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1、FEBRUARY 2025Fuel consumption baseline analysis for two-wheelers in Vietnam,20172021HUONG LE,DINH-SON TRAN,AND FRANCISCO POSADAACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors thank Sunitha Anup and Anh Bui of the International Council on Clean Transportation for their constructive review and comments.This publication is

2、 part of the NDC Transport Initiative for Asia(NDC-TIA).NDC-TIA is part of the International Climate Initiative(IKI).IKI is working under the leadership of Germanys Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action,in close cooperation with its founder,the Federal Ministry of Environment and

3、the Federal Foreign Office.For more information visit:https:/www.ndctransportinitiativeforasia.org/.International Council on Clean Transportation 1500 K Street NW,Suite 650 Washington,DC 20005communicationstheicct.org|www.theicct.org|TheICCT 2025 International Council on Clean Transportation(ID 250)

4、Please share your valuable insights about NDC-TIA knowledge product(s)by taking this short survey:https:/ REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Two-wheelers,including motorcycles and mopeds,are major modes of transport in Vietnam.In 2023,over

5、 74 million two-wheelers were registered in the country,accounting for more than 90%of the motorized vehicle fleet.Vietnams two-wheeler market in terms of new sales is ranked second in the ASEAN region,after Indonesia.The countrys reliance on fossil fuel-powered vehicles has severely degraded air qu

6、ality,leading to an increase in respiratory illnesses and other health problems.Vietnam has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions and improving air quality to align with global and national targets.In Vietnams updated Nationally Determined Contribution(NDC)under the Paris Agreement,

7、the country committed to regulating fuel consumption for newly manufactured,assembled,and imported motor vehicles to reduce GHG emissions from the transport sector.Given the dominance of motorcycles and mopeds,such measures are crucial to helping Vietnam meet its climate goals and improve air qualit

8、y.This study collects and analyzes the characteristics and baseline fuel consumption of two-wheelers sold in Vietnam from 2017 to 2021.This activity is a part of the NDC Transport Initiative for Asia(NDC-TIA),which aims to facilitate a shift to zero-emission transport across Asia.The results of this

9、 study will serve as a foundation for further development of mandatory fuel consumption standards for two-wheelers to reduce the overall CO2 emissions in Vietnams transport sector.The key findings of this work are:The two-wheeler market in Vietnam is dominated by manufacturers headquartered in Japan

10、.In 2021,the Vietnamese two-wheeler market dropped to 2.89 million,the lowest level in 15 years.More than 250 two-wheeler models from more than 60 brands are offered in the country each year,but the top-selling models accounted for over 90%of the market share.Honda and Yamaha dominated the two-wheel

11、er market in the country in the years studied,with more than 80%of two-wheelers sold in the country annually.Motorcycles accounted for more than 85%of annual two-wheeler sales,and the remaining sales were mopeds with a maximum speed below 50 km/h.Despite the overall decline in the two-wheeler market

12、,the electric two-wheeler segment has grown rapidly.Its market share increased from 1.2%in 2017 to 10.4%in 2021.Electric two-wheeler sales rose from 39,700 units in 2017 to 152,000 in 2019,reaching 288,000 by 2021,a 78%increase compared to 2019.The majority of these electric vehicles were e-mopeds.U

13、nlike the internal combustion two-wheeler market,the electric two-wheeler market is led by domestic brands such as VinFast,Pega,and Anbico.Domestic brands account for over 70%of new electric two-wheeler sales each year,with VinFast responsible for the majority of these sales.Most electric two-wheele

14、rs sold in Vietnam are equipped with lead-acid batteries,which hold over 70%market share annually.The penetration of electric two-wheelers has contributed to a significant reduction in the average fuel consumption of the two-wheeler fleet.The average fuel consumption for the conventional internal co

15、mbustion engine two-wheeler fleet increased from 1.86 L/100 km in 2019 to 1.88 L/100 km in 2020 and 1.92 L/100 km in 2021.However,when including electric two-wheelers,the fleets average fuel consumption decreased,dropping from 1.77 L/100 km in 2019 to 1.73 L/100 km in 2020,and to 1.72 L/100 km in 20

16、21a 10.4%reduction compared with the fleet average excluding electric two-wheelers.IIICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021TABLE OF CONTENTSExecutive summary .IIntroduction.1Data sources and vehicle classifications.2Overview of the two-wheeler market.4Two

17、-wheeler market trends,20172021 .5Characteristics of two-wheeler fleet.6Characteristics of two-wheeler fleet by vehicle type.8Characteristics of ICE two-wheeler fleet by manufacturer.11Characteristics of electric two-wheeler fleet .16Characteristics of electric two-wheeler fleet by vehicle type.18Ch

18、aracteristics of electric two-wheeler fleet by manufacturer .22Two-wheeler market deep dive analysis for 2021.28Characteristics of 2021 two-wheeler fleet.29Characteristics of 2021 two-wheeler fleet by vehicle type.31Characteristics of 2021 two-wheeler fleet by company.31Fuel consumption baseline ana

19、lysis of two-wheelers.34Fuel consumption trends for two-wheelers,20192021.35Fuel consumption trends for the two-wheeler fleet by sales.35Impact of electric two-wheelers on fleet-average fuel consumption trends .36Fuel consumption trends by ICE vehicle type .36Fuel consumption trends by engine displa

20、cement,vehicle weight,engine power,and fuel injection technology.37Fuel consumption trends by company.42Fuel consumption analysis for two-wheelers in 2021.43Average fuel consumption of the 2021 two-wheeler fleet as a function of engine displacement,vehicle weight,and engine power.43Average fuel cons

21、umption of vehicle types as a function of engine displacement,vehicle weight,and engine power.45Average fuel consumption of major two-wheeler companies as a function of engine displacement,vehicle weight,and engine power.46Comparison of fuel consumption baseline of Vietnam with fuel consumption stan

22、dards in China .51Conclusion .52References.54Appendix .55IIIICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1 Data collection process.3Figure 2 New two-wheeler sales in Vietnam from 2017 to 2021.4Figure 3 Two-wheeler sales by company.5Figure 4

23、 Two-wheeler market share by company .6Figure 5 Two-wheeler sales by vehicle type.6Figure 6 Two-wheeler market share by vehicle type.7Figure 7 Market share by engine displacement of ICE two-wheelers and the market share of electric two-wheelers.7Figure 8 Two-wheeler market share by key features.8Fig

24、ure 9 Two-wheeler market share by engine displacement and share of sales for each vehicle type by engine displacement.9Figure 10 Two-wheeler market share by vehicle weight,and share of sales for each vehicle type by vehicle weight.9Figure 11 Two-wheeler market share by engine power and share of sale

25、s for each vehicle type by engine power.10Figure 12 Two-wheeler market share by fuel supply system and share of sales for each vehicle type by fuel supply system.11Figure 13 Two-wheeler market share by transmission technology and share of sales for each vehicle type by transmission technology.11Figu

26、re 14 ICE two-wheeler sales by manufacturer.12Figure 15 ICE two-wheeler market share by manufacturer.12Figure 16 ICE two-wheeler market share by vehicle type and share of each manufacturers sales by vehicle type.13Figure 17 ICE two-wheeler market share by engine displacement and share of each manufa

27、cturers sales by engine displacement.13Figure 18 ICE two-wheeler market share by vehicle weight and share of each manufacturers sales by vehicle weight.14Figure 19 ICE two-wheeler market share by engine power and share of each manufacturers sales by engine power.14Figure 20 ICE two-wheeler market sh

28、are by fuel supply system and share of each manufacturers sales by fuel supply system.15Figure 21 ICE two-wheeler market share by transmission technology and share of each manufacturers sales by transmission technology.15Figure 22 Number of electric two-wheeler sales and share of electric two-wheele

29、r sales by vehicle type .16Figure 23 Electric two-wheeler fleet characteristics by battery type,capacity,and range.17Figure 24 Electric two-wheeler fleet characteristics by engine power,vehicle weight,and maximum speed.17IVICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20

30、172021Figure 25 Electric two-wheeler market share by battery type and share of sales for e-mopeds and e-motorcycles by battery type.18Figure 26 Electric two-wheeler market share by battery capacity and share of sales for each vehicle type by battery capacity.18Figure 27 Electric two-wheeler market s

31、hare by battery range and share of sales for each vehicle type by battery range.19Figure 28 Electric two-wheeler market share by motor power and share of sales for each vehicle type by motor power.19Figure 29 Electric two-wheeler market share by vehicle weight and share of sales for each vehicle typ

32、e by vehicle weight.20Figure 30 Electric two-wheeler market share by maximum speed and share of sales for each vehicle type by maximum speed.20Figure 31 Electric two-wheeler sales by manufacturer and share of electric two-wheeler sales by manufacturer.22Figure 32 Electric two-wheeler market share by

33、 vehicle type and share of each manufacturers electric two-wheeler sales by vehicle type.22Figure 33 Electric two-wheeler market share by battery type and share of each manufacturers electric two-wheeler sales by battery type.23Figure 34 Electric two-wheeler market share by battery capacity and shar

34、e each manufacturers sales by battery capacity.23Figure 35 Electric two-wheeler market share by battery range and share of each manufacturers sales by battery range.24Figure 36 Electric two-wheeler market share by motor power and share of each manufacturers sales by motor power.24Figure 37 Electric

35、two-wheeler market share by vehicle weight and share of each manufacturers sales by vehicle weight.25Figure 38 Electric two-wheeler market share by maximum speed and share of each manufacturers sales by maximum speed.25Figure 39 2021 two-wheeler market share by characteristic.29Figure 40 Characteris

36、tics of 2021 two-wheeler fleet by vehicle type.30Figure 41 Share of two-wheeler sales for each company by vehicle type in 2021.31Figure 42 Share of two-wheeler sales for each company in 2021 by engine displacement.31Figure 43 Share of two-wheeler sales for each company in 2021 by engine power.32Figu

37、re 44 Two-wheeler sales and sales-weighted fleet average fuel consumption.34Figure 45 Two-wheeler market share by vehicle type and sales-weighted fleet average fuel consumption(FC).35Figure 46 Sales-weighted fleet average fuel consumption by vehicle type.35Figure 47 Weighted fleet-average fuel consu

38、mption by engine displacement.36Figure 48 Weighted fleet-average fuel consumption by vehicle weight,including electric two-wheelers.37Figure 49 Weighted fleet-average fuel consumption by vehicle weight,excluding electric two-wheelers.37VICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS

39、 IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 50 Weighted fleet-average fuel consumption by engine power,including electric two-wheelers.38Figure 51 Weighted fleet average fuel consumption by engine power,excluding electric two-wheelers.39Figure 52 Fuel consumption of ICE two-wheelers by fuel delivery technology.40Fig

40、ure 53 Weighted fleet-average fuel consumption by companies selling only gasoline two-wheelers.41Figure 54 Average fuel consumption of the 2021 two-wheeler fleet as a function of engine displacement.43Figure 55 Average fuel consumption of the 2021 two-wheeler fleet as a function of vehicle weight.43

41、Figure 56 Average fuel consumption of the 2021 two-wheeler fleet as a function of engine power.44Figure 57 Average fuel consumption of two-wheelers by vehicle type in 2021.45Figure 58 Average fuel consumption of the two-wheeler fleet by company in 2021.47Figure 59 Average fuel consumption as a funct

42、ion of engine displacement of major two-wheeler companies in 2021.48Figure 60 Average fuel consumption as a function of vehicle weight of major two-wheeler companies in 2021.49Figure 61 Average fuel consumption as a function of engine power of major two-wheeler companies in 2021.49VIICCT REPORT|FUEL

43、 CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021LIST OF TABLESTable 1 Specifications of motorcycles and mopeds in Vietnam .3Table 2 Two-wheeler sales and sales of the top-selling models in Vietnam.5Table 3 Sales-weighted averages of electric two-wheeler specifications by vehicle t

44、ype in 2021.21Table 4 Sales-weighted averages of electric two-wheeler specifications by manufacturer in 2021.26Table 5 Two-wheeler company classifications and market share in 2021.27Table 6 Two-wheeler market share by company sales and percentage of sales in 2021.28Table 7 Average fuel consumption(L

45、/100 km)by vehicle type and engine displacement,excluding electric two-wheelers.36Table 8 Average fuel consumption(L/100 km)by vehicle type and weight,excluding electric two-wheelers.38Table 9 Average fuel consumption(L/100 km)by vehicle type and engine power,excluding electric two-wheelers .39Table

46、 10 Average fuel consumption of ICE two-wheelers types by company.41Table 11 Average values for key parameters of the two-wheeler fleet in 2021.42Table 12 Average values for key parameters of two-wheelers by vehicle type,2021.44Table 13 Average values for key parameters of ICE two-wheelers by compan

47、y in 2021.46Table 14 Average key parameters for the two-wheeler fleet by company type.47Table 15 Comparison of Vietnam baseline with fuel consumption standards in Mainland China and Taiwan province.50Table A1 Framework of collected data with sample entries.541ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE AN

48、ALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021INTRODUCTIONTransport is one of the major sources of air pollution and greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in Vietnam,and is responsible for 18%of total GHG emissions in the country(Oh et al.,2019).In its 2022 updated Nationally Determined Contribution to the Unit

49、ed Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,Vietnam committed to regulating fuel consumption limits for newly manufactured,assembled,and imported motor vehicles to reduce GHG emissions from the transport sector(Socialist Republic of Vietnam,2022).Two-wheelers,including motorcycles and mopeds,a

50、re major modes of transportation in Vietnam.The countrys two-wheeler market is ranked second in the region encompassed by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN),after Indonesia,with 74.3 million two-wheelers registered in 2023(Lam,2024).The countrys reliance on fossil fuel-powered vehicle

51、s has severely degraded air quality,leading to an increase in respiratory illnesses and other health problems.Air pollution has emerged as a critical environmental and public health issue in Vietnam,responsible for 99,700 deaths in 2021(Health Effects Institute,2024).Implementing mandatory fuel cons

52、umption or efficiency standards for motorcycles and mopeds is a promising approach to decarbonize the transport sector,helping the country to meet climate goals and improve air quality.China has implemented mandatory fuel economy or greenhouse gas emission standards for motorcycles.India has set a t

53、arget to electrify its two-and three-wheeler fleet(Institute for Transportation&Development Policy,2023),and may consider adopting fuel economy standards in the near future.Vietnam has the potential to become a pioneer in the ASEAN region to establish mandatory fuel efficiency standards for two-whee

54、lers and to utilize these standards as a policy tool to accelerate two-wheeler electrification.This study presents an overview of the two-wheeler market and assesses the baseline fuel consumption of motorcycles and mopeds in Vietnam over a 5-year period,from 2017 to 2021.This analysis will serve as

55、a foundation for further development of mandatory fuel consumption(FC)or fuel economy(FE)standards for motorcycles and mopeds to reduce CO2 emissions in the transport sector.This study was performed for the Nationally Determined Contributions Transport Initiative for Asia(NDC-TIA),a joint project of

56、 seven organizations,which aims to promote a comprehensive approach to decarbonizing transport in China,India,and Vietnam.The project provides technical support for the Vietnam Register(VR),a government entity which is under the lead executing agency,the Ministry of Transport.2ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSU

57、MPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021DATA SOURCES AND VEHICLE CLASSIFICATIONSThe data collecting and processing methods used in this study are presented in Figure1.Motorcycle and moped sales data for the years 2017 to 2021 were obtained from MotorCycles Data,a commercial vehi

58、cle data vendor,and VR.New vehicle sales data for Honda,Yamaha,Suzuki,SYM,and Piaggiothe five companies constituting the Vietnam Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers(VAMM)were compared and checked with data provided by VAMM.Vehicle fuel consumption and specifications data were verified with data

59、from manufacturers websites and VR for the years 2017 to 2021.Data from 2021 will be used as the baseline for developing FC standards for two-wheelers.For this study,additional 2021 sales data from VR was collected to provide a more comprehensive view of Vietnams two-wheeler market.This data covered

60、 smaller domestic manufacturing,assembly,and import companies not listed in MotorCycles Data.The VR data included the model name and the total number of vehicles produced,assembled,and imported by these smaller companies.For this analysis,we assumed that the number of vehicles produced,assembled,and

61、 imported by these companies in 2021 equaled their new vehicle sales,as there was no significant difference between these values.Because the database from MotorCycles Data focuses on electric two-wheeler manufacturers and members of VAMM,there are differences between MotorCycles Data and VR.For the

62、analysis of the 5-year period from 2017 to 2021,we used data from MotorCycles Data,which covers more than 85%of two-wheeler market in Vietnam,to provide a more complete overview of the market over time.The detailed analysis of fleet characteristics and FC of the new two-wheeler fleet in 2021 used da

63、ta from both MotorCycles Data and VR,which represents more than 95%of the 2021 sales.Key vehicle specifications,including FC,vehicle weight,transmission type,engine displacement,fuel supply system,and engine power,were collected and checked from manufacturer websites and the VR website.The data coll

64、ection form can be found in the appendix.3ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 1 Data collection processData on new vehicle sales from Motorcycles Data and Vietnam RegisterData on new vehicle sales from Vietnam Association of Motorcycle Manufactur

65、ersData from Vietnam Register and manufacturersFinal database includes data on new vehicle sales,fuel consumption,and vehicle specificationsCompareand cross-checkData on new vehicle sales by model nameData on new vehicle salesData on fuel consumption and vehicle specificationsTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNC

66、IL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGIn this paper,the term two-wheelers refer to motorized motorcycles and mopeds,as defined by the Ministry of Transport(2015).Motorcycles are defined as having engine displacement of 50 cc or larger,a maximum speed of more than 50 km/h,and vehicle weight not excee

67、ding 400 kg.Mopeds are defined as having a maximum speed not exceeding 50 km/h,internal combustion engine(ICE)displacement not more than 50 cc or electric motor power of not more than 4 kW.The same definition of electric mopeds is also given in Decree No.100/2019/ND-CP(Socialist Republic of Vietnam,

68、2019).There is no clear definition for electric two-wheelers with motor power of more than 4 kW and maximum speed higher than 50 km/h in existing regulations and standards.In this paper,this type of vehicle is defined as an electric motorcycle.The classification of two-wheelers used in this paper is

69、 presented in Table 1.As shown,ICE motorcycles and mopeds are differentiated by transmission type.Table 1Specifications of motorcycles and mopeds in Vietnam ClassVehicle typesEngine displacement(cc)/Motor power(kW)Maximum speed(km/h)TransmissionMopedMoped 50 50ManualMoped 50 50AutomaticE-moped 4 50M

70、otorcycleMotorcycle 50 50ManualMotorcycle 50 50AutomaticE-motorcycle 4 504ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021OVERVIEW OF THE TWO-WHEELER MARKETVietnams two-wheeler market ranks second in the ASEAN region and fourth in the world in terms of new sales(Ng

71、uyen,2020).Figure 2 shows the number of new ICE and electric two-wheeler sales in the country from 2017 to 2021.Sales of two-wheelers reached a peak in 2018,with more than 3.5 million vehicles.Sales dropped in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic to 2.98 million units,marking the first time sales dropp

72、ed below 3 million over the last decade.In 2021,two-wheeler sales continued to drop to 2.89 million,the lowest level in 15 years.Figure 2 New two-wheeler sales in Vietnam from 2017 to 20213.363.533.452.982.891.02.03.04.020172018201920202021Annual two-wheeler sales(million)Data sources:MotorCycles Da

73、ta and Vietnam Association of Motorcycle ManufacturersTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG5ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021TWO-WHEELER MARKET TRENDS,20172021 This section provides an overview of the characteristics of the tw

74、o-wheeler fleet in Vietnam over a 5-year period,from 2017 to 2019,using data from MotorCycles Data and focusing on the 50 top-selling electric and ICE two-wheeler models.The ICE vehicles in this section were from the five major manufacturers represented by VAMM.Data related to vehicle type and engin

75、e displacement were available for the entire 5-year period from 2017 to 2021.Data related to FC and other vehicle specifications for 2017 and 2018 were not available from VR or manufacturer websites;thus,the FC trends analysis covers only the years from 2019 to 2021.Every year,more than 250 two-whee

76、ler models from more than 60 brands are sold in Vietnam.Table 2 presents sales of two-wheelers and the total sales and sales share of the 50 top-selling models by year.Table 2 Two-wheeler sales and sales of the top-selling models in VietnamYearAll two-wheelers 50 top-selling models Sales Sales Share

77、 of all sales20173,362,3053,322,66898.8%20183,533,4353,465,62198.1%20193,446,5883,376,55198.0%20202,984,2182,903,68097.3%20212,889,3182,734,941 94.7%Note:Sales figures are based on data from MotorCycles Data and the Vietnam Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers.Sales numbers for ICE vehicles are f

78、rom VAMM members only.The total sales and market share of the 50 top-selling two-wheeler models(ICE and electric)by company are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.The total sales of the top-selling companies decreased since 2019.Honda dominated the two-wheeler market each year,with more than 65%of two-w

79、heelers sold in the country.Yamaha is the second-highest seller of two-wheelers in Vietnam,but its market share decreased from 24.5%in 2017 to 13.9%in 2021.The sales share of the remaining companies was relatively small compared with Honda and Yamaha.However,the market share of these brands increase

80、d steadily from 4.9%in 2017 to 12.1%in 2021.Figure 3 Two-wheeler sales by company01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,00020172018201920202021HondaYamahaVinFastPegaYadeaDibaoOthersTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG6ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELER

81、S IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 4 Two-wheeler market share by company201720182019202020210%20%40%60%80%100%HondaYamahaVinFastPegaYadeaDibaoOthersTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGCHARACTERISTICS OF TWO-WHEELER FLEETFigure 5 and Figure 6 present the two-wheeler market shares of

82、 vehicle types by sales and sales share in Vietnam from 2017 to 2021.ICE motorcycles dominated two-wheeler sales in the country during this 5-year period.More than 88%of two-wheelers sold each year were ICE motorcycles with manual or automatic transmissions.ICE two-wheelers with automatic transmissi

83、on,also referred to as continuous variable transmission,accounted for an average of 46.8%of sales during the 5-year period while those with manual transmission accounted for 41.9%.E-mopeds,e-motorcycles,and ICE mopeds accounted for a smaller market share,but this share increased from 3.1%In 2017 to

84、11.4%in 2021.Figure 5 Two-wheeler sales by vehicle type01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,00020172018201920202021ICE motorcycle(automatic)ICE motorcycle(manual)ICE moped(manual and automatic)E-mopedE-motorcycleTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG7ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION

85、BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 6Two-wheeler market share by vehicle type201720182019202020210%20%40%60%80%100%ICE motorcycle(automatic)ICE motorcycle(manual)ICE moped(manual and automatic)E-mopedE-motorcycleTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFi

86、gure 7 shows the two-wheeler market share by engine displacement from 2017 to 2021.The engine displacement of the 50 top-selling models ranged from less than 50 cc to 278 cc.Two-wheelers with engine displacement of 100125 cc were the most common in Vietnam,accounting for more than 70%of the market e

87、ach year.Two-wheelers with engine displacement of 125150 cc accounted for more than 8%of vehicles sold each year.In 2017 and 2018,motorcycles with engine displacement of 50100 cc were also common,however,the market share of these two-wheelers decreased after 2018.Figure 7Market share by engine displ

88、acement of ICE two-wheelers and the market share of electric two-wheelers201720182019202020210%20%40%60%80%100%50 cc50100 cc10025 cc125150 cc150175 ccElectric two-wheelersTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 8 shows two-wheeler market shares between 2019 and 2021 by we

89、ight,rated power,type of fuel supply,and type of transmission.The data for these vehicle specifications are not available for 2017 and 2018.Vehicles lighter than 100 kg and those weighing 100125 kg accounted for 49.7%and 43.3%of the two-wheeler market in 2021,respectively.Vehicles with power ranging

90、 between 6 kW and 8 kW were the most popular in the country,accounting for nearly 50%of two-wheelers sold each year.8ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Regarding fuel supply system,66.3%of two-wheelers sold in 2021 used fuel injection technology,and 23

91、.3%used carburetor technology.1 Two-wheelers with automatic transmissions had a slightly higher market share(46.8%)than those with manual transmissions(42.7%)in 2021.Figure 8Two-wheeler market share by key features201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021Vehicle weightEngine powerFuel supply

92、systemTransmission technology0%20%40%60%80%100%0%20%40%60%80%100%0%20%40%60%80%100%0%20%40%60%80%100%100 kg100125 kg125150 kg 150 kg 4kW46 kW68 kW810 kW 10kWCarburetorFuel injectionElectricAutomaticManualElectricTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGCHARACTERISTICS OF TWO-WHEE

93、LER FLEET BY VEHICLE TYPEThis section presents two-wheeler characteristics by vehicle type.Characteristics included in this section are vehicle weight,engine displacement,engine power,fuel supply system,and transmission technology.Data of fleet characteristics are not available for 2017 and 2018;thi

94、s section analyzes data from 2019 through 2021.Figure 9 shows the two-wheeler market by vehicle type and engine displacement.Per their classification,all ICE mopeds had an engine displacement volume below 50 cc.For both ICE motorcycles with automatic transmission and manual motorcycles and mopeds,10

95、0125 cc was the most common engine displacement.Engine displacement of 125150 cc was more common for ICE motorcycles with manual transmission than for other two-wheeler types,while displacement of 150175 cc was more common for ICE motorcycles with automatic transmission.1 Compared to carburetor tech

96、nology,fuel injection technologyconsists of a complex set of electronics and sensors,which provides more precise control over the air-to-fuel ratio,leading to more efficient fuel use,reduced consumption,and lower emissions.9ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,2

97、0172021Figure 9Two-wheeler market share by engine displacement and share of sales for each vehicle type by engine displacement0%20%40%60%80%100%2019202020212019201920202021201920202021201920202021FleetICE moped(automatic)ICE moped(manual)ICE motorcycle(automatic)ICE motorcycle(manual)50 ccElectric50

98、100 cc100125 cc125150 cc150175 ccNote:Among the top 50 selling models from 2019 to 2021,no sales of mopeds with automatic transmission were recorded in 2020 and 2021.THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 10 shows the two-wheeler market by vehicle type and by vehicle wei

99、ght from 2019 to 2021.ICE mopeds had the lowest weight compared to other vehicle types,weighing less than 100 kg,while 58.6%and 59%of e-motorcycles sold in 2019 and 2020,respectively,were heavier than 150 kg.E-motorcycles sold in 2021 were lighter than those sold in 2019 and 2020.The majority of ICE

100、 motorcycles with manual transmissions and e-mopeds weighed less than 100 kg.ICE motorcycles with manual transmission were lighter than those with automatic transmission.Figure 10Two-wheeler market share by vehicle weight,and share of sales for each vehicle type by vehicle weight20192020202120192019

101、20202021201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021FleetICE moped(automatic)ICE moped(manual)ICE motorcycle(manual)ICE motorcycle(automatic)E-mopedE-motorcycle0%20%40%60%80%100%100 kg100125 kg125150 kg 150 kgNote:Among the top 50 selling models from 2019 to 2021,no sales of mopeds with automati

102、c transmission were recorded in 2020 and 2021.THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 11 shows the two-wheeler market by vehicle type and engine power.All ICE mopeds,e-mopeds,and e-motorcycles sold had an engine power below 4 kW.Engine 10ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASEL

103、INE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021power of 68 kW and greater than 10 kW were the most common for ICE motorcycles with manual transmission.Engine power of 810 kW was the most common for ICE motorcycles with automatic transmission.Figure 11 Two-wheeler market share by engine power and s

104、hare of sales for each vehicle type by engine power2019202020212019201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021FleetICE moped(automatic)ICE moped(manual)ICE motorcycle(manual)ICE motorcycle(automatic)E-mopedE-motorcycle0%20%40%60%80%100%4kW46 kW68 kW810 kW 10kWNote:Among the top 50 s

105、elling models from 2019 to 2021,no sales of mopeds with automatic transmission were recorded in 2020 and 2021 THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGThe ICE two-wheeler market by vehicle type and fuel supply system is described in Figure 12.All ICE mopeds used carburetor techno

106、logy,while all ICE motorcycles with automatic transmission used fuel injection technology.The distribution of two-wheelers equipped with a carburetor and fuel injection technology was relatively similar for ICE motorcycles with manual transmission.Overall,vehicles equipped with fuel injection domina

107、ted the two-wheeler fleet in all 3 years.Figure 12 Two-wheeler market share by fuel supply system and share of sales for each vehicle type by fuel supply system2019202020212019201920202021201920202021201920202021FleetICE moped(automatic)ICE moped(manual)ICE motorcycle(automatic)ICE motorcycle(manual

108、)0%20%40%60%80%100%ElectricCarburetorFuel injectionNote:Among the top 50 selling models from 2019 to 2021,no sales of mopeds with automatic transmission were recorded in 2020 and 2021.THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG11ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TW

109、O-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 13 presents the two-wheeler market by vehicle type and transmission technology.In 2019 and 2020,all ICE mopeds with manual transmission had four gears.In 2021,53.4%of these vehicles had four gears,and 46.6%had three gears.For ICE motorcycles with manual transmiss

110、ion,more than 80%were equipped with four gears,with the remaining vehicles having five or six gears.Figure 13 Two-wheeler market share by transmission technology and share of sales for each vehicle type by transmission technology0%20%40%60%80%100%2019202020212019201920202021201920202021201920202021F

111、leetICE moped(automatic)ICE moped(manual)ICE motorcycle(automatic)ICE motorcycle(manual)ElectricCVTM3M4M5M6Notes:CVT is continuous variable transmission(automatic transmission).Motorcycles with manual transmisison have three gears(M3),four gears(M4),five gears(M5),or six gears(M6).Among the top 50 s

112、elling models from 2019 to 2021,no sales of mopeds with automatic transmission were recorded in 2020 and 2021.THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGCHARACTERISTICS OF ICE TWO-WHEELER FLEET BY MANUFACTURERAmong the 50 top-selling models in Vietnam,five manufacturers were respon

113、sible for all sales of ICE two-wheelers:Honda,Yamaha,SYM,Suzuki,and Piaggio.However,the number of ICE two-wheelers sold by these companies has declined since 2019.Honda is the largest ICE two-wheeler company in Vietnam,with more than 70%of ICE two-wheeler sales;its market share increased from 72%in

114、2017 to 81.8%in 2021.The second largest ICE two-wheeler company in the country,Yamaha,sold 15.5%of ICE two-wheelers in 2021.SYM,Suzuki,and Piaggio were also ranked in the top five ICE two-wheeler companies in terms of sales,however,their market share was very limited compared to Honda and Yamaha.Fig

115、ure 14 and Figure 15 show the ICE two-wheeler sales and market share by manufacturer from 2017 to 2021.12ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 14 ICE two-wheeler sales by manufacturer2017201820192020202101,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,000HondaYam

116、ahaSymSuzukiPiaggioTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 15 ICE two-wheeler market share by manufacturer201720182019202020210%20%40%60%80%100%HondaYamahaSymSuzukiPiaggioTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 16 presents the ICE two-wheeler m

117、arket by manufacturer and vehicle type.Over the 3 years,Honda and Yamaha sold both manual and automatic transmission ICE motorcycles each year.In contrast,Suzuki sold only motorcycles with manual transmissions,and Piaggio sold only motorcycles with automatic transmissions.SYM was the only company th

118、at offered both mopeds and motorcycles in 2019 and 2020,but SYM seemed to shift focus to moped sales in 2021.13ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 16 ICE two-wheeler market share by vehicle type and share of each manufacturers sales by vehicle ty

119、pe0%20%40%60%80%100%201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021FleetHondaPiaggioSuzukiSYMYamahaICE moped(automatic)ICE moped(manual)ICE motorcycle(automatic)ICE motorcycle(manual)THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGThe ICE two-wheeler market segm

120、ented by manufacturer and engine displacement is shown in Figure 17.The Vietnamese ICE-two-wheeler fleet is characterized by motorcycles with an engine displacement of 100125 cc.The engine displacement of Hondas and Yamahas two-wheeler fleets ranged from 100 cc to 175 cc.However,engine displacement

121、of 100125 cc was more common in Hondas two-wheeler fleet,and displacement of 125150 cc was more common in Yamahas two-wheeler fleet.SYMs focus on smaller engine displacement is reflective of their shift toward moped sales.In 2019 and 2020,Piaggio offered only vehicles with engine displacement of 100

122、125 cc,while Suzuki offered only vehicles with engine displacement of 125150 cc.Figure 17 ICE two-wheeler market share by engine displacement and share of each manufacturers sales by engine displacement201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021FleetHondaPiaggioSuzukiSYM

123、Yamaha0%20%40%60%80%100%50 cc100125 cc125150 cc150175 cc 175 ccTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGICE two-wheelers in Vietnam tend to weigh less than 125 kg in the 3 years studied.Piaggios two-wheelers were heavier than two-wheelers from other four companies assessed,wherea

124、s SYMs two-wheelers were the lightest.Almost all of Suzukis two-wheelers weighed 100125 kg.Vehicles from Honda had a wider range of weight,from 14ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021less than 100 kg to 150 kg,while Yamahas two-wheelers weighed less than

125、 125 kg.The two-wheeler market segmented by company and by vehicle curb weight is presented in Figure 18.Figure 18 ICE two-wheeler market share by vehicle weight and share of each manufacturers sales by vehicle weight201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021FleetHondaP

126、iaggioSuzukiSYMYamaha0%20%40%60%80%100%100 kg100125 kg125150 kg 150 kgTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGThe two-wheeler market by company and vehicle engine power is shown in Figure 19.Most ICE two-wheelers in Vietnam present a rated power of 68 kW.Among five the companies

127、,two-wheelers from Suzuki presented the highest engine power over the years studied.SYMs two-wheelers had the lowest range of engine power of the group;in 2021,SYM only sold vehicles with engine power lower than 4 kW.Piaggio only offered two-wheelers with engine power of 68 kW in 2019 and 2020,while

128、 in 2021,Piaggio also offered vehicles with engine power larger than 8 kW.Two-wheelers from Honda and Yamaha had a wider range of engine power.Vehicles with engine power of 810 kW were more common in Hondas fleet,while vehicles with engine power greater than 10 kW were more common in Yamahas fleet.F

129、igure 19ICE two-wheeler market share by engine power and share of each manufacturers sales by engine power201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021FleetHondaPiaggioSuzukiSYMYamaha0%20%40%60%80%100%4kW46 kW68 kW810 kW 10kWTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATIO

130、N THEICCT.ORG15ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 20 describes the ICE two-wheeler market segmented by manufacturer and fuel supply system.Fuel injection is the preferred technology among Vietnamese two-wheelers.Among the five manufacturers,only

131、 Honda and Yamaha offered both types of vehicles with carburetor and fuel injection technology,but vehicles equipped with fuel injection were more common in Hondas fleet.More than 77%of Hondas two-wheelers used fuel injection technology in each year studied.Over the 3 years,Piaggio only offered vehi

132、cles equipped with fuel injection technologies.Most vehicles from SYM and Suzuki were equipped with carburetor technology.Figure 20ICE two-wheeler market share by fuel supply system and share of each manufacturers sales by fuel supply system20192020202120192020202120192020202120192020202120192020202

133、1201920202021FleetHondaPiaggioSuzukiSYMYamaha0%20%40%60%80%100%CarburetorElectric injectionTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 21 presents the ICE two-wheeler market by company and transmission technology.The fleet presents a slight technology preference towards moder

134、n automatic transmissions.Piaggio principally sold vehicles with automatic transmission technology,while Suzuki sold vehicles with 6-gear manual transmissions.Honda and Yamaha offered two-wheelers with both automatic and manual transmission.Two-wheelers with automatic transmissions were more common

135、in Hondas fleet,while two-wheelers with 4-gear manual transmissions were more common in Yamahas fleet.SYM is the only company still offering 3-manual transmissions,along with 4-gear manual transmission.16ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 21 ICE

136、 two-wheeler market share by transmission technology and share of each manufacturers sales by transmission technology0%20%40%60%80%100%201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021FleetHondaPiaggioSuzukiSYMYamahaCVTM3M4M5M6Notes:CVT is continuous variable transmission(auto

137、matic transmission).Motorcycles with manual transmission have three gears(M3),four gears(M4),five gears(M5),or six gears(M6).THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGCHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER FLEET The electric two-wheeler market in Vietnam grew from 1.2%of all two-

138、wheelers in 2017 to 10.4%in 2021.This section provides more detail about the characteristics of electric two-wheeler fleet in the country for 3 years,from 2019 to 2021,as data is unavailable for 2017 and 2018.The major features of electric two-wheeler fleet covered in this section are vehicle type,r

139、ange,motor power,maximum speed,vehicle weight,battery capacity,and battery type.Figure 22 presents electric two-wheeler sales and the share of sales by vehicle type.The total number of electric two-wheeler sales increased 78%over the 3 years,from 39,700 vehicles in 2017,to 152,000 vehicles in 2019,a

140、nd to 288,000 vehicles in 2021.The majority of electric two-wheelers sold were e-mopeds,which made up 89.2%of sales in 2019 and 92.7%of sales in 2020.E-motorcycles accounted for a small market share in 2019 and 2020 but increased to 30.6%in 2021.Figure 22 Number of electric two-wheeler sales and sha

141、re of electric two-wheeler sales by vehicle type 2019202020212019202020210100,000200,000300,0000%20%40%60%80%100%Electric two-wheeler sales by vehicle typeShare of electric two-wheeler market sales by vehicle typeE-mopedE-motorcycleTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG17ICCT

142、REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021An overview of electric two-wheeler fleet characteristics is presented in Figure 23.The majority of electric two-wheelers sold in all 3 years were equipped with lead-acid batteries,accounting for more than 70%of the market

143、 share each year.Electric two-wheelers with battery capacity of 1.01.2 kWh were the most popular in the electric two-wheeler fleet,accounting for almost a half of the market share each year,followed by vehicles with battery capacities of 1.41.6 kWh and 1.2 1.4 kWh.Vehicles with battery capacities of

144、 1.4.6 kWh were more common in the 2020 electric two-wheeler fleet,while vehicles with battery capacities of 1.21.4 kWh were more common in the 2021 electric two-wheeler fleet.All electric two-wheelers had a rangethe distance a vehicle can travel on a single chargegreater than 60 km.In 2021,33%of el

145、ectric two-wheelers had a range of 8090 km,and 18.7%had a range of 90100 km.On average,the range of the 2021 electric two-wheeler fleet tended to be higher than the 2019 and 2020 fleets,which can be explained by the higher share of e-motorcycles in the 2021 fleet.Figure 23 Electric two-wheeler fleet

146、 characteristics by battery type,capacity,and rangeElectric two-wheeler sales by battery typeShare of electric two-wheeler sales by battery type0100,000200,000300,0000%20%40%60%80%100%0%20%40%60%80%100%0%20%40%60%80%100%Share of electric two-wheeler sales by battery capacity201920202021201920202021S

147、hare of electric two-wheeler sales by range2019202020212019202020211.41.6 kWh 1.6 kWh11.2 kWh1.21.4 kWh 1 kWh90100 km100-110 km 110 km7080 km8090 km6070 kmLead acidLithium-ionLead acidLithium-ionTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 24 presents the electric two-wheeler

148、market by engine power,vehicle weight,and maximum speed.Over the 3 years assessed,the majority of electric two-wheelers sold in the country had engine power of 11.5 kW,followed by vehicles with power of 0.51.0 kW.Two-wheelers with engine power greater than 1.5 kW accounted for a small market share.E

149、lectric two-wheelers weighing less than 100 kg,mainly e-mopeds,dominated the electric two-wheeler fleet,accounting for 68.7%of sales in 2019,56.2%in 2020,and 54.35%in 2021.Following were vehicles weighing 100150 kg;vehicles heavier than 150 kg accounted for a 4.5%market share in 2021.The majority of

150、 electric two-wheelers sold in the 3 years had a maximum speed of 4050 km/h.In 2021,the 18ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021number of electric two-wheelers sold with a maximum speed of 5060 km increased,accounting for 26.1%of the 2021 electric two-whe

151、eler fleet.Figure 24Electric two-wheeler fleet characteristics by engine power,vehicle weight,and maximum speed0%20%40%60%80%100%Share of electric two-wheeler salesby maximum speed0%20%40%60%80%100%Share of electric two-wheeler salesby motor power0%20%40%60%80%100%Share of electric two-wheeler sales

152、by vehicle weight2019202020212019202020212019202020211.52 kW22.5 kW 2.5 kW0.51 kW11.5 kW 0.5 kW125150 kg 150 kg100125 kg 100 kg5060 km/h 60 km/h4050 km/h 40 km/hTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGCHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER FLEET BY VEHICLE TYPEThe electric two-

153、wheeler market segmented by vehicle type and battery type is shown in Figure 25.All e-motorcycles sold in the market were equipped with lead-acid batteries.E-mopeds with lead-acid batteries also dominated the market,at 70%of sales.E-mopeds powered by lithium-ion batteries accounted for a smaller mar

154、ket share,with 26.6%in 2019,30.4%in 2020,and 24.1%in 2021.Figure 25 Electric two-wheeler market share by battery type and share of sales for e-mopeds and e-motorcycles by battery type0%20%40%60%80%100%201920202021201920202021201920202021FleetE-mopedE-motorcycleLithium-ionLead acidTHE INTERNATIONAL C

155、OUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGThe electric two-wheeler market by vehicle type and battery capacity is shown in Figure 26.E-motorcycles had higher battery capacity than e-mopeds.In 2019 and 2020,all e-motorcycles sold in the market had a battery capacity greater than 1.4 kWh,and a battery

156、 capacity greater than 1.6 kWh was most common.In 2021,e-motorcycles with a battery range of 1.21.4 kWh had the largest sales share of the e-motorcycle fleet,at 57.5%,driven by the introduction of the VinFast Klara A2.E-motorcycles with a battery capacity of 1.41.6 kWh had a 27.7%market share in 202

157、1,followed by those with a capacity greater than 1.6 kWh with 14.8%.E-mopeds with a battery capacity of 11.2 kWh were the most popular in the market over the 3 years and accounted for 68.1%of all e-mopeds sold in 2021.19ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172

158、021Figure 26 Electric two-wheeler market share by battery capacity and share of sales for each vehicle type by battery capacity0%20%40%60%80%100%201920202021201920202021201920202021FleetE-mopedE-motorcycle1.21.4 kWh1.41.6 kWh 1.6 kWh11.2 kWhTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.O

159、RGFigure 27 shows the electric two-wheeler market segmented by vehicle type and travel range.On average,e-mopeds had a lower range than e-motorcycles,which may be related to the lower battery capacity of e-mopeds.In each year studied,e-mopeds with ranges of 7080 km and 90100 km accounted for more th

160、an 50%of the e-moped fleet.E-mopeds with a range greater than 110 km accounted for only a small share of sales.All e-motorcycles sold in 2019 and 2020 offered a travel range above 80 km.The average battery capacity of e-motorcycles in 2021 was lower than that in 2019 and 2020,resulting in a lower ra

161、nge for the 2021 e-motorcycle feet.In 2021,42.5%of e-motorcycles sold on the market had a travel range greater than 110 km,52.5%had a travel range of 8090 km,and 4.9%offered a range of 7080 km.Figure 27Electric two-wheeler market share by battery range and share of sales for each vehicle type by bat

162、tery range0%20%40%60%80%100%201920202021201920202021201920202021FleetE-mopedE-motorcycle7080 km8090 km90100 km100110 km 110 km6070 kmTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 28 shows the electric two-wheeler market by vehicle type and motor power.As expected,e-mopeds had a

163、 lower power rating than e-motorcycles.All of the e-mopeds offered had a motor power of less than 2 kW;e-mopeds with motor power of 0.51.5 kW were the most popular.In 2019 and 2020,all e-motorcycles sold had motor power greater than 2 kW.In 2021,e-motorcycles with motor power of 11.5 kW were the mos

164、t common,accounting for 57.5%of sales,driven by the introduction of the popular VinFast Klara A2.20ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 28 Electric two-wheeler market share by motor power and share of sales for each vehicle type by motor power0%20

165、%40%60%80%100%201920202021201920202021201920202021FleetE-mopedE-motorcycle0.51 kW11.5 kW1.52 kW22.5 kW 2.5 kW 0.5 kWTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 29 presents the electric two-wheeler market by vehicle type and vehicle weight.E-mopeds are,by definition,lighter th

166、an e-motorcycles;most e-mopeds sold each year weighed less than 100 kg.In 2019 and 2020,e-mopeds weighing 125150 kg were also offered for sale.In 2019 and 2020,e-motorcycles heavier than 150 kg dominated the e-motorcycle fleet,with nearly 60%of e-motorcycle sales.In 2021,e-motorcycles weighing 12515

167、0 kg were more common.Figure 29 Electric two-wheeler market share by vehicle weight and share of sales for each vehicle type by vehicle weight0%20%40%60%80%100%201920202021201920202021201920202021FleetE-mopedE-motorcycle100125 kg125150 kg 150 kg 100 kgTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATIO

168、N THEICCT.ORGThe electric two-wheeler market segmented by vehicle type and maximum travel speed is shown in Figure 30.As expected,all mopeds had a maximum speed below 50 km/h,while all e-motorcycles had a maximum speed of over 50 km/h.Over the 3 years studied,most e-mopeds sold had a maximum travel

169、speed of 4050 km/h,and those with a maximum speed of less than 40 km/h accounted for only a small share.E-motorcycles with a maximum speed greater than 60 km/h were more common in 2019 and 2020.However,in 2021,e-motorcycles with a maximum travel speed of 5060 km/h accounted for 85.2%of sales.21ICCT

170、REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 30 Electric two-wheeler market share by maximum speed and share of sales for each vehicle type by maximum speed201920202021201920202021201920202021FleetE-mopedE-motorcycle0%20%40%60%80%100%4050 km/h5060 km/h 60 km/h

171、 40 km/hTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGTable 3 summarizes the sales-weighted averages of electric two-wheeler specifications by vehicle type in 2021.On average,e-motorcycles had higher battery capacity,range,engine power,curb weight,and speed than e-mopeds.All e-motorcy

172、cles sold in 2021 were equipped with lead-acid batteries,while 24.1%of e-mopeds were powered by lithium-ion batteries.Table 3Sales-weighted averages of electric two-wheeler specifications by vehicle type in 2021ParametersAll electric two-wheelers E-mopedE-motorcycleShare of all two-wheeler sales 10.

173、4%7.2%3.2%Battery capacity(kWh)Min1.11.11.3Max3.23.22.3Average1.41.41.5Battery typeLead-acid83.3%75.9%100%Lithium-ion16.7%24.1%0.0%Range(km)Min707080Max140120140Average95.690.2107.8Engine power(kW)Min0.50.51.2Max4.01.64.0Average1.41.21.9Vehicle weight(kg)Min75.075.093.0Max155.0115.0155.0Average103.3

174、92.3128.4Speed(km/h)Min35.035.055.0Max65.050.065.0Average51.647.660.522ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER FLEET BY MANUFACTURER The number of electric two-wheelers sold in the country increased over the 3 years s

175、tudied,from 161,500 vehicles in 2019,to 240,500 vehicles in 2020,and 287,700 vehicles in 2021.The electric two-wheeler market and total sales by manufacturer are presented in Figure 31.Eight manufacturers sold electric two-wheelers in Vietnam during this 3-year period:Anbico,Dibao,Gogoro,JVC,Niu,Peg

176、a,VinFast,and Yadea.VinFast dominated the electric two-wheeler market in the country,reaching its highest share of electric two-wheeler sales in 2020 at 45.9%.Pega was the second-largest electric two-wheeler manufacturer in 2021,with 29.3%of sales.In 2021,the market share of VinFast decreased to 32.

177、8%,while Pega and Yadea gained market share.Figure 31Electric two-wheeler sales by manufacturer and share of electric two-wheeler sales by manufacturer050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,0002019202020210%20%40%60%80%100%201920202021Electric two-wheeler salesby manufacturer Share of Electric two-w

178、heelersales by manufacturerNiuPegaVinFastDibaoGogoroYadeaJVCAnbicoNiuPegaVinFastDibaoGogoroYadeaJVCAnbicoTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 32 shows the electric two-wheeler market segmented by manufacturer and vehicle type.All brands offered e-mopeds;Anbico,Gogoro,Y

179、adea,Niu,and JVC sold e-mopeds exclusively.In 2019 and 2020,Dibao,Niu,and VinFast offered only e-mopeds,but all three brands started offering e-motorcycles in 2021.Although VinFast only began selling e-motorcycles in 2021,they made up 49%of their sales that year.Pega is the only brand that sold e-mo

180、torcycles over all 3 years.23ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 32 Electric two-wheeler market share by vehicle type and share of each manufacturers electric two-wheeler sales by vehicle type0%20%40%60%80%100%2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2

181、020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021FleetAnbicoDibaoGogoroJVCNiuPegaVinFastYadeaE-mopedE-motorcycleTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGhe electric two-wheeler market share by manufacturer and battery type is shown in Figure 33.Niu,th

182、e sole manufacturer to exclusively use lithium-ion batteries,did not sell any vehicles in 2021.In 2020,the company sold 15,800 vehicles,accounting for 6.6%of the electric two-wheeler market.Among the eight manufacturers,Anbico,Dibao,Gogoro,JVC and Pega only sold electric two-wheelers equipped with l

183、ead-acid batteries.VinFast,and Yadea to some extent,offered both battery types in their electric two-wheelers.For VinFast,51%of sales in 2021 were vehicles with lithium-ion batteries.Figure 33 Electric two-wheeler market share by battery type and share of each manufacturers electric two-wheeler sale

184、s by battery type2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021FleetAnbicoDibaoGogoroJVCNiuPegaVinFastYadea0%20%40%60%80%100%Lead acidLithium-ionTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 34 shows the electr

185、ic two-wheeler market share by manufacturer and battery capacity.Anbico,Gogoro,and JVC only sell vehicles with battery capacity of 1.01.2 kWh,while Niu only offered vehicles with a battery capacity of between 1.4 to 1.6 kWh.Electric two-wheelers with a battery capacity of 1.2 to 1.4 kWh also dominat

186、ed Dibaos fleet.Pega and VinFast were the only manufacturers selling electric two-wheelers with battery capacities greater than 1.6 kWh.24ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 34 Electric two-wheeler market share by battery capacity and share each

187、manufacturers sales by battery capacity2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021FleetAnbicoDibaoGogoroJVCNiuPegaVinFastYadea0%20%40%60%80%100%1.41.6 kWh 1.6 kWh11.2 kWh1.21.4 kWhTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION

188、 THEICCT.ORGFigure 35 shows the electric two-wheeler market by manufacturer and range.Pega and VinFast offer electric two-wheelers with the longest range,above 110 km per charge.On average,the electric two-wheeler fleets of VinFast and Pega had a higher average travel range compared with other compa

189、nies fleets because of their higher battery capacity.Pega had the largest share of electric two-wheelers with a range greater than 110 km,at 44.4%in 2021.All vehicles from Gogoro and Niu had ranges of 90100 km,while JVC offered only vehicles with a range of 7080 km.Electric two-wheelers with ranges

190、of 6070 km were more common in the Anbico and VinFast fleets.Figure 35 Electric two-wheeler market share by battery range and share of each manufacturers sales by battery range2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021FleetAnbic

191、oDibaoGogoroJVCNiuPegaVinFastYadea0%20%40%60%80%100%90100 km100110 km 110 km7080 km6070 km8090 kmTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 36 presents the electric two-wheeler market share by company and motor power.Pega offered vehicles with a wide range of motor power,ran

192、ging from 0.5 kW to greater than 2.5 kW.Electric two-wheelers with power greater than 2 kW were the 25ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021most common in Pegas fleet,at 34.4%.Dibao and Niu offered only vehicles with 11.5 kW of power,and Gogoro offered on

193、ly vehicles with motor power of 1.52 kW.Vehicles with power of less than 0.5 kW were most common in the Yadea and VinFast fleets.Figure 36Electric two-wheeler market share by motor power and share of each manufacturers sales by motor power2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2

194、019 2020 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021FleetAnbicoDibaoGogoroJVCNiuPegaVinFastYadea0%20%40%60%80%100%1.52 kW22.5 kW 2.5 kW0.51 kW 0.5 kW11.5 kWTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 37 presents the electric two-wheeler market by vehicle weight,which include

195、s battery weight.Anbico,Dibao,Gogoro,JVC,Niu exclusively sold electric two-wheelers of less than 100 kg.This type of electric two-wheeler was also common in the Pega and Yadea fleets.Because Pega and VinFast offered e-motorcycles,which tend to be heavier than e-mopeds,the fleets of these two manufac

196、turers were heavier than those of other companies.Pega was the only manufacturer that sold electric two-wheelers weighing more than 150 kg,while VinFast was the only manufacturer that offered electric two-wheelers weighing 125150 kg.Figure 37 Electric two-wheeler market share by vehicle weight and s

197、hare of each manufacturers sales by vehicle weight0%20%40%60%80%100%2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021FleetAnbicoDibaoGogoroJVCNiuPegaVinFastYadea 150 kg100125 kg 100 kg125150 kgTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPO

198、RTATION THEICCT.ORG26ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021The electric two-wheeler market segmented by manufacturer and maximum speed is shown in Figure 38.By definition,e-mopeds have a maximum speed of 50 km/h.Vehicles with a maximum speed of 4050 km/h

199、were dominant in all manufacturer fleets except for Niu,which offered only vehicles with a maximum speed below 40 km/h.Pega was the only manufacturer to sell electric two-wheelers with a maximum speed of higher than 60 km/h.Vehicles with a maximum speed range of 5060 km/h were the most popular in Vi

200、nFasts fleet in 2021.The year VinFast began to offer e-motorcycles.In 2019 and 2020,VinFast only offered e-mopeds;therefore,the maximum speed of the VinFast fleet in these 2 years was lower than 50 km/h.Figure 38 Electric two-wheeler market share by maximum speed and share of each manufacturers sale

201、s by maximum speed2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021FleetAnbicoDibaoGogoroJVCNiuPegaVinFastYadea0%20%40%60%80%100%60 km/h4050 km/h 40 km/h5060 km/hTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGTable 4 summ

202、arizes the sales-weighted averages of electric two-wheeler specifications by manufacturer in 2021.VinFast had the highest-average battery capacity power(1.6 kWh)among the six companies.However,Pegas fleet had the highest-average travel range(114.7 km),engine power(1.9 kW),vehicle weight(109.6 kg),an

203、d speed(55.2 km/h).Yadeas fleet had the lowest average engine power and speed,while Anbicos fleet was lightest,and JVCs fleet had the lowest travel range.27ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Table 4 Sales-weighted averages of electric two-wheeler speci

204、fications by manufacturer in 2021ParametersAll electric two-wheelersVinFastPegaYadeaDibaoAnbicoJVC100%32.8%29.3%14.4%11.2%8.7%3.6%Vehicle type E-moped69.4%51.0%55.6%100%86.5%100%100%E-motorcycle 30.6%49.0%44.4%0%13.5%0%0%Battery capacity(kWh)Min 1.11.11.21.21.21.21.2Max 3.23.22.31.41.31.21.2Average

205、1.41.61.41.31.31.21.2Battery type Lead-acid 83.3%49.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%Lithium-ion 16.7%51.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%Range(km)Min 707010080807080Max 1401201401099010080Average 95.689.2114.790.483.286.480.0Engine power(kW)Min 0.50.51.20.51.50.81.5Max 4.01.24.01.21.51.61.5Average 1.41.11.91.0

206、1.51.21.5Vehicle weight(kg)Min 68.068.090.094.092.085.095.0Max 150.0127.0150.0115.093.095.095.0Average 103.3105.0109.6105.392.889.695.0Speed(km/h)Min 35.035.050.037.050.050.050.0Max 65.060.065.050.055.050.050.0Average 51.652.055.245.350.750.050.028ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR T

207、WO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021TWO-WHEELER MARKET DEEP DIVE ANALYSIS FOR 2021Data from 2021 will be used to determine the baseline for developing fuel consumption standards for two-wheelers in Vietnam.This section presents an overview of the two-wheeler market in 2021,including information on vehicl

208、e characteristics at the fleetwide and company levels.Data is used from two sources,MotorCycles Data and VR,to cover a boarder range of two-wheeler companies and reflect a comprehensive picture of the countrys two-wheeler market.In total,28 companies are included in this analysis.The classification

209、of these companies and their market shares are presented in Table 5.Honda,Yamaha,Suzuki,Piaggio,and Savina produced vehicles locally and also imported vehicles into Vietnam.These five companies dominated the 2021 two-wheeler market,with a total market share of 79.7%.Six electric two-wheeler companie

210、s had a combined market share of 9.4%.The number of domestic producing/assembling companies included in this analysis was 13,but their combined market share was small at 7.6%.Four companies imported vehicles to Vietnam,including GPX Vietnam,Ly Nghia,Hung Thinh Vuong,and Tran Phuong,with a share of 3

211、.3%.These companies imported two-wheelers mainly produced by Honda,Yamaha,Suzuki,and GPX outside of Vietnam.Table 5Two-wheeler company classifications and market share in 2021Type of companyCompanyMarket share(%)Vehicle typeProducer/assembler and importerHonda,Yamaha,Suzuki,Piaggio,Savina 79.7%ICE m

212、otorcyclesDomestic producer/assembler Detech,Honlei Duc Ha,SYM,Victoria,Nam Anh,Sumotor,Lifan,Cong Thuong Dong Minh,Kwang Yang,DK Viet Nhat,Phuong Dong,Saki Vietnam,Motor Thai 7.6%ICE mopedsImporter GPX Vietnam,Ly Nghia,Hung Thinh Vuong,Tran Phuong3.3%ICE motorcyclesElectric two-wheeler producer/ass

213、emblerVinFast,Pega,Yadea,Dibao,Anbico,JVC 9.4%Electric motorcycles and electric mopedsThe 2021 two-wheeler market share by sales and percentage of sales is presented in Table 6.Honda had the largest share of the market,with a share of 65.6%,followed by Yamaha with a market share of 12.5%.The remaini

214、ng 26 companies accounted for 21.9%of all sales.The market share of domestic manufacturers that produced ICE two-wheelers was relatively small,ranging from 1.1%(Honlei Duc Ha)to 0.2%.The market shares of Honda,Yamaha,SYM,Suzuki,Piaggio,and electric two-wheeler companies in this section are slightly

215、lower than those mentioned in section 2.4 because the database used for this section covers ICE companies that are members of VAMM as well as nonmembers.29ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Table 6 Two-wheeler market share by company sales and percenta

216、ge of sales in 2021Company Vehicle salePercentage of salesHonda2,020,96265.6%Yamaha383,97112.5%VinFast94,3003.1%Pega84,2922.7%Detech76,3392.5%GPX Vietnam63,8702.1%Yadea41,4451.3%Honlei Duc Ha33,0111.1%Dibao32,1681.0%SYM25,7400.8%Anbico25,0810.8%Victoria22,3040.7%Piaggio21,3320.7%Nam Anh20,2970.7%Suz

217、uki19,6380.6%Ly Nghia17,8290.6%Hung Thinh Vuong13,4380.4%Savina10,6520.3%Sumotor10,5580.3%JVC10,4130.3%Lifan7,9680.3%Dong Minh7,6640.2%Kwang Yang7,5980.2%DK Viet Nhat7,2710.2%Phuong Dong6,5210.2%Tran Phuong6,1600.2%Saki Vietnam5,5180.2%Motor Thai4,6560.2%CHARACTERISTICS OF 2021 TWO-WHEELER FLEETFigu

218、re 39 presents an overview of 2021 two-wheeler fleet characteristics.ICE motorcycles dominated the fleet,with a market share of 83%,followed by ICE mopeds with a share of 7.6%.Electric two-wheelers accounted for 9.4%of the total market share;6.5%of all two-wheeler sales were e-mopeds and 2.9%were e-

219、motorcycles.Regarding engine displacement,the majority of 2021 fleet consisted of two-wheelers with engine sizes of 100125 cc(69.7%).Vehicles with engine sizes of 125150 cc had a market share of 11.1%,and ICE mopeds with engine sizes of less than 50 cc had a market share of 7.6%.Vehicles with engine

220、 sizes greater than 150 cc accounted for a small share,with only 2.2%.30ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Two-wheelers weighing less than 100 kg and between 100 kg and 125 kg were the most popular in 2021 fleet,with market shares of 51%and 42.7%,respe

221、ctively.Vehicles heavier than 150 kg were the least common,with a market share of only 0.5%.Two-wheelers in 2021 had a wide range of engine power,ranging from less than 4 kW to higher than 10 kW.Vehicles with engine power of 68 kW were the most common,with a market share of 44.1%,and vehicles with e

222、ngine power of 46 kW were the least common,with a share of only 0.2%.Figure 39 2021 two-wheeler market share by characteristic51.0%42.7%5.7%0.5%9.3%7.6%69.7%11.1%2.1%0.1%17.0%0.2%44.1%28.3%10.5%2.9%83.0%6.5%7.6%Market share by vehicle weightMarket share by vehicle typeMarket share by engine displace

223、mentMarket share by engine powerICE mopedICE motorcycleE-mopedE-motorcycle125150 kg 150 kg 100 kg100125 kg100125 cc125150 ccElectric 50 cc 175 cc150175 cc68 kW 4kW46 kW810 kW 10 kWTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG31ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WH

224、EELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021CHARACTERISTICS OF 2021 TWO-WHEELER FLEET BY VEHICLE TYPEFigure 40 describes the characteristics of the 2021 fleet by vehicle type.By definition,all ICE mopeds have an engine size below 50 cc.Regarding ICE motorcycles,those with engine sizes of 100125 cc accounted for 84%of

225、 the market for this vehicle type.ICE motorcycles with engine sizes greater than 150 cc were not common in the 2021 fleet,with a share of only 2.6%.The majority of e-mopeds and ICE mopeds weighed less than 100 kg,with 76%of e-mopeds and 96.8%of ICE mopeds lighter than 100 kg.E-motorcycles were the h

226、eaviest among vehicle types,with the majority weighing more than 125 kg and accounting for a 67.3%share of the market.Vehicles weighing less than 125 kg were the most common in the ICE motorcycle fleet,with 48.3%weighing 100125 kg and 46.5%weighing less than 100 kg.All e-mopeds,e-motorcycles,and ICE

227、 mopeds sold in 2021 had engine power less than 4 kW,and all ICE-motorcycles had engine power greater than 4 kW.More than half of ICE motorcycles had engine power of 68 kW(53.1%).Motorcycles with engine power of 810 kW had a 31.4%market share.Figure 40 Characteristics of 2021 two-wheeler fleet by ve

228、hicle typeShare of sales for eachvehicle type by engine displacementShare of sales for eachvehicle type by weightShare of sales for eachvehicle type by engine power0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%E-mopedE-motorcycleICE mopedICE motorcycle0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%E-mopedE-motorcycleICE moped

229、ICE motorcycle0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%E-mopedE-motorcycleICE mopedICE motorcycle125150 cc150175 cc 50 cc100125 ccElectric125150 kg 150 kg100125 kg 100 kg 10 kW810 kW68 kW46 kW 4 kWTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGCHARACTERISTICS OF 2021 TWO-WHEELER FLEET BY COMPA

230、NYFigure 41 presents the two-wheeler market share by company and vehicle type in 2021.Honda,Yamaha,GPX Vietnam,Piaggio,Suzuki,Ly Nghia,Hung Thinh Vuong,Savina,and Tran Phuong sold exclusively ICE motorcycles.All four import companies,including GPX Vietnam,Ly Nghia,Hung Thinh Vuong,and Tran Phuong,se

231、ll ICE vehicles.Six companies offered only electric two-wheelers;three pf these companies(VinFast,Pega,Dibao)sell both e-mopeds and e-motorcycles,while the other three companies(Yadea,Anbico,and JVC)sell only e-mopeds.The remaining 13 companies offered only ICE mopeds.32ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION

232、BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 41Share of two-wheeler sales for each company by vehicle type in 20210%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%HondaYamahaVinFastPegaDetechGPXVietnamYadeaHonleiDuc HaDibaoSYMAnbicoVictoriaPiaggioNamAnhSuzukiLyNghiaHung ThinhVuongSavinaSumotorJVCLif

233、anDongMinhKwangYangDK VietNhatPhuongDongTran PhuongSakiVietnamMotorThaiICE motorcycleE-motorcycleE-mopedICE mopedTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 42 shows the two-wheeler market by company and engine displacement.All 13 domestic assembly/production companies only o

234、ffered ICE mopeds(engine size 175 cc 50 ccElectric100125 ccTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG33ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021The 2021 two-wheeler market by company and engine power is presented in Figure 43.All vehicles

235、offered by domestic ICE companies and electric two-wheeler companies had an engine power of less than 4 kW.An import company,GPX Vietnam,offered only vehicles with an engine power greater than 10 kW.This high-powered vehicle type accounted for 97.2%of Suzukis fleet.Honda,Yamaha,and Piaggio offered v

236、ehicles with a broader range of engine power,ranging from less than 4 kW to larger than 10 kW.Vehicles with an engine power of 68 kW were more common in Yamaha and Piaggios fleets than in Hondas fleet.Four companies,including Ly Nghia,Hung Thinh Vuong,Savina,and Tran Phuong,sold only two-wheelers wi

237、th an engine power of 810 kW.Figure 43 Share of two-wheeler sales for each company in 2021 by engine power0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%HondaYamahaVinFastPegaDetechGPXVietnamYadeaHonleiDuc HaDibaoSYMAnbicoVictoriaPiaggioNamAnhSuzukiLyNghiaHung ThinhVuongSavinaSumotorJVCLifanDongMinhKwangYangDK Vi

238、etNhatPhuongDongTran PhuongSakiVietnamMotorThai810 kW 10 kW46 kW 4 kW68 kWTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG34ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS OF TWO-WHEELERS Fuel consumption and fuel eco

239、nomy are common metrics referring to a vehicles efficiency in consuming fuel to travel a certain distance.The definitions for this paper are:Fuel consumption(FC):The amount of fuel consumed,in liters,of a vehicle traveling 100 km,written as L/100 km.Fuel economy or fuel efficiency(FE):The distance t

240、raveled,in kilometers,when a vehicle consumes 1 liter of fuel,written as km/L.Within this study,the unit used to measure fuel consumption is L/100 km.The term“fuel economy”is used interchangeably with“fuel consumption”or“fuel efficiency”without intending a change of the underlying units.This termino

241、logy accounts for the fact that policies to reduce the fuel consumption of vehicles are most often referred to as“fuel economy policies”without necessarily implying the respective unit of measurement.Note that because virtually all two-wheelers powered by internal combustion engines use gasoline,lit

242、ers in this case refer to liters of gasoline.Based on the final database,the weighted average fuel consumption of motorcycles and mopeds for 20192021 is calculated using the following equation.FC=ni Regi FCini RegiWhere:FC is the weighted average fuel consumption;Regi is the number of newly sales ve

243、hicles of type i;andFCi is the fuel consumption of a vehicle of type i.Weighted average fuel consumption is analyzed based on vehicle type(motorcycles and mopeds),engine displacement,vehicle weight,and engine power.In the case of electric two-wheelers,the sales number is input into the equation and

244、fuel consumption is assigned a value of zero to those sales.35ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021FUEL CONSUMPTION TRENDS FOR TWO-WHEELERS,20192021This section describes the FC trends of the two-wheeler fleet in Vietnam,focusing on 3 years:2019,2020,and

245、 2021.Fuel consumption data from previous years were not available from the consulted sources.The analysis used data from MotorCycles Data,which includes electric two-wheeler companies and the five ICE two-wheeler companies that are VAMM members.A more detailed analysis is provided for 2021,as this

246、will be the baseline year for developing FC standards for two-wheelers.This analysis uses data from MotorCycles Data and VR to cover a wider range of ICE two-wheeler companies,including VAMM members and nonmembers.The trends in FC of two-wheeler fleets by vehicle type and by engine displacement,vehi

247、cle weight,engine power,fuel supply system,and transmission technology are analyzed here for 2019,2020,and 2021.Because the inclusion of EV sales in the calculation of a company-average FC is a recommended best practice,our 2021 baseline analysis presents company fleet averages with and without EV s

248、ales.This baseline analysis shows those values,noted as:(1)Fleet average FC(Fleet AVG):The fleet average FC including electric two-wheelers.(2)ICE-only average FC(ICE Fleet AVG):The fleet average FC excluding electric two-wheelers.FUEL CONSUMPTION TRENDS FOR THE TWO-WHEELER FLEET BY SALESFigure 44 p

249、resents the average FC of the two-wheeler fleet each year,including and excluding electric two-wheelers.As would be expected,the average FC of the fleet when electric two-wheelers are included in the calculation is lower than the average when only ICE vehicles are considered.In 2021,the average FC o

250、f the fleet including electric two-wheelers was 10.4%lower than the average FC of the ICE two-wheeler fleet.The average FC of gasoline two-wheelers has increased from 1.86 L/100 km in 2019 to 1.88 L/100 km in 2020,and to 1.92 L/100 km in 2021.The average FC of the total fleet,including electric two-

251、wheelers,decreased 2.3%,from 1.77 L/100 km in 2019 to 1.72 L/100 km in 2021.Figure 44Two-wheeler sales and sales-weighted fleet average fuel consumptionSalesFleet AVGICE Fleet AVG00.511.522.533.54Fuel consumption(L/100 km)0.00.51.01.52.02.50.00.51.01.52.02.5Two-wheeler sales(millions)1.721.921.731.8

252、81.771.86THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG36ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021IMPACT OF ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELERS ON FLEET-AVERAGE FUEL CONSUMPTION TRENDS Figure 45 presents the 20192021 sales-weighted fleet average FC of two-w

253、heelers,including and excluding electric two-wheelers.As shown,the increase in electric two-wheeler market share from 4.8%in 2019 to 10.4%in 2021 contributed to the reduction in the sales weighted average FC of the two-wheeler fleet in Vietnam.In 2021,the fleet-average FC was 1.72 L/100 km,which is

254、10.4%lower than the fleet-average FC of 1.92 L/100 km when only ICE two-wheelers are considered.Figure 45 Two-wheeler market share by vehicle type and sales-weighted fleet average fuel consumption 1.771.731.721.861.881.92Fuel consumption(L/100 km)Market share(%)00.511.522.50%20%40%60%80%100%20202021

255、2019E-mopedE-motorcycleICE mopedICE motorcycleFleet AVGICE Fleet AVGTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFUEL CONSUMPTION TRENDS BY ICE VEHICLE TYPE Figure 46 shows the average FC of the two-wheeler fleet by vehicle type for 20192021.As shown,ICE motorcycles had a higher aver

256、age FC than ICE mopeds.In 2021,the average FC of ICE motorcycles was 1.92 L/100 km,33.3%higher than average FC of 1.44 L/100 km for ICE mopeds.The market share of ICE mopeds was small;thus,the average FC of ICE motorcycles from 2019 to 2021 was similar to the average FC of the entire ICE two-wheeler

257、 fleet.37ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 46 Sales-weighted fleet average fuel consumption by vehicle type1.481.871.771.861.281.891.731.881.441.921.721.92Fuel consumption(L/100km)00.511.522.5ICE mopedICE motorcycleFleet AVGICE Fleet AVG2019202

258、02021THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFUEL CONSUMPTION TRENDS BY ENGINE DISPLACEMENT,VEHICLE WEIGHT,ENGINE POWER,AND FUEL INJECTION TECHNOLOGYThe average FC of the two-wheeler fleet by engine displacement is presented in Figure 45.The data shows that the higher the engine

259、 displacement,the higher the average FC level.Two-wheelers with engine displacement greater than 150 cc had the highest average FC among the groups,at 2.29 L/100 km in 2021,which is 59%higher than the average FC of mopeds with engine displacement of less than 50 cc(1.44 L/100 km in 2021).Two-wheeler

260、s with engine displacement of 100125 cc dominated the two-wheeler fleet over the study period,with the average FC of this group increasing from 1.85 L/100 km in 2019,to 1.88 L/100 km in 2020,and to 1.90 L/100 km in 2021.The average FC of two-wheelers with engine displacement of 125150 cc in 2021(1.9

261、9 L/100 km)was 4.7%higher than in 2019(1.90 L/100 km).Figure 47 Weighted fleet-average fuel consumption by engine displacement1.481.851.902.241.281.881.892.241.441.901.992.2900.511.522.5 50 cc100125 cc125150 cc 150 cc201920202021Note:Vehicles with engine displacement less than 50 cc are mopedsTHE IN

262、TERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG38ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Table 7 displays the average FC by vehicle type and engine displacement from 2019 to 2021,excluding electric two-wheelers.The average FC of ICE mopeds was signi

263、ficantly lower than the average FC of ICE motorcycles.The average FC of ICE motorcycles varied by engine displacement and year;ICE motorcycles with an engine displacement of 100125 cc showed the largest change in average FC,decreasing from 1.97 L/100 km in 2019 to 1.82 L/100 km in 2021.The average F

264、C of motorcycles with engine displacement of 125150 cc increased 7.3%over the 3 years,from 1.79 L/100 km in 2019 to 1.92 L/100 km in 2021.Table 7 Average fuel consumption(L/100 km)by vehicle type and engine displacement,excluding electric two-wheelersEngine displacement201920202021201920202021201920

265、202021201920202021 50cc100125 cc125150 cc 150 ccICE mopeds1.481.281.42ICE motorcycles1.971.841.821.791.811.922.242.242.24Figure 46 shows the average FC by vehicle weight class,including electric two-wheelers.Vehicles with weights greater than 125 kg had the highest average FC in 2019,at 1.98 L/100 k

266、m.However,the average FC of this vehicle group was significantly less in 2020 and 2021,mainly because of the increased market penetration of e-motorcycles in these years.In 2019 and 2021,vehicles weighing less than 100 kg had the lowest average FC compared to other groups,at 1.67 L/100 km in 2019 an

267、d 1.66 L/100 km in 2021.The average FC of vehicles with weights of 100125 kg decreased 5.3%from 1.89 L/100 km in 2019 to 1.79 L/100 km in 2021.Figure 48 Weighted fleet-average fuel consumption by vehicle weight,including electric two-wheelers1.671.891.981.681.831.551.661.791.6700.511.522.5 100 kg100

268、125 cc 125 kg201920202021THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 47 shows the weighted fleet-average FC by vehicle weight,not including electric two-wheelers.The average FC values of the vehicle groups weighing less than 100 kg and higher than 125 kg are significantly hig

269、her than the same vehicles groups with electric two-wheelers,as shown in Figure 46.39ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 49 Weighted fleet-average fuel consumption by vehicle weight,excluding electric two-wheelers1.781.912.361.841.892.381.871.912

270、.400.511.522.53Fuel consumption(L/100 km)100 kg100125 cc 125 kg201920202021THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGTable 8 shows the average FC of ICE two-wheelers by vehicle type and vehicle weight.As shown,the heavier a vehicle is,the higher its fuel consumption level.All ICE

271、mopeds weighed less than 100 kg,and this vehicle group experienced the largest changes in average FC.In 2019 the average FC of ICE mopeds was 1.48 L/100 km,declining to 1.28 L/100 km in 2020,but then increased to 1.42 L/100 km in 2021.The average FC of motorcycles weighing less than 100 kg has incre

272、ased over the 3 years,from 1.78 L/100 km in 2019,to 1.84 L/100 km in 2020,and to 1.88 L/100 km in 2021(increased by 5.6%compared to 2019).The average FC of motorcycles weighing between 100 and 125 kg changed slightly over the 3 years,staying about 1.9 L/100 km.Table 8 Average fuel consumption(L/100

273、km)by vehicle type and weight,excluding electric two-wheelersWeight class201920202021201920202021201920202021 125 kgICE moped 1.481.281.42ICE motorcycle1.781.841.881.911.891.902.362.382.3640ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 48 presents the two-

274、wheeler fleet-average FC by engine power,including electric two-wheelers.In 2019 and 2020,vehicles with an engine power of 810 kW had a higher average FC than vehicles with engine power greater than 10 kW.Vehicle with engine power of less than 4 kW had the lowest average FC,at 0.12 L/100 km in 2021,

275、mainly because of the high share of electric two-wheelers in this vehicle group.The average FC of vehicles with engine power of 68 kW increased from 1.78 L/100 km in 2019 to 1.87 L/100 km in 2021.Figure 50 Weighted fleet-average fuel consumption by engine power,including electric two-wheelers Fuel c

276、onsumption(L/100 km)00.511.522.5 4kW46 kW68 kW810 kW 10kW0.121.971.782.021.970.111.981.822.021.960.121.801.871.982.04201920202021THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 49 shows the weighted fleet-average FC by engine power,excluding electric two-wheelers.All electric two

277、-wheelers have engine power less than 4 kW,so excluding electric two-wheelers for vehicles with engine power below 4 kW results in a significantly higher FC.The average FC of other groups remains unchanged with or without electric two-wheelers because these groups do not have electric two-wheelers.F

278、igure 51 Weighted fleet average fuel consumption by engine power,excluding electric two-wheelersFuel consumption(L/100 km)00.511.522.5 4kW46 kW68 kW810 kW 10kW1.481.971.782.021.971.281.981.822.021.961.441.81.871.982.04201920202021THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG41ICCT RE

279、PORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Table 9 shows the average FC of two-wheelers by vehicle type and engine power,excluding electric two-wheelers.Motorcycles with engine power of 46 kW experienced the largest reduction in average FC over the 3 years,decreasing

280、 8.6%from 1.97 L/100 km in 2019 to 1.8 L/100 km in 2021.The average FC of motorcycles with engine power of 68 kW shows the opposite trend,increasing 4.5%,from 1.78 L/100 km in 2019 to 1.86 L/100 km in 2021.Table 9 Average fuel consumption(L/100 km)by vehicle type and engine power,excluding electric

281、two-wheelersEngine power201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021 4 kW46 kW68 kW810 kW 10 kWICE moped1.481.281.42ICE motorcycle1.971.981.801.781.821.862.022.021.971.971.962.02Although fuel injection technology is typically more efficient,the average FC for two-wheelers with fuel i

282、njection remains higher than for two-wheelers with carburetor technology.This is because carburetors are typically equipped in vehicles with lower engine displacement.Figure 50 shows that from 2019 to 2021,the FC of vehicles with carburetors increased from 1.75 L/100 km to 1.9 L/100 km.In contrast,t

283、he FC of vehicles with fuel injection technology changed slightly from 1.89 L/100 km in 2019 to 1.90 L/100 km in 2021.Figure 52 Fuel consumption of ICE two-wheelers by fuel delivery technologyFuel consumption(L/100km)Sales share of ICE two-wheelers00.511.522.50%20%40%60%80%100%2020202120191.751.871.

284、901.911.891.921.72Sales share fuel injection modelsSales share carburetor modelsFuel consumption carburetor modelsFuel consumption fuel injection modelsTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG42ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021FU

285、EL CONSUMPTION TRENDS BY COMPANYFigure 51 shows the sales-weighted average FC of the two-wheeler fleet of companies that offer only gasoline two-wheelers.Piaggios two-wheeler fleet had the highest average FC in all 3 years.In 2021,the average FC of Piaggios two-wheeler fleet was 2.69 L/100 km,56.4%h

286、igher than the two-wheeler fleet-average FC including electric two-wheelers(1.72 L/100 km).Suzukis fleet had the second-highest FC,with 2.44 L/100 km in 2021,41.8%higher than the two-wheeler fleet-average FC including electric two-wheelers.Figure 53 Weighted fleet-average fuel consumption by compani

287、es selling only gasoline two-wheelers00.511.522.53HondaYamahaSYMSuzukiPiaggioFuel consumption(L/100 km)1.851.911.772.402.681.881.881.522.432.681.911.921.442.442.69201920202021THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGThe average FC of different two-wheeler types by company over 3

288、years is presented in Table 10.The average FC of Piaggios fleet was the highest among the five companies,followed by Suzuki.The average FC of Hondas fleet(1.91 L/100 km)and Yamahas fleet(1.92 L/100 km)were similar.Table 10 Average fuel consumption of ICE two-wheelers types by companyCompany201920202

289、021201920202021201920202021201920202021201920202021SYMHondaYamahaPiaggioSuzukiICE moped1.891.281.42ICE motorcycle1.851.881.911.911.881.922.682.682.692.402.432.4443ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021FUEL CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN 2021This

290、 section provides a detailed analysis of fleet-average FC in 2021 by vehicle type,engine displacement,engine power,vehicle weight,and company.The database used for the analysis in this section combines two sources,MotorCycles Data and VR,to cover a broarder range of two-wheeler companies(including s

291、maller companies)to reflect a comprehensive picture of the two-wheeler market in the country for 2021.Thus,the analyzed results for 2021 are slightly different compared to the previous section.AVERAGE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF THE 2021 TWO-WHEELER FLEET AS A FUNCTION OF ENGINE DISPLACEMENT,VEHICLE WEIGHT,

292、AND ENGINE POWERTable 11 summarizes the average values of key parameters for the two-wheeler fleet in 2021.Overall,the average FC of the fleet including electric two-wheelers was 9%lower than the average FC excluding electric two-wheelers.The average weight of the fleet including electric two-wheele

293、rs was similar to the fleet excluding electric two-wheelers.The average engine power of the two-wheeler fleet including electric two-wheelers was also lower than the two-wheeler fleet excluding electric two-wheelers because the majority of electric two-wheelers had engine power of less than 4 kW.Tab

294、le 11 Average values for key parameters of the two-wheeler fleet in 2021Market share Fuel consumption(L/100 km)Vehicle weight(kg)Engine displacement (cc)Engine power(kW)ICE two-wheeler fleet 89.5%1.89105.21157.4ICE and electric two-wheeler fleet100%1.721056.8Figure 54,Figure 55,and Figure 56 describ

295、e the average FC of the 2021 two-wheeler fleet plotted as a function of engine displacement,vehicle weight,and engine power.The FC values tend to group around engine displacement values common across companies.Most models offered in 2021 had engine displacements of 50 cc,125 cc,and 150 cc,as reflect

296、ed here.FC tends to increase proportionally to engine displacement or size.Many models had the same engine displacement,but the FC varied greatly.For example,many models had a smaller engine displacement of around 50 cc,but the FC of these models ranged from less than 1 L/100 km to more than 2 L/100

297、 km,showing opportunities for FC improvement.The FC values as a function of vehicle weight tend to show a more linear distribution as higher weights tend to require additional energy per kilometer traveled to accelerate the mass of the vehicle.FC is also proportional to the power rating,showing grea

298、ter distribution than for engine size but less than for vehicle weight.In all three figures,the models with the bigger engine,mass,and power present a higher FC value.However,the opposite does not apply to the model with the lowest power.44ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEEL

299、ERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 54Average fuel consumption of the 2021 two-wheeler fleet as a function of engine displacement0123456050100150200250300350Engine displacement(cc)Fuel consumption(L/100 km)ICE Fleet AVG:1.89Fleet AVG:1.72ICE motorcycleICE mopedNote:Each dot represents a single two-wheeler

300、 modelTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 55 Average fuel consumption of the 2021 two-wheeler fleet as a function of vehicle weight0123456Fuel consumption(L/100 km)6080100120140160180200Vehicle weight(kg)ICE Fleet AVG:1.89Fleet AVG:1.72ICE motorcycleICE mopedNote:Each

301、 dot represents a single two-wheeler modelTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG45ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 56 Average fuel consumption of the 2021 two-wheeler fleet as a function of engine power051015202530Engine

302、 power(kW)0123456Fuel consumption(L/100 km)ICE Fleet AVG:1.89Fleet AVG:1.72ICE motorcycleICE mopedNote:Each dot represents a single two-wheeler modelTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGAVERAGE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF VEHICLE TYPES AS A FUNCTION OF ENGINE DISPLACEMENT,VEHICLE WEI

303、GHT,AND ENGINE POWERAverage values of key parameters for two-wheeler types are shown in Table 12.ICE mopeds had a significantly smaller market share compared to ICE motorcycles.The average FC,vehicle weight,engine displacement,and engine power of ICE mopeds were also substantially lower than ICE mot

304、orcycles.The average FC of ICE mopeds in 2021 was 1.44 L/100 km,25.8%lower than the average FC of ICE motorcycles of 1.94 L/100 km.Table 12 Average values for key parameters of two-wheelers by vehicle type,2021Vehicle typeMarket shareFuel consumption(L/100 km)Vehicle weight(kg)Engine displacement(cc

305、)Engine power(kW)ICE moped 6.5%1.4449.549.12.1ICE motorcycle83.0%1.94106.3106.77.9Figure 55 shows the average FC of mopeds and motorcycles compared with the average FC of the fleet.ICE mopeds had lower FC(1.44 L/100km)compared with the fleet-average FC that includes electric two-wheelers,(1.72 L/100

306、 km).The average FC of ICE motorcycles was 12.8%higher than the fleet-average fleet FC that includes electric two-wheelers.46ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 57 Average fuel consumption of two-wheelers by vehicle type in 20210.00.51.01.52.02.5

307、Fleet AVGICE Fleet AVGICE mopedICE motorcycleFuel consumption(L/100 km)1.721.891.441.94THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGAVERAGE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF MAJOR TWO-WHEELER COMPANIES AS A FUNCTION OF ENGINE DISPLACEMENT,VEHICLE WEIGHT,AND ENGINE POWERTable 13 summarizes the aver

308、age values for key parameters of the fleets of 22 major ICE two-wheeler companies in 2021.These companies offered only gasoline two-wheelers.Piaggio had only 0.69%of the market share in 2021,but Piaggios fleet had the highest average FC(2.69 L/100 km),vehicle weight(132.4 kg),and engine displacement

309、(149.5 cc).Sumotor,a domestic company,had the lowest average FC compared with other companies at only 1.22 L/100 km.Suzukis fleet had the highest average engine power(13.4 kW)among the companies,following by GPX Vietnam with a fleet-average engine power of 11.15 kW.Honda and Yamaha,the two biggest p

310、layers in Vietnams two-wheeler market,had a relatively similar fleet-average FC,at 1.9L/100 km and 1.92 L/100 km,respectively.The average engine power of Hondas and Yamahas fleet were similar,but the average weight of Hondas fleet(106.8 kg)was slightly heavier than Yamahas fleet(102.2 kg),and the av

311、erage engine displacement of Hondas fleet(119 cc)was lower than Yamahas fleet(122.5 cc).47ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Table 13 Average values for key parameters of ICE two-wheelers by company in 2021CompanyMarket shareFuel consumption(L/100 km)E

312、ngine displacement(cc)Engine power(kW)Vehicle weight(kg)FleetICE mopedICE motorcycleHonda65.59%0%65.59%1.90119.07.67106.8Yamaha12.46%0%12.46%1.92122.57.70102.2Detech2.48%2.48%0%1.3749.52.2088.4GPX Vietnam2.07%0%2.07%2.46149.811.15121.8Honlei Duc Ha1.07%1.07%0%1.5949.52.1483.1SYM0.84%0.84%0%1.4449.12

313、.0695.4Victoria0.72%0.72%0%1.5049.52.2087.5Piaggio0.69%0%0.69%2.69149.59.65132.4Nam Anh0.66%0.66%0.00%1.4849.52.1086.1Suzuki0.64%0%0.64%2.44146.313.42109.4Ly Nghia0.58%0%0.58%2.20136.69.74111.1Hung Thinh Vuong0.44%0%0.44%2.17128.79.00108.9Savina0.35%0%0.35%1.93124.28.50106.3Sumotor0.34%0.34%0%1.2249

314、.52.1087.3Lifan0.26%0.26%0%1.2749.51.8587.5Dong Minh0.25%0.25%0%1.4849.52.1684.6Kwang Yang0.25%0.25%0%1.3649.42.2899.8DK Viet Nhat0.24%0.24%0%1.5249.42.2687.8Phuong Dong0.21%0.21%0%1.8049.51.8088.3Tran Phuong0.20%0%0.20%2.08128.79.00104.1Saki Vietnam0.18%0.18%0%1.2849.52.0386.3Motor Thai0.15%0.15%0%

315、1.4549.52.0086.8Table 14 summarizes average key parameters for the two-wheeler fleet by company type.Vehicle fleets from import companies had the lowest market share but the highest average FC,engine displacement,engine power,and vehicle weight.The average FC of the two-wheeler fleet from importing

316、companies was 2.35 L/100 km,which is 36.6%higher than the fleet-average FC for all two-wheelers of 1.72 L/100 km.Domestic production/assembly companies had the lowest average FC,engine displacement,engine power,and vehicle weight of the two-wheeler fleet.48ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALY

317、SIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Table 14 Average key parameters for the two-wheeler fleet by company typeCompany typeMarket shareFuel consumption(L/100 km)Engine displacement(cc)Engine power(kW)Vehicle weight(kg)Producer/assembler and importer (ICE motorcycles)79.7%1.92120.17.7106.3Domestic

318、producer/assembler(ICE mopeds)7.6%1.4349.52.188.3Importer(ICE motorcycles)3.3%2.35143.410.5117.1Electric two-wheeler producer/assembler9.4%1.9128.4Figure 58 displays the average FC of two-wheeler fleet by company.The fleet FC varied greatly across companies,ranging from 1.22 L/100 km to 2.69 L/100 k

319、m.Piaggio,GPX Vietnam,and Suzuki had the highest average fleet FC,which is significantly higher than the fleet-average FC(including electric two-wheelers).Sumotor,Lifan,and Saki Vietnam had the lowest average fleet FC,with fleet-average FC of 1.22 L/100 km,1.27L/100 km,and 1.28 L/100 km,respectively

320、.Figure 58 Average fuel consumption of the two-wheeler fleet by company in 2021SumotorSaki VietnamLifanKwang YangDetechSYMMotor ThaiDong MinhNam AnhVictoriaDK Viet NhatHonlei Duc HaPhuong DongHondaYamahaSavinaTran PhuongHung Thinh VuongLy NghiaSuzukiGPX VietnamPiaggioICE Fleet AVGFleet AVGFuel consu

321、mption(L/100 km)0.00.51.01.52.02.53.01.221.281.271.361.371.441.451.481.481.501.521.591.801.901.921.932.082.172.202.442.462.691.891.72THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG49ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021The average FC of two

322、-wheelers sold by 22 companies are compared in Figure 57,Figure 58,and Figure 59.Piaggios fleet had the highest average vehicle weight,engine displacement,and highest average FC at 2.69 L/100 km.This was followed by GPX Vietnam,which had a fleet-average FC of 2.46 L/100 km.Suzukis fleet had the larg

323、est average engine power.The majority of domestic two-wheeler companies had vehicles with engine sizes below 50 cc and fleet-average FCs of less than 1.5 L/100 km because these companies offered only ICE mopeds.The average FC of Hondas and Yamahas fleets were similar,at 1.90 L/100 km and 1.92 L/100

324、km,respectively.Figure 59 Average fuel consumption as a function of engine displacement of major two-wheeler companies in 20210.511.522.53Fuel consumption(L/100 km)406080100120140160Engine displacement(cc)ICE Fleet AVG:1.89Fleet AVG:1.72DetechDK Viet NhatDong MinhGPX VietnamHondaHonlei Duc HaHung Th

325、inh VuongKwang YangLifanLy NghiaMotor ThaiNam AnhPhuong DongPiaggioSaki VietnamSavinaSumotorSuzukiSYMTran PhuongVictoriaYamahaNote:Bubble sizes represent the sales volume in 2021 of companies that only offer ICE two-wheelers.THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGFigure 60 Aver

326、age fuel consumption as a function of vehicle weight of major two-wheeler companies in 2021708090100110120130140Vehicle weight(kg)00.511.522.53Fuel consumption(L/100 km)ICE Fleet AVG:1.89Fleet AVG:1.72DetechDK Viet NhatDong MinhGPX VietnamHondaHonlei Duc HaHung Thinh VuongKwang YangLifanLy NghiaMoto

327、r ThaiNam AnhPhuong DongPiaggioSaki VietnamSavinaSumotorSuzukiSYMTran PhuongVictoriaYamahaNote:Bubble sizes represent the sales volume in 2021 of companies that only offer ICE two-wheelers.THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG50ICCT REPORT|FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS F

328、OR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021Figure 61 Average fuel consumption as a function of engine power of major two-wheeler companies in 202100.511.522.53Fuel consumption(L/100 km)02468101214Engine power(kW)ICE Fleet AVG:1.89Fleet AVG:1.72DetechDK Viet NhatDong MinhGPX VietnamHondaHonlei Duc HaHung Thi

329、nh VuongKwang YangLifanLy NghiaMotor ThaiNam AnhPhuong DongPiaggioSaki VietnamSavinaSumotorSuzukiSYMTran PhuongVictoriaYamahaNote:Bubble sizes represent the sales volume in 2021 of companies that only offer ICE two-wheelers.THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG51ICCT REPORT|F

330、UEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE ANALYSIS FOR TWO-WHEELERS IN VIETNAM,20172021COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BASELINE OF VIETNAM WITH FUEL CONSUMPTION STANDARDS IN CHINA Table 15 compares the Vietnam FC baseline of two-wheelers in 2021 with FC standards in China.Fuel consumption standards have been in effec

331、t in China since 2018(Yang,2017).In general,the average FC of two-wheelers classified by engine displacement group in Vietnam is 8.3%to 23.5%lower than the standards in China.Regarding mopeds(vehicles with engine displacement smaller than 50 cc),the average FC in Vietnam is 1.44 L/100 km,while the F

332、C standard for this vehicle type is 1.8 L/100 km in China.For vehicles with engine displacement of 125150 cc,the FC value of Vietnam is 1.99 L/100 km,which is already 23.5%lower than Chinas FC target.The FC values of the vehicle types beyond 300 cc are not available for comparison.Table 15Comparison

333、 of Vietnam baseline with fuel consumption standards in Mainland China and Taiwan provinceChina standard(from 2018)Vietnam baseline 2021Sales weighted average FC limits(L/100 km)Sales weighted average FC(L/100 km)ManualAutomaticCompared with China standard 50(moped)1.81.81.44-20.0%5010022.1 1001252.32.51.9-20.8%1251502.52.71.99-23.5%1502002.832.44-15.9%2002503.63.9 2503003.63.93.44-8.3%3004004.34.