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1、2024/2025 CORN EXPORT CARGOQUALITY REPORT 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report iACKNOWLEDGMENTSDeveloping a report of this scope and breadth in a timely manner requires participation by several individuals and organizations.The U.S.Grains Council is grateful to Steve Hofing,Lee Singleton,Lisa

2、Eckel,Alex Harvey and Dee Ann Hoffman of Centrec Consulting Group,LLC(Centrec)for their oversight and coordination in developing this report.A team of experts provided analysis and writing support.External team members include Drs.Lowell Hill,Marvin Paulsen and Tom Whitaker.In addition,the Council i

3、s indebted to the Illinois Crop Improvement Associations Identity Preserved Grain Laboratory(IPG Lab)and Champaign-Danville Grain Inspection(CDGI)for providing the corn quality testing services.In particular,we acknowledge the irreplaceable services of the Federal Grain Inspection Service(FGIS)of th

4、e U.S.Department of Agriculture.FGIS provided samples from export cargoes.The FGIS Office of International Affairs coordinated the sampling process.FGIS field staff,the Washington State Department of Agriculture and FGIS-designated domestic official service providers collected and submitted the samp

5、les that constitute the foundation of this report.We are grateful for the time they devoted during their busy season.As a USDA programs participant,the U.S.Grains Council is committed to complying with non-discrimination policies from federal,state and local civil rights laws and those of the USDA.V

6、isit the USDA website page (https:/www.usda.gov/non-discrimination-statement)for details.1 Greetings from the Council 2 Export Cargo Quality Highlights 4 Introduction 6 Quality Test ResultsA.Grade Factors.6B.Chemical Composition.19C.Physical Factors.29D.Mycotoxins.48 59 U.S.Corn Export SystemA.U.S.C

7、orn Export Flow.60B.Impact of the Corn Marketing Channel on Quality.61C.U.S.Government Inspection and Grading.63 65 Survey&Statistical Analysis MethodsA.Overview.65B.Survey Design and Sampling.66C.Statistical Analysis.71 72 Testing Analysis MethodsA.Grade Factors.72B.Chemical Composition.73C.Physica

8、l Factors.74D.Mycotoxins.75 77 Historical Perspective 85 U.S.Corn Supporting Information BC USGC Contact Information 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 1The U.S.Grains Council(USGC)is pleased to present findings from its 14th annual corn quality survey in this 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Qua

9、lity Report.The Council is committed to furthering global food security and mutual economic benefit through trade.In doing so,it offers this report to assist buyers in making well-informed decisions by providing reliable and timely information about the quality of U.S.corn destined for export.The Co

10、rn Export Cargo Quality Report is the second of two reports released annually by the Council detailing the quality of the 2024 corn crop.The report is based on samples taken at the point of loading for international shipment early in the 2024/2025 marketing year.This report and its sister report,the

11、 2024/2025 Corn Harvest Quality Report,provide an early look at the grade factors established by the U.S.Department of Agriculture as well as chemical composition and other quality characteristics not reported elsewhere.This series of quality reports uses a consistent and transparent methodology to

12、allow for insightful comparisons across time.The Council is pleased to offer this report as a service to our valued trading partners.It serves as a means of fulfilling the Councils mission of developing markets,enabling trade and improving lives.Sincerely,Verity Ulibarri Chairwoman,U.S.Grains Counci

13、l March 2025GREETINGS FROM THE COUNCIL2 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportEXPORT CARGO QUALITY HIGHLIGHTSThe 2024 U.S.corn crop experienced limited stress throughout its development due to favorable growing season conditions.These conditions contributed to the highest projected average yield

14、 on record and promoted good grain quality.Relatively warm,dry conditions during September and October also permitted an effective dry-down and timely harvest,which likely maintained the quality of the corn assembled for export during the 2024/2025 marketing year.Reflecting this impact,the average a

15、ggregate quality of the corn samples tested for the 2024/2025 U.S.Grains Council Corn Export Cargo Quality Report(2024/2025 Export Cargo Report)was better than or equal to U.S.No.2 on all grade factors,with higher test weight and whole kernels and lower broken corn and foreign material(BCFM)and tota

16、l damage compared to the 5YA1.In addition,all samples tested below the U.S.Food and Drug Administration(FDA)action level for aflatoxin and the FDAs advisory level for deoxynivalenol(DON)or vomitoxin.The following are notable U.S.Aggregate quality attributes from the 2024/2025 export samples.GRADE FA

17、CTORS Average test weight(58.3 pounds per bushel(lb/bu)or 75.0 kilograms per hectoliter(kg/hl)was higher than 2023/2024 and the 5YA,indicating overall good quality.All(100.0%)of the samples tested at or above the minimum for U.S.No.1 grade compared to 91.8%of the samples in 2023/2024.Average BCFM(2.

18、5%)was the same as 2023/2024 but lower than the 5YA and the maximum limit for U.S.No.2 grade.BCFM predictably increased from 0.6 to 2.5%as the crop moved from harvest through the marketing channel to export.Average total damage at export(1.8%)was higher than 2023/2024 but lower than the 5YA.Most(99.

19、3%)of the samples were at or below the limit for U.S.No.2 grade,compared to 98.8%of the samples in 2023/2024.Average heat damage was 0.0%,the same as 2023/2024 and the 5YA,indicating good management of drying and storage of corn throughout the marketing channel.CHEMICAL COMPOSITION Protein concentra

20、tion(8.6%dry basis)was lower than 2023/2024 but the same as the 5YA.Starch concentration(72.1%dry basis)was higher than 2023/2024 and the 5YA.Oil concentration(3.9%dry basis)was slightly lower than 2023/2024 and the 5YA.1The 5YA represents the simple average of the quality factors average or standar

21、d deviation from the 2019/2020,2020/2021,2021/2022,2022/2023 and 2023/2024 Export Cargo Reports.2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 3EXPORT CARGO QUALITY HIGHLIGHTSPHYSICAL FACTORS Average stress cracks(11.6%)was lower than 2023/2024 but similar to the 5YA.Of this years export samples,70.8%ha

22、d less than 15%stress cracks compared to 49.2%of the samples in 2023/2024.Average 100-kernel weight(36.95 grams)was similar to 2023/2024 but higher than the 5YA,indicating heavier kernels in 2024/2025 than the 5YA.Average kernel volume(0.29 cubic centimeters(cm3)was similar to 2023/2024 and higher t

23、han the 5YA.Average true density(1.293 grams per cubic centimeter(g/cm3)was similar to 2023/2024 and higher than the 5YA.Average percent of whole kernels(89.1%)was higher than 2023/2024 and the 5YA.Average horneous(hard)endosperm(87%)was higher than 2023/2024 and the 5YA.MYCOTOXINS All samples teste

24、d below the FDA action level of 20.0 parts per billion(ppb)for aflatoxin.A total of 96.1%of the export samples had levels of aflatoxin below the Federal Grain Inspection Service(FGIS)“Lower Conformance Limit”of 5.0 ppb in 2024/2025,a higher proportion than 2023/2024(91.2%)and 2022/2023(94.9%).All sa

25、mples tested below the 5.0 parts per million(ppm)FDA advisory level for DON,the same as 2023/2024 and 2022/2023.Of the samples tested for DON in 2024/2025,96.7%showed levels below 1.5 ppm,a higher proportion than 2023/2024(93.4%)and lower than 2022/2023(98.9%).Of the samples tested for fumonisin in

26、2024/2025,97.8%were below the FDAs strictest guidance level for fumonisin of 5.0 ppm,a higher proportion than 2023/2024(97.2%)and 2022/2023(94.3%).This is the fourth year in which samples were tested for ochratoxin A,trichothecenes(T-2)and zearalenone.The“Quality Test Results”section contains sample

27、 results for these additional mycotoxins.4 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportINTRODUCTIONCorn quality information is important to foreign buyers as they decide on purchase contracts and processing needs for feed,food or industrial use.The 2024/2025 Export Cargo Report provides accurate,unbia

28、sed information about the quality of U.S.yellow commodity corn as it is assembled for export early in the marketing year.This report provides test results for corn samples collected during the U.S.government-licensed sampling and inspection processes for U.S.corn waterborne and rail export shipments

29、.This Export Cargo Report is based on 425 yellow commodity corn samples collected from corn export shipments as they underwent the federal inspection and grading processes performed by FGIS or licensed inspectors at interior offices.The sample test results are reported at the U.S.aggregate level (U.

30、S.Aggregate)and by export points associated with three general regions known as Export Catchment Areas(ECAs)shown on the map.The grade factor results are also summarized by grade categories“U.S.No.2”and“U.S.No.3”to illustrate the practical quality differences between these two specifications.Results

31、 are displayed by the grade on the loading contract specified by the trading partners rather than their actual grade factor test results.This report provides detailed information on each of the quality factors tested,including average,standard deviation and distribution,for the U.S.Aggregate and for

32、 each of the three ECAs.The“Quality Test Results”section summarizes the following quality factors:Grade Factors:test weight,BCFM,total damage and heat damage Chemical Composition:protein,starch and oil concentrations Physical Factors:stress cracks,100-kernel weight,kernel volume,kernel true density,

33、whole kernels and horneous(hard)endosperm Mycotoxins:aflatoxin,DON,fumonisin,ochratoxin A,T-2 and zearalenoneDetails about the testing analysis methods used for this report are provided in the“Testing Analysis Methods”section.For the 2024/2025 Export Cargo Report,FGIS and interior offices collected

34、samples from export shipments loaded from November 2024 through early-March 2025 to generate statistically valid results for the U.S.Aggregate and by ECA.The objective was to obtain enough samples to estimate quality factor averages of the corn exports with a relative margin of error(Relative ME)of

35、not more than 10%for the U.S.Aggregate level.Southern RailExports corn to Mexico by rail from inland subterminals.Export Catchment AreasGulfExports corn through the U.S.Gulf ports.Pacific NorthwestExports corn through Washington,Oregon and California ports.2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report

36、5INTRODUCTIONBeginning with the 2022/2023 Export Cargo Report,grade factor results from the Gulf and Pacific Northwest ECAs for the current year and all previous years were obtained from the Federal Grain Inspection Services Export Grain Report.This dataset provides shipment-level grade factor and m

37、oisture data,the contract grade specified by the trading partners,the metric tons shipped and the inspection date.These data were filtered by date to correspond with the timeframe from which the physical samples were collected using the datasets Thursday cutoff date.Complete grade factor data are av

38、ailable from nearly all vessels loaded from the Gulf and Pacific Northwest ECAs,which provide the best possible representation of the average grade factors loaded from these ECAs since all vessels loaded with corn are sampled.1 While the dataset contains shipment information from the Southern Rail E

39、CA,this report continues to rely on the grade factor results from the physical samples collected since grade factor data are often incomplete from rail shipments in the FGIS dataset.Further discussion of this protocol and other statistical sampling and analysis methods are presented in the“Survey an

40、d Statistical Analysis Methods”section.Annual inspection data are available to the public at https:/fgisonline.ams.usda.gov/ExportGrainReport/default.aspx.This 2024/2025 Export Cargo Report is the fourteenth in a series of annual surveys of the quality of U.S.corn exports early in the marketing year

41、.In addition to the Council reporting the quality of corn exports early in the current marketing year,the cumulative Export Cargo Report surveys are providing increased value to stakeholders.The fourteen years of data enable export buyers and other stakeholders to make year-to-year comparisons and a

42、ssess patterns in corn quality based on growing,drying,handling,storage and transport conditions.The Export Cargo Report does not predict the actual quality of any cargo or lot of corn after loading or at destination.All participants in the value chain need to understand their own contract needs and

43、 obligations.In addition to grade,many of the quality attributes can be specified in the buyer-seller contract.Many factors,including weather,genetics,commingling and grain drying and handling,affect quality changes in complex ways.Sample test results can vary significantly depending on the originat

44、ion of the corn,the ways in which a corn lot was loaded onto a conveyance and the method of sampling used.A review of how corn quality evolves from the field to the ocean vessel or railcar is provided in the“U.S.Corn Export System”section.The companion report,the U.S.Grains Council 2024/2025 Corn Ha

45、rvest Quality Report,was released in November 2024 and reported on the quality of the corn as it entered the U.S.marketing system.The 2024/2025 Harvest Report and the 2024/2025 Export Cargo Report should be studied together so that changes in corn quality occurring between harvest and export can be

46、understood.The“Historical Perspective”section illustrates these changes by displaying the results from this report with all previous Harvest Reports and Export Cargo Reports.1While this protocol results in a sampling population containing nearly all of the corn exported through the Gulf and Pacific

47、Northwest ECAs,there are a few exclusions discussed in the“Survey and Statistical Analysis Methods”section.6 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSA.GRADE FACTORSUSDA FGIS has established numerical grades,definitions and standards for the measurement of many quality attribute

48、s.The attributes that determine the numerical grades for corn are test weight,BCFM,total damage and heat damage.A table with the numerical requirements for these attributes is in the“U.S.Corn Supporting Information”section of this report and on the following page.SUMMARY:GRADE FACTORSAverage U.S.Agg

49、regate test weight(58.3 lb/bu or 75.0 kg/hl)was higher than 2023/2024(58.1 lb/bu),2022/2023(58.0 lb/bu),the 5YA(57.6 lb/bu)and the 10YA(57.5 lb/bu).It was also well above the minimum for U.S.No.1 grade(56.0 lb/bu).The average test weight at export has been consistently lower than that at harvest.The

50、 average test weight for the Pacific Northwest ECA has been consistently lower than that of the other ECAs over the last four years,the 5YA and the 10YA.Average U.S.Aggregate BCFM(2.5%)was same as 2023/2024 but lower than 2022/2023(2.7%),the 5YA(2.7%)and the 10YA(2.8%).It was also below the U.S.No.2

51、 grade limit(3.0%).A total of 88.5%of the export samples was at or below the maximum BCFM allowed for U.S.No.2 grade(3.0%)and 99.5%were at or below the BCFM limit for U.S.No.3 grade(4.0%).Average BCFM in the Southern Rail ECA(1.7%)was lower than the Gulf(2.7%)and Pacific Northwest ECAs(2.8%).Average

52、 BCFM for the Southern Rail ECA has also been lowest among the ECAs for the last four years,the 5YA and the 10YA.2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 7QUALITY TEST RESULTSU.S.Corn Grades and Grade RequirementsMaximum Limits ofDamaged KernelsGradeMinimum Test Weight per Bushel(Pounds)Heat Damag

53、ed(Percent)Total(Percent)Broken Corn and Foreign Material(Percent)U.S.No.156.00.13.02.0U.S.No.254.00.25.03.0U.S.No.352.00.57.04.0U.S.No.449.01.010.05.0U.S.No.546.03.015.07.0Average U.S.Aggregate total damage(1.8%)was higher than 2023/2024(1.7%),but lower than 2022/2023(2.3%),the 5YA and the 10YA(bot

54、h 2.2%).It was also well below the limit for U.S.No.2 grade(5.0%).Of the export samples,92.0%had 3.0%or less damaged kernels,meeting the U.S.No.1 grade.In addition,99.3%were at or below the limit for U.S.No.2 grade(5.0%).Average total damage for the Pacific Northwest ECA has been the lowest among th

55、e ECAs for the last four years,the 5YA and the 10YA.Average U.S.Aggregate heat damage was 0.0%for 2024/2025,the same as the previous four years,the 5YA and 10YA.8 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSTEST WEIGHTTest weight(weight per volume)is a measure of bulk density.It is

56、 often used as a general indicator of overall quality and as a gauge of endosperm hardness for alkaline cookers and dry millers.High test weight corn takes up less storage space than the same weight of corn with lower test weight.Test weight is initially impacted by genetic differences in the struct

57、ure of the kernel.However,it is also affected by moisture content,drying speed,physical damage to the kernel(broken or scuffed kernel surfaces),foreign material in the sample,kernel size and hardness,kernel maturity and microbiological damage.When sampled and measured at the point of delivery from t

58、he farm at a given moisture content,high test weight generally indicates high quality,a high percent of horneous(or hard)endosperm and sound,clean corn.Test weight has a positive correlation with true density and reflects kernel hardness and good maturation conditions.RESULTS Average U.S.Aggregate t

59、est weight(58.3 lb/bu or 75.0 kg/hl)was well above the limit for U.S.No.1 grade(56.0 lb/bu).It was also higher than 2023/2024(58.1 lb/bu),2022/2023(58.0 lb/bu),the 5YA(57.6 lb/bu)and 10YA(57.5 lb/bu).The 2024/2025 export samples had a standard deviation(0.62 lb/bu)similar to 2023/2024(0.71 lb/bu),20

60、22/2023(0.63 lb/bu),the 5YA(0.71 lb/bu)and the 10YA(0.69 lb/bu).Test weight for 100.0%of the 2024/2025 samples was at or above the minimum for U.S.No.1 grade(56.0 lb/bu).56.6(72.9)57.7(74.2)57.9(74.5)58.0(74.6)58.1(74.8)58.3(75.0)57.6(74.2)TEST WEIGHT(lb/bu&kg/hl)U.S.Aggregate Results Summary MY19/2

61、0 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/255YA 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 9QUALITY TEST RESULTS Average U.S.Aggregate test weight at export(58.3 lb/bu)was lower than the 2024 harvest(58.9 lb/bu or 75.8 kg/hl).The average test weight at export has been consistently lower than at harvest

62、,as indicated by the export 5YA and 10YA(57.6 and 57.5 lb/bu,respectively)compared to the harvest 5YA and 10YA(both 58.2 lb/bu).The variability of the test weight in the 2024/2025 export samples as measured by the standard deviation(0.62 lb/bu)was less than that of the 2024 harvest samples(1.27 lb/b

63、u).As corn is commingled moving through the marketing channel,test weight becomes more uniform,with a lower standard deviation and a range between maximum and minimum values that is less than at harvest.The average test weight for the Pacific Northwest ECA(57.2 lb/bu)was lower than for the Southern

64、Rail(58.2 lb/bu)and the Gulf(58.7 lb/bu).The average test weight for the Pacific Northwest ECA has consistently been lower than the other two ECAs over the last four years,the 5YA and the 10YA.U.S.Aggregate test weight in samples loaded as Grade No.2 or No.2 or better averaged 58.3 lb/bu while those

65、 loaded as Grade No.3 or No.3 or better averaged 58.5 lb/bu.TEST WEIGHT(lb/bu&kg/hl)U.S.No.3 52.0-53.9(66.9-69.4)U.S.No.254.0-55.9(69.5-72.0)56.0-57.9(72.1-74.6)58.0(74.7)U.S.No.4,5 or Sample Grade52.0(66.9)Percent of Samples by Marketing Year0.00.06.834.259.10.00.08.226.565.30.00.00.030.469.652.052

66、.0-53.954.0-55.956.0-57.958.0Test Weight(lb/bu and kg/hl)5.0FMBCFMSieve Size12/64 inches(0.476 cm)Sieve Size6/64 inches(0.238 cm)BCFM(%)Broken Corn and Foreign Material Measured as Percent by Weight18.975.85.30.00.028.657.014.20.20.025.962.611.00.20.22.02.1-3.03.1-4.04.1-5.05.0BCFMMY22/23MY23/24MY24

67、/2512 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSTOTAL DAMAGETotal damage is the percent of kernels and pieces of kernels that are visually damaged in some way,including damage from mold,frost,insects,sprouting,disease,weather,ground,germ and heat.Most of these types of damage res

68、ult in some discoloration or change in kernel texture.However,damage does not include broken pieces of grain that are otherwise normal in appearance.Mold damage is usually associated with higher moisture content and warm temperatures during the growing season or during storage.Several field molds,su

69、ch as Diplodia,Aspergillus,Fusarium and Gibberella,can lead to mold-damaged kernels during the growing season if the weather conditions are conducive to their development.While some fungi that produce mold damage can also produce mycotoxins,not all fungi produce mycotoxins.The chance of mold decreas

70、es as corn is dried and cooled to lower temperatures.RESULTS Average U.S.Aggregate total damage(1.8%)was higher than 2023/2024(1.7%),but lower than 2022/2023(2.3%),the 5YA and the 10YA(both 2.2%).It was also well below the limit for U.S.No.1 grade corn(3.0%).Variability in the 2024/2025 samples,as i

71、ndicated by the standard deviation(0.68%),was lower than 2023/2024(0.86%),2022/2023(1.53%),the 5YA(1.07%)and the 10YA(0.88%).The 2024/2025 sample range(0.2 to 7.9%)was less than 2023/2024(0.1 to 11.1%)and 2022/2023(0.2 to 31.1%).TOTAL DAMAGE(%)U.S.Aggregate Results Summary MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY

72、22/23 MY23/24 MY24/255YA2.82.02.22.31.71.82.2 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 13QUALITY TEST RESULTS Of the export samples,92.0%had 3.0%or less damaged kernels,meeting the U.S.No.1 grade.In addition,99.3%were at or below the limit for U.S.No.2 grade(5.0%).The average level of total damage

73、 in the marketing channel at export(1.8%)was higher than at harvest(1.1%).Total damage typically increases between harvest and export.The export 5YA(2.2%)was 0.9 percentage points higher than the harvest 5YA(1.3%);and the export 10YA(2.2%)was 0.7 percentage points higher than the harvest 10YA(1.5%).

74、Total damage can increase during storage,especially if there are spout-lines and pockets of high moisture corn in storage bins or transport containers.Average total damage in the Pacific Northwest ECA(0.7%)was lower than the Gulf(2.1%)and Southern Rail ECAs(2.1%).Average total damage for the Pacific

75、 Northwest has been lowest among the ECAs for the last four years,the 5YA and the 10YA.U.S.Aggregate total damage in samples loaded as Grade No.2 or No.2 or better averaged 1.8%while those loaded as Grade No.3 or No.3 or better averaged 2.0%.TOTAL DAMAGE(%)2024/2025 Average by Export Catchment AreaP

76、acificNorthwest0.7Southern Rail2.1Gulf2.1TOTAL DAMAGE(%)Percent of Samples by Marketing Year77.818.12.50.61.090.78.10.90.00.292.07.30.50.20.03.03.1-5.05.1-7.07.1-10.010.0Total DamageU.S.No.23.1-5.0U.S.No.35.1-7.0U.S.13.0U.S.No.47.1-10.0U.S.No.510.0MY22/23MY23/24MY24/2514 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo

77、Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSHEAT DAMAGEHeat damage is a subset of total damage in corn grades and has separate allowances in the U.S.grade standards.Heat damage can be caused by microbiological activity in warm,moist grain or by high heat applied during drying.Low levels of heat damage may ind

78、icate the corn has been dried and stored at moisture contents and temperatures that prevent damage in the marketing channel.RESULTS Average U.S.Aggregate heat damage for 2024/2025 was 0.0%,the same as 2023/2024,the 5YA and 10YA(all 0.0%).These averages have been below the limit for U.S.No.1 grade(0.

79、1%),indicating good management of drying and storage of the corn throughout the marketing channel.2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 15QUALITY TEST RESULTSSUMMARY:GRADE FACTORS2024/2025 Export Cargo2023/2024 Export Cargo2022/2023 Export CargoNo.of SamplesAvg.Std.Dev.Min.Max.No.of SamplesAvg.

80、Std.Dev.Min.Max.No.of SamplesAvg.Std.Dev.Min.Max.U.S.AggregateU.S.AggregateU.S.AggregateTest Weight(lb/bu)39358.3 0.62 56.1 60.3 381 58.1*0.71 54.8 60.8 297 58.0*0.63 55.6 61.3 Test Weight(kg/hl)39375.0 0.80 72.2 77.6 381 74.8*0.91 70.5 78.2 297 74.6*0.81 71.6 78.9 BCFM(%)4302.5 0.60 0.6 5.5 389 2.5

81、 0.61 0.3 4.1 300 2.7*0.41 0.8 3.9 Total Damage(%)4301.8 0.68 0.2 7.9 389 1.7*0.86 0.1 11.1 300 2.3*1.53 0.2 31.1 Heat Damage(%)4300.0 0.01 0.0 0.1 389 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.2 300 0.0*0.00 0.0 0.1 GulfGulfGulfTest Weight(lb/bu)26658.7 0.52 57.0 60.3 239 58.9*0.58 56.2 60.8 193 58.7 0.59 57.0 61.3 Test Weig

82、ht(kg/hl)26675.6 0.67 73.4 77.6 239 75.8*0.75 72.4 78.2 193 75.5 0.76 73.3 78.9 BCFM(%)2662.7 0.50 0.7 4.7 239 2.8 0.62 0.7 4.1 193 2.9*0.49 0.8 3.9 Total Damage(%)2662.1 0.63 0.8 4.0 239 2.1 0.75 0.4 4.6 193 2.8*1.13 0.8 6.8 Heat Damage(%)2660.0 0.01 0.0 0.1 239 0.0*0.01 0.0 0.1 193 0.0*0.01 0.0 0.

83、1 Pacific NorthwestPacific NorthwestPacific NorthwestTest Weight(lb/bu)7957.2 0.55 56.4 58.6 65 56.2*0.76 54.8 58.7 20 56.4*0.49 55.6 57.4 Test Weight(kg/hl)7973.6 0.71 72.6 75.5 65 72.4*0.98 70.5 75.6 20 72.6*0.63 71.6 73.8 BCFM(%)792.8 0.67 0.9 4.0 65 3.2*0.56 2.1 4.0 20 2.9 0.18 2.6 3.4 Total Dam

84、age(%)790.7 0.28 0.2 1.6 65 0.6*0.41 0.1 2.2 20 0.6 0.32 0.2 1.5 Heat Damage(%)790.0 0.01 0.0 0.1 65 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.1 20 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 Southern RailSouthern RailSouthern RailTest Weight(lb/bu)4858.2 0.99 56.1 59.7 77 57.7*1.04 55.4 60.1 84 58.0 0.95 55.7 59.9 Test Weight(kg/hl)4874.9 1.28 72.2 76

85、.8 77 74.3*1.34 71.3 77.4 84 74.7 1.23 71.7 77.1 BCFM(%)1851.7 0.83 0.6 5.5 85 0.9*0.63 0.3 3.9 87 1.8 0.52 0.9 3.3 Total Damage(%)1852.1 1.27 0.4 7.9 85 1.6*1.67 0.1 11.1 87 3.3*4.54 0.2 31.1 Heat Damage(%)850.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 85 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.2 87 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0*Indicates average was significantl

86、y different from current years Export Cargo,based on a 2-tailed t-test at the 95%level of confidence.1The relative margin of error for predicting the population average exceeded 10.0%.16 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSSUMMARY:GRADE FACTORSFive-Year Average (MY19/20-MY2

87、3/24)Ten-Year Average(MY14/15-MY23/24)No.of SamplesAvg.Std.Dev.No.of SamplesAvg.Std.Dev.U.S.AggregateTest Weight(lb/bu)1,904 57.6*0.71 3,874 57.5*0.69 Test Weight(kg/hl)1,904 74.2*0.91 3,874 74.1*0.88 BCFM(%)1,915 2.7*0.55 3,885 2.8*0.55 Total Damage(%)1,915 2.2*1.07 3,885 2.2*0.88 Heat Damage(%)1,9

88、15 0.0 0.01 3,885 0.0 0.01 Gulf Test Weight(lb/bu)1,293 58.4*0.64 2,758 58.1*0.63 Test Weight(kg/hl)1,293 75.1*0.83 2,758 74.8*0.81 BCFM(%)1,293 2.8*0.54 2,758 2.9*0.53 Total Damage(%)1,293 2.7*0.96 2,758 2.7*0.85 Heat Damage(%)1,293 0.0 0.02 2,758 0.0 0.01 Pacific NorthwestTest Weight(lb/bu)226 56.

89、0*0.68 459 56.0*0.71 Test Weight(kg/hl)226 72.0*0.88 459 72.1*0.91 BCFM(%)226 3.2*0.53 459 3.3*0.56 Total Damage(%)226 1.0*0.45 459 0.8*0.43 Heat Damage(%)226 0.0 0.01 459 0.0 0.00 Southern RailTest Weight(lb/bu)385 57.7*0.95 657 57.7*0.85 Test Weight(kg/hl)385 74.2*1.22 657 74.2*1.09 BCFM(%)396 1.8

90、 0.59 668 1.9*0.58 Total Damage(%)396 2.6*2.25 668 2.6*1.61 Heat Damage(%)396 0.0*0.01 668 0.0*0.00*Indicates average was significantly different from current years Export Cargo,based on a 2-tailed t-test at the 95%level of confidence.2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 17QUALITY TEST RESULTS

91、SUMMARY:GRADE FACTORS2024/2025 Export Cargo Samples U.S.No.22024/2025 Export Cargo Samples U.S.No.32024 HarvestNo.of SamplesAvg.Std.Dev.Min.Max.No.of SamplesAvg.Std.Dev.Min.Max.No.of Samples1Avg.Std.Dev.Min.Max.U.S.AggregateU.S.AggregateU.S.AggregateTest Weight(lb/bu)30558.3 0.59 56.4 59.9 7258.5 0.

92、78 56.4 60.0 58658.9*1.2752.563.8Test Weight(kg/hl)30575.0 0.76 72.6 77.1 7275.3 1.01 72.6 77.2 58675.8*1.6367.682.1BCFM(%)3052.4 0.42 0.7 3.0 722.8*0.81 0.9 4.0 5860.6*0.380.17.4Total Damage(%)3051.8 0.59 0.3 4.6 722.0 1.12 0.2 6.5 5861.1*1.050.021.3Heat Damage(%)3050.0 0.01 0.0 0.1 720.0*0.00 0.0

93、0.1 5860.0 0.000.00.0GulfGulfGulfTest Weight(lb/bu)22858.7 0.49 57.4 59.8 2358.9 0.66 57.0 60.0 56659.0*1.3852.563.8Test Weight(kg/hl)22875.6 0.60 73.8 76.9 2375.8 0.85 73.4 77.2 56675.9*1.7767.682.1BCFM(%)2282.7 0.40 0.7 3.0 232.8 0.70 1.1 3.7 5660.6*0.390.17.4Total Damage(%)2282.1 0.61 0.8 4.0 231

94、.9 0.78 0.9 3.7 5661.4*1.290.021.3Heat Damage(%)2280.0 0.02 0.0 0.1 230.0*0.00 0.0 0.0 5660.0 0.000.00.0Pacific NorthwestPacific NorthwestPacific NorthwestTest Weight(lb/bu)3257.2 0.48 56.4 58.4 4757.1 0.59 56.4 58.6 23258.4*0.9752.561.8Test Weight(kg/hl)3273.7 0.61 72.6 75.2 4773.5 0.75 72.6 75.5 2

95、3275.1*1.2467.679.5BCFM(%)322.5 0.42 1.7 3.0 473.1*0.69 0.9 4.0 2320.6*0.350.13.1Total Damage(%)320.7 0.23 0.3 1.3 470.7 0.30 0.2 1.6 2320.4*0.370.04.1Heat Damage(%)320.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 470.0 0.01 0.0 0.1 2320.0 0.000.00.0Southern RailSouthern RailSouthern RailTest Weight(lb/bu)4558.1 0.99 56.4 59.9 2

96、58.8 1.34 56.9 58.4 32759.3*1.2453.363.8Test Weight(kg/hl)4574.8 1.28 72.6 77.1 275.6 1.73 73.2 75.2 32776.3*1.5968.682.1BCFM(%)451.4 0.48 1.6 3.0 22.3 1.27 2.2 3.1 3270.5*0.370.13.8Total Damage(%)451.9 0.88 0.3 4.6 23.8 2.97 0.3 6.5 3271.1*1.050.021.3Heat Damage(%)450.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.00 0.0 0

97、.0 3270.0 0.000.00.0*Indicates average was significantly different from the average of samples loaded as U.S.No.2 or better from this years Export Cargo,based on a 2-tailed t-test at the 95%level of confidence.*Indicates current years Export Cargo average was significantly different from this years

98、Harvest,based on a 2-tailed t-test at the 95%level of confidence.1Due to the ECA results being composite statistics,the sum of the sample numbers from the three ECAs is greater than the U.S.Aggregate.18 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSTotal Damage(%)MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21

99、/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/25GRADE FACTORS AGGREGATE SIX-YEAR COMPARISONBroken Corn and Foreign Material(%)MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/25Test Weight(lb/bu)MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/25HOW TO READ THE CHARTSXX.XXX.XXX.XRange Contains Approximately 95.0%of Total Sample

100、sRange Contains Approximately 66.7%of Total SamplesU.S.Aggregate Average56.657.757.958.058.158.354.456.056.656.856.857.158.558.759.059.359.459.40.51.52.53.54.55.56.5MY19/20MY20/21MY21/22MY22/23MY23/24MY24/2572.974.274.574.674.875.070.172.172.973.273.273.475.275.676.076.476.576.43.12.92.62.72.52.51.5

101、1.51.41.51.21.34.23.83.83.83.63.3Test Weight(kg/hl)MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/252.82.02.22.31.71.81.50.90.60.80.70.85.04.75.05.74.24.4 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 19QUALITY TEST RESULTSB.CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONThe chemical composition of corn consists primarily of prote

102、in,starch and oil.While these attributes are not grade factors,they are of significant interest to end-users.Chemical composition values provide additional information related to nutritional value for livestock and poultry feeding,for wet milling uses and other processing uses of corn.Unlike many ph

103、ysical attributes,chemical composition values are not expected to change significantly during storage or transit.SUMMARY:CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONAverage U.S.Aggregate protein concentration at export(8.6%)was lower than 2023/2024(8.9%)and 2022/2023(8.7%),the same as the 5YA(8.6%)and higher than the 10YA(

104、8.5%).Average U.S.Aggregate starch concentration(72.1%)was higher than 2023/2024(71.8%),2022/2023(71.9%),and the 5YA(72.0%)but lower than the 10YA(72.4%).This years average was also lower than the average U.S.Aggregate concentration from the 2024 harvest samples(72.2%).Average U.S.Aggregate oil conc

105、entration was 3.9%in 2024/2025.This value was statistically different(lower)than 2023/2024,2022/2023,the 5YA and 10YA(all 3.9%).The standard deviations for protein(0.35%),starch(0.38%)and oil(0.12%)in the export samples were lower than the standard deviations for protein(0.60%),starch(0.65%)and oil(

106、0.24%)in the harvest samples.20 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSPROTEINProtein is very important for poultry and livestock feeding because it supplies essential sulfur-containing amino acids and helps to improve feed conversion efficiency.Protein concentration tends to

107、decrease with decreased available soil nitrogen and in years with high yields.On a single sample basis,protein is usually inversely related to starch concentration.Results are reported on a dry basis.RESULTS Average U.S.Aggregate protein concentration in 2024/2025(8.6%)was lower than 2023/2024(8.9%)

108、,2022/2023(8.7%),the same as the 5YA(8.6%)but higher than the 10YA(8.5%).Variability in the 2024/2025 samples,as indicated by the standard deviation(0.35%),was similar to 2023/2024(0.33%),2022/2023(0.34%),the 5YA(0.33%)and the 10YA(0.32%).The average protein concentration of the 2024/2025 export sam

109、ples(8.6%)was higher than the average of the 2024 harvest samples(8.5%).PROTEIN(DRY BASIS%)U.S.Aggregate Results Summary MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/255YA8.38.48.68.78.98.68.6 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 21QUALITY TEST RESULTS The 2024/2025 export samples(standard dev

110、iation of 0.35%)were more uniform than the 2024 harvest samples(standard deviation of 0.60%).In addition,the range of protein concentrations at export(7.3 to 9.9%)was less than at harvest(6.0 to 11.6%).The uniformity is due,in part,to grains becoming more homogenous as they are aggregated from numer

111、ous harvest-level sources.The 2024/2025 export samples were distributed with 14.4%at or above 9.0%,compared with 37.8%of the 2023/2024 samples and 19.9%of the 2022/2023 samples.The Southern Rail ECA had the highest average protein concentration(8.7%),followed by the Gulf(8.6%)and the Pacific Northwe

112、st ECA(8.4%).PROTEIN(DRY BASIS%)2024/2025 Average by Export Catchment AreaPacificNorthwest8.4Southern Rail8.7Gulf8.6PROTEIN(DRY BASIS%)7.0-7.98.0-8.97.0Percent of Samples by Marketing Year9.0-9.910.00.00.979.219.90.00.00.062.137.60.20.06.679.114.40.07.07.0-7.98.0-8.99.0-9.910.0ProteinMY22/23MY23/24M

113、Y24/2522 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSSTARCHStarch is an important factor for corn used by wet millers and dry-grind ethanol manufac-turers.High starch concentration is often indicative of good kernel growing/filling conditions and reasonably moderate kernel densitie

114、s.Starch is usually inversely related to protein concentration on a single sample basis.Results are reported on a dry basis.RESULTS Average U.S.Aggregate starch concentration(72.1%)was higher than 2023/2024(71.8%),2022/2023(71.9%),and the 5YA(72.0%)but lower than the 10YA(72.4%).This years average w

115、as lower than the average U.S.Aggregate concentration from the 2024 harvest samples(72.2%).Variability in the 2024/2025 samples,as indicated by the standard deviation(0.38%),was the same as 2023/2024,but lower than 2022/2023(0.51%),the 5YA(0.40%)and the 10YA(0.43%).The 2024/2025 sample range(70.8 to

116、 73.3%)was lower than the range for 2023/2024(70.1 to 72.8%)and 2022/2023(69.5 to 77.1%).STARCH(DRY BASIS%)U.S.Aggregate Results Summary MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/255YA72.272.172.071.971.872.172.0 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 23QUALITY TEST RESULTS The standard devia

117、tion for starch concentration of the 2024/2025 export samples(0.37%)was lower than the standard deviation of the 2024 harvest samples(0.65%).Average variability in export samples,as indicated by the standard deviation,is typically less at export than at harvest.Starch concentrations were distributed

118、 with 68.0%at or above 72.0%,compared to 32.1%in 2023/2024 and 48.3%in 2022/2023.Average starch concentration for the Pacific Northwest ECA(72.2%)was higher than the Gulf(72.1%)and Southern Rail ECAs(72.0%).STARCH(DRY BASIS%)2024/2025 Average by Export Catchment AreaPacificNorthwest72.2Southern Rail

119、72.0Gulf72.1STARCH(DRY BASIS%)71.0-71.972.0-72.971.0Percent of Samples by Marketing Year73.0-73.974.02.649.148.10.00.23.064.932.10.00.00.231.866.61.40.071.071.0-71.972.0-72.973.0-73.974.0StarchMY22/23MY23/24MY24/2524 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSOILOil is an essentia

120、l component of poultry and livestock rations.It serves as an energy source,enables fat-soluble vitamins to be utilized and provides certain essential fatty acids.Oil is also an important co-product of corn wet and dry milling.Results are reported on a dry basis.RESULTS Average U.S.Aggregate oil conc

121、entration was 3.9%in 2024/2025.This value was statistically different(lower)than 2023/2024,2022/2023,the 5YA and 10YA(all 3.9%).The 2024/2025 export samples had a standard deviation(0.12%)similar to 2023/2024(0.14%)and lower than 2022/2023(0.19%).Average oil concentration for the 2024/2025 export sa

122、mples(3.9%)was the same as the 2024 harvest samples(3.9%).The standard deviation at export(0.12%)was lower than at harvest(0.24%).Average oil concentration generally changes little from harvest to export,while variability in export samples is typically less at export than at harvest,as indicated by

123、the lower standard deviation.OIL(DRY BASIS%)U.S.Aggregate Results Summary MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/255YA4.03.83.93.93.93.93.919/2020/2121/2222/2323/2424/255YA0.305169977 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 25QUALITY TEST RESULTS The 2024/2025 samples distribution showed 25

124、.4%of samples at or above 4.0%oil as compared to 2023/2024(27.2%)and 2022/2023(38.1%).Average oil concentration for the Pacific Northwest ECA was the highest(4.0%)followed by the Gulf(3.9%)and the Southern Rail ECA(3.8%).There has been a 0.0 to 0.2%percentage point difference in average oil concentr

125、ations among the ECAs for the last four years,the 5YA and the 10YA.OIL(DRY BASIS%)2024/2025 Average by Export Catchment AreaPacificNorthwest4.0Southern Rail3.8Gulf3.9OIL(DRY BASIS%)3.7-3.94.0-4.23.7Percent of Samples by Marketing Year4.3-4.54.68.453.536.10.91.14.867.925.61.60.04.570.125.40.00.03.73.

126、7-3.94.0-4.24.3-4.54.6OilMY22/23MY23/24MY24/2526 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSSUMMARY:CHEMICAL COMPOSITION2024/2025 Export Cargo2023/2024 Export Cargo2022/2023 Export CargoNo.of SamplesAvg.Std.Dev.Min.Max.No.of SamplesAvg.Std.Dev.Min.Max.No.of SamplesAvg.Std.Dev.Min.

127、Max.U.S.AggregateU.S.AggregateU.S.AggregateProtein(Dry Basis%)4258.60.357.39.94338.9*0.338.010.04628.7*0.347.79.9Starch(Dry Basis%)42572.10.3870.873.343371.8*0.3870.172.846271.9*0.5169.577.1Oil(Dry Basis%)4253.90.123.54.24333.9*0.143.54.44623.9*0.193.24.9GulfGulfGulfProtein(Dry Basis%)2478.60.277.99

128、.52468.9*0.308.09.72498.7*0.327.79.7Starch(Dry Basis%)24772.10.3371.073.024671.8*0.3570.172.624972.0*0.5769.577.1Oil(Dry Basis%)2473.90.123.54.22463.9*0.133.64.42493.9 0.223.24.9Pacific NorthwestPacific NorthwestPacific NorthwestProtein(Dry Basis%)928.4 0.50 7.3 9.9 102 8.8*0.32 8.0 9.8 138 8.7*0.35

129、 8.0 9.9 Starch(Dry Basis%)9272.2 0.46 70.8 73.1 102 71.8*0.41 70.5 72.4 138 71.7*0.42 70.4 72.7 Oil(Dry Basis%)924.0 0.12 3.6 4.2 102 3.9*0.14 3.5 4.4 138 3.9 0.15 3.6 4.9 Southern RailSouthern RailSouthern RailProtein(Dry Basis%)868.70.457.79.4859.0*0.438.210.0758.8 0.417.89.7Starch(Dry Basis%)867

130、2.00.4471.173.38571.7*0.4670.772.87571.9 0.4370.972.8Oil(Dry Basis%)863.80.133.54.2853.8 0.153.54.2753.9*0.183.44.3*Indicates average was significantly different from current years Export Cargo,based on a 2-tailed t-test at the 95%level of confidence.2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 27QUAL

131、ITY TEST RESULTSSUMMARY:CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONFive-Year Average (MY19/20-MY23/24)Ten-Year Average(MY14/15-MY23/24)2024 HarvestNo.of SamplesAvg.Std.Dev.No.of SamplesAvg.Std.Dev.No.of Samples1Avg.Std.Dev.Min.Max.U.S.AggregateU.S.AggregateU.S.AggregateProtein(Dry Basis%)2,197 8.6 0.33 4,312 8.5*0.32 6208

132、.5*0.606.011.6Starch(Dry Basis%)2,197 72.0*0.40 4,312 72.4*0.43 62072.2*0.6569.774.3Oil(Dry Basis%)2,197 3.9*0.15 4,312 3.9*0.16 6203.9 0.243.04.8GulfGulfGulfProtein(Dry Basis%)1,229 8.6*0.28 2,622 8.5*0.27 5978.4*0.606.011.6Starch(Dry Basis%)1,229 72.1 0.39 2,622 72.5*0.41 59772.3*0.6969.774.3Oil(D

133、ry Basis%)1,229 3.9*0.15 2,622 4.0*0.16 5973.9 0.263.04.8Pacific NorthwestPacific NorthwestPacific NorthwestProtein(Dry Basis%)583 8.6*0.37 1,033 8.6*0.38 2398.3*0.546.010.7Starch(Dry Basis%)583 71.8*0.43 1,033 72.2 0.48 23972.3*0.5370.274.0Oil(Dry Basis%)583 3.9*0.15 1,033 3.9 0.16 2394.0 0.213.34.

134、8Southern RailSouthern RailSouthern RailProtein(Dry Basis%)385 8.7 0.42 657 8.6 0.38 3518.9*0.646.611.6Starch(Dry Basis%)385 71.9 0.42 657 72.3*0.46 35172.0 0.6869.774.3Oil(Dry Basis%)385 3.9*0.16 657 3.9*0.16 3513.8*0.243.04.5*Indicates average was significantly different from current years Export

135、Cargo,based on a 2-tailed t-test at the 95%level of confidence.*Indicates current years Export Cargo average was significantly different from this years Harvest,based on a 2-tailed t-test at the 95%level of confidence.1Due to the ECA results being composite statistics,the sum of the sample numbers f

136、rom the three ECAs is greater than the U.S.Aggregate.28 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSOil(Dry Basis%)MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/25Protein(Dry Basis%)MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/25Starch(Dry Basis%)MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23

137、/24 MY24/25CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AGGREGATE SIX-YEAR COMPARISON8.38.48.68.78.98.67.67.87.98.18.37.89.09.19.79.59.69.372.272.172.071.971.872.171.371.370.770.970.971.373.072.772.872.772.472.84.03.83.93.93.93.93.73.63.53.53.63.64.44.14.24.24.24.1HOW TO READ THE CHARTSXX.XXX.XXX.XRange Contains Approximat

138、ely 95.0%of Total SamplesRange Contains Approximately 66.7%of Total SamplesU.S.Aggregate Average 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 29QUALITY TEST RESULTSC.PHYSICAL FACTORSPhysical factors are other quality attributes that are neither grade factors nor chemical composition.Physical factors i

139、nclude stress cracks,kernel weight,kernel volume,true density,percent whole kernels and percent horneous(hard)endosperm.Tests for these physical factors provide additional information about the processing characteristics of corn for various uses and corns storability and potential for breakage in ha

140、ndling.These quality attributes are influenced by the physical composition of the corn kernel,which is,in turn,affected by genetics and growing and handling conditions.Corn kernels are made up of four parts:the germ or embryo,the tip cap,the pericarp or outer covering and the endosperm.The endosperm

141、 represents about 82%of the kernel.It consists of soft(also referred to as floury or opaque)endosperm and of horneous(also called hard or vitreous)endosperm,as shown in the figure.The endosperm contains primarily starch and protein,the germ contains oil and some protein,and the pericarp and tip cap

142、are mostly fiber.Corn KernelSoft EndospermHorneous or Hard EndospermGermPericarpTip CapSource:Adapted from Corn Refiners Association,201130 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSSUMMARY:PHYSICAL FACTORSAverage U.S.Aggregate stress cracks(11.6%)was lower than 2023/2024(16.3%),

143、similar to the 5YA(11.0%),but higher than 2022/2023(8.6%)and the 10YA(9.6%).Average U.S.Aggregate 100-kernel weight(36.95 g)was similar to 2023/2024(36.72 g)but higher than 2022/2023(35.61 g),the 5YA(36.17 g)and the 10YA(35.91 g).Average 100-kernel weight for the Gulf ECA(37.89 g)was higher than the

144、 Southern Rail(37.50)and the Pacific Northwest(33.55 g)ECAs.Among ECAs,the Pacific Northwest has consistently had the lowest 100-kernel weight in the last four years,the 5YA and the 10YA.In 2024/2025,86.1%of the samples had a 100-kernel weight of 34.00 g or higher,compared with 83.2%in 2023/2024 and

145、 67.7%in 2022/2023.Average U.S.Aggregate kernel volume in 2024/2025(0.29 cm3)was similar to 2023/2024(0.28 cm3)but statistically different(higher)than 2022/2023,the 5YA and the 10YA(all 0.28 cm3).Average kernel volume was smaller for the Pacific Northwest ECA(0.26 cm3)than for the Gulf and Southern

146、Rail ECAs(both 0.29 cm3)in 2024/2025.The Pacific Northwest ECA also had the lowest average kernel volume among ECAs for the four previous years,the 5YA and the 10YA.Average U.S.Aggregate kernel true density(1.293 g/cm3)was similar to 2023/2024(1.292 g/cm3),but higher than 2022/2023(1.273 g/cm3),the

147、5YA(1.279 g/cm3)and the 10YA(1.283 g/cm3).For the 2024/2025 export samples,93.3%had kernel true densities equal to or above 1.275 g/cm3,compared to 84.2%in 2023/2024 and 46.0%in 2022/2023.The 2024/2025 samples contained more high-density kernels than in the previous two years.The Pacific Northwest E

148、CA has consistently had the lowest or tied for the lowest true densities and lowest test weights among ECAs for the past four years,the 5YA and the 10YA.2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 31QUALITY TEST RESULTSThe average percent of whole kernels at export(89.1%)was higher than 2023/2024(88.

149、0%),2022/2023(84.9%),the 5YA(83.9%)and the 10YA(85.5%).The percentage of 2024/2025 export samples with whole kernels greater than or equal to 85.0%was 82.3%for 2024/2025,73.9%for 2023/2024 and 54.5%for 2022/2023.The Pacific Northwest ECA had the lowest average whole kernels(88.4%)compared to the Gul

150、f(88.7%)and Southern Rail(90.9%)ECAs in 2024/2025,the previous two years,the 5YA and the 10YA.Average U.S.Aggregate horneous endosperm(87%)was higher than 2023/2024(86%),2022/2023(82%),the 5YA(83%)and the 10YA(82%).Of the export samples,100%in 2024/2025 and 2023/2024 had at least 80%horneous endospe

151、rm,compared to only 85.2%in 2022/2023.32 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSSTRESS CRACKSStress cracks are internal fissures in the horneous(hard)endosperm of a corn kernel.The pericarp(or outer covering)of a stress-cracked kernel is typically not damaged,so the kernel may

152、 appear unaffected at first glance,even if stress cracks are present.The cause of stress cracks is pressure buildup due to moisture and temperature gradients within the kernels horneous endosperm.This can be likened to the internal cracks that appear when an ice cube is dropped into a lukewarm bever

153、age.The internal stresses do not build up as much in the soft,floury endosperm as in the hard,horneous endosperm.Therefore,corn with a higher percentage of horneous endosperm is more susceptible to stress cracking than softer grain.A kernel may vary in severity of stress cracking and can have one,tw

154、o or multiple stress cracks.The most common cause of stress cracks is high-temperature drying that rapidly removes moisture.The impact of high levels of stress cracks on various uses includes:General:Increased susceptibility to breakage during handling.This may lead to processors needing to remove m

155、ore broken corn during cleaning operations and a possible reduction in grade or value or both.Wet Milling:Lower starch yields due to the increased difficulty in separating starch and protein.Stress cracks may also alter steeping requirements.Dry Milling:The lower yield of large flaking grits(the pri

156、me product of many dry milling operations).Alkaline Cooking:Non-uniform water absorption leading to overcooking or undercooking,which affects the process balance.STRESS CRACKS(%)U.S.Aggregate Results Summary MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/255YA11.210.68.48.616.311.611.019/2020/2121/222

157、2/2323/2424/255YA0.668226187 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 33QUALITY TEST RESULTSGrowing conditions will affect crop maturity,the timing of harvest and the need for artificial drying,which will influence the degree of stress cracking found from region to region.For example,late maturity

158、 or late harvest caused by weather-related factors,such as rain-delayed planting or cool temperatures,may increase the need for artificial drying.RESULTS:STRESS CRACKS Average U.S.Aggregate stress cracks(11.6%)was lower than 2023/2024(16.3%),similar to the 5YA(11.0%)but higher than 2022/2023(8.6%)an

159、d the 10YA(9.6%).Average U.S.Aggregate stress cracks(11.6%)was higher than the 2024 harvest samples(9.3%).The standard deviation at export(7.0%)was lower than that at harvest(9.4%).Of the 2024/2025 export samples,29.2%had 15%or higher stress cracks,compared with 50.8%in 2023/2024 and 9.8%in 2022/202

160、3.The Pacific Northwest ECA(14.2%)had the highest average stress cracks followed by the Gulf(11.7%)and the Southern Rail ECA(8.8%).STRESS CRACKS(%)5.0-9.910.0-14.95.0Percent of Samples by Marketing Year15.0-19.920.018.549.522.26.13.73.220.125.921.729.113.931.325.617.411.85.05.0-9.910.0-14.915.0-19.9

161、20.0Stess Crack%MY22/23MY23/24MY24/25STRESS CRACKS(%)2024/2025 Average by Export Catchment AreaPacificNorthwest14.2Southern Rail8.8Gulf11.734 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTS100-KERNEL WEIGHTIncreased 100-kernel weight(reported in grams)indicates a larger kernel size.Ke

162、rnel size affects drying rates.As kernel size increases,the volume-to-surface area ratio becomes higher,and as the ratio gets higher,drying becomes slower.In addition,large,uniform-sized kernels often enable higher flaking grit yields in dry milling.RESULTS Average U.S.Aggregate 100-kernel weight(36

163、.95 g)was similar to 2023/2024(36.72 g)but higher than 2022/2023(35.61 g),the 5YA(36.17 g)and the 10YA(35.91 g).Average 100-kernel weight for export(36.95 g)was higher than at harvest(36.66 g).From 2011/2012 through 2024/2025,average 100-kernel weights ranged from 0.00 to 2.48 g greater at export th

164、an at harvest.Since 100-kernel weight is based on 100 fully intact kernels,any breakage or reduction in whole kernels occurring in transit may have self-selected out small kernels with low 100-kernel weights that might have been more prone to breakage.The export samples had a lower standard deviatio

165、n(1.38 g)than the 2024 harvest samples(4.33 g).The 100-kernel weight standard deviation was also lower at export than at harvest for the last four years,the 5YA and the 10YA,indicating greater uniformity at export than at harvest.100-KERNEL WEIGHT(g)U.S.Aggregate Results Summary MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21

166、/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/255YA35.5037.0136.0035.6136.7236.9536.1719/2020/2121/2222/2323/2424/255YA0.484200125 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 35QUALITY TEST RESULTS Average 100-kernel weight for the Gulf ECA(37.89 g)was higher than the Southern Rail(37.50 g)and the Pacific Northwest(33.55

167、 g)ECAs.Among ECAs,the Pacific Northwest consistently had the lowest 100-k weight in the last four years,the 5YA and the 10YA.In 2024/2025,86.1%of the samples had a 100-kernel weight of 34.00 g or higher,compared with 83.2%in 2023/2024 and 67.7%in 2022/2023.100-KERNEL WEIGHT(g)2024/2025 Average by E

168、xport Catchment AreaPacificNorthwest33.55Southern Rail37.50Gulf37.89100-KERNEL WEIGHT(g)26.00-29.9930.00-33.9926.00Percent of Samples by Marketing Year34.00-37.9938.000.08.124.241.925.80.03.313.642.440.80.00.013.952.233.926.0026.00-29.9930.00-33.9934.00-37.9938.00100-K WeightMY22/23MY23/24MY24/2536

169、2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSKERNEL VOLUMEKernel volume,measured in cubic centimeters(cm3),is often indicative of growing conditions.If conditions are dry,kernels may be smaller than average.If a drought hits later in the season,kernels may have lower fill.Small or r

170、ound kernels are more difficult to degerm.Additionally,small kernels may lead to increased cleanout losses for processors and higher yields of fiber.RESULTS Average U.S.Aggregate kernel volume in 2024/2025(0.29 cm3)was similar to 2023/2024(0.28 cm3)but statistically different(higher)than 2022/2023,t

171、he 5YA and the 10YA(all 0.28 cm3).Kernel volume range(0.25 to 0.33 cm3)was similar to 2023/2024(0.21 to 0.32 cm3)and 2022/2023(0.22 to 0.32 cm3).The kernel volume standard deviation(0.01 cm3)was lower than 2023/2024(0.02 cm3),but same as 2022/2023,the 5YA and the 10YA.Average U.S.Aggregate kernel vo

172、lume at export(0.29 cm3)was the same as that for the 2024 harvest(0.29 cm3).KERNEL VOLUME(cm3)U.S.Aggregate Results SummaryMY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/255YA0.280.290.280.280.280.290.2819/2020/2121/2222/2323/2424/255YA0.754309947 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 37QUALITY T

173、EST RESULTS2024/2025 Average by Export Catchment AreaPacificNorthwest0.26Southern Rail0.29Gulf0.29KERNEL VOLUME(cm3)Average kernel volume was smaller for the Pacific Northwest ECA(0.26 cm3)than for the Gulf and Southern Rail ECAs(both 0.29 cm3)in 2024/2025.The Pacific Northwest ECA also had the lowe

174、st average kernel volume among ECAs for the four previous years,the 5YA and the 10YA.Of the 2024/2025 export samples,46.1%had kernel volumes equal to or higher than 0.29 cm3,compared to 45.7%in 2023/2024 and 37.4%in 2022/2023.There is a positive relationship between kernel volume and 100-kernel weig

175、ht in the 2024/2025 export samples,as shown in the adjacent figure(the correlation coefficient is 0.98).This indicates the larger the kernel size,the higher the 100-kernel weight.KERNEL VOLUME(cm3)0.23-0.250.26-0.280.23Percent of Samples by Marketing Year0.29-0.310.322.024.236.436.90.52.712.039.745.

176、70.00.08.345.645.01.10.230.23-0.250.26-0.280.29-0.310.32Kernel VolumeKernel Volume vs 100-Kernel Weight,U.S.Aggregate 2024/2025y=0.0072x+0.0193R=0.96960.200.220.240.260.280.300.320.342830323436384042Kernel Volume(cm3)100-Kernel Weight(g)KERNEL VOLUME(cm3)MY22/23MY23/24MY24/2538 2024/2025 Corn Export

177、 Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSKERNEL TRUE DENSITYKernel true density is calculated as the weight of a 100-kernel sample divided by the volume or displacement of those 100 kernels and is reported as grams per cubic centimeter(g/cm3).True density is a relative indicator of kernel hardness,w

178、hich is useful for alkaline processors and dry millers.True density may be affected by the genetics of the corn hybrid and the growing environment.Corn with a higher density is typically less susceptible to breakage in handling than lower density corn but is also more at risk of developing stress cr

179、acks if high-temperature drying is employed.True densities above 1.30 g/cm3 indicate very hard corn,which is typically desirable for dry milling and alkaline processing.True densities near the 1.275 g/cm3 level and below tend to be softer but process well for wet milling and feed use.RESULTS Average

180、 U.S.Aggregate kernel true density for the 2024/2025 export samples(1.293 g/cm3)was similar to 2023/2024(1.292 g/cm3),but higher than 2022/2023(1.273 g/cm3),the 5YA(1.279 g/cm3)and the 10YA(1.283 g/cm3).Average kernel true density for the 2024/2025 export samples(1.293 g/cm3)was higher than for the

181、2024 harvest samples(1.265 g/cm3).TRUE DENSITY(g/cm3)U.S.Aggregate Results Summary MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/255YA1.2781.2771.2771.2731.2921.2931.279 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 39QUALITY TEST RESULTS The 2024/2025 export samples had a lower range(1.248 to 1.320 g/c

182、m3)than the 2024 harvest samples(1.203 to 1.325 g/cm3).Similarly,the standard deviation of this years export samples(0.009 g/cm3)was much lower than the standard deviation at harvest(0.022 g/cm3).For the 2024/2025 export samples,93.3%had kernel true densities equal to or above 1.275 g/cm3,compared t

183、o 84.2%in 2023/2024 and 46.0%in 2022/2023.This indicates the samples contained more kernels with high density in 2024/2025 than in the previous two years.Average kernel true densities for ECAs were 1.300 g/cm3 for the Gulf,1.284 g/cm3 for the Pacific Northwest and 1.284 g/cm3 for the Southern Rail.T

184、he Pacific Northwest has consistently had the lowest or tied for the lowest true densities and lowest test weights among ECAs for the past four years,the 5YA and the 10YA.TRUE DENSITY(g/cm3)2024/2025 Average by Export Catchment AreaPacificNorthwest1.284Southern Rail1.284Gulf1.300TRUE DENSITY(g/cm3)1

185、.225-1.2491.250-1.2741.225Percent of Samples by Marketing Year1.275-1.2991.3001.514.138.439.46.60.02.713.041.842.40.00.66.159.433.91.2251.225-1.2491.250-1.2741.275-1.2991.300True DensityMY22/23MY23/24MY24/2540 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSWHOLE KERNELSThe whole kerne

186、ls test measures the percent of fully intact kernels in the sample with no pericarp damage or kernel pieces chipped away.The exterior integrity of the corn kernel is very important for two key reasons.First,it affects water absorption for alkaline cooking and steeping operations.Kernel nicks or peri

187、carp cracks allow water to enter the kernel faster than intact or whole kernels.Too much water uptake during cooking can result in loss of solubles,non-uniform cooking,expensive shutdown time,or products that do not meet specifications.Some companies pay contracted premiums for corn delivered above

188、a specified level of whole kernels.Second,intact whole kernels are less susceptible to storage molds and breakage in handling.While hard endosperm corn lends itself to the preservation of more whole kernels than soft endosperm corn,the primary factor in delivering whole kernels is harvesting and han

189、dling.This begins with proper combine adjustment,followed by minimizing the severity of kernel impacts due to conveyors and the number of handlings required from the farm field to the end-user.Each subsequent handling will generate additional breakage.Actual amounts of breakage increase exponentiall

190、y as moisture decreases,drop heights increase or a kernels velocity at impact increases.1 In addition,harvesting at the higher moisture content(e.g.,greater than 25%)will usually lead to soft pericarps and more pericarp damage to corn than when harvesting at lower moisture levels.RESULTS Average U.S

191、.Aggregate whole kernels(89.1%)was higher than 2023/2024(88.0%),2022/2023(84.9%),the 5YA(83.9%)and the 10YA(85.5%).1Foster,G.H.and L.E.Holman.1973.Grain Breakage Caused by Commercial Handling Methods.Marketing Research Report No.968.ARS,USDA,Washington,D.C.WHOLE KERNELS(%)U.S.Aggregate Results Summa

192、ry MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/255YA77.483.286.384.988.089.183.9 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 41QUALITY TEST RESULTS The average percentage of whole kernels at export in 2024/2025(89.1%)was lower than at harvest(93.1%).Average whole kernels for the export 5YA(83.9%)was

193、 also lower than for the harvest 5YA(91.8%).Over the past four years and for the 5YA and 10YA,the percentages of whole kernels at export have been 3.1 to 9.3 percentage points lower than at harvest.This reduction in whole kernels is likely caused by the additional handling during transport to export

194、 loading locations.The 2024/2025 export samples had a range of 67.8 to 97.8%whole kernels and a standard deviation of 4.4%.The Pacific Northwest ECA(88.4%)had the lowest average whole kernels compared to the Gulf(88.7%)and Southern Rail(90.9%)ECAs in 2024/2025,the previous two years,the 5YA and the

195、10YA.The percentage of export samples with whole kernels greater than or equal to 85%was 82.3%for 2024/2025,73.9%for 2023/2024 and 54.5%for 2022/2023.WHOLE KERNELS(%)2024/2025 Average by Export Catchment AreaPacificNorthwest88.4Southern Rail90.9Gulf88.7WHOLE KERNELS(%)80.0-84.985.0-89.980.0Percent o

196、f Samples by Marketing Year90.0-94.995.0MY22/23MY23/24MY24/2516.229.340.014.00.57.218.935.831.96.23.813.934.140.77.580.080.0-84.985.0-89.990.0-94.995.0Whole Kernels42 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSHORNEOUS(HARD)ENDOSPERMThe horneous(hard)endosperm test measures the pe

197、rcent of horneous or hard endosperm out of the total endosperm in a kernel,with a potential value from 70 to 100%.The greater the amount of horneous endosperm relative to soft endosperm,the harder the corn kernel is said to be.The degree of hardness is important,depending on the type of processing.A

198、 hard kernel is needed to produce high yields of large-flaking grits in dry milling.Hard to medium hardness is desired for alkaline cooking.Medium to soft hardness is used for wet milling and livestock feeding.Hardness has been correlated to breakage susceptibility,feed utilization/efficiency and st

199、arch digestibility.As a test of overall hardness,there is no good or bad value for horneous endosperm.There is only a preference by different end-users for particular ranges.Many dry millers and alkaline cookers would like greater than 85%horneous endosperm,while wet millers and feeders would typica

200、lly like values between 70%and 85%.However,there are certainly exceptions in user preference.RESULTS Average U.S.Aggregate horneous endosperm(87%)was higher than 2023/2024(86%),2022/2023(82%),the 5YA(83%)and the 10YA(82%).Horneous endosperm at export(87%)was higher than that at harvest(85%).HORNEOUS

201、 ENDOSPERM(%)U.S.Aggregate Results Summary MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/255YA81808482868783 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 43QUALITY TEST RESULTS The 2024/2025 export samples had more uniform percentages of horneous endosperm than the 2024 harvest samples,as indicated by

202、the lower standard deviation at export(2%)compared to that at harvest(3%).The export samples also had a range(81 to 92%)which was less than the harvest samples(77 to 92%).This same pattern of increased uniformity for the export samples compared to the harvest samples also occurred in the two previou

203、s years,the 5YA and the 10YA.Average horneous endosperm was 87%for the Gulf,and 86%for both the Pacific Northwest and the Southern Rail ECAs.Of the 2024/2025 export samples,100.0%had 80%or higher horneous endosperm,compared to 100.0%also in 2023/2024 but only 85.2%in 2022/2023.HORNEOUS ENDOSPERM(%)2

204、024/2025 Average by Export Catchment AreaPacificNorthwest86Southern Rail86Gulf87HORNEOUS ENDOSPERM(%)75-7980-8475Percent of Samples by Marketing Year85-89900.014.972.812.40.00.00.013.685.90.50.00.015.681.13.37575-7980-8485-8990Horneous EndospermMY22/23MY23/24MY24/2544 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Qua

205、lity ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSSUMMARY:PHYSICAL FACTORS2024/2025 Export Cargo2023/2024 Export Cargo2022/2023 Export CargoNo.of SamplesAvg.Std.Dev.Min.Max.No.of SamplesAvg.Std.Dev.Min.Max.No.of SamplesAvg.Std.Dev.Min.Max.U.S.AggregateU.S.AggregateU.S.AggregateStress Cracks(%)42511.6 7.0 0 51 433 16.3

206、*8.5 0 47 459 8.6*5.1 0 44 100-Kernel Weight(g)18036.95 1.38 31.38 42.24 184 36.72 2.44 26.24 41.83 198 35.61*1.79 28.22 40.94 Kernel Volume(cm3)1800.29 0.01 0.25 0.33 184 0.28 0.02 0.21 0.32 198 0.28*0.01 0.22 0.32 True Density(g/cm3)1801.293 0.009 1.248 1.320 184 1.292 0.011 1.244 1.319 198 1.273*

207、0.015 1.219 1.312 Whole Kernels(%)42589.1 4.4 67.8 97.8 433 88.0*4.4 69.8 99.6 437 84.9*4.7 62.2 96.0 Horneous Endosperm(%)18087 2 81 92 184 86*1 83 90 202 82*2 78 88 GulfGulfGulfStress Cracks(%)24711.7 6.0 1 37 246 17.5*9.1 4 47 240 8.3*5.5 1 44 100-Kernel Weight(g)10837.89 1.31 34.14 42.24 108 37.

208、99 2.16 31.77 41.83 103 37.63 1.66 33.26 40.94 Kernel Volume(cm3)1080.29 0.01 0.26 0.33 108 0.29 0.02 0.25 0.32 103 0.29 0.01 0.27 0.32 True Density(g/cm3)1081.300 0.009 1.272 1.320 108 1.300 0.008 1.277 1.319 103 1.282*0.014 1.244 1.312 Whole Kernels(%)24788.7 4.5 67.8 97.8 246 88.0*4.2 73.6 99.6 2

209、41 85.2*4.0 73.6 94.0 Horneous Endosperm(%)10887 2 81 92 108 86*1 83 90 107 83*2 79 88 Pacific NorthwestPacific NorthwestPacific NorthwestStress Cracks(%)19214.2 10.5 1 42 102 17.5*7.8 3 40 138 7.7*4.0 0 22 100-Kernel Weight(g)3633.55 1.04 31.38 35.05 37 33.12 2.89 26.24 37.13 57 31.14*1.52 28.22 34

210、.78 Kernel Volume(cm3)360.26 0.01 0.25 0.28 37 0.26 0.02 0.21 0.29 57 0.25*0.01 0.22 0.28 True Density(g/cm3)361.284 0.008 1.266 1.311 37 1.279 0.015 1.244 1.305 57 1.252*0.017 1.219 1.306 Whole Kernels(%)9288.4 4.6 78.6 96.8 102 84.3*5.5 69.8 96.2 136 81.9*6.4 62.2 94.2 Horneous Endosperm(%)3686 2

211、81 88 37 86 0 85 87 57 82*2 78 86 Southern RailSouthern RailSouthern RailStress Cracks(%)1868.8 6.7 0 51 85 11.5*7.1 0 39 81 11.0*5.7 0 28 100-Kernel Weight(g)3637.50 1.92 32.14 40.78 39 36.70 2.83 30.75 40.54 38 35.85*2.60 29.46 40.60 Kernel Volume(cm3)360.29 0.01 0.25 0.32 39 0.29 0.02 0.25 0.31 3

212、8 0.28*0.02 0.24 0.31 True Density(g/cm3)361.284 0.012 1.248 1.305 39 1.282 0.018 1.244 1.309 38 1.273*0.016 1.234 1.300 Whole Kernels(%)8690.9 3.9 79.2 97.6 85 91.8 3.6 83.0 98.8 60 88.3*4.4 75.8 96.0 Horneous Endosperm(%)3686 2 81 90 39 86 1 84 88 38 81*2 78 86*Indicates average was significantly

213、different from current years Export Cargo,based on a 2-tailed t-test at the 95%level of confidence.1The relative margin of error for predicting the population average exceeded 10.0%.2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 45QUALITY TEST RESULTSSUMMARY:PHYSICAL FACTORSFive-Year Average (MY19/20-MY

214、23/24)Ten-Year Average(MY14/15-MY23/24)2024 HarvestNo.of SamplesAvg.Std.Dev.No.of SamplesAvg.Std.Dev.No.of Samples1Avg.Std.Dev.Min.Max.U.S.AggregateU.S.AggregateU.S.AggregateStress Cracks(%)2,194 11.0*6.5 4,309 9.6*5.8 6209.3*9.4082100-Kernel Weight(g)1,176 36.17*1.75 3,291 35.91*1.69 18236.66 4.332

215、3.6047.20Kernel Volume(cm3)1,176 0.28*0.01 3,291 0.28*0.01 1820.29 0.030.190.37True Density(g/cm3)1,176 1.279*0.012 3,291 1.283*0.012 1821.265*0.0221.2031.325Whole Kernels(%)2,172 83.9*5.2 4,287 85.5*4.8 62093.1*3.649.899.6Horneous Endosperm(%)928 83*2 3,043 82*2 18285*37792GulfGulfGulfStress Cracks

216、(%)1,220 11.1 6.3 2,613 9.4*5.5 5979.8*10.4082100-Kernel Weight(g)653 37.63 1.62 2,046 37.10*1.59 17237.99 4.3123.6047.20Kernel Volume(cm3)653 0.29 0.01 2,046 0.29*0.01 1720.3*0.030.190.37True Density(g/cm3)653 1.288*0.010 2,046 1.289*0.010 1721.267*0.0221.2031.325Whole Kernels(%)1,221 84.6*4.9 2,61

217、4 86.0*4.6 59792.8*3.849.899.6Horneous Endosperm(%)517 83*2 1,910 82*2 17285*37792Pacific NorthwestPacific NorthwestPacific NorthwestStress Cracks(%)583 12.3 6.5 1,033 11.7*6.3 2399.2*8.1078100-Kernel Weight(g)307 32.72*1.83 757 32.56*1.88 7333.46 2.8826.2041.70Kernel Volume(cm3)307 0.26 0.01 757 0.

218、26*0.01 730.27 0.020.210.33True Density(g/cm3)307 1.263*0.015 757 1.270*0.014 731.254*0.0181.2211.298Whole Kernels(%)581 79.8*6.3 1,031 82.7*5.6 23993.6*3.369.099.0Horneous Endosperm(%)237 82*2 687 81*2 7384*37792Southern RailSouthern RailSouthern RailStress Cracks(%)391 9.2 7.3 663 7.4 6.0 3518.2 8

219、.0078100-Kernel Weight(g)216 36.35*2.09 488 36.30*1.85 9736.01*4.4623.6047.20Kernel Volume(cm3)216 0.29*0.02 488 0.28*0.01 970.28*0.030.190.37True Density(g/cm3)216 1.274*0.016 488 1.279*0.013 971.270*0.0201.2031.313Whole Kernels(%)370 87.8*4.9 642 88.1*4.4 35193.6*3.149.899.6Horneous Endosperm(%)17

220、4 83*2 446 82*2 9786 37792*Indicates average was significantly different from current years Export Cargo,based on a 2-tailed t-test at the 95%level of confidence.*Indicates current years Export Cargo average was significantly different from this years Harvest,based on a 2-tailed t-test at the 95%lev

221、el of confidence.1Due to the ECA results being composite statistics,the sum of the sample numbers from the three ECAs is greater than the U.S.Aggregate.46 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSPHYSICAL FACTORS AGGREGATE SIX-YEAR COMPARISONStress Cracks(%)MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/

222、22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/2511.210.68.48.616.311.62.02.00.02.04.02.030.026.029.222.039.032.0HOW TO READ THE CHARTS100-Kernel Weight(g)MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/2535.5037.0136.0035.6136.7236.9530.632.0630.0428.9428.8132.0439.3840.5040.2440.3240.8340.64Kernel Volume(cm3)MY19/20 MY20/2

223、1 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/250.280.290.280.280.280.290.240.250.240.230.230.250.300.310.310.310.310.31XX.XXX.XXX.XRange Contains Approximately 95.0%of Total SamplesRange Contains Approximately 66.7%of Total SamplesU.S.Aggregate Average 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 47QUALITY TEST RES

224、ULTSPHYSICAL FACTORS AGGREGATE SIX-YEAR COMPARISONTrue Density(g/cm3)MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/251.2781.2771.2771.2731.2921.2931.2331.2451.2461.2261.2481.2681.3031.2971.3031.3071.3121.317Whole Kernels(%)MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/2577.483.286.384.988.089.153.171.

225、675.772.075.279.091.992.893.693.696.696.2WWh ho ol le e K Ke er rn ne el ls sHorneous Endosperm(%)MY19/20 MY20/21 MY21/22 MY22/23 MY23/24 MY24/2581808482868775778178848287848886889048 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSD.MYCOTOXINSMycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by

226、 fungi that occur naturally in grains.When consumed at elevated levels,mycotoxins may cause sickness in humans and animals.Several mycotoxins have been found in corn grain.Aflatoxin,DON and fumonisin are considered three of the important mycotoxins.A subset of the export samples has been tested for

227、aflatoxin and DON in all fourteen years of Export Cargo Reports.Beginning with the 2019/2020 Export Cargo Report,fumonisins were added to the list of mycotoxins tested.In addition to testing survey samples for aflatoxin,DON and fumonisin,the 2021/2022 Export Cargo Report also began testing export sa

228、mples for ochratoxin A,T-2 and zearalenone.The testing for these three additional mycotoxins is intended to complement the information provided by the aflatoxin,DON and fumonisin test results and is continued in this 2024/2025 Export Cargo Report.Depending on the year,environmental conditions under

229、which the corn is produced and stored may or may not be conducive to developing a particular mycotoxin to levels that impact the corns use for human and livestock consumption.Humans and livestock are sensitive to mycotoxins at varying levels.As a result,the FDA has issued action levels for aflatoxin

230、 and advisory levels for DON and fumonisin by intended use.Action levels specify limits of contamination above which the agency is prepared to take regulatory action.Action levels signal that the FDA believes it has data to support regulatory or court action if a toxin or contaminant is present at l

231、evels exceeding the action level if the agency chooses to do so.If imports or domestic feed supplements are analyzed in accordance with valid methods and found to exceed action levels,they are considered adulterated and may be seized and removed from interstate commerce by the FDA.Advisory levels gu

232、ide the industry concerning levels of a substance present in food or feed believed by the agency to provide an adequate margin of safety to protect human and animal health.While the FDA reserves the right to take regulatory enforcement action,enforcement is not the fundamental purpose of an advisory

233、 level.A source of additional information is the National Grain and Feed Association(NGFA)guidance document titled“FDA Mycotoxin Regulatory Guidance,”found at the following link:https:/ Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 49QUALITY TEST RESULTSMycotoxinExport Cargo Report Minimum Reported LevelsMycotox

234、in Test Kit(EnviroLogix)Test Kit Limit of DetectionAflatoxin5.0 parts per billionAQ 309 BG2.7 parts per billionDON1.5 parts per millionAQ 304 BG0.1 parts per millionFumonisin5.0 parts per millionAQ 411 BG0.1 parts per millionOchratoxin A5.0 parts per billionAQ 113 BG1.5 parts per billionT-21.5 parts

235、 per millionAQ 314 BG50 parts per billionZearalenone1.5 parts per millionAQ 412 BG50 parts per billionSource:The table below displays the mycotoxin test kits utilized for each of the six mycotoxins tested in the 2024/2025 Export Cargo Report along with the minimum reported level for each mycotoxin a

236、nd each test kits limit of detection.The limit of detection is a threshold indicating whether or not a detectable level of the mycotoxin appeared in the sample.Additional details on the testing methodology employed in this study for mycotoxins are in the“Testing Analysis Methods”section.50 2024/2025

237、 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSAflatoxin Action LevelCriteria20.0 parts per billionDairy animals,pets of all ages,immature animals(including immature poultry)and when the animals destination is not known100.0 parts per billionBreeding beef cattle,breeding swine and mature poult

238、ry200.0 parts per billionFinishing swine of 100 pounds or greater300.0 parts per billionFinishing(i.e.,feedlot)beef cattleSource:www.ngfa.orgFor additional information,see the National Grain and Feed Associations guidance document titled“FDA Mycotoxin Regulatory Guidance”found at https:/ most import

239、ant type of mycotoxin associated with corn grain is aflatoxin.There are several types of aflatoxin produced by different species of Aspergillus,with the most prominent species being A.flavus.The growth of the fungus and aflatoxin contamination of grain can occur in the field prior to harvest or in s

240、torage.However,contamination prior to harvest is considered to cause most of the problems associated with aflatoxin.A.flavus grows well in hot,dry environmental conditions or where drought occurs over an extended period.It can be a serious problem in the southern United States,where hot and dry cond

241、itions are more common.The fungus usually attacks only a few kernels on the ear and often penetrates kernels through wounds produced by insects.Under drought conditions,it also grows down silks into individual kernels.There are four types of aflatoxin naturally found in foods aflatoxins B1,B2,G1 and

242、 G2.These four aflatoxins are commonly referred to as“aflatoxin”or“total aflatoxin.”Aflatoxin B1 is the most commonly found aflatoxin in food and feed and is also the most toxic.Research has shown that B1 is a potent,naturally-occurring carcinogen in animals,with a strong link to human cancer incide

243、nce.Additionally,dairy cattle will metabolize aflatoxin to a different form of aflatoxin called aflatoxin M1,which may accumulate in milk.Aflatoxin expresses toxicity in humans and animals primarily by attacking the liver.The toxicity can occur from short-term consumption of very high doses of aflat

244、oxin-contaminated grain or long-term ingestion of low levels of aflatoxin,possibly resulting in death in poultry,the most sensitive of the animal species.Livestock may experience reduced feed efficiency or reproduction,and both human and animal immune systems may be suppressed as a result of ingesti

245、ng aflatoxin.The FDA has established action levels in parts per billion(ppb)for aflatoxin M1 in milk intended for human consumption and aflatoxin in human food,grain and livestock feed(see table below).The FDA has established additional policies and legal provisions concerning the blending of corn w

246、ith levels of aflatoxin exceeding these threshold levels.In general,the FDA currently does not permit the blending of corn blended to reduce the aflatoxin content to be sold in general commerce.2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 51QUALITY TEST RESULTSCorn exported from the United States must

247、 be tested for aflatoxin according to federal law.Unless the contract exempts this requirement,testing must be conducted by FGIS.Corn above the FDA action level of 20.0 ppb cannot be exported unless other strict conditions are met.This results in relatively low levels of aflatoxin in exported grain.

248、RESULTSA total of 180 export samples was tested by USDA FGIS for aflatoxin for the 2024/2025 Export Cargo Report.A threshold established by USDA FGIS as the“Lower Conformance Level”was used to determine whether or not a detectable level of aflatoxin appeared in the sample.The Lower Conformance Level

249、 for aflatoxin of the FGIS-approved analytical kits used for this 2024/2025 report were 5.0 ppb.Results of the 2024/2025 survey testing are as follows:Of the 180 samples tested,173 samples(96.1%)had no detectable levels of aflatoxin(below the FGIS LCL of 5.0 ppb).This 96.1%is higher than 2023/2024(9

250、1.2%)and 2022/2023(94.9%).Six(6)samples(3.3%)were found with aflatoxin levels greater than or equal to 5.0 ppb,but less than 10.0 ppb of the 180 samples tested in 2024/2025.This percentage is lower than 2023/2024(7.2%)and higher than 2022/2023(2.9%).One(1)sample(0.6%)of the 180 samples tested in 202

251、4/2025 had aflatoxin levels greater than or equal to 10.0 ppb,but below or equal to the FDA action level of 20.0 ppb.This 0.6%is lower than 2023/2024(1.7%)and 2022/2023(2.3%).None(0)of the 180 samples(0.0%)tested in 2024/2025 were above the FDA action level of 20.0 ppb,which is the same as in 2023/2

252、024(0.0%)and 2022/2023(0.0%).As in the previous two years,aflatoxin contamination in 2024/2025 may be indicative of weather conditions during the 2024 growing season that were not conducive to aflatoxin formation.94.92.92.30.091.27.21.70.096.13.30.60.020.0AFLATOXIN(ppb)Percent of Samples by Crop Yea

253、rMY22/23MY23/24MY24/2552 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSDON Advisory LevelCriteria5.0 parts per millionSwine,not to exceed 20%of their diet5.0 parts per millionAll other animals not otherwise listed,not to exceed 40%of their diet10.0 parts per millionChickens,not to ex

254、ceed 50%of their diet10.0 parts per millionRuminating beef and dairy cattle older than four monthsSource:www.ngfa.orgFor additional information,see the National Grain and Feed Associations guidance document titled“FDA Mycotoxin Regulatory Guidance”found at https:/ OR VOMITOXIN)DON is another mycotox

255、in of concern to some importers of corn grain.It is produced by a certain species of Fusarium,the most important of which is Fusarium graminearum(Gibberellazeae),which also causes Gibberella ear rot(or red ear rot).Gibberellazeae can develop when cool or moderate and wet weather occurs at flowering.

256、The fungus grows down the silks into the ear.In addition to producing DON,it produces conspicuous red discoloration of kernels on the ear.The fungus can also continue to grow and rot ears when corn is left standing in the field.Therefore,mycotoxin contamination of corn caused by Gibberellazeae is of

257、ten associated with excessive postponement of harvest and/or storage of high-moisture corn.DON is mostly a concern with monogastric animals,where it may cause irritation of the mouth and throat.As a result,animals may eventually refuse to eat the DON-contaminated corn and may have low weight gain,di

258、arrhea,lethargy and intestinal hemorrhaging.In addition,it may cause suppression of the immune system,resulting in susceptibility to a number of infectious diseases.The FDA has issued advisory levels for DON in parts per million(ppm).For products containing corn,the advisory levels are shown below.F

259、GIS is not required to test for DON on corn bound for export markets but will perform either a qualitative or quantitative test for DON at the buyers request.2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 53QUALITY TEST RESULTSMY22/23MY23/24MY24/25RESULTSA total of 180 export samples was tested for DON

260、for the 2024/2025 Export Cargo Report.Results of the testing are shown below:One hundred seventy-four(174)of the 180 samples(96.7%)tested less than 1.5 ppm.This 96.7%is higher than 2023/2024(93.4%)and slightly lower than 2022/2023(98.9%).Six(6)samples(3.3%)of the 180 samples tested in 2024/2025 had

261、DON levels greater than or equal to 1.5 ppm but less than 5.0 ppm.This 3.3%is lower than 2023/2024(6.6%)and higher than 2022/2023(1.1%).None(0)of the 180 samples tested in 2024/2025 were above the FDA advisory level of 5.0 ppm,which is the same as 2023/2024 and 2022/2023.All export survey samples we

262、re below or equal to the FDA advisory level of 5.0 ppm for all three marketing years.These results were indicative of the excellent growing season that was not conducive to DON contamination.1.5-5.05.0DON(ppm)Percent of Samples by Crop Year98.91.10.093.46.60.096.73.30.054 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo

263、 Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSFumonisin Advisory LevelCriteria5.0 parts per millionEquids (i.e.,horses)and rabbits,not to exceed 20%of diet20.0 parts per millionSwine and catfish,not to exceed 50%of diet30.0 parts per millionBreeding ruminants,breeding poultry and breeding mink,not to exceed 50

264、%of diet60.0 parts per millionRuminants older than three months raised for slaughter and mink raised for pelt production,not to exceed 50%of diet100.0 parts per millionPoultry raised for slaughter,not to exceed 50%of diet10.0 parts per millionAll other animals not otherwise listed,not to exceed 50%o

265、f their dietSource:www.ngfa.org For additional information,see the National Grain and Feed Associations guidance document titled“FDA Mycotoxin Regulatory Guidance”found at https:/ is a naturally occurring mycotoxin found mostly in cereal grains,mainly corn.Fumonisin is a more recent discovery compar

266、ed to aflatoxin and DON.Fumonisin is produced by several fungi of the Fusarium genus.The fumonisin family consists of fumonisin B1,fumonisin B2 and fumonisin B3.Fumonisin B1 is the most abundant,accounting for about 70 to 80%of the sum of the three fumonisins.The main concern with fumonisin is feed

267、contamination that can have detrimental effects,particularly on horses and pigs.Fungal and fumonisin formation occurs mainly before harvest.Insects play an important role in fumonisin contamination since they act as a wounding agent.Temperature and rainfall conditions are related to fungal growth an

268、d fumonisin contamination.In general,fumonisin contamination is related to plant stress,insect damage,drought and soil moisture.In 2001,FDA issued guidance levels for the sum of the three fumonisins in corn-based foods and feed to reduce human and animal exposure.FDA advisory levels are shown below.

269、2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 55QUALITY TEST RESULTSRESULTSA total of 180 samples was analyzed for fumonisin in the 2024/2025 report.This is the sixth year that survey samples have been tested for fumonisin.Results of the 2024/2025 survey are as follows:One hundred seventy-six(176)of th

270、e 180 samples(97.8%)tested below 5.0 ppm,the lowest advisory level for animals(equids and rabbits),which is higher than 2023/2024(97.2%)and 2022/2023(94.3%).Four(4)of the 180 samples(2.2%)tested greater than or equal to 5.0 ppm,but less than 10.0 ppm,which is the same as 2023/2024 and lower than 202

271、2/2023(5.1%).None(0)of the 180 samples(0.0%)tested greater than or equal to 10.0 ppm,but not greater than 30.0 ppm,which is lower than 2023/2024(0.6%)and the same as 2022/2023(0.0%).None(0)of the 180 samples(0.0%)tested greater than 30.0 ppm,which is the advisory level for breeding ruminants,poultry

272、 and mink,and is the same as 2023/2024 and lower than 2022/2023(0.6%).All of the 2024/2025 survey results tested below the 30.0 ppm level which is the advisory level for breeding ruminants,poultry and mink.This is likely indicative of the weather conditions during the 2024 growing season,which were

273、not conducive for mold growth and fumonisin formation.FUMONISIN(ppm)5.0-9.930.010.0-30.0MY22/23MY23/24MY24/2594.35.10.00.697.22.20.60.097.82.20.00.030.0MY22/23MY23/24MY24/2556 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSOCHRATOXIN AOchratoxins are considered a hazardous mycotoxin p

274、roduced by a number of fungal species such as Penicillium verrucosum and Aspergillus ochraceus that can colonize grains,cereals and a range of other food products.Of these products,grains and cereals are considered to represent 5080%of the intake of ochratoxins.The fungi can produce ochratoxins A,B

275、and C,but ochratoxin A is produced in the greatest quantity.While ochratoxin A can occur all along the production chain from the field to storage,it is primarily considered a storage problem.Grains stored under high moisture/humidity(14%)at warm temperatures(20C)and/or inadequately dried have the po

276、tential to become contaminated with the fungi and produce ochratoxins.Also,damage to the grain by mechanical means,physical means or insects can provide a portal of entry for the fungus.Initial growth of fungi in grains can form sufficient moisture from metabolism to allow for further growth and myc

277、otoxin formation.Because grains and cereal products represent a large portion of the human diet,several countries have established maximum levels for ochratoxin A in unprocessed cereals.The European Commission established a maximum level for ochratoxin A in raw cereals at 5.0 parts per billion.The F

278、DA has issued no advisory levels for ochratoxin A.This is the fourth year that export samples were tested for ochratoxin A.As with the other mycotoxins,180 samples were tested to assess the impact of this years conditions under which the corn was produced and stored on ochratoxin A.The testing metho

279、dology employed is described in the“Testing Analysis Methods”section.RESULTSResults of the 180 samples analyzed for ochratoxin A in the 2024/2025 survey are as follows:One hundred seventy-seven(177)or 98.3%of the 180 samples tested were below 5.0 ppb,the European Commissions established maximum leve

280、l for ochratoxin A.This percentage was higher than 2023/2024(97.8%)and 2022/2023(96.6%).Three(3)or 1.7%of the 180 samples tested were greater than or equal to 5.0 ppb,but not greater than 10.0 ppb.This percentage was the same as 2023/2024(1.7%)and lower than 2022/2023(2.9%).None(0)or 0.0%of the 180

281、samples tested was greater than 10.0 ppb.This percentage was lower than 2023/2024 and 2022/2023(both 0.6%).96.62.90.697.81.70.698.31.70.010.0MY22/23MY23/24MY24/25OCHRATOXIN A(ppb)Percent of Samples by Crop Year10.05.0-10.0MY22/23MY23/24MY24/25 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 57QUALITY TES

282、T RESULTST-2T-2 is one of several mycotoxins(including Deoxynivalenol or DON)belonging to a group of mycotoxins called trichothecenes.T-2 toxin is produced in growing cereal grain crops by various Fusarium species of fungi.The fungi can grow over a wide range of temperatures(-2 to 35C)and only at a

283、water activity above 0.88.As a result,T-2 is not normally found in grain at harvest but in grain that has suffered water damage when left in the field after harvest(especially over winter).However,T-2 can occur in storage if the grain has suffered water damage in storage.The FDA has issued no adviso

284、ry levels for T-2 toxin.This is the fourth year that export samples were tested for T-2.A total of 180 samples were tested to assess the impact of this years conditions under which the corn was produced and stored on T-2.The testing methodology employed is described in the“Testing Analysis Methods”s

285、ection.RESULTSResults of the 180 samples analyzed for T-2 in the 2024/2025 survey are as follows:One hundred eighty(180)or 100.0%of the 180 samples tested were below 1.5 ppm.This 2024/2025 percentage(100.0%)was the same as 2023/2024 and 2022/2023.Zero(0)or 0.0%of the 180 samples tested greater than

286、or equal to 1.5 ppm,but not greater than 5.0 ppm.This 2024/2025 percentage(0.0%)was the same as 2023/2024 and 2022/2023.Zero(0)or 0.0%of the 180 samples test greater than 5.0 ppm.This 2024/2025 percentage(0.0%)was the same as 2023/2024 and 2022/2023.These results were indicative of the excellent gro

287、wing season that was not conducive to T-2 contamination.100.00.00.0100.00.00.0100.00.00.05.0MY22/23MY23/24MY24/25T-2(ppm)5.01.5-5.0MY22/23MY23/24MY24/2558 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportQUALITY TEST RESULTSZEARALENONEZearalenone is a mycotoxin that is very similar to DON in most aspects,w

288、ith a few exceptions.Both are produced by Fusarium species of fungi.As a result,it would not be uncommon to find both mycotoxins in grain and grain products at the same time.The growing conditions for zearalenone production are very comparable to DON,with the optimal temperatures ranging from 65 to

289、85F.A drop in temperature during growth also stimulates the production of toxins by the fungi.A moisture content of 20%or greater is required by the fungi to produce zearalenone,which is also similar to that needed to produce DON.But if the moisture content during growth drops below 15%,the producti

290、on of toxins is halted.This is one of the reasons it is recommended that corn for storage should be dried to moisture levels less than 15%.Levels of as little as 0.1 ppm to 5.0 ppm have been shown to cause reproductive problems in swine,so great care should be used when feeding possibly contaminated

291、 grain to pigs.The FDA has issued no advisory levels for zearalenone but recommends only that the levels of concern for DON be observed.As with the other mycotoxins,180 samples were tested to assess the impact of this years conditions under which the corn was produced and stored on zearalenone.The t

292、esting methodology employed is described in the“Testing Analysis Methods”section.RESULTSThis is the fourth year that survey samples were tested for zearalenone.Results of the 180 samples analyzed in the 2024/2025 survey are as follows:One hundred eighty-one(180)or 100.0%of the samples tested were be

293、low 1.5 ppm.The 2024/2025 percentage(100.0%)was the same as 2023/2024 and 2022/2023.Zero(0)or 0.0%of the 180 samples tested were greater than or equal to 1.5 ppm,but not greater than 5.0 ppm.The 2024/2025 percentage(0.0%)was the same as 2023/2024 and 2022/2023.Zero(0)or 0.0%of the 180 samples tested

294、 were greater than 5.0 ppm.The 2024/2025 percentage(0.0%)was the same as 2023/2024 and 2022/2023.ZEARALENONE(ppm)5.01.5-5.01.5Percent of Samples by Crop YearMY22/23MY23/24MY24/25100.00.00.0100.00.00.0100.00.00.05.0MY22/23MY23/24MY24/25 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 59U.S.CORN EXPORT SYS

295、TEMThis 2024/2025 Export Cargo Report provides advanced information about corn quality by evaluating and reporting quality attributes when the corn is ready to be loaded onto the ocean-going vessel or railcar for export.Corn quality includes a range of attributes that can be categorized as:Intrinsic

296、 quality characteristics Protein,oil and starch concentrations as well as kernel hardness and density are intrinsic quality characteristics,meaning they are contained within and are of critical importance to the end-user.Since they are non-visual,they can only be determined by analytical tests.Physi

297、cal quality characteristics These attributes are associated with the outward visible appearance of the kernel or measurement of the kernel characteristics.Characteristics include kernel size,shape and color;test weight;total damaged and heat-damaged kernels;broken kernels;and stress cracks.Some of t

298、hese characteristics are measured when corn receives an official USDA grade.Sanitary quality characteristics These characteristics indicate the cleanliness of the grain.Attributes include foreign material,odor,dust,rodent excreta,insects,residues,fungal infection and non-millable materials.The intri

299、nsic quality characteristics are impacted significantly by genetics and growing season conditions and typically do not change at the aggregate level as corn moves through the marketing system.If the measured values of the intrinsic characteristics differ between harvest and export at the aggregate l

300、evel,the differences can be due partially to normal random variation in sampling.On the other hand,the physical and sanitary characteristics can change as corn moves through the marketing channel.The parties involved in corn marketing and distribution use operating practices(such as cleaning,drying

301、and conditioning)at each step in the channel to increase uniformity,prevent or minimize the loss of physical and sanitary quality and meet contract specifications.The Harvest Report assesses the quality of the recently harvested corn crop as it enters the marketing system.The Export Cargo Report pro

302、vides information on the impact of subsequent practices,including cleaning,drying,handling,blending,storing and transporting the crop up to the point where it is being loaded for export.To provide the backdrop for this assessment,the following sections describe the marketing channel from farm to exp

303、ort,the practices applied to corn as it moves through the marketing channel and the implications of these practices on corn quality.Lastly,the inspection and grading services provided by USDA FGIS or an official service provider are reviewed.60 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportU.S.CORN EXPO

304、RT SYSTEMA.U.S.CORN EXPORT FLOWAs corn is harvested,farmers transport grain to on-farm storage,end-users or commercial grain facilities.While some producers feed their corn to their own livestock,most of the corn moves to other end-users(feed mills or processors)or commercial grain-handling faciliti

305、es,such as local grain elevators,inland subterminals,river elevators and port elevators.Local grain elevators typically receive most of their grain directly from farmers.Inland subterminals or river elevators collect grain in quantities suitable for loading on unit trains and barges for further tran

306、sport.These elevators may receive more than half of their corn from other elevators and are often located where the transport of bulk grain can be easily accommodated by unit trains or barges.Local grain,inland subterminals and river elevators provide functions such as drying,cleaning,blending,stori

307、ng and merchandising grain.River elevators and the larger inland subterminals supply most of the corn destined for export markets.The figure below conveys the flow of United States corn destined for export markets.U.S.CORN EXPORT FLOWFarmStorage:n On-Farm Storage n Country ElevatorSubterminal Elevat

308、or Bulk PurchaserDomestic End-Users:n Ethanol plant n Feedmill n Flourmill n Livestock Feeding Facility n MalterExport ElevatorInternational BuyersTransfer to End-UsersGrain movement to final domestic users1:The United States has:1.25 millionkm of highways(enough to go around the equator 31 times)22

309、5,000km of railways(more than any other country in the world)km of waterways(twice the length of the Nile River)15,800Source:1Transportation of U.S.Grains A Modal Share Analysis ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/ModalJune2015.pdfwww.grains.org20%Grain movement to international buyers1:45%35%How

310、 Does U.S.Grain Move?RailTruckBarge/Ship 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 61U.S.CORN EXPORT SYSTEMB.IMPACT OF THE CORN MARKETING CHANNEL ON QUALITYWhile the U.S.corn industry strives to prevent or minimize the loss of physical and sanitary quality as corn moves from the farm to export,ther

311、e are points in the system where quality changes inevitably occur due to the biological nature of the grain.The following sections provide some insight into why corn quality may change as corn moves from the field to the vessel or railcar.Drying and ConditioningFarmers often harvest corn at moisture

312、 contents ranging from about 18 to 30%.This range of moisture contents exceeds safe storage levels,which are usually about 13 to 14%.Thus,wet corn at harvest must be dried to lower moisture content to become safe for storage and transport.Conditioning is the use of aeration fans to control temperatu

313、res and moisture content,both of which are important to monitor for storage stability.Drying and conditioning may occur either on a farm or at a commercial facility.When corn is dried,it can be dried by systems using natural air,low-temperature or high-temperature drying methods.High-temperature dry

314、ing methods will often create more stress cracks in the corn and ultimately lead to more breakage during handling than natural air or low-temperature drying methods.However,high-temperature drying is often needed to facilitate the timely harvesting of grain.Storage and HandlingIn the United States,c

315、orn storage structures can be broadly categorized as upright metal bins,concrete silos,flat storage inside buildings or flat storage in on-ground piles.Upright bins and concrete silos with fully perforated floors or in-floor ducts are the most easily managed storage types,as they allow aeration with

316、 uniform airflow throughout the grain.Flat storage can be used for short-term storage.This occurs most often when corn production is higher than normal and surplus storage is needed.However,it is more difficult to install adequate aeration ducts in flat types of storage,and they often do not provide

317、 uniform aeration.In addition,on-ground piles are sometimes not covered and may be subjected to weather elements that can result in mold damage.Handling equipment can involve vertical conveying by bucket elevators and/or horizontal conveying,usually by belt or en-masse conveyors.Regardless of how th

318、e corn is handled,some corn breakage will occur.The rate of breakage will vary by types of equipment used,the severity of the grain impacts,grain temperature,moisture content and by corn quality factors such as stress cracks or hardness of endosperm.As breakage levels increase,more fines(broken piec

319、es of corn)are created,which leads to less uniformity in aeration and ultimately to a higher risk for fungal invasion and insect infestation.62 2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality ReportU.S.CORN EXPORT SYSTEMCleaningCleaning corn involves scalping or removing large non-corn material and sieving to r

320、emove small,shriveled kernels,broken pieces of kernels and fine material.This process reduces the amount of BCFM found in the corn.The potential for breakage and initial percentages of broken kernels,along with the desired grade factor,dictate the amount of cleaning needed to meet contract specifica

321、tions.Cleaning can occur at any stage of the marketing channel where cleaning equipment is available.Transporting CornThe U.S.grain transportation system is arguably one of the most efficient in the world.It begins with farmers transporting their grain from the field to on-farm storage or commercial

322、 grain facilities using either large wagons or trucks.Corn is then transported by truck,rail or barge to its next destination.Once at export facilities,corn is loaded onto vessels or railcars.Corn quality changes during shipment in much the same manner as it changes during storage.Causes of these ch

323、anges include moisture variability(non-uniformity)and moisture migration due to temperature differences,high humidity and air temperature,fungal invasion and insect infestation.However,there are some factors affecting grain transportation that make quality control during transport more difficult tha

324、n in fixed storage facilities.First,there are few modes of transport equipped with aeration and,as a result,corrective actions for heating and moisture migration cannot take place during transport.Another factor is the accumulation of fine material(spout-lines)beneath the loading spout when loading

325、railcars,barges and vessels.This results in whole kernels tending to roll to the outer sides,while fine material segregates in the center.Similar segregation occurs during the unloading process at each step along the way to the final destination.Implications on QualityThe intrinsic quality attribute

326、s,such as oil,protein and starch concentrations,remain essentially unchanged in a corn kernel between harvest and export,assuming negligible kernel respiration or mold damage.However,as corn moves through the U.S.corn marketing channel,corn from multiple sources is mixed together.As a result,the ave

327、rage for a given intrinsic quality characteristic is determined by the quality levels of the corn from multiple sources.Other changes occur in physical and sanitary quality characteristics.These include test weight,damaged kernels,broken kernels,stress crack levels,moisture content and variability,f

328、oreign material and mycotoxin levels.2024/2025 Corn Export Cargo Quality Report 63U.S.CORN EXPORT SYSTEMC.U.S.GOVERNMENT INSPECTION AND GRADINGPurposeGlobal corn supply chains need verifiable,predictable and consistent oversight measures that fit the diverse needs of all end-users.Oversight measures

329、,implemented through standardized inspection procedures and grading standards,are established to provide:Information for buyers about the quality of grain at the time of loading for transport to the buyer,and Food and feed safety protection for the end-users.The United States is recognized globally

330、as having a combination of official grades and standards that are typically used for exporting grains and referenced in export contracts.U.S.corn sold by grade and shipped for foreign commerce must be officially inspected and weighed by FGIS or an official service provider delegated or designated by

331、 FGIS to do so(with a few exceptions).In addition,all corn exports must be tested for aflatoxins,unless the contract specifically waives this requirement.Qualified state and private inspection agencies are permitted to be designated by FGIS as official agents to inspect and weigh corn at specified i

332、nterior locations.In addition,certain state inspection agencies can be delegated by FGIS to inspect and weigh grain officially at certain export facilities.Supervision of these agencies operations and methodologies is performed by FGIS field office personnel.Inspection and SamplingThe loading export

333、 elevator provides FGIS or the delegated state inspection agency a load order specifying the quality of the corn to be loaded as designated in the export contract.The load order specifies the U.S.grade,moisture content and all other requirements which have been agreed upon in the contract between the foreign buyer and the U.S.supplier,plus any special requirements requested by the buyer,such as mi