviation

148、.The development of infrastructure is key to ensuring Norway becomes a test arena for low-emission aviation technologies.Overview of Aviation in Norway 2024-Airports and InfrastructureNorways aviation network comprises 43 airports,managed by Avinor,with additional privately owned airports supporting

149、 domestic route traffic.The countrys domestic air traffic is primarily served by SAS,Norwegian,Widere,and Danish Air Transport(DAT).SAS and Norwegian operate routes between major Norwegian airports,while Widere and DAT serve smaller airports,including PSO routes subsidized by the Ministry of Transpo

150、rt.There are 25 PSO route areas in Norway,some covering multiple routes,contributing to a higher total number of PSO routes.In 2023,these PSO routes served close to 1.2 million passengers,representing 8%of all domestic air travel in Norway.Wideres fleet consists primarily of Dash8 aircraft with capa

151、cities ranging between 39 and 78 seats.NorwayNordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202428Avinor estimates that investments in charging infrastructure and network connection for new aircraft coul

152、d total NOK 1.6 to 2 billion by 2040,with NOK 740 million required by 2030.Piloting hydrogen technology will incur additional costs,estimated at NOK 250 to 400 million for testing and developing hydrogen refuelling at selected airports.Overview of Aviation in Sweden 2024-Airports and InfrastructureS

153、wedens aviation network includes 42 airports,of which 10 are state-owned and managed by Swedavia,while the remaining 32 are owned by municipalities and regions.The state-owned airports do not cover all of Swedens geographical needs,making municipally owned airports crucial for the countrys crisis pr

154、eparedness,defence,and ensuring regional growth.National Transport Plan(2026-2037)The Swedish Transport Administrati on is currently working on the National Transport Plan for the 2026-2037 period.This plan will guide the development and management of Swedens aviation infrastructure.Early indication

155、s suggest that electric aviation will play a key role in improving the profitability and availability of short-range routes,though airport design and charging infrastructure challenges remain to be addressed.Airlines and SustainabilityIn 2024,Scandinavian Airlines(SAS)and Braathens Regional Airways(

156、BRA)entered into a wet lease agreement,with BRA operating aircraft on key domestic routes in Sweden on behalf of SAS.Both airlines are committed to reducing the environmental impact of air travel and working towards sustainability goals.Fossil-Free Aviation OutlookSwedavia is heavily involved in ele

157、ctric aviation projects,exploring battery and fuel cell-driven aircraft,as well as using hydrogen as a sustainable fuel for jets.These initiatives are part of a broader strategy to promote fossil-free aviation.Swedavia is also assessing the infrastructure needs for future electrification,including g

158、round equipment,vehicles,and hydrogen production on-site.Infrastructure DevelopmentSwedish Regional Airports(SRF)is studying the power needs for their airports and has begun planning to increase capacity through the installation of solar panels.SRF has organized electric flight tours,together with N

159、EA,across Sweden(southern,central,and northern regions)to demonstrate the feasibility of electric aviation.Skellefte Airport is a leader in this space,with a 1MW power supply for charging electric aircraft and plans for a fuel cell hydrogen-powered flight system.SwedenNordic Innovation-Reinventing a

160、viation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202429 Airbus,Vattenfall,Swedavia,Avinor,Stakraft and SAS,have signed cooperation agreements which include mapping of value chains and prerequisites for the introduction of zero-emission

161、aircraft,based on hydrogen in Norway and Sweden.The Nordic Network for Electric Aviation(NEA)is accelerating the transition to sustainable aviation across Denmark,Finland,Iceland,Norway,and Sweden.By focusing on electric and hybrid-electric aviation,each country is contributing to the regions leader

162、ship in carbon-neutral transport,driving both technological innovation and regional connectivity.Policymakers should continue to support these initiatives to ensure that the Nordics remain at the forefront of global green aviation.Heart Aerospace:A Swedish PioneerSwedens Heart Aerospace is pioneerin

163、g the development of hybrid-electric regional aircraft,having raised$145 million to develop the ES-30,a 30-seat hybrid aircraft capable of all-electric flight up to 200 km.With over 550 orders,options,and Letters of Intent(LOIs)from major airlines such as United,Air Canada,SAS,and Braathens,the dema

164、nd for the ES-30 highlights Swedens potential leadership in the field of sustainable aviation.Nordic initiativesNordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202430 Chapter 2:Technical development Nordi

165、c Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202431The transition to fossil-free aviation affects several areas within aviation,both on the airport and aircraft side.Reduced climate impact and increased sus

166、tainability efforts are crucial drivers.New technical solutions are needed.Infrastructure developmentThis transition also includes climate adaptation for infrastructure,such as:More efficient airspace and air traffic services Operations and maintenance of airportsThe development of new types of fuel

167、s,including electricity,may mean that airports will take on a new role as energy hubs for the management and distribution of fossil-free fuels.This evolution is evident as airports begin to establish facilities such as solar parks and battery storage.Future airports may thus be energy self-sufficien

168、t and also serve as energy suppliers to other sectors,such as transportation.In Sweden Borlnge and rnskldsvik are planning the establishment of battery storage near the airports,and solar energy facilities are under planning at many other airports.However,it is crucial that this development is carri

169、ed out without disrupting vital technical equipment at the airports.This report is focusing on electric and hybrid electric aviation but in the future it is clear that there is a huge transition of the infrastructure surrounding airports,both physically and digitally.New fuel types,such as electrici

170、ty and hydrogen,require changes to be delivered to airports safely and efficiently.Additionally,planning is beginning for smaller airports,known as vertiports,to facilitate future transportation with drones and eVTOL.Measures being implemented at airports include:Expansion of electric infrastructure

171、(charging stations)to enable the charging of future electric and hybrid aircraft.Hydrogen infrastructure at airports.Electrification of airport operations.ntegration of eVTOL at airports.Batteries and electric aviation developmentElectric aviation began to take shape in the late 20th century,primari

172、ly with small aircraft and drones.The 2000s saw the emergence of experimental electric aircraft,like the Pipistrel Alpha Electro,which demonstrated the feasibility of electric flight on a small scale.2The Swedish aviation authority(Luftfartsverket)states that approximately 6%of aviation emissions ca

173、n be influenced by the design of the airspace,i.e.,the ATM system.You can divide electric aviation into:Electric aircraftThese include light aircraft like the Pipistrel Alpha Electro,which are powered entirely by electric motors and are primarily used for training and leisure flying.Electric Seaplan

174、esAre usually smaller aircraft.They can be amphibious,landing both on water and land.Examples include NOEMI by Elfly.Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202432 Hybrid Electric aircraftThese ai

175、rcraft combine electric motors with conventional engines,enhancing fuel efficiency and reducing emissions.Examples include the Heart ES-30.Usually used for bigger aircraft for regional aviation.Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing(eVTOL)eVTOL aircraft are designed for urban air mobility,allowing fo

176、r short,efficient flights in congested areas.In this report we will cover electric,hybrid-electric and electric seaplanes.Resilience in Future AviationA clear trend affecting aviation is the occurrence of disruptions that directly or indirectly impact the system,such as cyberattacks,terorist threats

177、,natural disasters,and pandemics.The development of resilience,the ability to withstand external disturbances,becomes increasingly important and is prioritised moving forward.This is affecting both the airports,but also the need to be self-efficient when it comes to fuel/energy of the aircraft.Batte

178、ry-electric aircrafts will demand new types of standardised infrastructure on airports.Design regulations are based on international standards owned by the UN division ICAO(International Civil Aviation Organization).Regulations should be incorporated in the national regulations owned by a Civil Avia

179、tion Authority.In Sweden,for example,it is Transportstyrelsen(the Swedish Transport Authority).National regulations need to be according to the base line in the ICAO regulation but can also be stricter.In the European Union there exists EU-standards for airport regulations that is common for all EU-

180、member states.National authorities need to adhere to these regulations but can have more strict interpretations than the EU directive.1.Charging development:To sustain profitability,airlines need to keep their quick turn-around times at the airport.With large batteries needing charging,this puts hig

181、h requirements on the charging infrastructure.Some significant milestones have been achieved for the charging of electric aviation.The Megawatt Charging System(MCS)standard being developed,there will be a cross-sector standard for high power charging,catering to heavy duty vehicles,off-road work veh

182、icles,ships,and aeroplanes.As airports scale up their charging infrastructure,several solutions are made available,from mobile charging trucks with batteries,to fixed charging stations at the stands.Developments show that even airports with low power grid connections can scale up their infrastructur

183、e by installing Battery Energy Storage Systems(BESS)and sustainable energy production at the airport to accommodate the increased demand from electric busses,electric trucks and electric aeroplanes with one harmonised solution,without the need for expensive grid connections.Airport infrastructure co

184、nsiderationsNordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202433The fast-charging systems for electric cars are a good benchmark for the rapid growth of charging infrastructure.The publicly available fa

185、st charging points has seen an exponential growth since 2015.Public charging grew by over 40%in 2023,with fast chargers growing 55%,surpassing slow chargers.By the end of 2023,fast chargers made up over 35%of public charging stock.China leads in EV charging infrastructure,with more than 85%of the wo

186、rlds fast chargers and around 60%of slow chargers.With over 35%of electric car sales,China focuses on full urban and highway coverage by 2030,including rural areas,aiming for 60%off-peak charging by 2025 in five pilot cities.The European Unions AFIR will mandate public fast chargers every 60 km alon

187、g main transport routes,ensuring sufficient charging capacity for registered BEVs and PHEVs.Other developed markets,like the UK and Korea,also enhance EVSE support while reducing vehicle incentives,with significant installations and private investment bolstering the sector.EVSE targets are set along

188、side vehicle targets elsewhere.New Zealand aims for a charging hub every 150-200 km on highways and 600 rural stations by 2028.The United States announced funding to achieve 500,000 chargers by 2030 and ensure existing chargers maintenance.Canada is on track for 33,500 ports by 2026,while India fund

189、ed over 7,000 fast chargers in 2023.Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202434Megawatt Charging at AirportsThe MCS charging standard will be released for commercial use no later than 2025.The

190、standard is developed by Charging Interface Initiative(CharIN),which is an organisation consisting of representatives from manufacturers of charging stations,the automobile industry,grid operators and energy providers.(CharIN,CharIN Whitepaper Megawatt Charging System,2022)CharIN has previously deve

191、loped the Combined Charging System(CCS)standard,which is the fast-charging standard for electric vehicles,capable of delivering charging power up to 350 kilowatts(kW).This is now the charging standard in Europe.Owing to increased requirements for extended vehicle range,faster charging times,and the

192、adoption of electric buses and trucks,the need for a new high-power charging standard has emerged.Consequently,in 2018,CharIN established a working group dedicated to developing a cutting-edge Megawatt charging standardThe MCS-standard will consist of three different power levels,see table below:For

193、 regional electric aircraft,MCS-level 3 will be necessary to enable a turnaround time of 30 minutes.Figure 1:Publicly installed accessible light-duty vehicle charging points by fast chargers and region.Source:https:/www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2024/trends-in-electric-vehicle-charging MCS L

194、evelCurrent AmperePower MWCooling of handle13500.35No210001Yes330003.75YesNordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202435Electrical hardware-Fixed charging stationMegawatt charging can be carried o

195、ut using either a fixed or mobile charging station.The more extensively investigated approach within the EV industry is the fixed charging solution,which is commonly deployed at gas stations,truck stops,and supermarket parking lots.Fixed MCS charging will be similar to todays EV-charging stations.On

196、 the airport premises,the essential equipment consists of a transformer,strategically positioned on the land or airside,designed to handle anticipated peak power demands for charging purposes.This transformer is linked to a switchgear,serving the dual purposes of safeguarding the electrical system a

197、gainst surges and facilitating maintenance of downstream equipment(ASCO Power Technologies,2023).The equipment closest to or on the apron consists of MCS supply equipment and a dispenser.MCS supply equipment are power cabinets that convert AC power from the grid to DC power needed for fast charging.

198、The supply equipment also regulates charging voltage DC/DC.To make power cabinets suitable for Megawatt charging,in comparison to EV fast charging cabinets,it is a matter of scaling power cabinets linearly by size,and dimension cables according to anticipated electrical currents.The dispenser will h

199、ouse the connector and communication system,necessitating its placement near the apron to facilitate efficient charging.Mobile ChargingA mobile charger equipped with batteries may accommodate the MCS supply equipment,dispenser,and stored charging energy in the form of batteries.Given the substantial

200、 space required for all these components,a truck serves as the most practical and convenient platform for this purpose.A mobile charger with batteries will charge its onboard batteries slower than it will discharge.This means that the grid connection will be less affected by peak power demands compa

201、red to a fixed charging station.An additional advantage is that this charging solution provides flexibility to airports,allowing both conventional and battery electric aircraft to coexist on the same apron.Challenges associated with this solution includes the requirement for a substantial battery ca

202、pacity installed in the truck to charge the aircraft,the overall weight of the truck,and the certification of the charger dispenser and power cabinets.Another concept for mobile charging involves using a movable truck without onboard batteries.Instead of batteries,this concept relies on a direct con

203、nection to the grid via an underground AC or DC supply.In this case,the truck would house the charging dispenser,power cabinets,and,for AC systems,a transformer that converts medium voltage to low voltage inside the truck.Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric avi

204、ation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202436Figure 2:Conceptual visualisation of a fixed,semi-mobile and mobile charging solutions,with energy storage(Source:Swedavia)Electric motors:Over the past decade,the development of electric motors has seen a remarkable transformat

205、ion,transitioning from lower power outputs to the ability to produce over 2 megawatts(MW)of power for electric aviation.Initially,electric motors were limited by their power output and efficiency,making them viable mostly for small-scale applications and short-distance travel.However,continuous rese

206、arch and development efforts have led to substantial breakthroughs in materials,design,and cooling technologies.These advancements have enabled the creation of high-power electric motors capable of supporting larger aircraft and longer flight durations.Notably,cutting-edge programmes such as those f

207、unded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy(ARPA-E)have been instrumental in pushing the boundaries of electric motor capabilities,paving the way for their implementation in the burgeoning field of electric aviation.Electric motors and batteries have shown considerable promise in terms of

208、efficiency when compared to combustion engines.The efficiency of fossil fuel combustion engines typically ranges from 30%to 40%,while electric motors boast a much higher efficiency range of 90%.In terms of actual propulsion power,this means an increase by almost 4 times.This significant difference u

209、nderscores the potential for electric aviation to outperform traditional methods in terms of energy utilization.One of the notable advantages of electric aviation is the substantial reduction in noise levels.Electric motors operate much more quietly than combustion engines,leading to a quieter cabin

210、 environment and reduced noise pollution around airports and flight paths.Electric motors provide superior torque control,which translates into smoother and more precise handling of aircraft.This enhanced control can improve safety andTechnical advancements in Aircraft Development3 https:/arpa-e.ene

211、rgy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-02/3.%20Debock_ASCEND%20PHASE%20II%20Program%20Kickoff%20and%20Tech2market%20meeting%20feb2nd_public.pdfNordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202437performance,m

212、aking electric aviation a more attractive option for both pilots and passengers.Electric motors are inherently simpler in design compared to complex combustion engines,resulting in fewer moving parts.This simplicity means less wear and tear,leading to lower maintenance requirements and costs over th

213、e aircrafts operational life.Modern advancements in battery technology have led to batteries that are not only lightweight,reducing the aircrafts weight by approximately 20%,but also highly efficient,increasing flight ranges by up to 30%and reducing charging cycles to just 1-2 hours.One of the key f

214、actors driving these improvements is the significant increase in gravimetric energy density.Historic Battery Evolution:Over the past 20 years,gravimetric energy density has seen remarkable progress,increasing from around 100 Wh/kg in the early 2000s to over 300 Wh/kg today.This tripling of energy de

215、nsity means that modern batteries can store three times more energy per unit of mass than their predecessors.Consequently,this efficiency makes electric aviation more practical and convenient for regular use,enabling longer flights.Looking ahead to 2050,experts predict that continued innovations in

216、materials science and battery design could push gravimetric energy densities beyond 600 Wh/kg.Such advancements would further revolutionize electric aviation,extending flight ranges by an additional 50%to 100%,working towards fully electric routes up to 1500 km by 2050.This future outlook underscore

217、s the transformative potential of ongoing research and development in battery technology.Figure 3 shows the historical evolution of cell level energy density from the major battery cell manufacturers.For reference,the targets from different national initiatives are also presented.The data demonstrat

218、es the recent trend of a substantial increase in the battery energy density improvement rate as a result of the increased demand for improved battery technology for electric transportation.From 1990 to 2010 the gravimetric energy density improved approximately 5%per year.Since 2010 and the scaling o

219、f EVs,there has been a significant acceleration in this trend,with energy density improving more than 10%per year.Figure 4 shows the historical trend of lithium-ion battery annual cost reductions across the period 2010-2018 was-18%.Battery manufacturers and battery pricing are highly dependent on co

220、mmodity material prices and in 2022,due to global events such as the Russia-Ukraine war,metal commodities including lithium and nickel increased by 20%.Together with supply chain disruptions,this resulted in a 7%increase in battery pricing in 2022(Figure 5).4 Sources:https:/pubs.rsc.org/en/content/a

221、rticlepdf/2021/ee/d0ee02681f before 2018;BNEF Long-term Electric Vehicle outlook after 2018;https:/rmi.org/the-rise-of-batteries-in-six-charts-and-not-too-many-numbers/#:text=RMI%20forecasts%20that%20in%202030,5.5%E2%80%938%20TWh%20per%20year.Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe

222、state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202438Figure 3-Battery gravimetric performance,1990-2030Figure 4:Lithium-ion battery price outlook,2010-2030Lithium-ion battery price outlook indicating technology improvement and significant price reduction over

223、time.Source:BloombergNEF(https:/ Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202439Figure 5:Historical volume-weighted average battery pack prices,2010-2022 Forecast Battery Evolution:Bloomberg New Energy Fi

224、nance(BNEF)expects battery prices to start falling again in 2024,when lithium prices are expected to ease as more extraction and refining capacity comes online.Based on the updated observed learning rate,BNEFs 2022 Battery Price Survey predicts that average pack prices for automotive and stationary

225、storage applications should fall below$100/kWh by 2026.Although cost drivers,including cell costs will follow the same trend,aerospace packs will include a premium to account for certification costs and lower production volume.Figure 6 presents a summary of the gravimetric energy density(Wh/kg)of th

226、e current and next generation battery technologies in production or development,as well as targets set by Japan and China for similar programs as those supported by the European Commission.The horizontal axis plots the fundamental battery cell energy density,and the vertical axis plots the battery p

227、ack energy density which accounts for the additional weight required to create a functioning pack,such as the BMS,cooling system,mechanical and electrical integration.The energy density at the pack level is strongly linked to the cells selected,with the battery packing efficiency typically between 6

228、0%to 80%by mass.Although some of the programs differ in the expected time to market,they are rather consistent in the achievable performance.Considering 60%to 80%packing efficiency:Current technology(blue column)cells vary between energy densities of 160 to 360 Wh/kg,which achieves 128 to 288 Wh/kg

229、at the pack level.Next Gen 1MW)for battery-electric aircraft.Gathering relevant stakeholders under a common umbrella is a fundamental prerequisite for success.This means that we need to collectively examine the current conditions,potential ways forward,and determine what is required to create a func

230、tional and scalable system from a variety of perspectives.These perspectives include technical,economic,safety-and security-related aspects of all components of the system.ELISE3:The project involves the development and realization of an electric aircraft demonstrator,a full-scale 1:1 model of Heart

231、s ES-30.In addition to building the aircraft,the project focuses on optimizing the turnaround process for electric aircraft.This includes the first-ever turnaround test for an electric aircraft of this size.The project will explore how to optimize various aspects of turnaround operations,including c

232、harging,battery thermal management,refuelling,passenger boarding,and luggage loading.Additionally,there is a strong emphasis on battery development for future electric aircraft,such as the ES-30.ELFLYSVE:The overall aim of the ELFLYSVE project is to bring more clarity to the potential to realise ele

233、ctric flight in Sweden,both theoretically and practically,which alternative solutions exist,as well as how this might look by 2030.To meet the aim,consideration must be given to several critical aspects that all affect feasibility,where ELFLYSVE includes the system components,electric aircraft,the a

234、irspace and the airport.RETAS:In the project,the potential societal and climate benefits of a sustainable regional air transport system in Sweden and surrounding neighbouring countries are being studied.A model will be developed to assess how new flight routes are affected by technology,the number o

235、f departures,and ticket prices.Different business models and the need for various regulatory measures will also be evaluated.Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202479Roadmap for electric avia

236、tion-Gotland:The pre-study on electric aviation in Gotland is focused on promoting sustainable accessibility by air,with a particular emphasis on electric flight.The goal is to identify the steps required to integrate electric aviation in Gotland and create a roadmap for this purpose.The ecosystem,w

237、ith Heart,Elfly,Swedavia/Visby Airport,Region Gotland,energy companies and local industry and businesses,is working together.EU RDI relevant for the NordicsCEF(Connecting Europe Facility)or the Fund for a Connected Europe is an important source of funding for projects connected to the Trans-European

238、 Networks for Transport(TEN-T).CEF provides support for the development of transport networks,for example.CEF could therefore be utilised for Nordic development of infrastructure required for electric aviation.At the EU level,it is important that the revenues from the Emissions Trading System(ETS)ar

239、e channelled towards advancing the green transition,including the promotion of sustainable aviation.EU funding,which should be better utilised in the Nordics.Ensuring access to infrastructure for electric and hybrid-electric aviation will need to be a key priority for governments and regions that ow

240、n the airports in the Nordics,to ensure that electric aviation can be operated.This equation is not only about charging infrastructure and preparing for landing and take-off;also access to adequate amounts of clean and renewable electricity is a fundamental requirement.On a governmental,and Nordic,l

241、evel it will be necessary to develop plans for how aviation fits into overall renewable energy plans.All airports in the Nordics are currently developing plans.This is being discussed and knowledge sharing is taking place in NEA.The WEF(2023)white paper“Target True Zero:Delivering the infrastructure

242、 for Battery and Hydrogen-Powered Flight”,identified that around 90%of the energy and investments required for enabling electric aviation will be required offsite.The ten key insights from this report are outlined below.In addition to upstream infrastructure,new on-airport infrastructure will also b

243、e required.The WEF insights can be seen as inspiration for the Nordics:Infrastructure to support electric aviationNordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202480To date the Pipistrel is the only ce

244、rtified electric airplane.There are standards under development but there are still uncertainties to be solved.Nordic governmental transport agencies have identified a lack of standards and are not sure about their responsibilities.They need more resources to be able to speed up the work,build knowl

245、edge and work alongside the industry to meet our Nordic goals.One example mentioned is that according to EU-regulation it is not possible to demand zero-emission aviation on PSO routes,e.g.electric,in procurement processes.PSO traffic is neutral regarding technical solutions,and electric aviation is

246、 thus not explicitly excluded.There are no established rules in place for the operation of these aircraft in commercial markets.The Nordics will work together to solve regulatory issues,in alignment with the Gothenburg declaration.The following issues must be solved:Nordic regulatory reviewNordic In

247、novation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.2024811.Aviation regulators will need to consider areas where differences in these aircraft require modification of existing rules and formulas.For example,charging

248、formulas used by airports and navigation service providers to calculate landing and navigation fees are currently based on an aircrafts maximum take-off weight(MTOW).But battery-electric aircraft will be heavier than traditional aircraft,leaving them at a disadvantage under current regulations.One s

249、olution to this may be to subtract a factor of the weight of the aircraft battery from its MTOW for the purposes of setting charges.2.There may be a need to update regulations to recognise the existence of battery-electric and hydrogen aircraft.For instance,countries or regions with SAF mandates,sub

250、-mandates for synthetic e-fuels or operating bans may want to update these rules or build in rules from the outset for new regulations,to include operators using battery-electric aircraft or allow these technologies to contribute to meeting the requirements.3.Regulators should ensure that their orga

251、nisations are prepared for the growing number of new types of aircraft expected in the coming years.Considerations include training sufficient numbers of employees in the skills and knowledge required to regulate aspects of hydrogen or battery-electric aircraft,especially those specialising in aircr

252、aft certification.4.It will be important for regulators to determine how best to maintain the same levels of safety without slowing down innovation in the industry.Bilateral aviation safety agreements are one measure that could allow a state without its own rules to use another jurisdictions rules t

253、o approve an aircraft for operation within its airspace providing that aircraft has been certified by another regulator.This would avoid the adoption process for aircraft being slowed down by a lack of standards in some countries and in the absence of ICAO standards.Nordic Innovation-Reinventing avi

254、ation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.2024825.There are also non-aviation-specific regulations that may need updating.For instance,health and safety rules for handling hydrogen may need to be reviewed to permit safe use at airp

255、orts or for refuelling aircraft,along with rules related to transportation of batteries and their recycling.As noted earlier,alternative propulsion technologies can support new aviation business models,such as those enabled by Advanced Air Mobility,to play a role in public transport and provide enha

256、nced mobility options for communities.However,this may require changes to regulations.For example,the definition of public transport used in European Union policies is confined to surface transportation,which would make these aviation applications are ineligible for public transport subsidies.Overvi

257、ew of regulatory organisationsAll the Nordic countries are members of the International Civil Aviation Organisation(ICAO),the UNs aviation agency.ICAO was established as a result of the Chicago Convention in 1944 where 54 states agreed to promote international air travel.ICAO has 193 member states.I

258、CAO offers guidelines through standards and recommended practices(SARPS).NORDICAO is a joint delegation to ICAO working with the mission of working together for safe,secure and sustainable aviation.Denmark,Estonia,Finland,Iceland,Latvia,Norway,and Sweden are members.Nordic representation in ICAO is

259、ensured with the mutually agreed rotation scheme,making sure we continually hold a seat in the ICAO Council.The current representative candidature is Iceland,led by Valds sta Aalsteinsdttir.Founded in 1955 as an intergovernmental organisation,the European Civil Aviation Conference(ECAC)seeks to harm

260、onise civil aviation policies and practices amongst its Member States and,at the same time,promote understanding on policy matters between its Member States and other parts of the world.It has particularly valuable links with industry and organisations representing all parts of the air transport ind

261、ustry.ECAC works closely and cooperatively with other regional organisations and individual Partner States on a range of civil aviation issues of common interest,including safety,security,facilitation and the environment.EUROCONTROL is a pan-European civil-military organisation with 41 member states

262、 focusing on air traffic management.EUROCONTROL is one of the founding members of the Single European Sky ATM Research(SESAR)project,a research and innovation programme working towards integrating European airspace in order to become more sustainable,time-and cost efficient.Nordic Innovation-Reinven

263、ting aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202483European Union Aviation Safety Agency(EASA)is the EUs flight safety agency with 31 member states.The Management Board brings together representatives of the Member States and

264、the European Commission.The Management Board is responsible for the definition of the Agencys priorities,the establishment of the budget and for monitoring the Agencys operation.European Free Trade Association(EFTA)Member States(Norway,Iceland,Switzerland and Liechtenstein),do however not have votin

265、g rights.EASA issues laws and regulations,design certification,and is responsible for standardisation between countries and performs audits in this regard.An overview of the regulatory frameworks is part of NEAs work plan.EASA is also coordinating efforts within several working groups.AZEA(Alliance

266、for Zero-Emission Aviation)and the Sub Working Group 4 is specifically focused on the industry-wide structuring of standardization efforts.Its main objective is to identify standards required to support the certification of hydrogen and electric aircraft,associated air and ground operations and the

267、infrastructure required to support them.A forthcoming regulatory report from NEA includes the following overview of actors and responsibilities:Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202484Denmar

268、kThe Danish parliament has decided to introduce a passenger tax starting in 2025.Half of the passenger tax is planned to be returned to the aviation industry assupport for a transition to a more sustainable aviation sector in Denmark.It is now upto the regulatory authorities to ensure implementation

269、 of the agreed support.Initially,the authorities are tasked with establishing a tender process regarding a Danishdomestic route.In the next phase,the regulatory authorities must establish a processover the next 5-6 years where the other support funds must go to development initiatives that will cont

270、ribute to making all Danish domestic aviation independentof fossil fuels.Here it is possible that support can be allocated to the development orcommissioning of,for example,electric aircraft.The Danish authorities cooperate with all the Nordic countries regarding the work and representation in ICAO.

271、As a member of the EU,the Danish regulators are currently working to ensure a correct implementation of RefielEU Aviation and RED III in Danish legislation.In addition,the Danish Transport Agency is working on the State Action Plan task,which is a task that all countries must carry out in relation t

272、o ICAO.A task that must be carried out every three years.Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202485FinlandFinland supports the ICAO and EASA objective to create a standardisation basis for ele

273、ctric aircrafts.EU regulation is the most important level of regulation for aviation.The background interviews highlighted the importance ofEU legislation and international cooperation in promoting sustainable aviation,as international regulation steers the aviation sector atthe national level.At th

274、e national level,the Finnish Transport and Communications Agency,Traficom,is responsible for air transport regulation in Finland and monitors compliance with international regulation.At the EU level,a key regulatory tool is ReFuel EU Aviation which aims to reduce the carbon footprint of aviation as

275、part of the EUs Fit for 55 package.The ReFuel EU Regulation focuses specifically on SAF,setting out minimum requirements for its distribution.However,in the regulation it is noted that ReFuel EU Aviation has the potential to contribute to the development of electric and hydrogen-powered aviation as

276、well.(European Commission 2023).Another central EU-level regulation is the AFIR Regulation,which obliges EU Member States to consider the role of electricity and hydrogen in aviation.Finlands national implementation of ReFuel EU Aviation and AFIR Regulation is currently underway.It should also be no

277、ted that EU legislation applies to airports used by commercial air traffic.If commercial electric aviation routes were to be opened at airports where there have been no commercial operations to date,they would also be covered by EU legislation.This would require significant investments in infrastruc

278、ture,services,and personnel,among other things(Traficom 2022).IcelandThe ministry of infrastructure and the Icelandic Transport Authority will develop regulations and standardise requirements for electric aviation.This work is entirely based on the approvals of international and European aviation au

279、thorities,such as the European Union Aviation Safety Agency(EASA),to utilise common certification.Aircraft that fall under EASA airworthiness regulations shall be classified according to Commission Regulation(EC)No 748/2012(EASA Part 21)on the airworthiness and environmental certification of aircraf

280、t.Icelandic aviation laws and safety regulations follow changes made to these laws and regulations.The registration of the first Pipistrel electric aircraft was possible because the authorities,the Icelandic Transport Authority,were able to follow the Norwegian model for airworthiness for that type.

281、To work on the implementation of new regulations,the government,Isavia,and the airlines need to cooperate on the electrification of domestic aviation.It is still unclear how the regular review of pilot licences will be conducted and how training for electric aviation will be managed.Nordic Innovatio

282、n-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202486NorwayThe Norwegian aviation law regulates both civil and military aviation activities,in which there are requirements to environmental compliance.Norway implemented

283、a CO2 tax on domestic aviation in 1999.26 The CO2 tax aims to reduce the carbon footprint of domestic air travel by making it more costly to emit carbon dioxide.This financial incentive encourages airlines to adopt more efficient and sustainable technologies and practices.According to Norways aviati

284、on strategy,the CO2 tax will be progressively increased to NOK 2 000 per ton of CO2 by 2030.Additionally,the passenger tax will be maintained,and the phasing in of SAF will proceed in line with EU plans.The Norwegian Institute of Transport Economics has projected that these combined measures will re

285、sult in an 8,7%reduction in emissions from domestic flights by 2030 compared to 2023,along with a 3%decrease in passenger numbers during the same period.27SwedenIt is suggested in the climate action plan to create a collaboration with the EU to ensure regulatory support for the transition to fossil-

286、free aviation.The upcoming national transport plan emphasises some of the hurdles that need to be tackled in order for electric aviation to be realised.Whilst it acknowledges the decline in turboprop flights carrying less than 50 passengers and recognizes that new technologies can enhance profitabil

287、ity and availability by reducing noise levels and enabling the use of shorter runways,it points out that:Identifies the challenges with infrastructure to fast charge electric aircraft,the battery weight MTOW penalty and associated range penalty resulting in potential operating cost uncertainty.Highl

288、ights that the aviation industry may be hindered by regulations and a lack of financing which is reinforced by the fact that regional airports today are non-profitable.Mentions that an area where market conditions are weak is in the charging and hydrogen infrastructure on airports.For electric aircr

289、aft,there is a risk that the transition will be hindered by the profitability of the aviation industry not being sufficient to finance the necessary investments in charging infrastructure.27 Luftfartsstrategiens klimatiltak:Hvordan pvirkes billettpriser,passasjertall og CO2-utslipp?(toi.no)26 Micros

290、oft Word-VA-rapport nr.2011-5 Utslippskutt i luftfart.docx(regjeringen.no)Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202487The Swedish Transport Administration had been tasked by the government of Sw

291、eden with analysing whether there are conditions to set up requirements for electric flights in the procurement of air traffic for lines with public service obligations according to applicable regulations and procurement process.If deemed necessary,The Swedish Transport Administration should also su

292、bmit proposals for measures that can contribute to an early introduction of electric flights on these lines or some of the lines.The Swedish Transport Administration had already carried out an investigation on behalf of the government in 2020 which would shed light on whether it was possible to set

293、requirements for fossil-free flights in the procurements of air traffic.One conclusion from that investigation was that there is great uncertainty about todays EU rules provide scope for setting requirements for fossil-free alternatives,such as biofuel or electric aircraft.In the current investigati

294、on,the Swedish Transport Administration sees no reason to make a different assessment than in 2020 because the conditions are the same,that is,the EU Air Traffic Regulation has not been revised,and that it might be able to enable climate requirements in a procurement.In this investigation,“Frutsttni

295、ngar fr elflyg i upphandlad flygtrafik”,28 the Swedish Transport Administration has focused on the practical conditions that need to be in place before any legal requirements are meaningful:electric flight must be fully developed and commercialised and available for sale on the market,airlines must

296、be able to see business opportunities to invest in the technology in order to then offer them in the Swedish Transport Administrations procurements,and finally the airports must have adequate infrastructure that enables operations of such flights.28 https:/trafikverket.diva-portal.org/smash/record.j

297、sf?pid=diva2%3A1863566&dswid=4429Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.20248823 AZEA members,organisation and reports can be found at:https:/defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/eu-aeronautics-in

298、dustry/alliance-zero-emission-aviation_enInternational collaboration can help accelerate progress through the sharing of knowledge,examples and lessons learned.Some challenges can only be resolved through international collaboration,such as the harmonisation of interoperability of charging and refue

299、lling infrastructure.ICAO promotes harmonisation for international aviation through its SARPs and states are encouraged to support ICAO in its work.In the event that the first battery-electric and hydrogen aircraft pre-date the finalisation of this work by ICAO,leading governments in this space coul

300、d,as an interim measure,help shape future regulations by working together on a bilateral or multilateral basis.International collaboration can also help to ensure that investments in infrastructure are coordinated so they are delivered in different countries or regions at a similar time to allow int

301、ernational operations.Green corridors and similar initiatives can help develop international markets for these new technologies.In terms of contributing to and receiving international knowledge,both NISA and ALIGHT have European and international partners,in which working together towards common goa

302、ls is central.A further example is the AZEA (Alliance of Zero Emission Aviation),the biggest European initiative whose main objective is to accelerate the development and deployment of zero-emission aircraft.AZEA was established by the EU commission in 2022.The alliance brings together stakeholders

303、from across the aviation sector,including aircraft manufacturers,airlines,energy providers and airports,to work on the challenges and opportunities associated with zero-emission technologies such as electric and hydrogen-powered flight.Members of AZEA include both NISA and Heart Aerospace.The Allian

304、ce focuses on creating the necessary infrastructure,regulatory framework and industry standards to enable the widespread adoption of zero-emission aviation by 2050.This effort is part of the wider European Green Deal,which seeks to reduce aviations environmental impact and support.AZEA is split into

305、 six working groups focusing on the following issues:WG1:Aircraft performance characteristicsMarket forecast(traffic,aircraft entry-into-service,penetration rate,etc.)including potential changes to the network topology(e.g.,newregional operations)Energy requirements for electric and hydrogen propuls

306、ion as applicable to the different aircraft categoriesBreakdown of the number of flights per market segmentWG2:Electrical energy for battery recharging and green hydrogenCollaboration beyond the Nordics Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case

307、for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202489production and corresponding required electricity generationcapacities for several low-carbon generation technologiesDistribution infrastructure to the aerodromes.Expected Capex Investment for generation(upstream)and distribution(downstream)WG3:Op

308、erational considerations related to stand management,turnaround,taxiing operations,ground handling,passenger management,etc.Ground logistics at the airport and impact of the infrastructure availability on the networkWG4:Hydrogen engine emission requirements and timeline for standardization/certifica

309、tionWG5:This WG has the objective to enable the efficient and sustainable introduction and integration of electric,hybrid-electric and hydrogen-powered aircraft into the European networkWG6:Operational incentives as well as those related to the running costs of electric and hydrogen aircraft.Denmark

310、Danish authorities as well as airlines and airports have a historic and well-developed collaboration with EASA and ICAO on a wide range of topics.The airlines have membership in various international industry organizations and Copenhagen Airport actively participates in ACI on,among other things,the

311、 green agenda.As an initiative of the ALIGHT project and NISA,a Stakeholder Forum will be initiated which will initially bring together relevant actors with a view to preparing the airports to be able to handle electric aircraft,starting with assessing how the airports can adapt in terms of infrastr

312、ucture.The already mentioned Climate Partnership for Aviation with representatives from all airlines operating in Denmark,Danish airports,Danish Aviation,the Transport Agency,NGOs,NISA and other knowledge organizations has broadly united the industry in the efforts to make joint responses and propos

313、als to the government.FinlandFinnish aviation operators and public authorities are well-networked to international organisations and other international actors.These include,for example,the International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO)and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency(EASA).Finland is

314、also an active player in the EU and the exchange of information and dialogue at EU level is considered of great importance.In the Nordic context,stakeholders from Finland,Sweden and Norway have participated in FAIR(Finding innovations to Accelerate the Implementation of electric Regional aviation)an

315、d FAIR 2 projects,which aim to promote cross-border electric aviation.The FAIR 2 project is currently ongoing and focuses on increasing knowledge on the demand for sustainable regional electric aviation.Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case

316、for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202490The project will run from 1 June 2023 to 30 November 2024 with a budget of EUR 450,430(Kvarken Council,n.d.).Thus,the FAIR 2 project plays a key role in supporting decision making on the development of electric and other forms of sustainable aviat

317、ion.IcelandUntil now,knowledge acquisition has been driven by individuals with a passionate interest in electric aviation,who have sought information through all possible means.In 2019,NEA was launched under Nordic Innovations Nordic Smart Mobility and Connectivity programme.This demonstrated signif

318、icant foresight and highlighted the importance of Nordic cooperation for knowledge transfer and information dissemination.In 2022,Nordregio,the University of Akureyri and Austurbr,a non-profit organisation in East Iceland operated by municipalities,universities,professional institutions,and other en

319、tities,participated in a collaborative project to map potential domestic flight routes for electric aviation:Electric Aviation and the Effects on the Nordic Regions24.SwedenSwedish stakeholders in the aviation industry are well intertwined in many R&D projects related to electric aviation,some with

320、regional approaches(FAIR and FAIR 2 as well as Green Flyway1 and 2),some with focus on a certain airport such as RESflyg and MODELflyg(Visby and Ume airport)or broader studies with a national and international focus such as ELFLYSVE,FAACE,Air-Charge,ELISE 3,Fossilfritt Flyg i Norden and so on.The dr

321、ive from airport stakeholders,airline operators and the industry for cooperation and for solving the issues related to fossil free aviation is high.In certain areas our cooperation with airline manufacturers(Heart Aerospace),research institutes(RISE)and academia has led us to be front-runners in cer

322、tain areas related to battery-electric aviation(such as electromagnetic interference,solutions for the turn-around process).Collaboration with international stakeholders and actors has also helped the Swedish stakeholders push forward with new solution proposals and need for further investigations.H

323、owever,now we see the need for concrete pilots in airports,with the need for financial support from the government or from other institutions in order to continue our strive towards net zero aviation.Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for

324、 enhanced industry-government collaboration.202491Summary To develop a comprehensive Nordic strategy for electric and hybrid aviation,it is essential to establish an enabling environment that fosters innovation,investment,and collaboration.The key actions for implementation recommended by WEF can gu

325、ide our efforts in the Nordics:1.Support R&D and Innovation2.Infrastructure Development3.Regulatory Framework Enhancement4.Foster International CollaborationTools:-Regulatory Sandboxes-Financial IncentivesTo create a successful and sustainable electric aviation market in the Nordics,it is imperative

326、 that politicians and decision-makers prioritise these strategic actions.By fostering an environment conducive to innovation,investing in necessary infrastructure,updating regulatory frameworks,and enhancing international collaboration,the Nordic region can continue to lead the way in electric aviat

327、ion.24 https:/nordregio.org/research/electric-aviation-and-the-effects-on-the-nordic-regions/Nordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202492Chapter 6:Accelerate Uptake with Incentives and Targets N

328、ordic Innovation-Reinventing aviation in the NordicsThe state of electric aviation and the case for enhanced industry-government collaboration.202493Having outlined the necessary changes to create an enabling environment for electric aviation in chapter 5,chapter 6 will go on to explore how incentiv

329、es and targets can be leveraged to achieve the Nordic goals.The World Economic Forum“Target True Zero Policy Toolkit”report30 highlights the following:To expedite the adoption of alternative propulsion technologies in aviation,it is crucial to implement a strategic framework that includes targeted i

330、ncentives,mandates,and public awareness campaigns.Key measures for implementation:1.Incentives and Financial Support:Subsidies:Provide financial assistance for renewable electricity initiatives to reduce operational costs for airlines.Low-Interest Loans:Offer favourable loan terms for purchasing or

331、retrofitting aircraft with new technologies,facilitating quicker transitions.Market-Based Measures:Introduce levies on fossil fuel products to create a more competitive environment for sustainable options,making alternative technologies more appealing.2.Mandates and Regulatory Framework:Technology M

332、andates:Consider establishing requirements for airlines to utilise specific low-emission technologies,which can drive the transition away from traditional,more polluting options.Ecolabelling Initiatives:Promote ecolabelling to enhance public awareness and consumer demand for greener alternatives,the

333、reby encouraging airlines to invest in sustainable technologies.3.Assessment and Feasibility:Before implementing any new policies,states should conduct a thorough assessment of the potential costs and benefits.This ensures that the requirements are feasible and proportionate,taking into account existing aircraft investments and the timelines for new orders.To effectively accelerate the uptake of a