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1、Boosting Livestock Sector Growth with Low EmissionsA Strategic Approach in Eastern and Southern AfricaRegional BriefPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentThe World Ban

2、k 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433Telephone:202-473-1000 Internet:www.worldbank.orgThis work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions.The findings,interpretations,and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank Group,it

3、s Board of Executive Directors,or the governments they represent.The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work.The boundaries,colors,denominations,and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning

4、 the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.Rights and PermissionsThe material in this work is subject to copyright.Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge,this work may be reproduced,in whole or in part,for noncommercial purposes a

5、s long as full attribution to this work is given.Any queries on rights and licenses,including subsidiary rights,should be addressed to World Bank Publications,The World Bank Group,1818 H Street NW,Washington,DC 20433,USA;fax:202-522-2625;e-mail:pubrightsworldbank.org.Cover photo credit:Frauke Jungbl

6、uth/World BankiiiContentsAcknowledgments viAbbreviations and Acronyms viiExecutive Summary viiiINTRODUCTION 1Livestock sector in Eastern and Southern Africa:key features 2Purpose,structure and motivation of this brief 31.A Growing Livestock Sector in Eastern and Southern Africa Driven by Rising Cons

7、umption Trends 5Rising consumer demand for animal-source products 6Increasing intake of animal-source products in low-income countries and population groups 72.Rising Emissions with Livestock Sector Growth 8Livestock sector growth and rising emissions 9Avoiding rapid methane emission growth in cattl

8、e hotspots in the region 113.Responsible Livestock Development:A Framework for Constructive Action 13Externalities of Livestock Sector Growth 14Maximizing the livestock sectors potential and minimizing its negative impacts 154.Balancing Emissions Reduction and Livestock Sector Growth 17A toolbox to

9、reduce emissions in livestock systems 18Cutting methane emissions with fewer,but better-performing cattle 20Preserving and improving carbon stocks in landscapes 215.Beyond Emission Control:Additional Benefits of Responsible Livestock Development 22“Greener”production:higher profits and greater resil

10、ience 23Capitalizing on opportunities in high-end markets with responsible production 246.Setting Priorities:Key Strategic Recommendations for Policymakers 25Prioritizing low-carbon feed,improved genetics and breeding practices,and landscape restoration 26Institutions and data systems for low-emitti

11、ng livestock 27National and regional partnerships 287.Financing Responsible Growth in the Livestock Sector 29Investment in the livestock sector:current needs and the sectors untapped potential 30Diverse funding streams to support responsible livestock sector expansion 30Leveraging climate finance an

12、d emerging options for responsible livestock development 31Carbon markets:provision of extra incentives for responsible livestock development 32References 34ivAPPENDIX AAPPENDIX A:Reducing Emissions in Beef Production in Botswana,Namibia,Tanzania,and Botswana and Potential Access to Carbon Markets(C

13、ase Studies)39Sectoral and policy context 40Outcomes of adopting the selected interventions 41Reduction in emissions and increase in resilience from increase in cattle productivity and reduction in herd size 45Effects on soil carbon sequestration and profitability of improved systems 47Carbon revenu

14、es as an incentive 48Detailed Assumptions Used in Case Studies 48APPENDIX B:Further Information about Article 6 Transactions and Voluntary Carbon Markets 55Country readiness for accessing carbon markets:lessons learned and building blocks 57Strategizing access to carbon revenues as an extra incentiv

15、e 60FiguresFigure 1.The Strategic Approach at a Glance xFigure 2.Livestock Production in Eastern and Southern Africa 6Figure 3.Animal-Source Food Intake and Meat Consumption 7Figure 4.Livestock Emissions in Eastern and Southern African Countries,19902020 9Figure 5.Emissions from Enteric Fermentation

16、 and Manure Management as a Percentage of Total Emissions from Livestock Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa 10Figure 6.Methane Emissions from Livestock,Eastern Africa,19902050 11Figure 7.Methane Emissions from Livestock,Southern Africa,19902050 12Figure 8.Change in Direct Emissions Resulting from Product

17、ivity-Enhancing Interventions and Herd Control 43Figure 9.Decrease in Emission Intensity(per Unit of Protein)with Adoption of Selected Interventions 44Figure 10.Number of Projects Registered at Verified Carbon Standard Methodology(VM)and Gold Standard(GS)in Different Regions 56Figure 11.Roadmap for

18、Carbon Market Readiness 58vTablesTable 1.Options Available to Control Direct and Indirect Emissions 18Table 2.Climate Finance Options for Livestock Development 31Table 3.Selected Interventions 41Table 4.Emissions Intensity with and without Interventions 45Table 5.Soil Carbon Stocks 47Table 6.Net Pre

19、sent Value,Total Revenues,and Total Costs for a 1,000-Cattle Herd Under Various Scenarios 47Table 7.Assumptions for With-Interventions Scenarios in the Four Country Case Studies 48Table 8.Parameters for Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model:Interactive Simulations in Botswana 49Table 9.Par

20、ameters for Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model:Interactive Simulations in Namibia 50Table 10.Parameters for Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model:Interactive Simulations in Tanzania 51Table 11.Parameters for Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model:Interactive Simulatio

21、ns in Zimbabwe 52Table 12.Emissions Intensity per Kilogram of Meat 53Table 13.Parameters Used to Estimate Soil Carbon Stocks 53Table 14.Parameters Used for Financial Analysis 54BoxesBox 1.Direct and Indirect Sources of Livestock Emissions 10Box 2.A Responsible Approach to Livestock Development:Princ

22、iples Related to Environment,Animal Health,and Inclusion 15Box 3.Changing Consumption Patterns in Middle-and High-Income Countries 20Box 4.Results-Based Financing as a Hybrid Scheme to Foster High-Integrity Carbon Credits 33viAcknowledgmentsThe preparation of this brief and the case studies conducte

23、d in Botswana,Namibia,Tanzania,and Zimbabwe were generously supported by the government of Switzerland through the BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes.The fund aims to promote and reward the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sequestration through bette

24、r land management.The case studies assessed the potential for implementing triple-win options in livestock development and evaluated access to carbon markets.These cases inspired the preparation of this brief,which is meant to provide high-level messages and recommendations for policymakers in the r

25、egion.A World Bank team of the Department of Agriculture and Food in the Eastern and Southern Africa Region,led by Francisco Obreque,Senior Agriculture Specialist,and including Ernest Ruzindaza,Senior Agriculture Economist;Emma Isinika-Modamba,Senior Agriculture Economist;Hardwick Tchale,Senior Agri

26、culture Economist;Biruktayet Assefa Betremariam,Senior Agriculture Specialist;Ana Cristina Canales Gomez,Senior Livestock Specialist;Easther Chigumira,Senior Agricultural Specialist;and Mario Mendez,Senior Program Assistant prepared the brief.The preparation benefited from the guidance of Iain Shuke

27、r,Regional Director of Planet Department(Agriculture,Climate Change,Environment,Social Development,Water)in the Eastern and Southern Africa Region,and Holger Kray and Frauke Jungbluth,Regional Managers for Agriculture and Food in the Eastern and Southern Africa Region.The International Fund for Agri

28、cultural Development and the Global Methane Hub provided additional support during the preparation of the brief.Mario Herrero,Professor of Food Systems and Global Change at Cornell University and member of the Expert Panel on Livestock Methane;Hayden Montgomery,Director of the Agriculture Program at

29、 the Global Methane Hub;Svetlana Edmeades,Lead Agriculture Economist,Pierre Gerber,Senior Agriculture Economist at the World Bank,and Anne Mottet,Lead Technical Specialist in Livestock at International Fund for Agricultural Development,provided technical advice during the review process.The team ack

30、nowledges comments and suggestions from Roy Parizat,Senior Economist at the Global Department for Climate Change and Integrated Sustainable Forest Landscapes Program Manager;Alexander Lotsch,Senior Climate Change Specialist at the Global Department for Agriculture and Food;and Izabela Leao,Senior Ru

31、ral Development Specialist,Eastern and Southern Africa Region.For the case studies and some sections of the brief,the World Bank engaged a team from Unique Land Use GmbH that included Suzanne van Dijk,Andreas Wilkes,Titis Apdini,and Christopher Williams.viiAbbreviations and AcronymsAbbreviationDefin

32、itionBAUBusiness as usualCH4MethaneCO2carbon dioxideCO2ecarbon dioxide equivalentERPAEmission-reduction purchase agreementEUEuropean UnionFAOFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsGDPGross domestic productGHGGreenhouse gasGLEAM-iGlobal Livestock Environmental Assessment ModelInteract

33、iveIFADInternational Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentISFLIntegrated Sustainable Forest LandscapesMRVMeasurement,reporting,and verificationN2ONitrous oxideNDCNationally determined contributionVCMVoluntary carbon marketVCSVerras Verified Carbon StandardviiiExecutive Summary The brief seeks to guide p

34、olicymakers in Eastern and Southern Africa on tackling emissions within the rapidly expanding livestock sector,advocating for a responsible growth strategy.It broadly addresses three key questions:Which systems are producing emissions?Why is this significant for the region?And how can emissions be m

35、anaged in a manner that simultaneously promotes sectoral growth?The livestock sector supports the livelihoods of over 400 million people and an estimated 80 percent of the poor in Eastern and Southern Africa.The sector is a major contributor to the economy,creating employment in primary production,p

36、rocessing,and all related services.Livestock is a primary source of income and financial reserve for many households.The sector also plays a role in alleviating food insecuritya pressing issue that has significantly worsened in the region over recent years.Governments can harness the rising demand f

37、or animal-source products to drive inclusive economic growth.In recent decades,demand for animal-source products has surged rapidly in Eastern and Southern Africa and abroad in places such as the Middle East and North Africa.As population and cities expand,and consumption habits change,the demand is

38、 projected to grow further.The long-term trend creates massive opportunities for small-scale livestock keepers,businesses and investors.To seize them,government action is needed:boosting production with high biosafety and quality standards,fostering domestic and international trade,integrating small

39、holders into dynamic value chains,and creating quality jobs.Public policies play an important role in enhancing the nutritional status of the population and promoting public health.Products such as meat,milk,and eggs are rich in essential nutrients vital for health and development,particularly for c

40、hildren.Yet,people in Eastern and Southern Africa are not consuming enough animal-source foods.The intake of these foods is among the lowest globally and,on average,falls below the levels recommended by dietary guidelines as a way to meet nutritional standards.Those in dire need of more proteinchild

41、ren,pregnant women,and other vulnerable groupscan greatly benefit from policies that make animal-source foods more available and affordable,especially in situations with limited or no access to vegetable protein.Livestock brings many benefits,but it also causes negative externalities that require go

42、vernment action.Land degradation,deforestation,and outbreaks of zoonotic diseases are among the negative effects of livestock production.The expansion of the sector has led to doubling greenhouse gas emissions in Eastern and Southern Africa since the nineties.While promoting sector growth,government

43、 initiatives should simultaneously mitigate these externalities to ensure responsible livestock development.Most livestock emissions stem from beef and dairy cattle and emission hotspots are found in areas with increasing cattle numbers.An estimated half of the livestock emissions in Eastern and Sou

44、thern Africa are methane arising from the digestive process in cattle.Methane is a strong pollutant that contributes to global warming much faster than carbon dioxide.Additional emissions include those from the animal feed supply chain and from land degradation and deforestation,which lead to reduce

45、d carbon stocks in landscapes.Overall,emissions have markedly increased in eastern African countries due to growing cattle numbers,while they have remained relatively constant in southern African countries because higher mortality rates have hampered the expansion of cattle populations.Cattle produc

46、ers will be more likely to adopt emissions-reduction practices that also increase revenue.The case studies for beef production in Botswana,Tanzania,and Zimbabwe,along with evidence from dairy production in Ethiopia,confirm the profitability of scenarios with higher protein production and lower emiss

47、ions.Livestock keepers can achieve higher production levels by adopting better reproductive,feeding,and health practices,thereby reducing the level of emissions per unit of protein.When adding herd control and restoring rangelands,the combined effect on reducing emissions can be so significant that

48、the production systems even sequester more carbon dioxide than they emit.Governments can encourage a transition towards low-emitting livestock systems through smart policies that have multiple benefits.The following represent public investments offering triple-win benefitsboosting production,curbing

49、 emissions,and enhancing resilience to climate shocksand should become strategic priorities in countries with cattle production:ix Low-carbon,low-cost feeds and feeding strategies:Feed is by far the greatest cost element in most livestock systems;its importance for production is evident.Not only wil

50、l better feeds and feeding strategies significantly impact profitability,but they will also reduce pressure on natural resources and cut indirect emissions.Governments should prioritize research programs that develop high-quality feed with a low-carbon footprint,improve extension and advisory servic

51、es to disseminate viable solutions with locally available feedstuffs and work with the private sector to deploy self-sustaining supply chains.Improved cattle genetics and breeding practices:Improving genetics is crucial for achieving fewer but more productive animals,which is the entry point to cont

52、rolling methane emissions.Improved genetics are also vital to enduring extreme weather events.Better genetics can include both indigenous and exotic breeds and crossbreeds,and their adoption must be accompanied by practices that boost reproductive performance,for instance,reducing calving intervals

53、and calves mortality.Restoration of landscapes:Restoring landscapes,including rangelands,is an effective way to sequester carbon.Eastern and Southern Africa has a vast area of degraded rangelands that can be turned into carbon sinks while enhancing water storage and soil fertility and thereby sustai

54、ning higher productivity in the long term.Smart livestock policies need to go hand in hand with enhanced institutions,improved data systems,and stronger partnerships.Public institutions in the livestock,agriculture,and environmental sectors need strong cross-sectoral collaboration,supported by perma

55、nent coordination structures and capacity building.Strong collaboration with the private sector,farmers groups and associations,and regional organizations can allow governments to share knowledge and collaborate in cross-border initiatives.Closing existing data gaps and improving data infrastructure

56、 are crucial areas of collaboration.Governments are expected to measure emissions to report progress in decarbonization and unlock climate finance.Ministries of agriculture,livestock,or environment need to collect enough data to establish and maintain Tier 2 inventories for estimating and tracking m

57、ethane emissions.Shifting diets to reduce the demand for animal-source products,often recommended to curb livestock emissions,is an approach that needs to consider specific contexts.In high-income countries,the environmental and health implications of beef are sufficient reasons to advocate for redu

58、ced meat consumption.Overconsumption of animal-source products is not a concern in Eastern and Southern Africa,where increasing protein intake remains a pressing issue.Governments must invest more in the livestock sector to fully realize its benefits.Public investment avenues in livestock developmen

59、t include optimizing national budgets and mobilizing external financing.Ineffective and inefficient agricultural subsidies can be repurposed to finance triple-win investments.Safety nets can be directed toward public works in such a way that public funds not only ensure an income for resource-poor p

60、eople but also have climate co-benefits.These works include watershed or rangeland restoration or afforestation initiatives,like in Ethiopia,Malawi,or Botswana.Various development partners can support repurposing initiatives and upscaling public works with environmental results as part of safety net

61、s.Carbon markets can add to the incentives to adopt sustainable practices.By demonstrating a reduction in emissions,producers and businesses can sell carbon credits and earn a financial bonus.Most carbon projects in the voluntary carbon markets are driven by nongovernmental organizations that seek t

62、o create an additional revenue stream to cofinance their operations and deliver extension services to livestock producers.Landscape approaches can be conducive to climate finance.In Ethiopia,a large jurisdictional approach led by the government illustrates a different method of climate finance:lives

63、tock emissions are reduced within the context of a landscape approach that enhances carbon stocks,while significantly improving resilience.By doing so,the entire jurisdiction becomes a producer of emissions reductions or carbon credits.Most of the carbon revenues flow directly to communities.This mo

64、del has significant potential for expansion in Ethiopia and can be replicated in other countries in the region.With the potential emergence of transactions among countries under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement,countries will need large volumes of carbon credits for trading.Landscape approaches can

65、enable countries to achieve the scale required for these transactions.xFigure 1.The Strategic Approach at a Glance DATA SYSTEMSThe Strategic Approach at a GlanceLow-carbon,low-cost feeds and feeding strategiesRestorat on of landscapesImproved cat le genet cs and breeding pract cesINSTITUTIONSPROPER

66、FINANCINGPARTNERSHIPSTriple-win investments that reduce emissions,increase output and enhance resilience to shocks1INTRODUCTION Biruktayet Betremariam,Curt Carnemark,&Frauke Jungbluth|World Bank Introduction2Livestock sector in Eastern and Southern Africa:key features Livestock plays a critical econ

67、omic and social role both globally and in the Eastern and Southern Africa region.Globally,livestock supports the livelihoods of almost 1.3 billion people.In Eastern and Southern Africa26 countries stretching from the Red Sea in the north to the Cape of Good Hope in the south,also referred to as the

68、region in this documentthe contribution of livestock to the overall economy ranges from less than 3 percent of gross domestic product(GDP)in Namibia and Botswana to 40 percent in Somalia.At least half of the agricultural GDP is attributed to livestock production,and in some countries,such as Somalia

69、,the livestock sector contributes up to 70 percent of GDP(IGAD 2022).The livestock sector is also a source of revenue and export opportunities.Countries such as Ethiopia,Kenya,Tanzania,and Uganda are exporting livestock products mainly to the Middle East and North Africa.Livestock supports the livel

70、ihoods of at least 400 million people and an estimated 80 percent of the poor in Eastern and Southern Africa.The livestock sector encompasses a variety of species,with cattle being the most prominent in the region.Production systems in Eastern and Southern Africa include ruminantscattle,camel,goat,s

71、heep,and buffaloand monogastric animalspoultry and pork.Eastern Africa is home to half of the worlds camel population,10 percent of the cattle,and 12 percent of sheep and goat population(IGAD 2022).Cattle production is significant for most countries because of its multiplier effects on the economy.T

72、op beef producers in Africa include Ethiopia,Kenya,South Africa,Sudan,Tanzania,Uganda,and Zambia.Except for Sudan,all have experienced significant growth in production over the past two decades.For instance,Zambia increased beef production by more than 260 percent between 2000 and 2020(World Bank 20

73、22).Equally diverse are production systems across the region,which can be classified as intensive and extensive.These systems have particularities according to the agroecological conditions of their locations,which vary from humid to arid.Intensive systems include intensive urban dairy systems,zero-

74、grazing cattle with feedlot,and high-density poultry or pork production.These systems are important contributors to market availability of animal-source protein in urban areas.Intensive and semi-intensive livestock systems are poised for fast growth in response to projected demand for animal-source

75、products,although intensive systems rely on external inputs and are particularly vulnerable to disruptions due to climate change,such as heat stress,drought-related feed shortages,and diseases(IGAD 2022).Extensive systems are predominant in Eastern and Southern Africa and can be broken down into two

76、 broad categories:pastoral and agro-pastoral.Pastoral systems are based on moving livestock depending on seasonal pasture and water availability.The mode of migration varies depending on need and culture,with traditional structures and institutions predominant throughout the region.Mobility is a res

77、ilience response to changing climates and terrain(Kaufmann,Hlsebusch,and Krtli 2019).In agro-pastoral systems herders tend to stay in one place,combining livestock and crop farming,either rain fed or irrigated.These systems are found along main rivers across pastoral areas and in the transition from

78、 high to lowlands.Livestock systems in the region comprise large and small farms.Often,and particularly in the southern countries,well-organized commercial businesses on privately owned farms coexist with smallholders producing on communal land.For example,commercial farmers and businesses own appro

79、ximately 60 percent of the beef cattle in South Africa.In contrast,in Botswana,more than 80 percent of the cattle are in communal cattle production.In southern countries,it is estimated that there are 100 million smallholder livestock keepers,producing most of the pork,poultry,and eggs(Von Braun et

80、al.2023).Introduction3Purpose,structure and motivation of this briefThis brief has three specific objectives.1Raise awareness of the need to address emissions in the fast-growing livestock sector as part of a responsible approach to livestock growth.Help policymakers understand,in broad terms,how to

81、 address emissions(which emissions,why,and where)to the extent possible without compromising sector growth.Provide high-level strategic recommendations,including how to finance livestock sector development.The brief is organized into the following sections.Section 1 provides information about growth

82、 in the livestock sector and its driving forces and the need for increasing consumption of animal-source products in Eastern and Southern Africa.Section 2 examines why it is urgent to address emissions in the livestock sector.Section 3 discusses the prevailing sector growth model and lays out the ba

83、sic elements of a more responsible approach to livestock growth.Section 4 addresses how to reduce emissions in livestock,with emphasis on the most important pathways:cutting methane emissions in cattle and preserving and enhancing carbon stocks in landscapes.Section 5 touches on additional benefits

84、of a responsible approach beyond emissions control.Section 6 provides high-level recommendations in terms of priority investments,institutions and systems,and partnerships.Section 7 elaborates on how to finance responsible livestock sector development,including growing opportunities for using carbon

85、 markets as an additional incentive.Appendix A includes case studies conducted in 2023 for Botswana,Namibia,Tanzania,and Zimbabwe.Appendix B provides further information about Article 6 and voluntary carbon markets.As a knowledge product,this brief builds on pilots for results-based financing for em

86、issions reduction in two African countries,supported by the BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes(ISFL)Program in Eastern and Southern Africa.In Ethiopia,since 2022,the Oromia Forested Landscape Program has aimed to reduce deforestation,forest degradation,and greenhouse gas(GHG

87、)emissions from land use,including livestock management.Similarly,in Zambia,the Eastern Province Jurisdictional Sustainable Landscape Program was approved in June 2024.Both programs,implemented by their respective governments,adopt a jurisdictional approach that enables countries to monetize emissio

88、ns reductions by registering and selling carbon credits from nature-based solutions.These credits can be transacted in part to the BioCarbon Fund on behalf of its contributors.Credits generated may also be sold to third-party buyers should the host country wish to do so.1 Background papers that serv

89、ed as the basis for this brief include World Bank 2023a;2023b;2023c;2024a;2024b.Introduction4The pilots in Ethiopia and Zambia sparked interest in replicating results-based financing across Eastern and Southern Africa.Case studies were carried out in Botswana,Namibia,Tanzania,and Zimbabwe to assess

90、the potential for replicating the approach,including access to carbon markets.These case studies were part of a broader analytical effort undertaken in response to requests from the respective governments.Given that cattle are the main source of global livestock emissions(IPCC 2019),the sector prese

91、nts a significant potential for mitigation.These four countries are major beef producers and their governments are interested in modernizing beef production,creating a unique opportunity to integrate the mitigation agenda into their policies.Therefore,estimating potential reductions,as well as costs

92、 and benefits,was intended to inform policy dialogue.This brief consolidates existing knowledge and the findings of the case studies and is designed to help policymakers develop effective and smart strategies for this crucial sector.The mitigation agenda(addressing emissions)presents an opportunity

93、for countries to access international finance,align with a more responsible approach,and contribute to the global fight against climate change.51.A Growing Livestock Sector in Eastern and Southern Africa Driven by Rising Consumption Trends Francisco Obreque|World Bank1.A Growing Livestock Sector in

94、Eastern and Southern Africa Driven by Rising Consumption Trends6Rising consumer demand for animal-source products The livestock sector has been expanding rapidly in most areas of Eastern and Southern Africa,with a significant part attributed to dairy production.Production of all main animal products

95、 has been growing in recent decades(Figure 2).Between 2010 and 2022,it is estimated that total growth in livestock production was 27 percent.As of 2022,there were almost 70 million dairy cattle in Africa,with approximately 40 million in Eastern and Southern Africa,largely in eastern Africa.Ethiopia,

96、Kenya,and Tanzania are among the biggest dairy producers on the continent.The dairy sector is one of the fastest-growing agricultural domains in Eastern and Southern Africa and a significant source of economic returns and employment opportunities along dairy value chains.Sector growth has not been e

97、ven across the region,and production has decreased in some areas,especially as a result of droughts,floods,and disease outbreaks.Figure 2.Livestock Production in Eastern and Southern Africa Millions of metric tons019901995200020052010201520205101520253035Total livestockproductionRaw milkof cattleMea

98、t of cattlewith the bone,fresh or chilledMeat of chickens,fresh or chilledMeat of goat,fresh or chilledMeat of sheep,fresh or chilledEggs from otherbirds in shell,fresh,n.e.c.Meat of pigwith the bone,fresh or chilledSource:FAOSTAT.Data.http:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data(accessed on May 6,2024).The d

99、river behind this growth is the expanding demand for animal-source foods,which is forecasted to continue rising.Key factors contributing to growth in demand for products such as meat,milk,and eggs are population growth,urbanization,and shifts in consumption patterns driven by increases in purchasing

100、 power(FAO 2021;Godfray et al.2018;Parlasca and Quinn 2022;Thornton 2010;Tschirley et al.2015;UN 2019).Taking these factors into account,each country has a unique rate of growth in demand for animal-source products,but the overall trend is consistently upward.For instance,by 2050,demand will increas

101、e in Ethiopia by 142 percent,Kenya by 108 percent,Tanzania by 271 percent,and Uganda by 337 percent(Henchion et al.2021).Demand for specific products differs between eastern and southern African countries.Analyzing trends from 1990 to 2015,it is projected that milk consumption will increase at a sig

102、nificantly faster rate in the eastern countries,whereas consumption of poultry meat and eggs is expected to experience substantial growth in the southern countries(von Braun et al.2023).1.A Growing Livestock Sector in Eastern and Southern Africa Driven by Rising Consumption Trends7Increasing intake

103、of animal-source products in low-income countries and population groupsOverall,consumption of animal-source products remains low in low-income countries.In middle-and high-income countries,more than 60 percent of protein intake is from animal-source foods,whereas in low-income countries,it does not

104、exceed 20 percent.Countries in Eastern and Southern Africa have among the lowest consumption of milk and eggs and the second lowest consumption of meat after South Asia,albeit with significant variability across countries.The Democratic Republic of Congo and Ethiopia are among the countries with the

105、 lowest meat intake worldwide,whereas South Africa has a much higher level(Miller et al.2022).Figure 3 illustrates the uneven animal-source food intake around the world.Figure 3.Animal-Source Food Intake and Meat ConsumptionDairyEggsSeafoodMeat01Intake(servings per day)WorldSoutheast and East AsiaCe

106、ntral or Eastern Europe and Central AsiaHigh-income countriesLatin America and CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan Africa2345Source:FAOSTAT.Data.http:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data(accessed on May 6,2024).In Eastern and Southern Africa,consumption levels of animal-source produc

107、ts are significantly below dietary guidelines.Animal-source foods offer high-quality proteins and essential nutrients such as bioactive factors,iron,zinc,and fatty acids that are vital for human health and cognition throughout life(FAO 2023a;Paul et al.2020).Meeting nutritional requirements,particul

108、arly during the first 1,000 days of life,is essential to secure physical and cognitive development in children.Consumption of animal-source food is widely recommended in the dietary guidelines of the countries in Eastern and Southern Africa.For instance,the Ethiopian governments dietary guidelines r

109、ecommend that the average adult consume 60 grams of animal-source foods such as eggs and meat and 300 to 400 grams of dairy foods every day(Government of Ethiopia 2022).Actual daily average per capita consumption is only 24 grams of meat,slightly more than 1 gram of eggs,and around 100 grams of milk

110、.2 Consumption of products such as milk and its derivatives varies according to country,geographic area,and purchasing power.In Kenya,for instance,dairy consumption is close to or even exceeds the recommended amount only in the wealthiest urban groups(Ecker and Pauw 2024).Enhancing production in Eas

111、tern and Southern Africa,one of the critical factors that can contribute to affordable supply,could increase consumption of animal-source products among vulnerable population groups.2 Data from 2019 in Ethiopia,Apparent intake(based on household consumption and expenditure surveys),in FAOSTAT https:

112、/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/HCES82.Rising Emissions with Livestock Sector Growth Frauke Jungbluth|World Bank92.Rising Emissions with Livestock Sector Growth Livestock sector growth and rising emissions As the livestock sector grows,so does its carbon footprint.Although emissions from livestock hav

113、e remained stable in southern Africa since 1990,they have more than doubled in eastern Africa(Figure 4),mainly because of a significant increase in the number of cattle,with dairy production being a key driver.In contrast,cattle populations in southern African countries have declined,mainly due to s

114、uccessive droughts causing high mortality and making it difficult to expand cattle herds.Figure 4.Livestock Emissions in Eastern and Southern African Countries,199020201990199520002005201020152020400,000350,000300,000250,000200,000150,000100,00050,0000Kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalentEastern Afr

115、icaSouthern AfricaSource:FAO 2023b.102.Rising Emissions with Livestock Sector Growth Most growth in the sector in Eastern and Southern Africa has resulted from larger numbers of animals rather than productivity gains,which explains the increase in emissions.Cattle is by far the largest emitter,and w

116、hen livestock production increases without efficiency gains,emissions increase correspondingly.Plus,indirect emissions are linked to production systems more broadly.An overview of direct and indirect emissions is provided in Box 1.Box 1.Direct and Indirect Sources of Livestock EmissionsDirect source

117、s of emissions include those that are produced by the animals directly:Enteric fermentation:The digestive process in ruminant animals(cattle,sheep,goats,buffalo,camels)generates methane as a by-product.Enteric methane accounts for more than 40 percent of all livestock sector emissions,being the most

118、 important source(Figure 5).Manure management:Manure contains high levels of organic matter and nitrogen.Storage and processing of manure thus results in methane and nitrous oxide emissions.The more manure there is,and depending on how it is handled and how long it is kept,the more of these gases ca

119、n be released into the atmosphere.Manure accounts for approximately 10 percent of livestock emissions.Indirect sources of livestock emissions include those beyond production:Land use change and land degradation:Growing demand for grazing and feed resources has led to an expansion of pasture,which is

120、 often linked to deforestation and is estimated to generate 10 percent of emissions in livestock systems,but this may be much higher in certain contexts.It is estimated that land use contributes 45 to 65 percent of the total carbon footprint from dairy in Tanzania(Hawkins et al.2021).Emissions in fe

121、ed production can add another 12 percent.Rangeland degradation leads to loss of soil and biomass carbon stocks(no estimates available).Other indirect sources include energy use for transport and processing of livestock products and production and transport of feed,causing emissions from the use of f

122、ertilizer,crop production,and processing.Food loss and waste also add to emissions.Figure 5.Emissions from Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management as a Percentage of Total Emissions from Livestock Systems in Sub-Saharan AfricaEmbedded on-farm energy(CO2)0.523%1.61%LUC:soy and palm(CO2)2.47%Direct

123、 on-farm energy(CO2)5.44%Post-farm(CO2)9.35%LUC:pasture expansion(CO2)12.3%Feed(CO2)4.99%Manure(N20)45.4%Enteric fermentation(CH4)9.76%Feed(N20)0.321%Feed(CH4)7.84%Manure(CH4)Source:Global Livestock Environmental Assessment ModelInteractive version 3.0,data from 2015,online dashboard updated in http

124、s:/www.fao.org/gleam/dashboard/en/.Note:CH4=methane;CO2=carbon dioxide;N2O=nitrous oxide.112.Rising Emissions with Livestock Sector Growth Avoiding rapid methane emission growth in cattle hotspots in the region Containing methane emissions growth is a global priority.Methane is a short-lived but pow

125、erful climate pollutant.Methane emissions must be reduced dramatically before 2030 to keep the 1.5C warming limit of the Paris Agreement within reach.The livestock sector is the largest source of anthropogenic methane emissions(Costa et al 2021;UNEP and Climate and Clean Air Coalition 2022).Given th

126、e urgency of cutting methane emissions,157 countries and the European Union are participating in the Global Methane Pledge,to bend the methane curve globally.At least half of the countries in Eastern and Southern Africa have joined the pledge.Countries in the region will most likely see the livestoc

127、k sector grow further,fueled by strong market incentives.The challenge is to balance this growth with containing the surge of methane emissions.Methane emissions are increasing in areas with growing cattle populations.In eastern Africa,it is projected that total methane emissions from the digestive

128、process in animals(enteric fermentation)will have increased by 356 percent from 1990 to 2050(Figure 6).Countries with large cattle populations,such as Ethiopia,Kenya,and Tanzania,have high methane emissions,which are projected to increase significantly by 2050.In southern Africa,total methane emissi

129、ons are also projected to increase but not as significantly as in eastern Africa(Figure 7).The largest contributor to southern Africas methane emissions is South Africa,and the largest increase in methane emissions(from 1990 to 2050)is expected in Namibia.Figure 6.Methane Emissions from Livestock,Ea

130、stern Africa,19902050Million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent5001501002002501990200020102020203020402050BurundiKenyaRwandaUgandaComorosMadagascarSeychellesZambiaDjiboutiMalawiSomaliaZimbabweEritreaMauritiusSouth SudanEthiopiaMozambiqueTanzaniaSource:Methane Emissions Data,Global Methane Initiativ

131、e(accessed January 12,2024),https:/www.globalmethane.org/methane-emissions-data.aspx.122.Rising Emissions with Livestock Sector Growth Figure 7.Methane Emissions from Livestock,Southern Africa,19902050Million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent10030204050BotswanaLesothoNamibiaSouth AfricaEswatini199

132、0200020102020203020402050Source:Methane Emissions Data,Global Methane Initiative(accessed January 12,2024),https:/www.globalmethane.org/methane-emissions-data.aspx.3.Responsible Livestock Development:A Framework for Constructive Action Biruktayet Betremariam|World Bank143.Responsible Livestock Devel

133、opment:A Framework for Constructive ActionExternalities of Livestock Sector Growth Expansion of livestock production is associated with various negative externalities.The livestock sector contributes to ecological deterioration and the propagation of zoonotic diseases,and accounts for nearly half of

134、 food system emissions.(IPCC 2019)Overgrazing often leads to land degradation.Expansion of livestock farming is a significant driver of deforestation globally and in Eastern and Southern Africa.Furthermore,livestock farming produces considerable waste.In the context of rapidly expanding urban areas

135、in most countries in the region,pollution stemming from livestock is becoming a significant problem,particularly in peri-urban zones.In addition,consumption of meat raised under unhygienic conditions is one of the riskiest factors of zoonotic and foodborne diseases in the region(Kayano,Pulford,and T

136、homas 2023).Additionally,in areas where pastoralism is prevalent,livestock operations frequently become a cause for conflict.Continuing with business as usual will not address these negative impacts.Rising demand propels producers to prioritize quantity over quality,leading to expansion of livestock

137、 populations,particularly cattle,which increases emissions and exacerbates other environmental issues.Livestock keepers and businesses often do not consider the collateral environmental costs of their expansion,and public incentives and regulationsor lack thereofcan amplify the negative impacts.Case

138、 studies conducted for beef production in Botswana,Namibia,Tanzania,and Zimbabwe(Appendix A)reveal that,with growing cattle populations,a business-as-usual scenario would result in a 12 to 16 percent increase in livestock emissions from 2024 to 2030.The livestock sector and its environmental impacts

139、 have been a subject of global concern for a long time.Since the early 2000s,the technical literature on the negative impacts of livestock has been abundant.Multilateral institutions and development agencies have continuously advocated for making the sector more sustainable.3 3 In 2006,the Food and

140、Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)published a report,“Livestocks Long ShadowEnvironmental Issues and Options”to raise awareness of the numerous negative impacts of livestock production.153.Responsible Livestock Development:A Framework for Constructive ActionMaximizing the livestock

141、sectors potential and minimizing its negative impactsFrom the standpoint of policymakers,a responsible approach to livestock growth involves mitigating risks and preempting externalities that may cause lasting,irreversible damage.A responsible approach promotes growth while addressing climate and en

142、vironmental impacts,potential conflict,animal health and welfare,and equity and inclusion.A framework for responsible livestock development can be broken down into multiple principles(Box 2).Policymakers can use these principles as a checklist for policy and investment choices.Box 2.A Responsible Ap

143、proach to Livestock Development:Principles Related to Environment,Animal Health,and InclusionPrinciples for environment and emission reductions Protect and enhance carbon stocks Increase efficiency at animal and herd levels Source sustainable feed Improve soil health for sustainable grazing Minimize

144、 fossil fuel usePrinciples for animal health Prevent and control animal diseases Ensure welfare of animals Promote healthy animals for safer food Reduce risk of zoonosis Use antimicrobials with prudencePrinciples for inclusion Include smallholders in viable livestock development initiatives Reduce c

145、onflict Boost gender mainstreaming Promote better nutrition for vulnerable groupsSource:See the World Bank Group“Investing in Sustainable Livestock Guide,”at https:/www.sustainablelivestockguide.org/investing-sustainable-livestock-isl-guide.A responsible approach begins by broadly framing livestock

146、sector development.In South Sudan,for instance,boosting the livestock sector is important as a way to diversify the economy.Precarious conditions for animal health and very low productivity are intertwined with weak public sector delivery and prevalent conflict,resulting in significant constraints o

147、n sector development.In this context,a strategy with a narrow focus on single aspects of the broader pictureonly productivity or animal healthwould be likely to fail to seize the opportunities the sector offers and might aggravate undesired impacts.How governments set boundaries on the problems in t

148、he sector ultimately determines the range of possible solutions and risks to be reduced.163.Responsible Livestock Development:A Framework for Constructive ActionDespite the emissions being modest compared to other regions,the call to address emissions in Eastern and Southern Africa is based on the g

149、lobal responsibility of all countries to contribute to the solution to climate change to the greatest extent possible.In the region,policymakers are aware of the pressing need for enhancing adaptation,because the livestock sector is harshly impacted by climate shocks.However,mitigation efforts do no

150、t garner the same level of attention,given the overall relatively small contribution of African countries to global warmingall countries in Eastern and Southern Africa combined generate an estimated 7 percent of total global methane emissions.However,every additional ton of carbon released into the

151、atmosphere exacerbates the global challenge,regardless of its origin,and every ton avoided or captured contributes to the solution.Climate change is a global issue that requires efforts from all countries.174.Balancing Emissions Reduction and Livestock Sector Growth Frauke Jungbluth|World Bank184.Ba

152、lancing Emissions Reduction and Livestock Sector GrowthA toolbox to reduce emissions in livestock systemsMany resources and options are available to governments for planning emissions-reduction strategies.Numerous useful sources are available,such as the FAO(2022a)publication,“Pathways Towards Lower

153、 Emissions:A Global Assessment of the Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation Options from Livestock Agrifood Systems,”which provides a comprehensive inventory of technical alternatives.The International Livestock Research Institute,part of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Resear

154、ch system,is a leading technical institution in Eastern and Southern Africa.The World Bank and FAO(n.d.)recently released an updated version of the online resource,“Investing in Sustainable Livestock Guide,”aiming to enhance the sustainability of livestock investment projects in terms of environment

155、al and animal health dimensions.The International Fund for Agricultural Development is financing several projects focusing on livestock and climate change mitigation in the region and has recently published a position paper on the topic that includes recommendations for policymakers and options for

156、various systems(IFAD,2024).Table 1 presents a menu of options for addressing direct and indirect emissions in Eastern and Southern Africas key livestock production systems.Later in this section,additional information is provided on the most essential strategies to address methane in cattle and enhan

157、ce carbon stocks in landscapes.Table 1.Options Available to Control Direct and Indirect Emissions(Part 1)Direct emissionsCategoryPractices that address emissionsRelevance in livestock systems across Eastern and Southern AfricaIntensiveExtensive(Peri)urban dairy systemsZero-grazing cattle with feedlo

158、tHigh-density poultry and porkGrazing systemsAgro-pastoral(mixed crops and livestock)Changes in structurePromote species with lower carbon footprint(e.g.,cattle goat chicken).OkOkOkOkManure managementChange manure management practices;use anaerobic digesters(biogas).OkOkOkChange livestock diets to r

159、educe nitrogen excreta.OkOkOkHerd managementReduce herds of ruminants.OkOkOkOkFeeding strategiesOkOkOkOkFeeding strategiesUse feed additives that reduce enteric fermentation,new feeds such as seaweed and insects.OkOkOkOkOkOk194.Balancing Emissions Reduction and Livestock Sector Growth(Part 2)Indirec

160、t emissionsCategoryPractices that address emissionsRelevance in livestock systems across Eastern and Southern AfricaIntensiveExtensive(Peri)urban dairy systemsZero-grazing cattle with feedlotHigh-density poultry and porkGrazing systemsAgro-pastoral(mixed crops and livestock)Reduction in deforestatio

161、n and forest degradationConserve existing carbon pools in forests,shrub vegetation,and soils by controlling deforestation and grazing impacts on forest degradation and regeneration.OkOkIncrease in woody biomassEncourage silvopastoral systems,fodder trees,better grazing management,restoration of degr

162、aded rangelands.OkOkBetter grazing land managementConserve and enhance soil carbon stocks.OkOkBetter fodder productionEnhance soil carbon sequestration and nutrient,water,and tillage management.OkOkCrop-livestock integrationManage manure,especially in intensive livestock systems,to minimize nutrient

163、 losses and improve nutrient usage rates.OkOkLivestock-energy integrationEncourage waste to energy(e.g.,biogas)to minimize nutrient losses,and use manure or processing waste for energy production;promote renewable energy generation and energy efficiency in livestock operations.OkOkOkOkOkRenewable en

164、ergy and energy efficiencyPromote renewable energy generation and energy efficiency improvements all along supply chains.OkOkOkOkOkFood loss and wasteReduce losses in livestock product supply chains(e.g.,milk wastage).OkOkOkOkOkFeed supplyImprove feed quality,alternative feedstuffs with lower carbon

165、 footprint.OkOkOkSource:World Bank 2023d.204.Balancing Emissions Reduction and Livestock Sector GrowthComprehensive low-emissions strategies should incorporate actions that address both types of emissions,avoiding“either-or”approaches and involving multiple stakeholders.To manage direct emissions,in

166、dividual livestock keepers need to shift production practices on the farm.Evidence shows that the best outcomes can be achieved by bundling cost-effective solutions(Kihoro,Schoneveld,and Crane 2021).Furthermore,addressing indirect emissions requires a broader approach that includes pre-and post-prod

167、uction activities beyond individual farmers and communities.This includes restoring rangelands and landscapes,as well as promoting better feeding options and energy sources along supply and processing chains.Development organizations and scientists tend to recommend shifting diets to reduce the glob

168、al demand for animal-source products,thereby curbing livestock emissions.While this recommendation is valid globally,it needs to be approached carefully in the context of Eastern and Southern Africa(Box 3).Box 3.Changing Consumption Patterns in Middle-and High-Income CountriesIn high-income countrie

169、s,the environmental and health implications of beef are enough reason to advocate for less meat consumption.For instance,replacing beef with beans in the United States could free up 42 percent of the countrys cropland and reduce 334 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent,accomplishing 75 percent

170、of the 2020 carbon reduction target(Rust et al.2020).There is also a health argument:excessive intake of unprocessed red meat is associated with cardiovascular disease,diabetes,and certain cancers.Thus,promoting healthier diets with lower red meat intake is frequently part of nutritional recommendat

171、ions.The consumption of plant-based protein,for instance,is a promising alternative.In middle-and high-income countries,reducing meat consumption can affect low-income countries through trade.For instance,if Gulf countries consume less meat,demand from eastern African countriesan important meat supp

172、lier of Gulf countriesmay decrease.Although this could have adverse economic consequences for eastern Africa,it could help reduce emissions(Sutton et al.2024).Although overconsumption of animal products is a global concern,it is not a concern in Eastern and Southern Africa,where increasing protein i

173、ntake remains pressing to meet nutritional needs(see Section 2).In affluent areas with health problems from excess consumption or where poor hygiene increases the risk of disease transmission,reducing intake of animal-source products could be beneficial and an option for policymakers to consider.Cut

174、ting methane emissions with fewer,but better-performing cattleCutting direct methane emissions from cattleapproximately half of the livestock emissions in Eastern and Southern Africarequires maintaining or reducing cattle numbers.In African nations,herd expansion is favored for its quick,low-cost bo

175、ost to production and income.Moreover,in rural areas,herd size often has cultural significance and conveys social status.The relevance of herd control as a policy option is highly context-specific,particularly regarding availability and affordability of other sources of high-quality protein.Nonethel

176、ess,strong policy arguments exist for endorsing smaller herds:Boosting productivity:Production can be increased without expanding herd size,and improving quality over quantity can lead to profitability with fewer animals.Protecting the environment:Smaller herds put less pressure on natural resources

177、 and reduce pollution.Enhancing animal health:Having fewer animals allows for better health management,given growing concerns about disease outbreaks and zoonosis.For instance,access to vaccines is limited in many areas in Eastern and Southern Africa,and having smaller herds reduces pressure on vacc

178、ine supply.In many places,vaccines are available only through the public sector,so herd control measures can reduce public expenditures.Reducing conflict:Livestock production is often a source of conflict in pastoralist areas with farmers,and having smaller,well-managed herds can mitigate this risk.

179、214.Balancing Emissions Reduction and Livestock Sector GrowthA natural entry point to control emissions in cattle involves enhancing productivity and reducing emissions per unit of output.In most countries in Eastern and Southern Africa,productivity levels are low,and expanding the number of animals

180、 is the most common strategy to raise production.For example,in Tanzania,between 2010 and 2022,the number of cattle almost doubled,from 17 million to 33 million.At low output levels,one must have more animals to produce a certain amount of protein than in more efficient systems.As a reference for da

181、iry,on average,a cow produces 838 liters of milk per year in Kenya,501 liters in Rwanda,371 liters in Ethiopia,355 liters in Sudan,and 331 liters in Tanzania(FAO 2020).Only to match Kenyas productivity levels,most countries have a long way to go.Data from the Livestock and Fisheries Sector Developme

182、nt Project4,implemented by the government of Ethiopia with support from the World Bank,show that beneficiaries increased milk yields by 75 percent by adopting improved feeding strategies,health care,and genetics.While in the first two years of the project total emissions increased by 55 percent amon

183、g producers,the level of emissions per ton of protein decreased by 39 percent due to the increase in output.(project documents,unpublished)If paired with herd controls,over time these productivity gains will contribute to containing emissions.Modeling performed for beef production in Tanzania gives

184、a sense of the magnitude of potential production gains and emissions reductions.For the modeling,a population of approximately 300,000 cattle was used,assuming organic growth at a historic rate.In the model,three improved practices were considered:the introduction of high-quality breeds,the improvem

185、ent of grasslands,and the control of tick-borne diseases using vaccines.The modeling revealed a potential increase in protein production of 64 percent from 2024 to 2030 and a 27 percent reduction in emissions per unit of output.Keeping the population constant,protein production increases by 12 perce

186、nt and methane emissions decrease 18 percent compared to the baseline(2024),equivalent to reducing some 65,000 tons of carbon dioxide(CO2)equivalent(tCO2e)(Appendix A).Preserving and improving carbon stocks in landscapes Sustainable,responsible intensification of production rather than expansion of

187、unproductive systems is essential to avoid deforestation and protect carbon sinks.Deforestation is one of the largest sources of emissions in most countries in Eastern and Southern Africa and one of the largest sources of emissions in food systems globally.As the livestock sector expands,more land i

188、s needed for grazing and growing crops for feed,both of which are significant drivers of land use changes.One of the drivers of the expansion of agricultural areas is low productivity.In extensive livestock systems,healthy grasslands sustain production and sequester carbon.Unsuitable for crops,these

189、 grasslands underpin ruminant production across vast areas in Africa.For example,Botswana,Tanzania,and Namibia together have more than 140 million hectares of grazing land.Effective rangeland management preserves vegetation and soil fertility while preventing carbon loss due to soil degradation from

190、 overgrazing.Implementing agroforestry,silvopastoral systems,and land restoration can boost soil health and prevent erosion.Key strategies include better grassland and legume management,low cattle density to facilitate pasture recovery,and no-till practices for legumes.In Angola,recommended practice

191、s include high-load,short-duration grazing followed by rest periods for pasture recovery(FAO 2021).The modeling conducted for Tanzania projected that grassland enhancements would increase organic soil carbon by 17 percent from 2024 to 2030(Appendix A).Maximizing carbon sequestration in Eastern and S

192、outhern Africas diverse productive landscapes is one of the most effective strategies to address livestock emissions.Carbon sequestration in landscapes can contribute to achieving net-zero livestock production in terms of emissions and even compensate for other emissions at a greater scale.This requ

193、ires that governments endorse landscape strategies that transcend individual farms or communities,combining land use planning with the natural potential and limits of resources and engaging all relevant stakeholders.4 https:/projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P15938222 Biru

194、ktayet Betremariam|World Bank5.Beyond Emission Control:Additional Benefits of Responsible Livestock Development235.Beyond Emission Control:Additional Benefits of Responsible Livestock Development“Greener”production:higher profits and greater resilienceEconomically viable solutions for beef and milk

195、production are available in Eastern and Southern Africa.In the case studies for beef production in Botswana,Tanzania,and Zimbabwe,a cost-benefit analysis confirmed the profitability of scenarios with higher production and lower emissions.The solutions considered for the modeling were selected based

196、on practices that are available and effectively used in all three countries,including better health and feeding practices and better genetics.Real costs and market prices were used to estimate the net present value of the investments,resulting in increases ranging from 6 to 176 percent(Appendix A).I

197、n addition to beef,data from the Livestock and Fisheries Sector Development Project in Ethiopia revealed increases in milk production and sales,resulting in a 60 percent increase in income,along with a 30 percent reduction in emissions per unit of output(World Bank 2024c).Good low-emissions options

198、are also available for other value chains,such as poultry,in which pathways to manage emissions include the use of locally grown feed and feed ingredients when these are available at lower costs.Replacing soybeans,which often come from South America,with other sources of protein,such as black soldie

199、r fly larvae,with a low carbon footprint is an emerging,promising option(Verner et al.2021).In Kenya,for example,businesses produce insect-based feed on a commercial basis,with rapid uptake in the industry.Besides feedstuffs,further emission reductions are achieved by cutting energy consumption in t

200、ransportation,cooling,processing,and marketing.The use of solar-powered cooling facilities is becoming increasingly popular on the continent,and costs have fallen considerably.These examples show that achieving lower emissions,instead of being a burden that discourages farmers and businesses,can for

201、m part of a package that creates more revenue by reducing costs,enhancing output,or both.Improved practices and technologies can reduce losses during shocks.Cattle breeds that tolerate heat stress are increasingly being adopted.In intensive systems,livestock producers who diversify their sources of

202、feed reduce the risk of supply chain disruptions during extreme weather events(Rojas-Downing et al.2017).Conserving fodder and feeding hay during the dry season can reduce mortality from drought.More resistant breeds and diversified feeds can reduce emissions and simultaneously make production more

203、resilient to shocks.The case study for Botswana,Namibia,Tanzania,and Zimbabwe included a scenario of drought while using improved practices that can cut emissions.The modeling reveals a reasonable level of protein production and profit because better-fed,healthier animals are more likely to endure h

204、arsh conditions.Well-managed landscapes make livestock more resilient to extreme weather events.When rangelands are used according to their carrying capacity and pastures are restored and improved the soils become more fertile and retain more moisture,in addition to sequestering organic carbon,and a

205、ssure more vegetation that can tolerate water scarcity.Including more trees in agroforestry systems adds to these benefits by sequestering carbon and helping the lower vegetation and animals withstand drought,which is one of the most significant threats to extensive livestock production.Having more

206、trees in grazing areas also increases soil fertility.Vigorous forests,protected from domestic animals,offer invaluable benefits in regulating local climate conditions in addition to sequestering carbon.Restoring,improving,and protecting landscapes has a strong role to play in contributing to climate

207、 adaptation and mitigation in extensive livestock production.245.Beyond Emission Control:Additional Benefits of Responsible Livestock DevelopmentCapitalizing on opportunities in high-end markets with responsible productionIn high-income countries,consumer interest in sustainable products is increasi

208、ng.In the United States,one in five consumerseven more among young peopleplaces sustainability in the top three purchase drivers for food and groceries.One of the key areas of consumer focus is reducing emissions(Glow 2023).In the European Union(EU),a recent directive aims to ensure that products co

209、nsumed within the EU,including cattle products,do not contribute to deforestation or forest degradation.African countries that seek to reach high-value markets must consider these trends.In Botswana,the Beef Cluster Strategy from 2023 was designed to promote the production and branding of Botswanan

210、beef as natural(grass-fed)and,with that,access premium(domestic and export)beef markets.This strategy is consistent with a low-emissions development path.Reducing the carbon footprint of livestock in Botswana will help position the products differently,following examples of other countries that have

211、 achieved this,such as Uruguay.Premium prices for low-carbon certifications could become additional incentives.The Carbon Trust,established in 2006,introduced the first carbon-neutral certification for food products,enabling companies to use a carbon reduction label when measuring,reducing,and offse

212、tting their carbon footprint.Since then,other efforts have followed,including certifying low-carbon beef.Australia,Canada,New Zealand,the United Kingdom,and Uruguay are among the countries using low-carbon beef schemes.The low-carbon certification was approved in the United States in 2021.Despite gr

213、owing interest,data on the global market for low-carbon products remain scarce,because it is still much smaller than conventional production.Globally,low-carbon products and labels encompass a wide spectrum,from wine to processed products.The state of low-carbon certification seems comparable with o

214、rganic certification in its early stages.Since the 1980s,the organic market has experienced exponential growth worldwide.In 2022,global sales of organic food and drink reached a value of 135 billion euros(Willer,Trvnek,and Schlatter 2024).Low-carbon certification may follow a similar path.Frauke Jun

215、gbluth|World Bank6.Setting Priorities:Key Strategic Recommendations for Policymakers266.Setting Priorities:Key Strategic Recommendations for PolicymakersPrioritizing low-carbon feed,improved genetics and breeding practices,and landscape restoration Governments can encourage a transition towards low-

216、emitting livestock systems through smart policies that have multiple effects.Amidst pressing needs,policymakers face the challenge of allocating scarce financial resources and must identify investments that yield multiple benefits.The following represent options offering triple-win gainsboosting pro

217、duction,curbing emissions,and enhancing resilience:Low-carbon,low-cost feeds and feeding strategies.Feeding accounts for the largest share of production costs in animal production systemsup to 70 percent.Improvements in feeding practices can have a significant economic impact and provide resilience

218、during periods of shock.Feed and feed supply affects direct and indirect emissions.Governments must prioritize research programs that develop high-quality feed with a low-carbon footprint,improve extension and advisory services to disseminate viable solutions with locally available feedstuffs(balanc

219、ed rations),and work with the private sector to deploy self-sustaining supply chains.This agenda includes not only testing and using emerging products such as seaweed or insects,but also helping farmers use existing grazing resources,crops,and trees in extensive production.Improved cattle genetics a

220、nd breeding practices.Data from Tanzania show productivity increases of up to four times with the adoption of specialized breeds in beef and dairy(Government of Tanzania,2024).However,exotic breeds are often vulnerable to extreme weather events such as heat stress.Therefore,promoting better genetics

221、 involves leveraging new breeds,indigenous breeds or crossbreeding them.To make improved genetics available,efforts from the public and private sectors must converge towards research and development,multiplication centers,and creating effective supply chains.In Rwanda,for example,a company uses dron

222、es to distribute cattle semen across the country.The use of improved genetics should be paired with practices that enhance conception rates,shorten calving intervals,and reduce calf mortality,thereby boosting reproductive performance.Landscape restoration,where extensive livestock production takes p

223、lace.Reversing land degradation is part of a long-term resilience-building agenda that requires significant investment.Land use planning;capacity building;and improvements such as tree planting,erosion control,and pasture establishment are costly,and efforts must be sustained.The long-term benefits

224、of restored landscapes in terms of resilience and emissions reduction justify the effort.Sustainable grazing practices together with rangeland management can maintain and increase production and help farmers withstand dry periods.At the landscape scale,these investments can lead to systems that offs

225、et livestock emissions and sequester more carbon than all emissions combined in the area.Linking investments in landscapes to carbon markets can create an additional flow of revenue to maintain sustainable management practices and an incentive to producers.Governments are encouraged to adopt jurisdi

226、ctional approaches,that is jurisdictions capable of generating a substantial volume of carbon credits.(See Appendix B for further recommendations.)Regulations establishing and enforcing limits for grazing according to the lands carrying capacity must accompany investments in landscape management.Deg

227、raded lands and areas that are critical for biodiversity and carbon sequestration must be prioritized,especially buffer zones of protected areas.Implementing measures in these areas can have the co-benefit of improving the management of wildlife and cattle populations,leading to better disease monit

228、oring and control.276.Setting Priorities:Key Strategic Recommendations for PolicymakersInstitutions and data systems for low-emitting livestockThe public sector must work more across sectors.In most countries in Eastern and Southern Africa,livestock development falls under the agriculture ministry,w

229、ith a few exceptions in which livestock has its own ministry.The climate strategy is often with ministries of environment,and lack of cross-sector collaboration between the livestock and environment sectors appears to be the norm rather than the exception,according to anecdotal information including

230、 views from more than 100 people consulted during the four case studies conducted(Appendix A).Typically,officials managing livestock,primarily veterinarians,are well versed in disease control but less familiar with environmental and climate-related concerns.Key recommendations are the following:Incr

231、ease the capacity of public institutions addressing the livestock sector on low-emission solutions.Efforts to increase capacity must cover the full range of public servants,from policymakers to front-line staff.The focus must be on the climate aspects of livestock,including adaptation and mitigation

232、.For instance,extension workers must learn about bundles of solutions that are affordable to farmers and reduce emissions,along with other benefits.Officials must understand the data needed for emissions accounting and where collaboration with ministries of environment is essential.Create permanent

233、coordination structures.Countries can form dedicated committees or task forces to steer policy decisions and synchronize efforts at the intersection of agriculture,livestock,and environment.Coordination is important for addressing climate issues and other topics such as disease control and surveilla

234、nce and land use more broadly.For accessing climate finance,it is imperative to establish sound governance structures clarifying the roles and responsibilities of the various actors involved.As an example,in carbon markets under jurisdictional approaches,ministries of livestock must lead investments

235、 with adaptation and mitigation outcomes and account for sectoral emissions,and ministries of environment or finance must manage carbon credits and transactions(Appendix B).These are examples of areas that are cross-sectoral in nature and require collaborative work.The lack of data and data infrastr

236、ucture is a significant obstacle to effective policy making in the livestock sector.For countries to be able to account for climate co-benefits while accurately measuring greenhouse gas emissions,and to reflect this in national climate commitments,specific data,tools and capacity are needed which ar

237、e currently not available in all countries.(Mottet et al.,2024)Countries in Eastern and Southern Africa have diverse levels of data infrastructure and availability.Some countries possess robust data sets for livestock,whereas others lack data entirely.Institutions such as statistics bureaus play an

238、important role,as they collect critical data through censuses or surveys.Other agencies include meteorological institutes that gather data from remote sensing.Following are key recommendations linked to the climate aspects of livestock.Establish(or improve)Tier 2 inventories to better track methane

239、emissions.To report progress toward nationally determined contribution(NDC)targets in livestock,countries need Tier 2 inventories for livestock,which are based on a comprehensive set of data about the herds.Tier 2 inventories have been introduced in several countries,for instance Kenya,Botswana and

240、Namibia.Development partners such as FAO and New Zealand have been supporting this process.Tier 2 inventories are also crucial if countries seek to tap into carbon markets.To establish Tier 2 inventories,governments need to expand data collection for cattle through statistics offices and engage tech

241、nical agencies that determine emissions factors that fit the local contexts.Expand use of digital tools in landscape management.Options for using digital tools are extensive and cover numerous technical fields,making their use an obvious choice.From a climate perspective,priority should be on data a

242、nd systems that support landscape and rangeland management.Use of geoinformation systems is essential to perform geographic analysis and estimate emissions and carbon sequestration from biomass.Mobile phones can facilitate data collection.For instance,most carbon projects in Eastern and Southern Afr

243、ica use dedicated mobile applications to collect farm data.286.Setting Priorities:Key Strategic Recommendations for PolicymakersNational and regional partnerships Strong collaboration with the private sector,farmers groups and associations,and regional organizations can allow governments to share kn

244、owledge and collaborate in cross-border initiatives.The following are specific recommendations:Partner with the private sector in strategic investment areas.Governments must work with the private sector to establish large-scale programs and supply chains for low-carbon feed and better genetics that

245、is more resilient to climate hardships.Landscape restoration also requires private sector involvement.For instance,good-quality seed for pastures is essential to restore rangelands,and most countries in Eastern and Southern Africa have shortages.Although public research institutes can provide variet

246、ies that suit multiple environments,their use can be massified only with the involvement of farmers and businesses.Public-private cooperation is the only way to achieve the scale of investments needed.Partner with farmer groups to implement a responsible approach.Farmer organizations can help smallh

247、older farmers access better inputs,improve production practices,and access markets,including carbon markets.(Refer to the example included in section 7.)Farmer groups are critical for including small production units in sector growth,as these groups are a vehicle to reach large scale,and access serv

248、ices and markets.In Malawi,government efforts to increase access to livestock markets are supporting 100 farmer organizations encompassing approximately 20,000 members.Half of these groups engage in dairy production.(Refer to the Agricultural Commercialization Project5)In Ethiopia,the Livestock and

249、Fisheries Sector Development Project has supported more than 10,000 common interest groups,500 cooperatives and 51 unions.6 Governments can partner with these types of farmer groups and help them become multipliers of sustainable practices.Establishing matching grants and other incentives that promo

250、te better practices can be a concrete way to support farmer groups.Providing them with access to finance and markets will ensure that the groups endure and grow.Partner with regional organizations on knowledge sharing and data collection and use.For instance,the Food Systems Resilience Program,which

251、 the World Bank finances with growing contributions from multilateral and bilateral development partners(International Fund for Agricultural Development,Japan International Cooperation Agency,Germany,United Kingdom),spans seven countries and three regional organizations in Eastern and Southern Afric

252、a,offering an additional avenue for knowledge exchange and capacity building.Regional organizations such as the African Union Commission,the Intergovernmental Authority on Development,and the Southern African Development Community help disseminate knowledge and coordinate initiatives.Countries can b

253、enefit from developing regional guidelines on measuring and reporting on emissions to align with national systems and ensure consistency across countries.Various development technical institutions,including FAO and the International Livestock Research Institute,can assist governments in these effort

254、s.Developing this measuring and reporting capacity can be part of investment projects with financing from multilateral development banks.Countries can also take advantage of established regional learning and exchange platforms such as the Africa Climate Smart Agriculture Alliance and the Africa Carb

255、on Markets Initiative.5 https:/projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P1584346 https:/projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P159382 John Hogg/World Bank7.Financing Responsible Growth in the Livestock Sector307.Financing Responsible Growth in the Livestock

256、 SectorInvestment in the livestock sector:current needs and the sectors untapped potentialBased on growth prospects in the livestock sector,governments in Eastern and Southern Africa are increasingly interested in its modernization,but the level of public expenditure in the sector has historically b

257、een low.Between 2001 and 2020,the average share of agriculture in government expenditures,including livestock,has fluctuated from 3.4 to 6.9 percent in eastern Africa and 1.5 to 1.9 percent in southern Africa(FAO 2022a).Farmers often face challenges because of a lack of financial resources or access

258、 to credit for financing investments.Investing in new technologies and practices requires significant financial,labor,and natural resources,which can pose considerable risks for resource-poor producers.This is particularly pronounced in extensive communal grazing systems,where farmers have limited a

259、ccess to land,constraining their ability to enhance grassland and grazing management or access credit because of lack of collateral.Similarly,in mixed crop-livestock systems,small farm sizes and diversified activities can make investments in improved technologies or practices economically unviable.T

260、hese constraints underscore the need for targeted interventions and support mechanisms to enable farmers to overcome financial barriers and adopt sustainable practices effectively.Diverse funding streams to support responsible livestock sector expansion The avenues available for public investments i

261、nclude the following:Using national budgets better.Before more is invested in livestock,it should be ensured that existing resources are being well used.Public funds can be used to initiate shifts that will directly or indirectly reduce emissions from livestock,focusing on methane in cattle and land

262、 degradation,which are by far the largest issues.Two concrete pathways are proposed.-Repurpose input subsidies to promote better livestock management.Faced with limited resources,governments must allocate funds judiciously,often reassessing and redirecting funds from ineffective and inefficient expe

263、nditures.For example,governments in Eastern and Southern Africa have historically allocated substantial funds to unproductive agricultural input subsidies.By freeing up public resources from wasteful input subsidies,governments can create positive economic incentives for livestock.Bilateral and mult

264、ilateral development partners widely support repurposing initiatives.Options to create incentives include introducing matching grant schemes,low-interest loans,and partial credit guarantees;encouraging positive changes such as poultry production over cattle;transitioning from grazing to(semi)zero-gr

265、azing systems;replacing feed with locally produced supply;introducing better genetics;and supporting community-based rangeland management and regenerative grazing.In some countries,incentives could also be used to promote access to markets for sustainably produced meat such as the EU.-Direct safety

266、net programs toward public works that deliver climate co-benefits.Most countries in Eastern and Southern Africa have safety net programs that provide cash for work and could be used as part of the livestock development agenda to deliver climate co-benefits.For example,the Ethiopian and Malawian gove

267、rnments have introduced climate public works programs within their safety nets,wherein beneficiaries work to support flood protection,reforestation,and watershed management.In Botswana,public employment programs are used to restore vegetation in communal rangelands.7 Mobilizing external financing.Go

268、vernments can expand public expenditure on livestock development using financing from international organizations and the private sector.Institutions such as the International Fund for Agricultural Development,the World Bank Group,and the African Development Bank provide concessional and market-leve

269、l financing to countries in Eastern and Southern Africa.In Ethiopia,the World Bank,together with the International Fund for Agricultural Development(IFAD),has financed the Lowlands Livelihood Resilience Project(phases one and two8),implemented by the government of Ethiopia.7 Beyond the World Bank,mu

270、ltiple partners are supporting safety nets in eastern and southern Africa,including the European Union,the United Kingdom,the U.S.Agency for International Development,Denmark,Ireland,and Norway.The Green Climate Fund is providing financing for rangeland restoration in Botswana.8 https:/projects.worl

271、dbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P164336https:/projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P180076317.Financing Responsible Growth in the Livestock SectorIn Kenya,Tanzania,Uganda and Rwanda,IFAD is financing low-emission dairy development for a total of US$400 million

272、,including U$200 million to be financed by the Green Climate Fund.Livestock sector development remains a potential area for financing,contingent upon investments being made responsibly,with attention to social and environmental concerns.Various multilateral and bilateral partners also support sector

273、 investments through their agencies,nongovernmental organizations,UN agencies,and governments,offering concessional financing and grants.Supporting and leveraging private investments.Private firms,farmers cooperatives,and individual farmers often use their capital to do business or access financial

274、services.Governments can create better conditions for the private sector to operate through regulations and support programs.Leveraging climate finance and emerging options for responsible livestock developmentClimate finance is a subset of broader finance,with a narrower focus on climate-related ne

275、eds by adapting to changing climate or mitigation emissions.Various options of climate finance are available for the livestock sector(Table 2).Table 2.Climate Finance Options for Livestock DevelopmentFINANCIAL MECHANISMEXPLANATIONFUNDING SOURCE OR FLOWConditional credit lines for climate mitigation

276、actionsLending through local financial intermediaries is based on mitigation conditions that enable stakeholder access to credit institutions.This can be facilitated by measures such as risk absorption by multilateral development banks and international financial institutions to reduce investment ri

277、sk,offering lower interest rates and providing technical capacity building for beneficiaries.Climate finance institutes,government credit lines,local banksValue-chain finance for native ecosystem restorationTypically,this type of financing is funneled through corporations that are encouraged to inve

278、st in sustainable practices in exchange for sustainability recognition such as labeling and price premiums.Corporations,foreign direct investment,local banksInvestment through emissions trading schemesPricing emissions is a way to encourage emissions reductions,resulting in financial benefits for lo

279、wer emissions through sale of emissions trading credits and higher costs for higher emissions through compulsory purchase of emissions trading credits.Participating corporations or governmentsOfficial development assistance for policy commitmentsTargeted official development assistance and internati

280、onal financial institutions funding programs can drive policy changes that create conditions for introducing sustainable technologies and practices.Foreign government development finance,international financial institutionsVerifying sustainable sourcing of livestock feedPurchase of sustainably sourc

281、ed feed(e.g.,from areas free from deforestation)can be encouraged via verified sourcing areabased climate finance to reduce emissions at the feed production level,which also enhances feed quality.Financing can arise from grants,precommercial loans,or concessional loans.Multilateral development banks

282、Prize-based programs for innovation in livestock climate financeThese programs encourage research and development and accelerate the adoption of climate solutions in markets.Private impact investors,microfinance,competition managers,philanthropic fundingSource:World Bank 2020.Emerging financing opti

283、ons from other regions could be replicated.In 2023,Uruguay secured a US$350 million development policy loan from the World Bank with an innovative,built-in interest-reduction mechanism.Under this loan,interest payments will be reduced if Uruguay meets its ambitious targets for lowering methane emiss

284、ions from beef production.The mechanism is supported through the Global Public Goods Fund,a facility in the World Bank.These types of options are emerging and could be available to Africa,encouraging governments to raise their ambitions in terms of reducing emissions.327.Financing Responsible Growth

285、 in the Livestock SectorCarbon markets:provision of extra incentives for responsible livestock developmentBy lowering emissions,livestock producers can register and sell carbon credits and reap additional monetary incentives as a bonus.Carbon project registries in the voluntary carbon markets show v

286、arious livestock-development projects in Eastern and Southern Africa(more information in Appendix B).These projects are often run by nongovernmental organizations and companies working with smallholder farmers and combine reductions in direct emissions from livestock with carbon sequestration in ran

287、gelands.Carbon markets quantify and sell emissions reductions as credits to buyers who wish to compensate for their own emissions.These reductions are measured in tCO2e reduced,sequestered,or avoided through mitigation actions(see Section 5).A third-party certification entity verifies the achieved r

288、eductions,which are registered as credits,typically one credit per tCO2e.A specific methodology for accounting emissions is employed.This entire process from methodology and accounting to final issuing of carbon credits is often referred to as monitoring,reporting and verification.Countries,corporat

289、ions,and other investors can purchase these credits as in any market transaction.Credits are sold at a price that the seller and buyer agree upon,with the buyer seeking to offset their emissions by purchasing these credits.Growing interest in carbon markets in Eastern and Southern Africa stems from

290、the perception that they are a source of revenue and a means to mobilize much-needed climate finance for these countries.While interest in carbon markets is growing,there are also increasing concerns about the actual benefits of carbon projects.Lack of transparency from private operators regarding r

291、evenues,trustworthiness of the credits generated,and potential harm to communities are among the challenges surrounding carbon projects.Since late 2023,voluntary carbon market standards have faced harsh criticism,and several methodologies for accounting are being revised.Programs such as the Volunta

292、ry Carbon Markets Integrity Initiative have been established to address these concerns.As a critical actor in the carbon finance space,the World Bank(2023e)has developed the Engagement Roadmap for Carbon Markets to foster high-integrity,high-impact carbon markets.In Eastern and Southern Africa,the o

293、ptions for carbon markets are as follows.Voluntary,self-regulated carbon market between nongovernment agents:Over the past five years,the market has seen substantial growth,with transaction volumes nearing US$1.9 billion in 2022.Total transaction volume in 2023 has leveled off because of integrity c

294、oncerns.In 2022,Africa hosted voluntary carbon market projects valued at US$164 million,11 percent of all agriculture,forestry,and other land use projects(Donofrio and Procton 2023).Nature-based solutions now constitute the largest segment of the market and have increased the average carbon price be

295、cause of their potential to enhance development,livelihoods,and food security.The scalability and delivery of pro-poor benefits in agricultural carbon projects have spurred significant growth in price and volume for these credits.Ecosystem Marketplace9 data show a 283 percent increase in transaction

296、 volume for the agricultural sector from 2021 to 2022,accompanied by a 14 percent rise in the average price per tonne(from US$9.65 to US$11.02),and a total value of finance that has increased by more than 300 percent.Article 6 transactions(at pilot stage):Beyond self-regulated markets,Article 6 of t

297、he Paris Agreement establishes a mechanism for trading carbon credits to meet countries NDCs.Article 6.2 outlines bilateral cooperation,and Article 6.4 addresses multilateral cooperation.The emissions reductions,known as internationally transferred mitigation outcomes,are to be measured according to

298、 an agreed-upon standard.Unlike in voluntary markets,Article 6 transactions will involve predominantly governments,using mitigation financing aligned with their decarbonization targets.Implementation guidelines for this mechanism are under preparation to ensure the integrity of market-based mitigati

299、on instruments,enabling transparent achievement and reporting of NDC targets and addressing problems such as double counting.10 Further details regarding the Article 6 mechanisms can be found in Appendix B.A finalized rulebook will eventually 9 See website at https:/ Double counting occurs when two

300、parties both count the same mitigation action towards both their emission reduction targets,leading to an over-estimation of the total emissions reduction.337.Financing Responsible Growth in the Livestock Sectorguide bilateral deals,although the basic framework for trading is clear enough to enable

301、pilot deals.Consequently,pilot deals are underway,with countries such as Gabon,Ghana,Malawi,Morocco,and Senegal having signed memoranda of understanding.The potential for the livestock sector to engage in these developments is significant in theory,but only one agricultural project is underway globa

302、lly.This project focuses on climate-smart sustainable rice production in Ghana,in cooperation with Switzerland(UNDP 2022).There is also one livestock-relevant project under the methane avoidance category in Malawi,also in cooperation with Switzerland,focusing on dairy biogas(Klik International 2023)

303、.It is worth noting that lessons learned from projects in voluntary markets should inform the establishment of systems for larger transactions under Article 6,which will require long-term strategies with solid legal frameworks and governance structures.Results-based financing:Box 4 provides an overv

304、iew of results-based financing offered by the World Bank based on results and carbon markets.This modality has the potential to be expanded in Eastern and Southern Africa countries.Large jurisdictional projects can help mobilize private sector financing into climate action,helping meet financial nee

305、ds to achieve decarbonization targetsBox 4.Results-Based Financing as a Hybrid Scheme to Foster High-Integrity Carbon Credits The World Bank provides results-based financing,enabling countries to access startup funds for entry into carbon markets with high-integrity carbon credits.For more than 20 y

306、ears,the World Bank has helped countries monetize mitigation results through technical assistance and financing,generating,and selling carbon credits that benefit people and communities.The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility,for example,supports 15 countries across Africa,Asia,and Latin America,aimi

307、ng to generate 270 million credits by 2028.The World Bank rewards these mitigation results by purchasing part of the credits within a purchase agreement and making a sizable portionmore than 20 million tons in 2024available to the voluntary market,with up to 90 percent of the economic benefits going

308、 to local communities.The BioCarbon Integrated Sustainable Forest Landscapes(ISFL)facility also de-risks countries entry into carbon markets,by providing an emission reductions offtake contract.In Ethiopia and Zambia,the program has established measurement,reporting,and verification systems and prot

309、ocols to ensure social and environmental integrity.When the BioCarbon Fund ISFL transacts carbon credits with its country partners,this is based on two emissions reduction use modalities.The BioCarbon Fund ISFL contracts to either retransfer emissions reductions back to the host country for use agai

310、nst their NDC or to retain the emissions reductions to transfer to their donor partners,or a combination of the two modalities In the case of the BioCarbon ISFL,the contracted carbon credits can also be sold directly in the markets,because the BioCarbon Fund ISFL offers only a floor price for a volu

311、me,as an incentive for countries to be entrepreneurial and search for better prices.Countries are also able to generate“excess credits”over and above their contracted volumes with the BioCarbon ISFL,which they can transact or utilize as they wish.Supported by the BioCarbon ISFL,the Jurisdictional Pr

312、ogram in Ethiopia will account for emissions reductions in livestock.The Oromia Forested Landscape Program was developed to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions and improve sustainable forest management throughout the Oromia state.The first emissions-reduction purchase agreement(ERPA)for the Oromia F

313、orested Landscape Program was signed between the World Bank and the government of Ethiopia in 2023.Covering 32 million hectares and a population of about 30 million people,this ERPA contracts the purchase of 1.8 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions reductions from avoided deforestatio

314、n and forest development until December 2024.The revenues will help state authorities,the private sector,and communities manage forests sustainably,with more than 70 percent expected to go to communities.A second ERPA is planned to cover mitigation activities,including emissions from livestock,after

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