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1、Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europewindeurope.orgAnalysis done by VaasaETTPublished in March 2025Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure EuropeChapter nameWindEurope I Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe4ABOUT THIS STUDY:This p

2、ublication has been produced by VaasaETT in collaboration with WindEurope based on analysis done by VaasaETT.TEXT AND ANALYSIS:Dario Nikzad,Rafaila Grigoriou,Philip Lewis,Anastasia Zafeiriou(Vaasa ETT),Vasiliki Klonari,Marija Dabrisiute(WindEurope)EDITOR:Rory Sullivan(WindEurope)DESIGN:Formas do Pos

3、sivel,Creative StudioPHOTO COVER:ArcelorMittal Belgium,blast furnaces GhentACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:WindEurope acknowledges the kind contribution of the following organisations and clarifies that they do not assume responsibility for the assessments,recommendations or any poten-tial errors or inconsistencie

4、s in this report:AEGE(Asociacin de Empresas con Gran consumo de Energa),Agora Energiewende,ASPAPEL(Asociacin Espaola del Sector del Papel y Cartn),Association of Polish Papermakers,EDF,Fortum,rsted,Regulatory Assistance Project,RWE.MORE INFORMATION:policywindeurope.orgDISCLAIMERThis publication cont

5、ains opinions collated from discussions with WindEurope members,partners and other organisations.Neither WindEurope nor its members or partners,nor their related entities or other organisations are,by means of this publication,rendering professional advice or services.Neither WindEurope nor its memb

6、ers or partners shall be responsible for any loss whatsoever sustained by any person who relies on this publication.Chapter name5Photo:ShutterstockContentsExecutive summary 71.Introduction 92.Electricity bill breakdown for residential and heavy industry users 13France 14 Germany 15 Spain 17 Poland 1

7、83.Regulated charges,breakdown and analysis 21France 22 Germany 24 Spain 26 Poland 304.Impact of energy costs and exemptions on industrial competitiveness 355.Main findings and recommendations 37Annex 1:Support measures 41Annex 2:Industrial exemptions table,eligibility criteria and accessibility 43C

8、hapter nameWindEurope I Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe6Executive Summary7Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe I WindEuropeExecutive SummaryEurope is facing eroding competitiveness to a degree that starts to question the viability of our eco

9、nomic and social model.High electricity prices,driven by taxes and levies slow down renewables-based electrification and under-mine industrial competitiveness.This report examines the structure of electricity bills in France,Germany,Spain and Poland and their impact on residential and industrial con

10、sumers.The findings high-light a pressing need for reform to align electricity costs with Europes decarbonisation and competitiveness goals:Regulated charges on electricity are too high:electric-ity charges in Europe are nearly fifteen times higher for households and four times higher for industries

11、 than in China.Electricity is overburdened with taxes and charges compared with gas:regulated charges on electricity far exceed those on gas in most countries,discouraging the switch to clean energy.In Spain,electricity charges for households are 19 times higher than gas charges.Hidden charges furth

12、er distort prices:in several coun-tries,additional“hidden”regulated charges are embed-ded in energy costs without appearing in end-consum-ers electricity bills.This limits transparency and adds to the overall burden of electricity on consumers.Exemptions benefit heavy industry,but complexity limits

13、their impact:while energy-intensive industries receive reductions,the process is often bureaucratic and impractical often outweighing the benefits of pay-ing less charges.Poor cost distribution slows electrification:electrifica-tion-ready sectors face higher regulated charges than energy-intensive i

14、ndustries,reducing their incentive to switch to clean electricity.Electricity consumers disproportionally shoulder de-carbonisation and energy security costs:many regulat-ed charges fund decarbonisation and security of supply measures which benefit the economy and Europes energy security quite widel

15、y but are now mainly tied to electricity consumption.This report recommends the following actions to reform regulated charges in electricity bills:1.Reduce regulated charges:Member States should cut regulated charges to a minimum to support industrial competitiveness and affordability.2.Remove non-e

16、nergy related costs from electricity bills:social or public policy costs and other non-energy-relat-ed charges should be funded through general taxation,not electricity bills.3.Fund decarbonisation and energy security through general taxation:renewable support schemes and Capacity Remuneration Mecha

17、nisms should be financed by general taxation and not tied to electricity consump-tion.Their impact has a much wider effect on prosperity and competitiveness beyond a better and greener oper-ation of the electricity system.4.Support electrification-ready industries:Governments should ensure that elec

18、tricity pricing structures en-courage rather than penalise industries that can easily switch to clean energy.5.Retain grid-related costs within electricity pricing:charges for network development,system operation and flexibility should continue to be consumption-based to promote efficient electricit

19、y system use.To stay globally competitive and meet decarbonisation targets,Europe should urgently reform its electricity pricing structure.Cutting regulated charges and improving cost allocation will unlock the full potential of renewables-based electrification,securing both economic and environment

20、al benefits.1.9 9Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe I WindEuropeIntroductionIn the last few years Europe has faced significant challeng-es,from COVID to the“gas crisis”triggered by Russias invasion of Ukraine.These events have led to a major overhaul of energy supply cha

21、ins and energy security pol-icies that aim for a cost-effective,reliable and sustainable energy transition.In response,the European Commission is sharpening its energy policy and,for the first time,connecting it to an ambitious industrial competitiveness policy,the Clean Industrial Deal.Its success

22、will rely on Europes transi-tion to a net-zero energy system via renewables-based electrification.It concentrates on three key strategic ar-eas that must be underpinned by the right approach to energy taxation:1.Positioning European clean technology and energy-in-tensive industries as global leaders

23、:High energy prices and global supply chain disruptions have hit European industries harder than their US and Chinese counter-parts.Since 2022 Europe has faced a rising risk of in-dustrial relocation outside the EU.Further energy price spikes up to 2030 driven by increased reliance on short-term gas

24、 contracts-could be deeply detrimental for these sectors.To achieve competitiveness,European Governments must reform energy taxation to encourage industries and consumers to prioritise renewables-based electri-fication.While this is the most cost-effective path to net-zero,electricity tariffs in Eur

25、ope as they stand do not yet support it.Introduction1.Europe(average of France,Germany,Spain,Poland),China(average of Beijing,Nantong,Shanghai,Zhangjiakou regions)and US(average of Los Angeles-California,Miami-Florida,New York-New York,Houston Texas states).The industrial electricity index prices re

26、fer to consumers that do not benefit from exemptions and are from December 2024.The VAT(or equivalent)is applied and calculated on the total sum of energy,network and regulated charges.FIGURE 1.Breakdown of electricity bills in Europe,US and China1051015202530EU*US*China*c/kWhResidential 05101520253

27、0EU*US*China*c/kWhIndustrialVAT(or equivalent)Regulated chargesEnergy chargesNetwork charges*Average of selected marketsSource:VaasaETTWindEurope I Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe10Introduction2.Accelerating renewables-based electrification:Expanding the use of renewa

28、bles will lower energy costs in Europe.With near-zero marginal costs,renewables are prioritised in dispatch,pushing expensive fossil fuel plants down the merit order and reducing wholesale prices.But consumer energy costs remain high,largely due to taxes and levies,which are often much higher on ele

29、ctricity than on gas in most of Europe.National Governments should urgently reform energy taxation to fully align with electrification goals and climate targets.FIGURE 2.Breakdown of residential and industrial electricity versus gas bills(December 2024)051015202530354045ElectricityGasElectricityGasE

30、lectricityGasElectricityGasFranceGermanyPolandSpainc/kWhResidential 05101520c/kWhElectricityGasElectricityGasGermanyPolandIndustrial VATRegulated chargesEnergy chargesNetwork chargesSource:VaasaETTRevamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe I WindEurope 11Introduction3.Ensuring e

31、nergy affordability:During the energy crisis,temporary regulated cost cutting in electricity bills helped to keep prices lower for residential and industrial users in some European markets.These measures some of which are still in place show how bill restructuring can improve affordability.While man

32、y countries have reduced regulated charges,they often remain high relative to energy production and distribution cost and still include various non-energy related components.This study examines electricity bill charges in four European countries France,Spain,Germany and Poland focusing on the impact

33、 of regulated charges both visible and hidden in the end-consumer bill,on two sets of consumers:households(lowest voltage)and heavy industries(highest voltage)specifically in the chemical,steel,pulp and paper and aluminium sectors.It evaluates these charges based on their purpose and cost for each c

34、onsumer category.Using a bottom-up approach,the study shows how regulated charges can influence industrial competitiveness,the acceleration of renewables-based electrification and energy affordability.Lastly,it issues recommendations to European govern-ments on how they can better allocate these cha

35、rges to align with the three key objectives outlined previously.FIGURE 3.Breakdown of residential and industrial electricity bills in France,Germany,Poland and Spain051015202530354045FranceGermanyPolandSpainc/kWh201920232024201920232024201920232024201920232024Residential Industrial c/kWh0510152025Fr

36、anceGermanyPolandSpain201920232024201920232024201920232024201920232024VATRegulated chargesEnergy chargesNetwork chargesTotal end-user price without exemptionsSource:VaasaETT2.1313Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe I WindEuropeElectricity bill breakdown for residential an

37、d heavy industry usersA typical electricity bill in Europe has four main compo-nents:energy charges(supply costs),network charges(transmission and distribution),regulated charges(taxes or fees for energy and non-energy purposes)and VAT.While energy charges often make up the largest portion,the share

38、 and structure of network and regulated charges vary significantly by country.2.1 Price methodologyChapter 1 details the electricity bill breakdown for res-idential consumers and industries within the assessed heavy industry sectors.with monthly data from 2018 to 2024 collected from VaasaETT dataset

39、s.The methodology for electricity and gas index prices varies between resi-dential and industrial users.Below is how these profiles were modelled:Residential price datasets:VaasaETT has been collect-ing European residential electricity prices since 2009,focusing on a typical household profile.This s

40、tudy uses national prices,calculated as the average across 13 re-gions with varying population densities.Prices reflect monthly updated offer prices,excluding those paid by customers under long-term fixed contracts.End-user prices are broken down along European Commission guidelines2.Energy charges:

41、Includes both standing charges and variable costs.Charges applied to suppliers and passed onto consumers(e.g.capacity certificates,energy effi-ciency certificates also known as white certificates)are extracted from the energy component and categorised under regulated charges.Network charges:Covers e

42、lectricity distribution and transmission costs,set annually by transmission and dis-tribution operators or regulators.Regulated charges:Country-specific charges that may be visible or embedded in supplier costs on consumer bills.The primary references for these are official sourc-es from public auth

43、orities,regulators,TSOs,suppliers,or market operators.VAT:the Value Added Tax is calculated on the top of full bill costs so the total sum of energy,network and regulated charges.For the scope of this study,VAT falls under a separate group to avoid confusion with regu-lated charges.Comparisons of VA

44、T charges across the selected countries are out of the studys scope.Industrial price datasets:For this study,VaasaETT created a dedicated industrial archetype for four energy-intensive sectors chemicals,steel,paper&pulp,and alumini-um drawing on its extensive experience in European industrial electr

45、icity price datasets.This archetype represents industries with high and stable load factors(over 85%,exceeding 7,500 annual consumption hours)connected to High Voltage(HV)networks via DSO or TSO connections.Each country has two bill samples,corre-sponding to two reference capacities:20 MW for DSO co

46、n-nections and 40 MW for TSO connections.The following bill samples were analysed:France:HTB1(63 kV to 90 kV)and HTB2(150 kV to 220 kV).Germany:Network rates vary from one DSO to another,and for this reason four reference regions were consid-ered(two rural and two metropolitan areas):Schleswig-Holst

47、ein,Bavaria,Berlin and Frankfurt.The“DSO-Hochspannung”connection with at least 2,500 load hours per year,has been considered for all the four HV DSO connections(60 kV to 110 kV).For TSO HV bills,the EHV/HV substation connection levels at 110 kV have been considered.Since 2023 the German TSOs have a

48、standardised coun-trywide network price(TSO HV rates were different from one TSO to another before 2023).Spain:DSO/TSO HV connection through the 6.3(72.5 kV to 145 kV)and TSO HV connection under the 6.4(over 145 kV)tariffs.Electricity bill breakdown for residential and heavy industry users2.Regulati

49、on(EU)2016/1952 of the European Parliament and of the Council WindEurope I Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe14Electricity bill breakdown for residential and heavy industry users Poland:DSO HV connection at 110 kV,Tariff A23,and TSO HV connection at 145 kV(Tariff Group I

50、I).The end-user industrial prices follow the same breakdown as for residentials:Energy charges:Due to a lack of countrywide transpar-ency on industrial procurement prices and strategies,VaasaETT applied a simplified theoretical model:70%from day-ahead spot prices and 30%from year-ahead futures(Y+1).

51、Network charges:Estimated similarly to the ones for residential consumers but in this case the study ac-counts for temporary or permanent network charge reductions for electro-intensive industries.Regulated charges:Country-specific charges that may be visible or embedded in supplier costs on consume

52、r bills.The primary references are official sources from public authorities,regulators,TSOs,suppliers or market operators.The study also includes temporary or perma-nent reductions in regulated charges for electro-inten-sive industries.VAT:The Value Added Tax(VAT)is calculated on the total bill,incl

53、uding energy costs,network charges,and regulated fees.For the scope of this study,the VAT falls under a separate group not to be confused with regu-lated charges.Comparisons of VAT charges across the selected countries are out of the studys scope.A key aspect of this analysis is determining the full

54、 price range heavy industries pay in the four selected countries.This involves a detailed review of exemptions and reduc-tions for network and regulated charges.The industrial index price ranges from the least-exempted bill(highest price)to the fully exempted bill(lowest price).2.2 Evolution of elec

55、tricity bill breakdown per country FranceIn recent years,France has had one of the most fa-vourable market environments for both residential and industrial consumers.Low network and regulated charg-es,combined with well-hedged power contracts,have strengthened market resilience in both sectors.Figur

56、e 4 shows the breakdown of electricity bills in France for resi-dential and industrial users across the four case sectors3.Energy charges(Dark Blue):Most residential and indus-trial consumers are served by Frances largest suppliers which offer competitive,stable long-term contracts.These contracts o

57、ffered strong protection against price spikes from late 2021 to mid-2023.But as in other European countries,new or renewed residential offers since 2023 have surged,more than doubling from the pre-vious base price of 6 c/kWh.Network charges(Light Blue):Industrial network charges remain highly compet

58、itive,at just 0.14 c/kWh for fully exempted consumers and 0.75 c/kWh for non-exempted ones in 2024.Residential network charges have risen from 6.31 c/kWh(pre-COVID)to 8.36 c/kWh in 2024.But this increase is moderate compared with other EU countries like Germany or Poland.Regulated charges(Yellow):Th

59、ese have remained rela-tively low for both residential and industrial consumers.Compared to the pre-pandemic period(20182019),05101520253035c/kWhResidential JanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOct2018201920202021202220232024VATRegulated chargesEnergy char

60、gesNetwork chargesFIGURE 4A.Breakdown of electricity bills in France for residential users between 2018 and 2024Source:VaasaETTRevamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe I WindEurope 15Electricity bill breakdown for residential and heavy industry usersregulated charges fell from

61、 0.93 c/kWh to 0.79 c/kWh for non-exempted industrials and from 4.44 c/kWh to 3.75 c/kWh for residentials.Frances regulated charge structure is fairly straightforward,with two main compo-nents visible on consumer bills(CTA and Excise Duty)and two certificate-based mechanisms(Capacity Certificates an

62、d Energy Efficiency Certificates(CEE)which power sup-pliers must cover.3.Figure 4B does not fully reflect industrial power price effects as the VaasaETT methodology uses spot pricesGermanyGermany has some of the highest network and regulated charges in Europe.But since 2021,energy charges have becom

63、e the largest cost component,driven by rising fuel prices and lower regulatory charges.Before 2021,regulatory charges dominated,with the EEG surcharge(abolished in July 2022)being the biggest con-tributor.To ease the burden of the Energiewende on ener-gy-intensive industries and to maintain competit

64、iveness,discounts have been introduced across nearly all bill com-ponents,shifting more costs to non-exempted consumers.While regulated charges have declined,grid investment costs have surged,particularly for low-voltage customers,due to network expansion,rising system service costs(e.g.,redispatch,

65、congestion management)and Germanys highly fragmented grid(4 TSOs,900 DSOs).As a result,residential power bills are among Europes highest,averaging 40 c/kWh in 2024.Heavy industrial bills vary widely,depending on exemptions(ranging from 12.2 to 16.2 c/kWh)and geographical location,as High Voltage ind

66、ustrial consumers face significant distribution price differences based on which DSO system they are connected through.Figure 5 gives the breakdown of elec-tricity bills in Germany for residential and industrial users within the four assessed sectors.Energy charges(Dark Blue):With the phase-out of n

67、uclear power(2023)and the planned gradual phase-out of coal(by 2038),Germanys electricity system has become more reliant on gas for dispatchable generation to complement variable renewable sources.Since the second half of 2021,German power prices have risen,peaking in August 2022 due to tight gas ma

68、rket conditions following the reduction of Russian pipeline gas to Europe.Compared to France and Poland,German residential prices have been more volatile,reflecting spot market fluctuations during the energy crisis.Over the past three years,German industrial energy charges(70%based on spot prices an

69、d 30%on Y+1 futures)have been the second highest among the analysed countries,reaching 9.8 c/kWh in 2024.Source:VaasaETT051015202530354045c/kWh50JanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOct2018201920202021202220232024Industrial VATRegulated chargesEnergy charg

70、esNetwork chargesTotal end-user price without exemptionsFIGURE 4B.Breakdown of electricity bills in France for industrial users between 2018 and 2024WindEurope I Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe16Electricity bill breakdown for residential and heavy industry usersTo pro

71、tect the manufacturing sector from high electricity prices,a retrospective compensation mechanism for indi-rect carbon costs was introduced in 2021 and increased from 75%to 100%in July 2024,providing an additional subsidy of approximately 1.01.5 c/kWh4.Network charges(Light Blue):Germany has the hig

72、hest network charges among the four analysed countries,although industrial companies can apply for partial re-ductions of up to 90%under optimal conditions.In 2024,network charges(indexed)grew significantly,rising from 1.59 c/kWh to 2.67 c/kWh for non-exempt industrial customers,and from 0.16 c/kWh

73、to 0.27 c/kWh for fully exempted(90%reduction)ones.For years,the grid fee reduction model has mainly incentivised baseload consumption.But this could soon change,as discounts may be based on consumption flexibility and price respon-siveness,rather than stable consumption.Industries that are more vul

74、nerable to relocation or closure tend to be partially flexible,meaning the increase in fixed costs from flexible production could outweigh the ex-post reduction in the final bill.For residential consumers,network charges rose signifi-cantly from 8.5 c/kWh in 2023 to 10.9 c/kWh in 2024.While transmis

75、sion-level network charges have remained uniform since 2023,DSO grid fees have varied significant-ly between urban and rural areas,and between regions with high and low renewable penetration.To address this disparity,a redistribution mechanism for extra costs in dis-tribution networks with high rene

76、wable generation will be introduced in January 2025.Regulated charges(Yellow):In the past,regulated charges in Germany were among the highest in Europe.However,due to recent Government measures,these charges have 4.This compensation is not reflected in Figure 5.010203040c/kWh50JanAprJulOctJanAprJulO

77、ctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOct201820192020202120222023202460Residential 010203040c/kWh50JanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOct2018201920202021202220232024Industrial VATRegulated chargesEnergy chargesNetwork chargesTotal en

78、d-user price without exemptionsSource:VaasaETTFIGURE 5.Breakdown of electricity bills in Germany for residential and industrial users between 2018 and 2024Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe I WindEurope 17Electricity bill breakdown for residential and heavy industry user

79、sfallen by nearly two-thirds from 3.36 c/kWh in 2021 to 1.14 c/kWh in 2024 for industry.Residential and SME customers pay regulated charges at a significantly higher rate than industrial customers.Many energy-intensive industries can get discounts on all regulated charges,cutting the 2024 rate from

80、1.14 c/kWh(non-exempt)to 0.24 c/kWh with full exemptions.The EEG surcharge,which funded Germanys Energiewende,was the dominant cost component until mid-2022,after which it was removed from end-custom-ers bills,shifting renewable expansion funding to the Government budget(KTF).Regulated charges for c

81、ertain industries were further reduced in 2024,as the electricity tax was brought down to the EU minimum of 0.05 c/kWh.Many key stakeholders call for this reduction to be kept beyond 2025 to preserve the cost-competitiveness of energy-intensive industries.SpainSpains electricity bill stands out in E

82、urope due to a lack of transparency.It does not give a clear breakdown of charg-es and includes hidden taxes on suppliers and generators which affect the final consumer price.For industrial cus-tomers,temporary network reductions and complex bu-reaucracy for exemptions lead to uncertainty and reduce

83、s competitiveness compared to other European countries.Despite these issues,Spains overall all-in prices for resi-dential customers are more competitive than those in the other three countries,mainly due to lower network charg-es while industrial customers face more challenges.Figure 6 goes through

84、the breakdown of electricity bills in Spain for residential and industrial users within the four assessed sectors.0510152025303540c/kWhJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOct2018201920202021202220232024Residential 051015202530c/kWhJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOct

85、JanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOct2018201920202021202220232024Industrial VATRegulated chargesEnergy chargesNetwork chargesTotal end-user price without exemptionsFIGURE 6.Breakdown of electricity bills in Spain for residential and industrial users between 2018 and 2024Source

86、:VaasaETTWindEurope I Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe18Electricity bill breakdown for residential and heavy industry usersEnergy charges(Dark Blue):Since mid-2021,Spanish elec-tricity prices have risen,peaking in spring 2022.Despite Spains high share of renewables hel

87、ping to keep prices low,taxes and fees on generators and retailers drove up retail prices during the crisis.Residential prices,tied to spot-based default contracts,fluctuate with market trends,while industrial prices have been even more vol-atile,averaging around 10 c/kWh.Unlike most markets,Spanish

88、 energy charges include balancing and system operation costs,as these are procured on the spot market rather than classified under network or regulated charges.For consistency in market comparison,this study catego-rises these costs as regulated charges.Network charges(Light Blue):Known locally as t

89、olls,Spains industrial network charges were the lowest among the case countries in 2024,reaching just 0.09 c/kWh for fully exempted electro-intensive industries(with an 80%temporary reduction)and 0.47 c/kWh for non-exempt-ed ones.Residential network costs have fallen slightly,from 4.55 c/kWh pre-COV

90、ID to 4.32 c/kWh in 2024.This contrasts with rising network charges in countries like Germany(10.9 c/kWh),Poland(7.53 c/kWh),and France(8.36 c/kWh).Spain continues to maintain significantly lower net-work tariffs.Before June 2021,network and regulated charges were combined into a single consumer-bil

91、led charge,always divided into six annual periods(P1 to P6).Revenue collected for each period is now allocated be-tween network and regulated components based on the official breakdown.Regulated charges(Yellow):Regulated charges in Spain are still high for both residential and industrial consumers,e

92、specially when accounting for both visible and hidden costs.Government reduction measures have had next to no impact,lowering charges only slightly from 1.36 c/kWh to 1.32 c/kWh in 2024.Residential and SME cus-tomers pay significantly higher regulated charges than industrial consumers,though residen

93、tial charges have dropped from 7.97 c/kWh pre-COVID to 4.27 c/kWh in 2024 due to temporary reductions in excise duty and VAT.Despite this 46%decrease,regulated charges are still a major cost.Eligible companies can receive compensation for indirect emission costs incurred in the previous year,typical

94、ly covering up to 75%of these,though more aid is possible within certain limits.The aid amount is deter-mined by electricity consumption efficiency benchmarks and depends on the Governments available budget,often leading to payouts lower than the maximum eligible amount.PolandIn Poland,regulated cha

95、rges make up only a small por-tion of electricity bills,unlike elsewhere in Europe.From 2021 to mid-2024,regulated charges temporarily rose for residential consumers but have since returned to pre-2021 levels.For larger consumers,regulated and network charges were similar until the end of 2021.In 20

96、22,soaring fuel costs caused energy charges to spike.Since then,taxes have gone up significantly,while network charges have seen a slight increase compared to pre-2022.Low-voltage consumer electricity prices surged past 25 c/kWh in mid-2024 but still lower than in France FIGURE 7A.Breakdown of elect

97、ricity bills in Poland for residential users between 2018 and 2024051015202530c/kWhJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOct2018201920202021202220232024Residential VATRegulated chargesEnergy chargesNetworkSource:VaasaETTRevamping electricity bills for a com

98、petitive and secure Europe I WindEurope 19Electricity bill breakdown for residential and heavy industry usersor Germany.Figure 7 presents the breakdown of electrici-ty bills in Poland for residential and industrial users within the four assessed sectors.For industrial consumers,after extreme price s

99、pikes dur-ing the energy crisis,electricity costs are now comparable to the other three countries in this report.To ease the burden of high energy costs,the Government has intro-duced support measures for households and industries,as reflected in the residential consumer data.Large con-sumers can al

100、so benefit from exemptions or reductions in regulated charges.Energy charges(Dark Blue):In Poland,energy charges are high due to the heavy reliance on fossil fuels.During the energy crisis,they made up nearly half of total costs.While fuel prices remain above pre-crisis levels,energy charges have al

101、so stayed high,further impacted by fluctu-ating carbon allowance prices.Residential energy charges exceeded 11 c/kWh in 2022,dipped slightly in 2023,and rebounded to 2022 levels by mid-2024nearly double pre-crisis levels.Network charges(Light Blue):Historically,network charg-es have been a significa

102、nt component of residential bills,averaging around 6 c/kWh.Since mid-2024,they have risen by half,reaching 9 c/kWh.Industrial charges fol-lowed a similar trend,dropping by 14%during the crisis(0.74 c/kWh in 2019-20)before climbing to 1.50 c/kWh in 2023.In Poland,network charges also include part of

103、the balancing services cost.Regulated charges(Yellow):These charges cover renew-ables development,cogeneration plant levies,capacity market fees,excise duty,and energy efficiency certificate costs.Unlike network charges,regulated fees are a small-er share of both residential and industrial bills.Res

104、idential regulated charges rose sharply by 130%from early 2021 to mid-2024(0.83 c/kWh to 1.88 c/kWh)before drop-ping to 0.42 c/kWh in the second half of 2024.These fluctuations stem from the introduction and temporary suspension of the capacity fee,still suspended until mid-2025.Industrial regulated

105、 charges have remained stable at 1.83 c/kWh since 2021.FIGURE 7B.Breakdown of electricity bills in Poland for industrial users between 2018 and 2024051015202530c/kWhJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOctJanAprJulOct2018201920202021202220232024Industrial VATRegulated

106、 chargesEnergy chargesNetwork chargesTotal end-user price without exemptionsSource:VaasaETT3.2121Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe I WindEuropeRegulated charges,breakdown and analysisRegulated charges are country-specific fees applied to power end-consumers to finance v

107、arious services,includ-ing power system operations and unrelated areas such as TV broadcasting,municipal taxes,and public utility pen-sions.While these charges are usually visible on end-con-sumer bills,in some cases,other stakeholderssuch as suppliers or,in rare instances,generatorsare responsi-ble

108、 for paying them.This leads to indirect price effects on the final consumer bill.Indirect regulated charges,often not reflected in power bills,can increase wholesale prices(when taxes are levied on generators)and drive up energy costs for consumers,as suppliers pass these additional ex-penses onto e

109、nd-users.This study categorises regulated charges into four groups based on how their revenues are used:Non-energy related charges include charges that are more relevant to other national policies than the energy one.Examples include municipal taxes for public space or infrastructure use and social

110、policies such as social tariffs or pension schemes.Decarbonisation and security of supply charges sup-port measures to ensure national energy security for instance via the expansion of renewable energy and other generation capacity,energy efficiency,decarbon-isation of final energy demand by househo

111、lds,busi-nesses and industries.Examples of decarbonisation and security of supply charges are fees supporting long-term revenue stabilisation schemes for renewables,Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms,efficiency of cogeneration plants and others.Electricity system charges finance infrastructure ex-pans

112、ion,grid optimisation,and system flexibility.While typically included in network charges,they may also be embedded in energy charges or appear directly as regu-lated charges on electricity bills.Excise duties are taxes on electricity consumption pri-marily serving as Government revenue that is not a

113、l-ways re-invested into the energy or electricity sectors.Regulated charges apply to all consumer categories,from households to electro-intensive industries.But some groups bear a heavier cost burden than others.In most cases,low-voltage consumers pay higher regulated charges than medium-and high-vo

114、ltage consumers.This structure,widely adopted across Europe,aims to low-er electricity costs for industries,improving their global competitiveness and accelerating electrification-driven decarbonisation.This chapter examines how each country manages electricity costs for small consumers while mainta

115、ining industrial competitiveness.Germany and Spain require structural revisions due to significant cost imbalances.In Germany,low-voltage consumers bear a disproportion-ate share of regulated charges.In Spain,several hidden taxes indirectly increase costs for end-consumers.France meanwhile,despite c

116、ertain questionable charges like the“Contribution Tarifaire dAcheminement(CTA)”maintains a competitive electricity price structure that supports af-fordability and industrial competitiveness.Poland follows closely behind.The classification of regulated charges in each country below recognises that s

117、ome regulated charges may fit into multiple categories.This depends on what purposes each country allocates the respective collected revenues by each charge.The goal of the classification is to provide a high-level perspective and recommend fairer,more stra-tegic cost distribution.A well-balanced sy

118、stem and more strategic cost distribution would create stronger incen-tives for renewables-based electrification while ensuring both affordability and competitiveness.Regulated charges,breakdown and analysisWindEurope I Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe22Regulated charg

119、es,breakdown and analysisFranceThe French electricity bill includes two main regulated charges:the Excise Duty and the CTA.Additionally,two certificate mechanisms impact end-consumer costsenergy efficiency certificates and capacity certificates.These certificates are imposed on suppliers,who pass th

120、e costs on to consumers through their energy pricing.Regulated charges,visible in the end-consumer bill The CTA is a unique charge.Though its translated name-Transmission Tariff Contribution-suggests support for power network operations,it finances pension schemes for energy industry employees5.Appl

121、ied to electricity and gas suppliers,it is calculated as a percentage of network usage charges.Regulated by the French Energy Regulatory Commission(CRE)and collected by the Caisse Nationale des Industries lectriques et Gazires(CNIEG)6,the CTA adds to electricity consumers costs as a regulated tax.Pr

122、actically speaking,it shifts social pol-icy costs onto electricity consumers rather than being funded through more appropriate alternative means.Due to its purpose,this study classifies it as a“non-en-ergy related charge”.The Excise duty(formerly CSPE/TICFE)incorporated the previous TCFE(TCCFE and T

123、DCFE)municipal and depart-mental electricity taxes(repealed in 2022 and 20237).It is a common energy tax,regulated by the French Energy Regulatory Commission(CRE),and collected by electricity suppliers before being remitted to the General Directorate of Public Finances8.The tax is based on electrici

124、ty consumption and primarily serves as a general revenue source,while also financing renewa-ble energy support,cogeneration,non-interconnected areas,and social tariffs9.This study classifies it under“excise duties”.5.TICFE or CSPE,TICGN,CTA,VAT.All taxes on my energy bills-nergie-info.6.CTA,HBJOAT,D

125、EFI,Private copying levy,Tax on diffuse pollution|RM7.Presentation|CRE8.Presentation|CRE9.Evolution of taxes and contributions applied to electricity as of 1 February 2023|EDF EntreprisesFIGURE 8.Breakdown of regulated charges in France for residential and industrial users between 2018 and 2024c/kWh

126、0123452018201920202021202220232024ResidentialDecarbonisation and security of supply chargesNon-energy related chargesc/kWh0122018201920202021202220232024IndustrialRegulated charges without exemptionsExcise dutySource:VaasaETT.Classification of charges recommended by WindEuropeRevamping electricity b

127、ills for a competitive and secure Europe I WindEurope 23Regulated charges,breakdown and analysisFranceChargeVisible vs hidden chargeExemptions available for heavy industriesDecarbonisation and security of supply chargesCertificats de Capacit/Capacity certificates Applied to suppliers for households(

128、hidden charge),while it is visible in the industrial bills(visible charge)NoCertificats dconomies dnergie/CEE energy saving certificatesCertificates applied to suppliers for households(hidden charge),while do not apply to industrialsNoElectricity system charges-Non-energy related chargesLa contribut

129、ion Tarifaire dAcheminement(CTA)Visible chargeNoExcise dutiesLaccise sur llectricit/Excise DutyVisible chargeYesTABLE 1.Classification of regulated charges“Hidden”regulated charges,applied to suppliers and passed through end-consumer energy charges The Capacity Certificates(Certificats de Capacit)ar

130、e part of the countrys capacity mechanism to ensure power adequacy meaning there is enough electricity available during peak demand periods.RTE(the French TSO)is responsible for operating the mechanism and registry for capacity guarantees.The obligated parties include electricity suppliers and large

131、 industrial con-sumers.Industrial consumers can either independently manage and acquire certificates or rely on suppliers,as other customer categories do.These certificates are traded on dedicated markets,such as EPEX SPOT10.Since January 2017,the cost associated with the capac-ity mechanism has bee

132、n included in customer invoices,applied to their energy consumption.This cost is calcu-lated based on auction prices(per kW),multiplied by a safety coefficient for the respective year11.Because these certificates help finance assets develop to ensure security of supply,this study classifies them und

133、er“de-carbonisation and security of supply charges”.For this study,Capacity Certificates have been included only in the industrial index bill and were not deducted from the energy cost of the residential index.Efficiency Certificates,CEE(Certificats dconomies dnergie)are part of Frances energy-savin

134、g certificate scheme,which requires energy suppliers to finance en-ergy efficiency projects for households,businesses,and industries12.Suppliers must achieve a specified volume of energy savings,measured in Cumac TWh(cumulative and discounted terawatt-hours),or should purchase cer-tificates from oth

135、ers who have implemented efficiency measures13.Those who fail to meet their obligations face financial penalties14.The price of CEE certificates fluctuates based on supply and demand.Final consumers can benefit from subsi-dies,which help lower the cost of energy-efficient ren-ovations.However,suppli

136、ers often recover these costs indirectly through slightly higher energy prices.While the CEE scheme promotes energy savings,it is not lim-ited to the electricity sector.It supports wider energy system efficiency and decarbonisation,and so this study classifies it as a“hidden”decarbonisation and secu

137、ri-ty of supply charge.So far,industrial consumers have been exempt from this mechanism and there is little indication that this will change in the future.Following the classification methodology,the French regu-lated charges can be categorised as shown in Table 1.10.Participate in the capacity mech

138、anism-RTE Services Portal11.https:/www.edf.fr/entreprises/electric-ite-gaz/electricite-offres-de-marche/mecanisme-de-capacite-explications-et-prix-des-encheres12.https:/ I Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe24Regulated charges,breakdown and analysisGermanyGerman state-imp

139、osed regulated charges have historically been among the highest in Europe.Apart from VAT,all are per-unit levies,meaning they are charged at a fixed rate per kWh of electricity consumed.While industrial cus-tomers can apply for discounts on these charges,they are typically granted retrospectively.As

140、 a result,businesses cannot factor them into production planning or cost calcu-lations in advance.Regulated charges visible in the end-consumer bill CHP surcharge(KWKG-Umlage)is a surcharge set by the Government under the Combined Heat and Power Act(KWKG)and is collected by the four TSOs15.All end c

141、onsumers pay this levy,with rates varying based on consumption.It finances incentives for building and operating efficient Combined Heat and Power(CHP)plants,supports heating and cooling networks,and helps to develop heat and cold storage facilities16.Due to its purpose,this study classifies the CHP

142、 surcharge as being under“decarbonisation and security of supply charges”.StromNEV surcharge(Umlage nach 19 StromNEV)is a surcharge set by the Government under the Electricity Network Charges Ordinance(StromNEV)and collected by the four TSOs.All end consumers pay this levy,with rates varying based o

143、n consumption levels17.It compen-sates for reduced network charges granted to certain industrial consumers,ensuring fair distribution of grid maintenance and expansion costs18.The StromNEV sur-charge can be classified under“electricity system charg-es”since it supports the build-out of the electrici

144、ty grid by relieving certain consumers from respective charges.Electricity Tax(Stromsteuer)is set by the Government under the Electricity Duty Act(Stromsteuergesetz)and is collected by the Federal Customs Administration(Bundeszollverwaltung).All electricity consumers are liable to pay this tax but w

145、ith different rates.The tax aims to promote energy efficiency and reduce envi-ronmental impact(originally introduced as part of the Ecological Tax Reform in 199919).For 2024 and 2025,the electricity tax was reduced to the European minimum of 0.05 c/kWh for 2024-2025 for manufacturing companies.Indus

146、try stakeholders consider preserving this rate beyond 2025 as essential to maintaining competitiveness of energy-intensive companies.The Clean Industrial Deal,published on 26 February 2025 by the European Commission,aims to reduce the EUs allowed tax floor to zero,which would,if adopted,further reli

147、eve the financial bur-den on German industry and improve international competitiveness.The collected revenues from this tax support energy efficiency overall,not specifically targeted to electricity,and reduce the environmental impact of energy uses.With that in mind,this study could classify it as

148、a“de-carbonisation and security of supply charge”.However,as the electricity tax in Germany has a similar nature to the excise duty in France and the electricity tax in Spain and Poland,the study classifies it as an“excise duty”for consistency purposes.Concession Fee(Konzessionsabgabe)is a fee paid

149、by energy suppliers to municipalities for the right to use public infrastructure for energy distribution.It is based on the amount of energy supplied and passed onto consumers through their bills.The fee helps municipal-ities generate revenue from the use of public spaces for energy networks20 so th

150、is charge is mainly aimed at supporting policies related to the use of public space rather than energy policy and should not be passed onto final electricity consumers.This study classifies it as a non-energy related charge.Offshore surcharge(Umlage Offshore-Netz)is a levy set annually by TSOs21 and

151、 targeted to cover the costs of connecting offshore wind farms to the grid and compen-sating for delays or interruptions.This charge directly supports TSOs in building the electricity network and mitigating the impact of network build-out delays to end users.This study classifies it as an“electricit

152、y sys-tem charge”.This charge would be more relevant under the total network charges rather than as a separate charge in the electricity bill.Recently abolished regulated charges EEG surcharge(Umlage nach EEG)was a levy set by the Government under the Renewable Energy Sources Act(EEG)and designated

153、to support the expansion of renew-able energy sources.All electricity consumers in Germany were liable to pay this surcharge,collected by the TSOs.The EEG levy was abolished on 1 January 2023,after being reduced to zero on 1 July 2022,to provide relief to con-sumers amid rising energy costs22.Curren

154、tly,renewables support is funded through the Governments Climate and Transformation Fund(KTF).But given the increasing strain on the Government budget,particularly on climate-re-lated expenditure,there is potential for a similar cost component to be reintroduced in the future.This study classifies t

155、his charge under“decarbonisation and security of supply charges”and should be treated as any other charge in this category as per our final recommendations.AblaV Disposable Loads surcharge(18 AbLaV)levy was applied to end consumers to cover the costs associ-ated with the provision and disconnection

156、of interrupti-ble loads.Essentially,it compensated providers who could reduce their electricity consumption upon request by the TSOs23.AbLaV levy was in effect until 2022,after which it was discontinued24.The purpose of this charge was to improve the flexibility of the electricity system so this stu

157、dy classifies it as“electricity system charge”.Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe I WindEurope 25Regulated charges,breakdown and analysisFollowing the fee classification methodology,the regulated charges in Germany can be categorised as shown in Table 2.15.Bundesnetzagen

158、tur-Homepage-KWKG-Umlage16.CHP levy 202517.https:/ztransparenz.de/de-de/Erneuerbare-Energien-und-Umlagen/Sonstige-Umlagen/Aufschlag-f%C3%BCr-besondere-Netznutzung-19-StromNEV-Umlage/%C3%9Cbersicht-Aufschlag-f%C3%BCr-besondere-Netznutzung/Aufschlag-f%C3%BCr-besondere-Netznutzung-2025 18.Section 19 St

159、romNEV levy 202419.Federal Ministry of Finance-Electricity Duty Act(Stromsteuergesetz)20.Bundesnetzagentur-Homepage-Konzessionsabgabe21.Bundesnetzagentur-Homepage-Offshore-Netzumlage&Offshore grid levy 202522.Elimination of EEG levy relieves electricity consumers|Federal Government23.LEVY FOR INTERR

160、UPTIBLE LOADS ACCORDING TO 18 ABLAV(UNTIL 2022)24.Netztransparenz Renewable energies and levies Other levies 18 Disposable loads(AbLaV)levyGermanyChargeVisible vs hidden chargeExemptions available for electro-intensive consumersDecarbonisation and security of supply chargesKWKG-Umlage/CHP surchargeV

161、isibleYesElectricity system chargesUmlage nach 19 StromNEV/StromNEV surchargeVisibleYesUmlage Offshore-Netz/Offshore surchargeVisibleYesNon-energy related chargesKonzessionsabgabe/Concession feeVisible(applied to DSO that pass it to end-consumers)YesExcise dutyStromsteuer/Electricity taxVisibleYesTA

162、BLE 2.Classification of regulated chargesFIGURE 9.Breakdown of regulated charges in Germany for residential and industrial users between 2018 and 2024Source:VaasaETT.Classification of charges recommended by WindEuropec/kWhResidentialExcise dutyDecarbonisation and security of supply chargesNon-energy

163、 related chargesElectricity system chargesIndustrialc/kWh40246810122018201920202021202220232024022018201920202021202220232024Regulated price without exemptionsWindEurope I Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe26Regulated charges,breakdown and analysisSpainSpanish state-impo

164、sed regulated charges are among the most complicated in Europe.Taxes and fees,often“hid-den”from the end consumer,are imposed on electricity and gas generators and retailers.This creates a perception of low regulated charges on the bill while technically in-creasing the energy component.Regulated ch

165、arges visible in the end-consumer bill Electricity Tax,IEE(Impuesto Especial sobre la Electricidad)established by Law 38/1992,is managed by Spains State Tax Administration Agency.Initially in-troduced in 1997 to subsidise coal mining,the revenue is now mainly used to fund public services like educa-

166、tion and healthcare25.Unlike other countries electricity taxes or excise duties,the IEE has limited ties to the electricity sector,with only a small portion reinvested in it.This study classifies it under“excise duties”as it is not mainly reinvested in the electricity or energy sector as is the case

167、 in Germany.The Electricity Social Bonus was established under Royal Decree 897/2017,updated by Royal Decree-Law 06/2022.It aims to support vulnerable consumers.The cost is shared among all consumer levels but has a greater impact on low-income households than large consumers(since the effects on th

168、eir bill is minimal)26.For its nature,the Electricity Social Bonus is a“non-en-ergy related charge”.The Capacity Term and Energy Term are regulated charges set by the Spanish Government and over-seen by the Comisin Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia(CNMC),the electricity and gas regulator in

169、Spain.The Capacity Term is a fixed monthly charge based on the consumers contracted power(kW),while the Energy Term is a variable charge based on the actual electricity consumption(kWh).Both charges are divided into six period-based charges(from P1 to P6)and fund various elements such as gen-eration

170、 and procurement costs for electricity generators(renewables,nuclear fossil-fuel based),cost of purchas-ing electricity from the wholesale market,electricity subsidy and social programmes,expansion of renewable energy and energy efficiency,grid operation and main-tenance costs27.Based on the Ministr

171、y for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge,this regulat-ed charge consists of several components28:RECORE:Supports renewable energy and other tech-nologies(cogeneration and waste)29 ensuring their profitability30.After 2021,under the new Renewable Scheme(REER),awarding plants are

172、remunerated through Contract-for-Difference mechanism(CfDs).A small share of RECORE is used to support non-pen-insular electricity systems too.Due to its main pur-pose,this report classifies this charge as a“decarbon-isation and security of supply charge”.Dficit Tarifario:Tariff Deficit Compensation

173、 in Spain refers to the repayment of past debts accumulated in the electricity system due to the gap between the regulated charges in electricity bills and the respec-tive revenues collected from consumers31.This charge is used as an adjustment of the RECORE charge,and so this study classifies it as

174、“decarbonisation and se-curity of supply charge”.Sobrecoste de Producir Electricidad en Otros Territorios No Peninsulares(TNP):This refers to the extra costs of generating electricity in non-peninsu-lar territories of Spain,such as the Balearic Islands,Canary Islands,Ceuta,and Melilla32.To avoid hig

175、her electricity prices for residents in these areas,the Spanish Government subsidises the extra costs through regulated charges on all electricity bills.This charge is used to ensure security of supply in these territories so this study classifies it as a “decarbonisation and security of supply char

176、ge”.Others:Including the CNMC financing rate and other related costs.This study classifies this component as a“non-energy related charge”and it should not be passed onto electricity consumers via their bills.A lack of visibility and transparency around these costs raises concerns about the efficient

177、 use of funds.Consumers are forced to bear the cost of deficits from previous years without tangible benefits,disrupting the rationale for electricity pricing and casting doubt on cur-25.Electricity tax:What is it and how is it calculated?|Repsol26.Electricity Social Bonus and thermal Social Bonus|E

178、ndesa&Qu es el cargo de financiacin bono social en la factura de electricidad?27.Spains Electricity Access Rates-Changes 2021|NUS Consulting&Factura de la Luz|Conceptos clave para entenderla&Electricity law and regulation in Spain|CMS Expert Guides28.BOE-A-2021-21794 Order TED/1484/2021,of 28 Decemb

179、er,estab-lishing the prices of electricity system charges applicable as of 1 January 2022 and establishing various regulated costs of the elec-tricity system for the 2022 financial year.29.https:/www.energias- electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe I WindEurope 27Regulated charges,bre

180、akdown and analysisrent system sustainability.Since 2022,on a yearly basis,the Government defines how the revenue allocation from the“Capacity and Energy Terms”is directed into the four sub-categories(RECORE,TNP,Deficit,and Others).This de-tail shows how this charge is highly dependent on annual pol

181、itical decisions.“Hidden”regulated charges,applied to suppliers and passed through end-consumer energy charges Efficiency Certificates,CAE(Certificados de Ahorro Energtico)and the National Fund for Energy Efficiency,FNEE(Fondo Nacional De Eficiencia Energtica):FNEE was established under Law 18/20143

182、3,while CAE was introduced through Royal Decree 36/202334 establish-ing a White Certificate scheme.Both schemes promote energy efficiency by allowing obligated parties,such as gas and electricity retailers35,to contribute to the fund,implement energy-saving measures,or purchase certifi-cates from th

183、e market36.The EUs Energy Efficiency Directive sets a national energy-saving target and the Ministry for Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge determines obligated parties minimum financial contribution to the FNEE on a yearly basis37.Although designed to promote energy efficiency,thei

184、r effectiveness has been called into questioned as their real impact has seen a surge in electricity costs,discouraging industrial electrification and undermining decarbonisation efforts.Due to their purpose,this study classifies CAE and FNEE as“decar-bonisation and security of supply charges”.Balan

185、cing and system operation costs under energy costs are procured through the spot market,part of maintaining the stability and reliability of the elec-tricity grid.Unlike other markets,in Spain they are passed onto the consumers as part of the energy cost.ancillary services,including frequency and vo

186、ltage control to maintain grid stability.Municipal tax,TRLRHL:This is a tax38 levied for the private or special use of municipal public space,with a maximum rate of 1.5%of the users gross income(appli-cable only to the energy component).Despite criticism over its payment by the DSO,the tax is impose

187、d on re-tailers and paid directly to each municipality39.This is a highly bureaucratic and complex tax that drives up elec-tricity and gas costs.Since the charge is more relevant to policies on the use of municipal public space,this study classifies it as a“non-energy related charge”.“Hidden”regulat

188、ed charges,applied to generators and passed to the wholesale marketIn Spain,electricity generators and suppliers are sub-ject to various taxes and fees that are not directly visi-ble to end-consumers but have a significant impact on energy prices.33.IDEA-The National Energy Efficiency Fund34.https:/

189、 in Spain of the standard regulating a system of Energy Saving Certificates|Osborne Clarke37.BOE-A-2024-5841 Order TED/268/2024,of March 20,establishing the energy saving obligations,compliance through Energy Saving Certificates and the minimum contribution to the National Energy Efficiency Fund for

190、 the year 202438.BOE-A-2004-4214 Royal Legislative Decree 2/2004,of March 5,ap-proving the revised text of the Law Regulating Local Finance39.ENEXPA-The municipal taxThis unique characteristic influences the final price paid by consumers and adds complexity to the pricing structure.Balancing and sys

191、tem operation costs are“electricity system charges”.The breakdown of these costs includes:Additional cost intraday(Sobrecoste m.intradiario EUR/MWh):Costs incurred from the intraday market transactions.Additional cost constraints(Sobrecoste restricciones EUR/MWh):Technical constraints in the grid;co

192、sts borne to resolve congestion caused by limitations on the network.Additional cost SO(Sobrecoste procesos del OS EUR/MWh):Charges related to actions by REE and OMIE to manage and balance the system.Capacity payment(Pago por capacidad EUR/MWh):Charges to ensure sufficient capacity is available at a

193、ll times.Interruptibility Service(Servicio Interrumpibilidad EUR/MWh):DRM.Payments made to large consum-ers who agree to temporarily reduce consumption or disconnect.Adjustment mechanism(Requerimiento de ajuste EUR/MWh):Temporary price adjustment mechanism(RD-L 10/2022).Renewables auctions(Subastas

194、de renovables EUR/MWh):Auction system established to ensure profitability for new renewable generation.This is not implemented yet however.Amount of participation in services(Importe partic-ipacin servicios EUR/MWh):Costs associated with WindEurope I Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and

195、 secure Europe28Regulated charges,breakdown and analysis IVPEE Tax(Impuesto sobre el Valor de la Produccin de Energa Elctrica):this tax,applied,indiscriminately to all power generators,is regulated by Law 15/2012.The IVPEE is currently levied at 7%(temporarily set at 0%in 2021-2023 and gradually ris

196、ing back to the origi-nal figure in 2024)of the total revenue from electricity production integrated into the electrical system,affect-ing all technologies40.The tax primarily funds tariff deficits from previous years,and currently its existence is officially justified because“its elimination would

197、lead to higher regulated and/or network charges”.From a neutral perspective,it is clear that this charge reduces generators competitive-ness in electricity markets,putting national producers at a disadvantage compared to those operating in other countries.It also reduces the chances for all consum-e

198、r categories to see lower suppliers energy offerings.Similarly to other taxes applied to generators in Spain(listed below),the IVPEE might be soon up for review.Fee for the Use of Inland Waters for the Production of Electricity(Hydraulic fee):This tax introduced by Law 15/2012 and approved by RDL 1/

199、2001 44,obligates hy-dro power plants to contribute 25.5%of their revenue to the hydrological confederation of their respective riv-er basin.Half of this income is allocated to environmen-tal initiatives,while the other half goes to the Treasury to partially offset sector charges.Reductions apply to

200、 hydroelectric facilities with a capacity of 50 MW or less and to pumped-storage plants exceeding 50 MW.Tax on the Production of Spent Nuclear Fuel Resulting from Nuclear Power Generation/Tax on Radioactive Waste Resulting from Nuclear Power Generation:These taxes,regulated by Law 15/2012 45,are de-

201、40.Tax on the value of the production of electrical energyFIGURE 10.Breakdown of regulated charges in Spain for residential and industrial users between 2018 and 2024c/kWh2018201920202021202220232024ResidentialExcise dutyDecarbonisation and security of supply chargesNon-energy related chargesElectri

202、city system charges0123456789Industrialc/kWh201820192020202120222023202401234Regulated charges without exemptionsSource:VaasaETT.Classification of charges recommended by WindEuropeRevamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe I WindEurope 29Regulated charges,breakdown and analysiss

203、igned to cover the costs of managing radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel production.Similar levies exist in most countries to address nuclear waste management.Fee for services rendered by ENRESA(National Radioactive Waste Company fee):This fee,regulated by Law 54/1997 46,is intended to manage r

204、adioactive waste and the dismantling of non-operational nuclear power plants 47,ensuring sufficient funding for waste management.The fee is based on the gross output of nuclear generation,with the rate set at 1.036 c/kWh for the second half of 2024,up from 0.798 c/kWh.Regional(and autonomous regiona

205、l)taxes:almost all regional and autonomous governments have introduced taxes on electricity generation for environmental pur-poses,mainly on nuclear,wind,and solar technologies.These raise operational costs for energy projects,dis-courage investments,and drive-up break-even prices for generators.Ara

206、gn:Tax on environmental damage caused by the substantial alteration or modification of the natural values of rivers as a result of their use or exploitation for the production of electrical energy from stored water,a tax on wind and photovoltaic power plants.Castilla La Mancha:Wind power tax Castill

207、a y Len:Tax on the environmental impact caused by the use of stored water,wind farms,and high voltage electric power networks.Catalonia:Tax on installations that impact the envi-ronment,covering electricity generation from nuclear and combined-cycle plants,as well as high-voltage electrical energy t

208、ransmission.Extremadura:Tax on installations that impact the environment from generations via hydro and nuclear sources.Galicia:Wind power tax,tax on environmental dam-age caused by use and exploitations of dammed water.La Rioja:Tax on visual and environmental impacts caused by renewable energy inst

209、allations.SpainChargeVisible vs hidden chargeExemptions available for electro-intensive consumers Decarbonisation and security of supply chargesRECOREHidden(mixed with other fees under“Capacity and Energy Term”)YesTNPHidden(mixed with other fees under“Capacity and Energy Term)YesCertificados de Ahor

210、ro Energtico(CAE)/white cer-tificate schemeHidden(applied to suppliers)NoDeficit Hidden(mixed with other fees under“Capacity and Energy Term)NoAdditional Balancing,System Operation and Cost Constraints CostsHidden(applied to suppliers)NoNon-energy related chargesElectricity Social BonusVisibleNo“Oth

211、ers”charges Hidden(mixed with other fees under“Capacity and Energy Term)NoExcise dutiesImpuesto Especial sobre la Electricidad(IEE)/Electricity tax VisibleYesTABLE 3.Classification of regulated chargesWindEurope I Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe30Regulated charges,bre

212、akdown and analysis Basque Country:Renewable energy tax(effective from 2025,under Law 1/2024 on Energy Transition and Climate Change),applicable to wind farms and photovoltaic solar parks Valencia:Tax on activities that impact the environ-ment,including hydro,thermal(combined cycle),and nuclear ener

213、gy sources.Taxes on nuclear energy,nuclear fuel and radioactive waste:These taxes,regulated by Law 15/201241,are de-signed to cover the costs of managing radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel production.Similar levies exist in most countries to address nuclear waste management.National Radioactiv

214、e Waste Company fee,ENRESA fee:For the management of radioactive waste and the dismantling of non-operational nuclear power plants42(intended to ensure sufficient funding for waste management).Regional(and autonomous regional)taxes:A set of tax-es imposed by regional and autonomous Governments mainl

215、y for environmental purposes on hydro,wind and solar power plants.PolandIn Poland regulated charges remain at relatively low levels compared to the rest of Europe,with adequate transpar-ency in the bills.There are only energy-related charges,apart from VAT,meaning that their actual cost varies based

216、 on consumption.Industrial consumers can apply for reduced rates or even exemptions.The prerequisites include industrial sectors,electricity intensity and electric-ity consumption.Regulated charges visible in the end-consumer bill RES fee(Opata OZE)43 is a levy intended to ensure the availability of

217、 RES energy in the national system.It was introduced in 2015,and its rate is annually set by Energy Regulatory Office(URE)to cover the negative balance of RES settlement.The fee is charged to all con-sumers and can be zero when the RES settlement is pos-itive.Several industrial sectors can apply for

218、 reductions(15%-25%)based on their consumption and electricity intensity in each settlement period.This study classifies this charge under“decarbonisation and security of sup-ply charges”.Cogeneration Fee(Opata Kogeneracyjna)44 is a charge intended to support the development and operation of high-ef

219、ficiency heat and electricity cogeneration.It was introduced in 2019,and its rate is annually set by Ministry of Climate and Environment.The fee has almost doubled since its first introduction,due to the higher operational costs of the cogeneration power plants.Industrial consumers can apply for red

220、uctions(15%-25%)based on their consumption and electricity intensity in a given settlement period.The charges purpose is to expand CHP generation and to ensure its efficient operation.Therefore this study classifies it as a“decarbonisation and security of supply charge”.The Capacity Fee(Opata Mocowa

221、)45 is a charge intend-ed to remunerate the operations of the national capac-ity market which ensures available electricity capacity during peak hours and delivers this power capacity if the supply-demand margin becomes critical 52.It was first introduced in 2021,and its rate is annually set by URE

222、53.Industrial consumers can apply for reduced rates.In the initial Act the reductions were based on their consumption and electricity intensity in a given settlement period.After an amendment to the Act in mid-2021,reductions(17-83%)or even full exemption are available based on the difference in ave

223、rage elec-tricity consumption within the peak demand hours and average electricity consumption within off-peak hours.The Capacity Fees purpose is to support security of sup-ply so this study classifies it as a“decarbonisation and security of supply charge”.Excise Duty(Podatek Akcyzowy)46 is a tax ap

224、plied to the purchase of certain types of goods in Poland,elec-tricity being one of them.The rates of Excise Duty are set by Ministry of Finance.The current rate of 5 PLN/MWh(1.15 EUR/MWh)has been in force since 2019(with the temporal reduction to 4.6 PLN/MWh in 2022).This study classifies it under“

225、excise duties”.“Hidden”regulated charges,applied to suppliers and passed through end-consumer energy charges Certificates of Origin and Energy Efficiency Certificates(wiadectwa Pochodzenia47 and wiadectwa Efektywnoci Energetycznej)48 are financial instruments intended to support generation from RES

226、and finance projects in implementing energy efficiency measures.Electricity suppliers and large customers in Poland are obliged to cover a certain portion of their supply/consumption with these Certificates.The quotas are 41.BOE-A-2012-15649 Law 15/2012,of December 27,on fiscal meas-ures for energy

227、sustainability42.Foro Nuclear-Enresa FeeRevamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe I WindEurope 31Regulated charges,breakdown and analysisannually set by Ministry of Climate and Environment,while the Certificates are traded in the Polish com-modity exchange TGE49.Currently there

228、 are three kinds of certificates:Green Certificates(wiadectwa Pochodzenia/wiadectwa Zielone/PMOZE and PMOZE_A)are issued for electricity produced from RES;Blue Certificates(wiadectwa Pochodzenia Biogazu Rolniczego/wiadectwa Bkitne/PMOZE-BIO)are issued for electricity produced from agricultural bioga

229、s;and White Certificates(wiadectwa Efektywnoci Energetycznej/wiadectwa Biae/PMEF and PMEF_F)are issued for implemented energy saving projects.Similarly to the respective charges in the other three countries,this study classifies this charge as a“decarboni-sation and security of supply charge”.43.Act

230、 on Renewable Energy Sources,Art.9544.Act on the promotion of electricity from high-efficiency cogenera-tion,Art.6045.Act on Capacity Market,Art.6946.Excise products(SDG)47.Act on Renewable Energy Sources,Art.5248.Act on Energy Efficiency,Art.1049.TGE-Property Rights MarketFIGURE 11.Breakdown of reg

231、ulated charges in Poland for residential and industrial users between 2018 and 2024Source:VaasaETT.Classification of charges recommended by WindEuropec/kWh02018201920202021202220232024ResidentialIndustrial0,511,522,5c/kWh020182019202020212022202320240,511,522,5Decarbonisation and security of supply

232、chargesExcise dutyRegulated charges without exemptionsWindEurope I Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe32Regulated charges,breakdown and analysisPolandChargeVisible vs hidden chargeExemptions available for heavy industries Decarbonisation and security of supply chargesOpat

233、a OZE/RES fee VisibleYesOpata Mocowa/Capacity FeeVisibleYesSwiadectwa Pochodzenia(Certificates of origin Green and Blue certificates)Hidden(Visible for large industries)YesOpata Kogeneracyjna/Cogeneration FeeVisibleYesSwiadectwa efektywnoci energetycznej Energy Efficiency/White CertificatesHiddenNoE

234、xcise dutyPodatek Akcyzowy/Excise TaxVisibleYesTABLE 4.Classification of regulated chargesRegulated charges,breakdown and analysisPhoto:Sif Netherlands b.v.,wind turbine foundation production site,The Netherlands4.3535Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe I WindEuropeImpact

235、 of energy costs and exemptions on industrial competitivenessIndustry competitiveness depends on operating costs,with electricity and gas bills being key factors.Exemptions can help cut costs,but they do not fully reflect market competitiveness.Complex requirements can offset their benefits.Among th

236、e four analysed countries,Spain and Germany present the most challenging environments for energy-intensive industries to secure meaningful exemptions.Exemptions and their impact by country:In Spain exemptions provide little overall price relief.Network charge reductions are the most significant thou

237、gh they will be likely removed in 2026.Eligibility requires post-implementation obligations like energy efficiency investments or green power procurement.Bill complexity and a lack of transparency also reduce the im-pact of the exemption.Balancing and operating costs are embedded in energy charges a

238、nd are not exempt.In 2024,the most exempted industrial categories saw a 4%reduc-tion in their bills from the combined impact of RECORE,TNP,Electricity Tax,and network charge reductions.In Germany exemptions on regulated and network charg-es are crucial for industrial competitiveness.Germany offers b

239、road exemptions,but difficult eligibility require-ments(currently under review)create uncertainty.The cost of compensating electro-intensive industries falls to low-and medium-voltage consumers,raising concerns Impact of energy costs and exemptions on industrial competitivenessabout long-term viabil

240、ity.Rising network charges and the potential reintroduction of heavy regulated charges(like the former EEG)bring even more uncertainty.In 2024,even with the lowest regulated charges in a decade,top-exempt industries saw a 25%reduction in their bills.France offers a stable and competitive environment

241、 for energy prices.The exemption system is simple and ef-fective,benefiting electro-intensive industries.In 2024,reductions in network charges and excise duties lowered total bills by 12%.Poland has a favourable exemption system that allows for reductions on most regulated charges and certificates(e

242、xcept White certificates).However,the lack of any net-work charge reductions limits competitiveness compared with neighbouring countries.In 2024,exemptions reduced electro-intensive industries bills by 9%.Annex 2 provides an extensive table outlining the com-plexity and eligibility criteria for gran

243、ting exemptions in each one of the four countries.FIGURE 12.Network and regulated charges for the four industrial sectors with and without exemptions Source:VaasaETTFranceGermanyPolandSpainc/kWh20192023202420192023202420192023202420192023202401,02,03,04,05,0Regulated chargesNetworkNetwork and regula

244、ted charges without exemptions5.3737Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe I WindEuropeMain findings and recommendationsThis report looks at how regulated charges shape electric-ity bills for households and industries in France,Germany,Poland,and Spain focusing on four key i

245、ndustrial sectorschemicals,steel,paper and pulp and aluminium.It also explores the impact of exemptions for these industrial sectors on overall electricity costs.The findings highlight a key challenge:ensuring fair cost distribution while keeping European industry competitive and electricity afforda

246、ble for end-consumers in their shift to renewables-based electrification.Addressing this is crit-ical to designing sustainable energy pricing policies that support both consumers and industrial growth.Key findings:Higher charges in Europe:Households and industries in Europe pay significantly more in

247、 electricity taxes and levies than in the US and China.In the analysed coun-tries,regulated charges are nearly 15 times higher for residential consumers and 4 times higher for industries than in China.Electricity vs.gas charges:Regulated electricity charges exceed those for gas in most countries.In

248、Spain,resi-dential electricity charges are 19 times higher than for gas,while in Poland,industrial electricity charges are twice as high as for industrial gas.Recent reductions but still high:While regulated charg-es have dropped over the past seven years,they remain high relative to energy costs.So

249、me countries have“hidden”regulated charges in the energy cost imposed on energy suppliers and passed onto end consumers without appearing in their electricity bills.Some coun-tries are also now considering reversing crisis-related exemptions.This could undermine Europes push for renewables-based ele

250、ctrification.Exemptions for heavy industries:Energy-intensive in-dustries,often hard to fully electrify,benefit from lower regulated charges and major exemptions from network costs.But the complexity in getting these exemptions often outweigh the benefits of paying less charges.Disparities between i

251、ndustries:Industries ready for electrification face much higher regulated charges than energy-intensive sectors.In Spain,non-energy intensive industries pay 3 to 7 times more per electricity unit than their energy-intensive counterparts(without ex-emptions50)(Figure 13).A fairer cost distribution ac

252、ross all energy usersor even taxpayerscould accelerate renewables-based electrification for all consumer types.Time for a rethink about regulated charges on electric-ity:In all countries,a big share of regulated charges on electricity bills fund measures that broadly aim at the decarbonisation of th

253、e economy,security of supply and energy efficiency yet these costs are borne mainly by electricity consumers.Its time to reconsider whether these costs should be shared more equitably with all energy users or taxpayers.Main findings and recommendations50.In 2024,medium-voltage connected industries p

254、aid 752m in regulated charges with 38.8TWh total electricity consumption while heavy indus-tries paid 61m with 24.3TWh total electricity consumption WindEurope I Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe38Main findings and recommendationsRecommendationsBased on the presented an

255、alysis,this report recommends the following actions to reform regulated charges in elec-tricity bills:Reduce regulated charges to a minimum Member States should cut regulated charges to a minimum to support industrial competitiveness and affordability.Remove non-energy-related charges from electrici

256、ty bills Social or public policy costs and other non-ener-gy-related charges should be funded through general taxation,not electricity bills.Fund decarbonisation and energy security through general taxation:renewable support schemes and Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms should be financed by general

257、taxation and not tied to electricity consump-tion.Their impact has a much wider effect on prosperity and competitiveness beyond a better and greener oper-ation of the electricity system Support electrification-ready industries Governments should ensure that electricity pricing structures en-courage

258、rather than penalise industries that can easily switch to clean energy.Keep grid-related costs within electricity pricing:charg-es for network development,system operation and flexibility should continue to be consumption-based to promote efficient electricity system use.51.Graph by WindEurope using

259、 data provided by contributing companies and a different methodology than VaasaETTs analysis.LV refers to low-voltage,MV to medium-voltage and HV to high-voltage.FIGURE 13.Consumer types and regulated charges in electricity bills in Spain(2024)5100,511,522,5301020304050607080LV-smallLV-bigMV-smallMV

260、-bigHV-smallHV-bigc/kWhTWhElectricity consumer typeRegulated charges per kWhTotal electricity consumptionIndustrial electricity consumption2705m/yr752m/yr61m/yrSource:WindEurope based on data provided by contributing companies Photo:Shutterstock,electric arc furnaceChapter nameWindEurope I Revamping

261、 electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe404141Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe I WindEuropeAnnex 1:Support measuresAnnex 1:Support measuresFranceGermanyPolandSpainJun-21Jul-21New regulated charges scheme;VAT reductionAug-21Sep-21Oct-21New excise taxNov-21

262、Dec-21Jan-22VAT reduction(from 23%to 5%)and excise tax abolishment until 10.22Feb-22Reduction in CSPE,TCFE energy taxes(until Jan 2023)*Mar-22Apr-22VAT,excise extended until 06.22May-22Jun-22Jul-22VAT further reduced to 5%until 12.22,excise extended until 12.22Aug-22Sep-22Oct-22Nov-22VAT reduction(f

263、rom 23%to 5%)and excise tax abolishment extended until 12.22Dec-22WindEurope I Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe42Annex 1:Support measuresFranceGermanyPolandSpainJan-23TCFE has been abolished and incorporated in CSPE that remains limited to 1/MWh in 2023Price Brake retr

264、ospectively 01.23-02.23-Price freeze for 2,000 kWh/year(suppli-ers cant increase the cost on 01.23)-After exceeding the limit:0.693 PLN/kWh(net)price cap-Network fee freeze up to the 2,000 kWh thresholdVAT cut to 5%and excise tax to 0.5%extended until 12.23.Feb-23Mar-23Price Brake01.23 to 12.23(impl

265、emented in 03.23 and retrospectively since 01.23)-Price freeze for 2,000 kWh/year(suppli-ers cant increase the cost on 01.23)-After exceeding the limit:0.693 PLN/kWh(net)price cap-Network fee freeze up to the 2,000 kWh threshold-Fixed standing fees abolished until 12.23Apr-23May-23Jun-23Jul-23Aug-23

266、Sep-23Oct-23-New price freeze for 3,000 kWh/year-After exceeding the limit:0.693 PLN/kWh(net)price cap-Network fee freeze up to the 3,000 kWh threshold-Fixed standing fees have been abolished until 12.23Nov-23Dec-23Jan-24-Price freeze extended for H1 2024-After exceeding the limit:0.693 PLN/kWh(net)

267、price cap-Network fee freeze up to the 1,500 kWh(for half year)threshold-Fixed standing fees have been abolished during H1 2024VAT cut to 10%(until 12.24 if wholesale 45/MWh)and excise tax to 2.5%(excise tax until 04.24,then 3.8%)Feb-24CSPE drops to 21/MWh until February 2025,then it will return to

268、32/MWhMar-24Excise tax to 2.5%,VAT cut still applicable but conditions currently not metApr-24Excise tax to 3.8%,VAT cut still applicable but conditions currently not metMay-24Jun-24Jul-24Until 12.2024:-Maximum price of energy set to 50 PLN/MWh-Trade fee set to 0-Capacity Fee set to 0 Excise tax to

269、5.11%(measure ended),VAT cut still applicable,activated in 07.24 since wholesale prices exceeded the 45/MWh limit in JuneAug-24Sep-24VAT cut when wholesale price of previous month 45/MWh,active since 07.24Oct-24Nov-24Dec-24Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe I WindEurope

270、43Annex 2:Industrial exemptions table,eligibility criteria and accessibilityAnnex 2:Industrial exemptions table,eligibility criteria and accessibilityCountriesExemptions available for network chargesEase of obtaining network charges exemptionsExemptions available for regulated charges Ease of obtain

271、ing regulated charges exemptionsFranceYesSIMPLE GRANTING PROCESSThree levels of network exemptions(from 76%to 81%of reduction)based on yearly full load hours and types of load profiles.The conditions to get such reductions are not that strict com-pared to other countries.Yes,for the Excise DutySIMPL

272、E GRANTING PROCESSThe electro-intensive certification already grants certain levels of Excise Duty exemptions(based on the electro-intensive levels the Excise Duty drops to 0.75 c/kWh-0.05 c/kWh).Industries belonging to some specific processes,such as Chemical reduction and metallur-gical processes,

273、can benefit from an ulterior full charge discount.GermanyYes,permanent but un-der revision to add more weight to industrial flexi-bility potentialCOMPLEX GRANTING PROCESSProcess managed by the Federal Network Authority(BNetzA),where large consumers receive network benefits retrospectively after year

274、ly load and network usage calculations.Two different approaches are used to calculat-ed network energy usage reduction and net-work capacity fee reduction.Even though awarding flexibility through net-work exemptions could be the right move to foster industrial load management;on the other hand it co

275、uld end up adding additional complexity to an already complex exemption system.Yes,for all regulated charges visible in the power bill(StromNEV,CHP surcharge,Offshore Surcharge,and Electricity Tax)COMPLEX GRANTING PROCESSThe Federal Office for Economic Affairs and Export Control(BAFA)reg-ulates and

276、manages all the exemptions granted for regulated charges.The granting process is considered heavy and complex for two main reasons:different exemption criteria are used for each regulated charge reduction,and secondly the industry receiving the exemption is expected to fulfil a series of demanding e

277、x-post obligations:Energy management and efficiency obligations Over 30%of demand covered by unsubsidized RES procurement Investments in production decarbonizations measuresThe exemption on Excise Duty is more simple compared to the other regulated charges,since the maximum level of exemption(0.05 c

278、/kWh)is granted based on the electro-intensive certification and/or in-dustrial nature,such as manufacturing,agricultural and forestry.Compared to the other countries,in Germany the inability to reach the abovementioned eligibility criteria for electro-intensive ex-emptions is determinant for the na

279、tional and international level of competitiveness.WindEurope I Revamping electricity bills for a competitive and secure Europe44Annex 2:Industrial exemptions table,eligibility criteria and accessibilityCountriesExemptions available for network chargesEase of obtaining network charges exemptionsExemp

280、tions available for regulated charges Ease of obtaining regulated charges exemptionsSpainYes,but temporary(ex-pected ending by the end of 2025).Important public debate ongoing,to make such exemption permanentMEDIUM COMPLEXITY PROCESS,LEADING TO LIMITED BENEFITS The Spanish Government granted a netwo

281、rk tariff exemption to electro-intensive consum-ers since the outbreak of the gas crisis(2022).Such a support programme should have fin-ished by Jan 2025,but it has been extended at least up until the end of 2025(even though it was originally rejected by the Parliament).Heavy industries need to get

282、the electro-inten-sive certificate that requires quite demanding ex-post obligations among three options:1.Energy efficiency improvements2.50%of aid going to emission reduction investments 3.Contracting more than 10%of triennial demand from RES options(most selected option by industrials among the t

283、hree)Yes,for the Electricity Tax and part of the Capacity and Energy Regulated Fee(RECORE and TNP)MEDIUM COMPLEXITY PROCESS,LEADING TO LIMITED BENEFITSIn Spain only a few regulated charges can be exempted from large in-dustrial consumers and this can be traced back to two main reasons:Large amount o

284、f fees/taxes applied upstream(not visible in the end-consumer bills)to generators or suppliers.System operation and balancing costs applied to suppliers that pass them under the energy charge.If such costs were transparently shown under network or regulated charges(as happening in other markets),ind

285、ustries could benefit from their exemptions.Both RECORE and TNP reductions are based on the electro-intensive certificate granting(mostly based on the Gross Added Value,GVA,lev-els)and for sector considered at Risk or High Risk levels.Excise Duty is applied based on the industrial process nature,and

286、 sim-ilarly to other countries,it is already set at minimum level for the most exempted groups.PolandNo(only available for a small network sub charge Transition Fee)Poland does not have a network exemption system for electro-intensive consumers.The only network fee reduction comes from a small sub c

287、harge named“Transition Fee”(very limit-ed effect on charge reduction)Yes,all regulated charg-es(including certificate mechanisms)can get exemptions apart from the White Certificates mechanismSIMPLE GRANTING PROCESS ENABLING A LARGE SET OF REDUCTIONSThe Polish exemption system allows exempted industr

288、ial groups to access reduced fees for all regulated charged(apart from the white certificate system),without requiring extra-obligations or different cri-teria for each sub charge.The main two criteria enabling the electro-intensive certification are:Intensity factor(ratio of the electricity cost to

289、 the Gross Added Value over 3%)Previous years annual consumption(over 100 GWh)The charges that are exempted though this certificate systems are:the Capacity Fee,the Cogeneration Fee,the RES fee,and the Green and Blue Certificate Systems).Excise Duty exemptions are available and based on industry nat

290、ure only.To conclude,even though heavy industries do not get any network cost reduction,they are compensated by important regulated costs exemptions.Photo:Shutterstock,machinery in a paper mill plantWindEurope is the voice of the wind industry,actively promoting wind power in Europe and worldwide.It

291、 has over 600+members with headquarters in more than 35 countries,including the leading wind turbine manufacturers,compo-nent suppliers,research institutes,national wind energy associations,developers,contractors,electricity providers,financial institutions,insurance companies and consultants.This combined strength makes WindEurope Europes largest and most powerful wind energy network.Rue Belliard 40,1040 Brussels,BelgiumT+32 2 213 1811 F+32 2 213 1890windeurope.org