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1、C&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper Comprehensive Safety from Cell to ConsumptionJointly released by Huawei Digital Power and TV RheinlandPREFACEAs carbon neutrality has become a shared mission of the world,investment is accelerating global low-carbon energy transformation.In 2023,global invest

2、ment in this sector grew by 17%,reaching an annual record of USD1.77 trillion.Additionally,carbon taxes and subsidy policies have further driven companies towards low-carbon energy transformation1.Up to now,17 provinces and cities in China have issued subsidy policies for energy storage.With rising

3、electricity prices and declining costs of PV systems and energy storage systems(ESSs),the deployment of PV+ESS has created business value,and the return on investment(ROI)of C&I ESS projects increases significantly.In 2023,the global demand for C&I ESSs experienced explosive growth.The installed cap

4、acity growth rate of C&I ESSs surpassed those of utility-scale and residential ESSs,doubling in scale2.However,with the explosive growth of global C&I ESS requirements,the frequency of safety accidents also increases sharply.According to the incomplete statistics of the industry database of the Ener

5、gy Storage Application Branch(CESA)of the China Chemical and Physical Power Industry Association,117 energy storage accidents have occurred worldwide since November 2009.Among them,61 accidents occurred in the past three years,accounting for more than half of the total accidents.1 In addition,the ac

6、cident occurrence frequency is still rising.The number of energy storage accidents in the first 10 months of 2024 has surpassed the total for 20233.The percentage of C&I ESS accidents reaches three quarters.Accidents frequently occur because of companies sacrificing product quality and safety standa

7、rds for price competition,cross-industry participation of non-professional integrators in projects,and lack of strict safety regulations and standards in the industry.Compared with utility-scale ESSs,C&I ESSs are applied in more complex scenarios such as factories,hospitals,malls,and campuses,where

8、fire safety is more challenging and population and assets are denser,making safety demands particularly critical.To avoid frequent safety accidents in the industry and steer the industry towards higher safety standards,Huawei Digital Power and TV Rheinland jointly released the C&I ESS C2C Dual-link

9、Safety White Paper.This white paper emphasizes the importance of safety design for battery cells and systems in constructing C&I ESSs.It highlights the current shortcomings in industry safety standards while offering forward-looking innovative technological concepts and directions for the industrys

10、reference.1-Data source:2-Data source:China Energy Storage Alliance https:3-Data source:2.1 Safety Risk Sources and Thermal Runaway Mechanisms2.2 Shortcomings and Challenges of Conventional Safety Design1.1 Rapid Growth of the C&I ESS Market1.2 Importance of C&I ESS Safety1.3 Global ESS Safety Accid

11、ent Analysis CONTENTS3.1 C2C Dual-link Safety Architecture:Born Safe,Life Safe3.2 Electrical-link Safety:Short Circuit Prevention and Isolation3.3 Thermal-link Safety:Thermal Runaway Mitigation and Suppression3.4 Building a Safety-Centered Quality System4.1 Existing Safety Standards in the Industry4

12、.2 Necessity of Safety Classification for ESSs 4.3 Grades and Standards5.1 Comprehensive Safety Tests with Requirements Stricter Than Industry Standards5.2 Extreme Thermal Runaway Tests:No Diffusion,No Explosion,and No Injury5.3 Prime Safety:The Industrys First Highest Safety Certification01.Safety

13、is the Cornerstone of C&I ESS DevelopmentPrefaceComprehensive safety from cell to consumption03.C2C Dual-link Safety Architecture04.Safety Classification:Key to Sustainable Industry Development05.Rigorous Safety Tests:Highest Safety Level in the Industry06.Summary and Prospect02.C&I ESS Safety Risk

14、Analysis and Challenges020102-0304-0506-0708-1010-161718-2122-2627-29303132-333435-42430817303444C&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper2Since 2023,the global demand for C&I ESSs has experienced explosive growth.The installed capacity growth rate of C&I ESSs surpassed those of utility-scale and res

15、idential ESSs,doubling in scale.The ESS price directly impacts the total investment and economic viability of C&I ESS projects.Since 2023,lithium carbonate prices have declined significantly,coupled with a rapid increase in the number of market players and heightened competition.These factors have d

16、riven down the prices of various ESSs by over 50%,significantly enhancing the ROI of C&I ESS projects.Initially,the primary demand for C&I ESSs revolved around emergency backup power.Over time,this demand has evolved into diverse and mature business scenarios,such as C&I energy saving and emissions

17、reduction,energy consumption cost reduction,and PV+ESS+charger integration.Figure 1 C&I ESS growth data in recent years41.1 Rapid Growth of the C&I ESS MarketSafety is the Cornerstone of C&I ESS Development4-Data source:China Energy Storage Network(https:/ Wood Mackenzie,2024013By 2025,the cumulativ

18、e installed capacity of global C&I ESSs is expected to reach 11.5 GW,with China and Europe accounting for over 50%of the global capacity5.This is attributed to their advanced C&I sectors and the strong policy support for C&I ESSs.Additionally,the decreasing costs of PV modules and shortened ROI for

19、PV+ESS systems have stimulated the growth of distributed PV+ESS systems,which in turn drives an increase in the newly installed capacity of C&I ESSs.For instance,the European Union(EU)s Fit for 55 and REPowerEU Plan have set ambitious renewable energy targets,aiming for 45%renewable electricity gene

20、ration by 2030.From 2026 onward,all new public and commercial buildings with a roof area exceeding 250 m2 shall install rooftop PV systems,directly boosting energy storage demands6.In the past two years,Chinas C&I ESS policies feature a combination of national-level strategic planning and localized

21、innovations.Measures such as electricity price reforms,financial subsidies,market access improvements,and technical standardizations are accelerating the transition from pilot demonstrations to large-scale deployment.Between January and April 2024,Chinas National Development and Reform Commission an

22、d National Energy Administration released four policies for ESSs.These include the Guidelines for Strengthening the Construction of Peak-Shaving ESS and Intelligent Scheduling Capabilities,Notice on Establishing and Improving the Market Price Mechanism for Electric Power Auxiliary Services,Guideline

23、s for Energy Work in 2024,and Notice on Promoting the Grid Connection and Dispatching of New ESSs,improving the time-of-use(TOU)electricity price mechanism and encouraging companies to build distributed energy and energy storage facilities.Since 2022,over 40 direct subsidy policies for C&I ESSs have

24、 been rolled out,including Zhejiang,Guangdong,Jiangsu,Chongqing,Anhui,and Tianjin,driving project implementation7.Moreover,with increasing energy price volatility,continuous advancements in battery technologies,and cost reductions,it has become more economical for C&I sectors to adopt ESSs.In Europe

25、,many companies in countries like Germany,the UK,and Netherlands,have begun integrating ESSs to promote the electrification of production processes.More and more small-and medium-sized companies and industrial plants are progressively moving towards energy self-sufficiency.5-Data source:2023 China C

26、&I ESS Development White Paper released by the China Industrial Association of Power Sources6-Data source:7-Data source:C&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper4ESSs inherently pose high safety risks due to the characteristics of their batteries.Currently,most ESSs use lithium iron phosphate(LFP)cel

27、ls.Because lithium ions are highly active,if internal or external factors trigger a violent reaction between the positive and negative materials within the battery cells,the resulting thermal runaway is extremely difficult to control.This risk is further magnified in ESSs composed of numerous batter

28、y cells,which feature large capacity and high voltage.The destructive potential of thermal runaway makes the safety risks of ESSs particularly critical.1.2.2 ESS Products Pose High Safety Risks1.2 Importance of C&I ESS SafetyFigure 2 Key constraints on ESS development9-Data source:Dadong Times,Commu

29、nity of Battery Enterprise Advancement(),and Global Energy Storage Industry Trend Prediction Report 2024(released on December 2023)According to a follow-up survey conducted by TV Rheinland,the past five years have seen a significant increase in concerns about ESS safety issues and the lack of indust

30、ry standards9.1.2.1 ESS Safety Becomes the Industrys Concern5Compared with conventional utility-scale ESSs,C&I ESSs are applied in complexer scenarios,where fire safety is more challenging and population and assets are denser.ESSs are typically positioned closer to people and assets,and their usage

31、frequency is higher.As a result,when safety risks arise,the potential damage and societal impacts can be far greater.Key features and challenges of C&I ESS construction include:C&I ESSs are applied in various electricity usage scenarios such as factories,hospitals,shopping malls,and campuses.The dep

32、loyment locations of ESSs differ across these scenarios.Some are situated in spaces with limited surrounding areas,obstructed and winding fire apparatus access roads,or adjacent to high-value assets.These conditions make firefighting more challenging.Compared to grid-side ESS plants located in spars

33、ely populated areas,C&I ESSs are typically much closer to places where people live and work.This increases the importance of minimizing the frequency of accidents and the severity of potential hazards to ensure the safety of personnel around the facility.C&I ESSs are closely tied to a companys core

34、assets and operations.In asset-intensive areas,any failure in ESSs poses significant risks not only endangering personal safety but also potentially leading to substantial economic losses.Such areas often include precision manufacturing facilities and charging stations.1.2.3 C&I ESSs Face Greater Sa

35、fety ChallengesComplex EnvironmentDense PopulationIntensive Assets010203C&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper61.3 Global ESS Safety Accident AnalysisAccording to the CESA,since November 2009,there have been 117 ESS-related accidents globally,with approximately three-quarters occurring in C&I ESSs

36、.In September 2024 alone,within just half a month,eight ESS safety accidents were reported in countries including Australia,France,Germany,and Austria.These ranged from fires at lithium battery production facilities to data center fires.Earlier accidents include a fire and secondary explosion at Ger

37、manys Nemours commercial area,injuring two firefighters,and a factory accident in South Korea that tragically resulted in 23 fatalities.Analysis of these accidents reveals that they were primarily caused by factors such as electrical insulation failure and the spread of short circuits.Inadequate the

38、rmal runaway suppression and fire suppression measures exacerbated these accidents,leading to larger-scale damages,and even casualties.Figure 3 Two firefighters injured by the door explosion of ESSs in Nemours commercial area,Germany5Figure 5 An accident of a 2 MW/2.47 MWh ESS station in McMicken,Ar

39、izona,USA6Figure 4 Explosion at a chicken farm in Saint-Esprit,France,causing an asset loss of millions of euros6Figure 6 An ESS fire at a PV plant in Chungcheong-namdo,South Korea710-11-Data source:：Energy Storage China Network News Center12-Data source:FOX News13-Data source:National Fire Agency o

40、f South Korea714-Data source:American Electric Power Research Institute(EPRI)s BESS Failure Incident DatabaseThese cases of ESS accidents often involved products that had undergone standard testing and certification,with some even meeting current European or North American standards.Yet,accidents st

41、ill occurred,which indicates that existing standards in the ESS market are inadequate to fully meet the safety requirements of ESS facilities.There is significant room for improvement and further refinement.Table 1 Statistics of major ESS safety accidents in recent years14C&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safet

42、y White Paper82.1 Safety Risk Sources and Thermal Runaway MechanismsTable 2 ESS safety risk source analysisThe risks of thermal runaway in ESSs can be categorized into three main types based on their underlying mechanisms:mechanical abuse,electrical abuse,and thermal abuse.Mechanical abuse:During ma

43、nufacturing,transportation,or installation,external mechanical forces such as dropping,vibration,collision,crushing,or penetration can damage the battery structure or create internal defects.These may result in deformation of cell enclosure,separator damage,or electrolyte leakage.Electrical abuse:Im

44、proper electrical operations or circuit faults,including the overcharging,overdischarging,insulation failure,control failure,or external short circuit,can lead to internal short circuits in batteries.Thermal abuse:External high-temperature environments or internal thermal diffusion can cause abnorma

45、lly high temperatures within batteries,leading to thermal runaway risks.C&I ESS Safety Risk Analysis and Challenges022.1.1 ESS Safety Risk Sources9Figure 7 Causes of electrical short circuitsElectrical link faults such as short circuits are the root cause of safety risks in ESSs.Short circuits can o

46、ccur at any link,including battery cells,battery packs,internal system circuits,or external circuits.Once a short circuit happens,it has the potential to spread and ultimately trigger thermal runaway.Short circuits usually occur due to external and environmental risks,electrical risks,internal defec

47、ts,and control failures.For example,internal short circuits within battery cells caused by collision,overcharging,or overdischarging,as well as manufacturing defects,can lead to pack-level internal or external short circuits,or even escalate into ESS failures(such as BMS failures,functional safety f

48、ailures,and misoperations).Thermal runaway propagation represents the escalation of safety risks in ESSs.Typically,thermal runaway begins at the cell level,which gradually spreads to a broader area,potentially causing battery pack fires,combustion or explosions within ESS cabinets,and even spreading

49、 among cabinets.This can severely impact surrounding assets and personnel.Lithium battery thermal runaway involves intense exothermic reactions,accelerating thermal runaway.On average,a battery pack contains about 60100 cells,which are densely packed.Once a cell experiences thermal runaway,the heat

50、spreads rapidly to neighboring cells,triggering further thermal runaway and extending to the entire battery pack and even the whole ESS.The reaction is both violent and fast,with heat generation driving battery temperatures to soar quickly to between 400C and 1000C.Additionally,the thermal runaway p

51、rocess produces a large volume of combustible gases(such as CO and H).When these gases mix with O2 in the air and reach the explosive limit,they can ignite upon exposure to high temperatures or open flames,resulting in explosions and fire spread.Short Circuits:The Root Cause of Thermal RunawayTherma

52、l Runaway Diffusion:Escalating ESS Safety Risks01022.1.2 ESS Thermal Runaway MechanismsC&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper10Figure 8 Thermal runaway propagationTime2.2 Shortcomings and Challenges of Conventional Safety DesignC&I ESSs are highly complex,posing stringent requirements on system in

53、tegration design.As battery cell technologies become increasingly mature,ESS safety now relies more heavily on system integration design.Shortcomings in system design,such as electrical short-circuit protection for electrical links and thermal runaway suppression measures for thermal links,are the m

54、ain reasons for the generation and escalation of safety risks in ESSs.They are also the pain points and challenges faced by C&I ESS safety design.Currently,conventional ESSs in the industry have the following pain points and problems in short-circuit protection:ESS thermal runaway is generally cause

55、d by a short circuit in the cell.Internal cell short circuits are likely to occur due to cell enclosure damage,dendrite penetration,or electrolyte leakage.Internal cell short circuits are mainly reflected by abnormal cell parameters.Identifying and warning cell internal short circuits requires exten

56、sive data collection and analysis across numerous battery cells.The precision and speed of this data collection depend heavily on the capabilities of data collection chips.However,conventional data collection chips currently used in ESSs often face limitations such as low data collection capacity an

57、d significant errors.Additionally,conventional board-level warning algorithms used for cell abnormalities have notable drawbacks,including high error margins,slow speed,and low capability upper limit.These factors restrict the ability to effectively identify and warn battery cell faults in advance.P

58、recise Detection and Warning for Internal Short Circuits in Battery Cells:Addressing Weaknesses in Data Analysis and Fault Warning of Conventional Solutions012.2.1 Shortcomings and Challenges of Short-Circuit Protection Design for Electrical LinksTemperature changes11Figure 9 Importance of battery p

59、ack insulation protectionAt the battery pack level,if pack insulation fails or the insulation isolation range is inadequate,electrical contact may occur between cells in the pack or between cells and pack enclosure,causing internal short circuits of a battery pack.In the ESS design,the insulation pr

60、otection of battery packs is critical.The insulation design needs to be enhanced to prevent insulation failure and enhance the protection effect.Conventional battery pack insulation design often focuses solely on external enclosure insulation,neglecting the insulation between battery cells and modul

61、es within the pack.As a result,electrical faults such as short circuits due to abnormal connections,arcs,and short circuits may occur,which may spread and cause ESS electrical failure.In addition,common insulation materials fail to provide adequate protection during cell thermal runaway.If cell ther

62、mal runaway occurs,the high temperatures and corrosive electrolytes can severely damage insulation materials,leading to insulation failure.Insulation Failure in Packs Leading to Internal Short Circuits:Vulnerability of Common Insulation Materials Resulting in Leakage and Insulation Failure02Figure 1

63、0 Internal insulation design of a conventional battery packDefects of Conventional Pack Insulation Design:1)Conventional battery packs often focus solely on insulation between the bottom and the enclosure,overlooking insulation between adjacent cells,adjacent modules,and between cells and the top co

64、ver.2)Generally,leaked cell electrolyte continuously corrodes the insulation layer.However,due to the slow process,the corrosion may not be detected in time.Continuous corrosion due to exposure to electrolyte can lead to carbonization and bubbling of the insulation layer,ultimately resulting in insu

65、lation failure and system damage.Conventional battery packs use common insulation paint with poor resistance to electrolyte corrosion,which can withstand electrolyte corrosion for only seven days.3)Conventional battery packs use plastic enclosure,which is prone to melting under high temperatures cau

66、sed by thermal runaway.This compromises the insulation layer further and can result in large-scale insulation failure.Importance of pack insulation protectionNo insulation between adjacent cells or packsShort circuits due to incorrect connectionNo insulation between cells and the top coverArc,breakd

67、own,or sparkingInsulation layer corroded by cell electrolyte leakageInsulation failureC&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper12Risk of Fire Due to High-Current Short Circuits Not Shut Down Rapidly:Addressing Vulnerabilities in ESS Components Across Multiple PhasesFor the ESS,short circuits may occu

68、r on both DC and AC sides.In addition to the cell internal short circuit and pack internal short circuit due to incorrect connection,there are other short circuits caused by poor connection of different electrical components.Inside the ESS,short circuits of different types may occur due to incorrect

69、 cable connections of electrical components.For example,if ports or cables in different positions are damaged or connected incorrectly,short circuits may occur,such as short circuits between positive and negative DC buses,short circuits caused by internal component failures of a PCS,and high-current

70、 cell-to-ground short circuits.Problems such as poor electrical connection or component failure are usually caused by product defects,damage during transportation and installation,non-standard installation and maintenance,and components operating in poor working conditions for a long time.Common sho

71、rt circuits are as follows.03Shortcomings of conventional protection solutions:1)Protection blind spotsConventional fuses and contactors have relatively limited protection ranges,leaving protection blind spots within the current range of 1.21.6 kA.The protection cannot be implemented within the exte

72、rnal short-circuit resistance range of 0.4 to 0.6 (generally,the external short-circuit resistance ranges from 0.1 to 1).Figure 12 Protection blind spots for short-circuit current identification in conventional solutionsFigure 11 Classification of ESS short circuitsBattery-side currentMaximum operat

73、ing current400A1.2KA1.6KA2.5KA15KAPack-level fuseRack-level fuseRack-level contactorNo wave transmitted by PCS IGBTNormal operating areaProtection blind spots in conventional solutionsUnprotected13At the application layer,the ESS is connected to the external power distribution cabinet through cables

74、.External cables are prone to damage caused by factors such as animal bites or water infiltration.These issues can result in incorrect cable connection or short circuits to the ground.Consequently,this may cause short circuits or current leakage on the external AC side or auxiliary power side of the

75、 cabinet.Also,it may cause electric shock injury and equipment damage.2)Failure to perform rapid shutdown for high current faults such as cell-to-ground short circuitsConventional fuses take more than seconds to respond,resulting in slow shutdown.Conventional solutions can only detect and break abno

76、rmal differential-mode currents(short circuits between the positive and negative buses),which typically have relatively small currents and slower fire reaction.In such cases,conventional fuses can provide protection.However,for abnormal common-mode currents,such as a cell-to-ground short circuit cau

77、sed by a cell blue film damage,a busbar-to-ground short circuit,or a cell enclosure-to-ground short circuit,the short-circuit current is high.Fires may occur within dozens of milliseconds,and conventional solutions cannot quickly detect and implement disconnection for protection.Figure 13 Cause anal

78、ysis of the battery cell short circuit to groundFigure 14 Cause and risk analysis of leakage currentsFigure 15 Risks of failing to monitor the leakage current in conventional solutionsIn most conventional solutions,the PCS is restarted to detect the ground insulation impedance or current leakage.How

79、ever,only the DC side short circuit can be detected,and the AC side ground short circuit,ground current leakage,and auxiliary side current leakage cannot be effectively detected.Rapid shutdown cannot be performed for external current leakage and short circuits,which may cause electric shocks and dam

80、age to ESS components due to high currentsExternal cable damage and grounding causing leakage and injury:Limitations and Risks of Conventional Current Leakage Detection Methods04!Aging or damaged junction cables,causing short circuit when groundedCellPEShort-circuit current to groundBusbarAluminum e

81、nclosure corroded due to leakage caused by internal defectsC&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper14Importance of cell heat insulation design:In ESSs using lithium batteries,the heat insulation design between cells plays an important role.Once a defect occurs,serious consequences will be caused.Def

82、ective heat insulation design cannot effectively block heat spreading among cells,which is prone to cell thermal runaway propagation.Under normal conditions,battery cells generate a specific amount of heat during charging and discharging.A well-designed insulation layer ensures that heat is confined

83、 to individual cells,preventing it from spreading to neighboring cells.Defects in Heat Insulation Design,Causing Thermal Diffusion Between Cells012.2.2 Challenges of Thermal Runaway SuppressionDefects in the heat insulation design of conventional solutions:Conventional solutions often lack dedicated

84、 thermal insulation design for battery cells or rely on common heat insulation materials that fail to provide effective heat insulation.As a result,heat generated by one cell can quickly spread to surrounding cells.Additionally,there are design flaws in conventional heat insulation structures.For in

85、stance,as the gaps between battery cells are too small,the heat insulation materials filled in the gaps are inadequate,leaving cells in direct contact.This creates a short pathway for heat transfer,drastically shortening the time for heat to spread and accelerating the rate of thermal runaway diffus

86、ion.Figure 17 Pack melting due to thermal runawayFigure 16 Temperature change of cells during thermal runaway15Figure 18 Composition of gases produced by cells and their explosive limitsWhen batteries burn,they release combustible gases such as H2,C2H6,and C2H2.Under specific conditions,these gases

87、can lead to explosions or combustion,posing significant threats to the processes of battery production and storage.Thermal Runaway in Packs:O2-Induced Rapid Ignition Within Battery Packs02The three key elements required for combustion are combustible gases,O2,and combustion point.Combustion can only

88、 occur when these three elements are simultaneously present and interact.In fire prevention design,disrupting any one of these elements can effectively prevent combustion or extinguish a fire.During the thermal runaway of LFP batteries,combustible gases are released.These gases typically include var

89、ious organic compounds,such as C2H4 and CH4,produced from the decomposition of the electrolyte due to heat.However,LFP batteries produce almost no O2 during thermal runaway,which means that external air becomes the primary source of O2.When external air enters through gaps or damaged positions in a

90、battery pack,combustible gases are mixed with O2.In a high-temperature environment or in the presence of sparks from electrical system faults,this mixture can ignite,causing the battery pack to catch fire almost instantly.Defects of conventional pack design:Conventional solutions often use plastic e

91、nclosure with melting points below 400C.Under high-temperature conditions,the enclosure is prone to melting,leading to seal failure.Once the seal fails,combustible gases can rapidly mix with external air.At this point,high-temperature hot spots,such as electrical sparks caused by battery short circu

92、its,overheated components,or even micro-friction between adjacent parts,can easily ignite the gas-air mixture.Figure 19 Pack melting due to thermal runawayPlastic enclosureMelting at high temperaturesSeal failureWhen thermal runaway occurs in an ESS,it generates a significant amount of explosive and

93、 combustible gases.If these gases cannot be quickly vented,they can accumulate within the cabinet,reaching the explosive limit.Any ignition source or energy trigger can easily cause an explosion.Additionally,due to the dense arrangement of batteries,a fire or explosion in one area can trigger a chai

94、n reaction.Thermal Runaway in Cabinets:Gases Not Exhausted from Cabinets and Increased Risks of Combustion and Explosion03CO 8%CmHn 7%C&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper16Figure 20 Fast gas venting unavailable in conventional solutionsIf an ESS experiences an explosion and structural disintegra

95、tion,the destructive force poses a significant safety threat,potentially causing severe harm to nearby individuals.During the operation of the ESS,if internal batteries undergo thermal runaway,a large volume of high-temperature gases rapidly accumulates inside the cabinet.On one hand,combustible gas

96、es mix with air to form an explosive mixture.Upon reaching the explosive limits and encountering an ignition source,such as electrical sparks from battery short circuits or current leakage sparks due to aging wiring,the mixture can ignite instantly,causing a violent explosion.Additionally,vapor clou

97、ds of electrolyte released during thermal runaway can compromise the electrical insulation within the cabinet.Additionally,the cabinet structure,subjected to prolonged internal pressure shocks,experiences a gradual reduction in strength.When an explosion occurs,the cabinet may fail to withstand the

98、immense force,leading to fragmentation.The high-speed shrapnel from the cabinet can scatter widely,with enough force to penetrate the human body and cause severe injuries.Furthermore,the explosions shockwave,carrying immense energy,can knock individuals off their feet.High Risks of Personal Injury C

99、aused by ESS Explosion and Disintegration04Figure 21 Explosion zones of an ESSDefects of conventional ESS solutions:1）In conventional solutions,the PCS and liquid cooling air conditioners are deployed at the top of the cabinet.This layout leaves no effective venting or pressure relief pathways when

100、the cabinet faces a rapid increase in internal pressure,such as during a thermal runaway event that triggers an explosion risk.Given no path to vent gases,pressure continues to build inside the cabinet,significantly increasing the likelihood of cabinet explosion and disintegration.2）Some solutions p

101、rovide top-mounted pressure relief vents with limited explosion relief area.When the pressure inside the cabinet rises sharply due to various faults,the limited explosion relief area cannot exhaust high-pressure gases in a timely manner.As a result,the internal pressure accumulates continuously,maki

102、ng it nearly impossible to prevent cabinet explosion.Defects in the design of conventional solutions:Unprotected scenario:When thermal runaway occurs in battery cells within a battery pack,it continuously produces combustible gases.If exposed to high temperatures and O2,combustible gases will ignite

103、.Battery Pack pressure relief valve:Combustible gases are vented in the cabinet,and accumulated gases can quickly reach the explosive limits.Cabinet-level venting:If combustible gases are not quickly exhausted from the cabinet,the thermal runaway can spread further.Safe zoneMinor injury zoneDeath zo

104、neSevere injury zone17C2C Dual-linkSafety Architecture03Figure 22 C2C dual-link safety architecture3.1 C2C Dual-link Safety Architecture:Born Safe,Life SafeThe two key links for thermal runaway in C&I ESSs are the electrical link and thermal link.From the perspective of the electrical link,any short

105、 circuit that occurs in a cell,battery pack,internal bus circuit,or external circuit on the consumption side may spread,causing irreversible damage to the device.In addition,the impact of the short-circuit current may directly cause a cell short circuit,resulting in catastrophic thermal runaway and

106、even electric shocks to onsite personnel.From the perspective of the thermal link,thermal runaway spreading is the main process of exacerbating ESS risks.The thermal runaway usually begins at the cell level,which gradually spreads to a broader area,potentially causing battery pack fires,combustion o

107、r explosions within ESS cabinets,and even spreading among cabinets.This can severely impact surrounding assets and personnel.Therefore,it is particularly important to ensure the safety of these two links.Huawei Digital Power innovatively proposes the C2C dual-link safety architecture(C2C:cell to con

108、sumption).The architecture integrates protective design at every stage along the electrical link and thermal link,reconstructing the DNA of electrical safety and thermal safety.It ensures comprehensive protection,starting from the battery cell level,to the pack and ESS levels,and finally extending t

109、o the consumption level,creating a holistic safety shield across the entire ESS.CellPackSystemConsumptionThermal-link safetyElectrical-link safetyC&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper183.2 Electrical-link：Short Circuit Prevention and IsolationIn terms of electrical safety,Huawei Digital Power use

110、s cutting-edge technologies and innovative concepts to reduce the possibility of short circuit risks through multi-level prevention and isolation design.This strict and interlocking multi-level prevention and isolation mechanism ensures the overall electrical safety.Cell management chips and alarm a

111、lgorithms affect the accuracy of cell status monitoring and safety risk identification.To ensure cell safety and stability,Huawei Digital Power uses the device-cloud synergy mode.Automotive-grade battery management chips are used to monitor key cell parameters in real time and accurately.Additionall

112、y,the cell big data analysis and learning system collects massive cell running data,analyzes causes of typical faults,and detects and warns of more than 13 types of cell faults,such as abnormal internal resistance,abnormal temperature sampling,overcharging,and overdischarging.Figure 23 C2C dual-link

113、 safety:electrical-link safety architecture Figure 24 Cell monitoring architectureCell Level:Dual Intelligent Detection01Level 1:pack-level fuseLevel 2:rack-level enhanced fuseLevel 3:rack-level enhanced contactorLevel 4:PCS-level IGBT disconnectorLevel 5:PCS-level instantaneous circuit breaker19Ins

114、ulation on six sides of cells and battery packsHigh-temperature-resistant insulation materials are between cells,between a cell and a top cover,between a cell and a bottom plate,and between packs.This prevents short circuits due to incorrect connection between adjacent cells and arcing,breakdown,and

115、 sparking between cells and battery pack enclosures.A comprehensive and reliable insulation design is critical for electrical safety.The insulation shall be ensured between cells,between packs,and between the cell and the top cover,and between the cell and the bottom plate to ensure safe and stable

116、operation of the ESS.Pack Level:Six-Sided Strong Insulation02Enhanced insulation paint:resistant to electrolyte corrosionIn addition,to solve the problem of poor corrosion resistance of traditional insulation materials,Huawei Digital Power developed a patented insulation paint with super corrosion r

117、esistance.The insulation paint can withstand electrolyte corrosion for more than 30 days,and no change is observed after being immersed for more than 1000 hours in actual tests.Figure 26 Reinforced insulation paint layerMetal enclosure:no sealing failure at high temperatures To solve the problem tha

118、t the conventional plastic enclosure is prone to insulation failure due to high temperature melting,Huawei Digital Power uses alloy metal enclosure.If the cell thermal runaway or high temperature occurs,the enclosure completeness and insulation is ensured.Figure 25 Six-sided insulation for the batte

119、ry packC&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper20The key to preventing the spread of short-circuit faults in ESSs is to implement all-round and rapid shutdown for short circuits,especially the short circuit of high-current cell pairs.Five-level full protection:eliminating AC and DC blind spotsThe co

120、nventional solution provides only three to four levels of protection,and there are protection blind spots.Five-level full protection measures are used to prevent short circuits in each phase of the system and implement rapid shutdown within 5 ms.Therefore,Huawei Digital Power enhances the design of

121、rack-level contactors and fuses to expand the protection range to cover the protection blind spot of 1.2 kA to 1.6 kA.The unique instantaneous circuit breaker is used.The five-level protection consists of the battery pack fuse,rack-level enhanced contactor,rack-level enhanced fuse,no wave transmitte

122、d by the PCS IGBT,and PCS instantaneous circuit breaker.This prevents electrical faults,such as cell-to-ground short circuits,short circuits of the positive and negative buses between the front and rear ports of the battery rack,short circuits inside the PCS,and short circuits between phases on the

123、AC side,achieving full protection from the DC side to the AC side.Rapid shutdown for high-current cell-to-ground short circuits in millisecondsConventional fuses and contactors are mainly used to isolate short circuits between positive and negative electrodes.However,for a high-current short circuit

124、 to ground,a relatively long response time is required,which is usually in seconds.The unique instantaneous circuit breaker is used to implement millisecond-level rapid shutdown.It can effectively protect the PCS from internal short circuits and short circuits between phases on the PCS AC side to th

125、e ground.Additionally,for a high-current cell-to-ground short circuit that is more likely to catch fire,rapid shutdown can be performed within 5 ms.This solves the pain point that the cell-to-ground high-current short circuit cannot be protected in the industry.System Level:Five-Level Full Protectio

126、n03.Figure 27 Five-level system protectionPatented protectionFuseBattery packBattery packBattery rackPCSCell groupFuseFuseEnhanced contactor IGBT shut downInstantaneous circuit breakerCell groupDC RCDAC RCDAuxiliary power RCDHigh-current short circuit protection,shutdown in millisecondsProtectedNorm

127、al operating areaNo wave transmitted by PCS IGBTMaximum operating currentBattery-side currentEnhanced rack-level contactorEnhanced rack-level contactorPack-level fuseInstantaneous circuit breakerConventional solutions1sShutdown timeShutdown timeHuawei solution21In terms of consumption,conventional E

128、SSs in the industry usually monitor only the leakage current on the DC side,and ignore the leakage current on the AC side and auxiliary power side.The unique RCD of Huawei Digital Power provides comprehensive protection for AC,DC,and auxiliary power supplies,effectively preventing electric leakage o

129、f external circuits during operation.When current leakage occurs on the internal DC circuit of the ESS,the AC circuit between the ESS and the external power distribution cabinet,or the AC circuit between the ESS and the auxiliary power supply circuit,the residual current in the circuit can be quickl

130、y detected and the circuit is automatically disconnected in a very short time.This prevents electric shocks and ensures personal safety.In addition,triple RCDs can protect devices in a timely manner.When current leakage occurs,the power supply is quickly disconnected to prevent further damage to dev

131、ices,avoid safety accidents such as electrical fire caused by current leakage,prolong the service life of devices,and protect the electrical device and property safety.Furthermore,when the insulation performance of the line deteriorates and slight current leakage occurs,RCDs can monitor the insulati

132、on status of the line and generate an alarm in a timely manner.This reduces the range and duration of power outage caused by faults such as current leakage and improves the reliability of power supply.Consumption Level:24-Hour Protection,Preventing Electric Leakage from Hurting People04Figure 28 Tri

133、ple RCD protectionC&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper22Figure 29 C2C dual-link safety:thermal-link safety architecture Figure 30 Heat insulation between cellsHigh-temperature resistant silicone foamHeat insulation between cells,preventing thermal runaway propagation in a long time3.3 Thermal-li

134、nk Safety:Thermal Runaway Mitigation and SuppressionFire mitigation and suppression measures are taken from cells to consumption,minimizing the impact of thermal runaway,which can achieve four goals:no diffusion of cell thermal runaway,no fire in battery packs,no explosion in the ESS,and no personal

135、 injury at the consumption side.In terms of cell-level thermal runaway suppression,Huawei Digital Power uses the cell heat insulation design and rapid liquid cooling technology to effectively control the cell temperature and ensure that the thermal runaway of a single cell does not propagate.Cell Le

136、vel:Heat Insulation and Suppression,Prevent Heat Diffusion Between Cells01Cell-level heat insulation designCell heat insulation is an important technical measure to suppress the thermal runaway propagation of cells and ensure ESS safety.Huawei Digital Power uses advanced high-temperature-resistant i

137、nsulation materials with temperature resistance 350C and thermal conductivity 0.1 W/(mK).The thickness and materials of the insulation layer are optimized based on the ESS for a physical barrier between cells.The insulation layer blocks thermal runaway propagation based on three basic heat transfer

138、modes:heat conduction,heat convection,and heat radiation.This prevents cell thermal runaway from affecting neighboring cells and causing thermal runaway chain reactions.23The positive-pressure oxygen blocking design prevents external gases from entering the battery pack due to a pressure difference,

139、effectively preventing oxygen from entering the battery pack and reducing the possibility of fire in the battery pack.Additionally,the battery pack is protected to IP65,which is resistant to high temperatures and ensures that the sealing does not fail at high temperatures.In this way,the battery pac

140、k does not catch fire.A sealed pressure relief valve is mounted on the rear of the battery pack.Under normal operating conditions,the pressure relief valve is closed to prevent external moisture from entering the battery pack,reducing the risk of short circuits.In the case of thermal runaway,combust

141、ible gases are quickly generated in the battery pack,resulting in increasing pressure.Positive pressure is maintained within the battery pack,preventing external oxygen from entering the battery pack,reducing the risk of fire.When the pressure exceeds a certain threshold,the pressure relief valve au

142、tomatically opens to discharge the combustible gases in time,preventing structural damage caused by high pressure.In addition,the metal enclosure is made of a high-strength alloy material,which provides excellent high-temperature resistance and high-strength performance.Results of rigorous tests sho

143、w that the battery pack enclosure can stay intact in a high-temperature environment above 350C for a long time.The enclosure can cope with the high-temperature impact of thermal runaway and high-pressure impact of gases produced by cells without structural damage such as deformation,seams,and cracks

144、.Even at high temperatures,the enclosure provides IP65 protection and high sealing performance,ensuring positive-pressure oxygen blocking.Figure 31 Rapid cooling of the liquid cold plateFigure 32 Positive-pressure oxygen blocking design for the battery packPack Level:Positive-Pressure Oxygen Blockin

145、g,Preventing Battery Pack Fire02Rapid cooling of the liquid cold plateIn the C&I scenario,loads vary greatly.During the production period at the daytime,the demand for electricity increases sharply,and ESSs are continuously charged and discharge at high power.As a result,the electrochemical reaction

146、 inside cells intensifies,and heat accumulates rapidly.The liquid cold plate at the bottom of cells adopts the dual-loop heat dissipation design to ensure the heat dissipation effect for cells.If the cell temperature is too high,the liquid thermal management system(LTMS)works in maximum output mode

147、to quickly take away the cell heat,which effectively slows down and suppresses the thermal runaway of cells.High-strength alloy enclosureHigh-temperature resistance(IP65),no sealing failure at high temperaturesBottom liquid cold plateQuickly reducing the cell temperature at a uniform rateSealed pres

148、sure relief valveTimely exhaust of combustible gases under positive pressureC&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper24According to the actual test result,positive pressure is still maintained inside the battery pack after thermal runaway.As a result,oxygen cannot enter the battery pack,and the enclo

149、sure does not crack.Figure 33 Internal pressure change of the battery pack during a thermal runaway testIn conventional solutions,if thermal runaway occurs in a battery pack,combustible gases are directly discharged inside the cabinet.After the gases accumulate,fire and explosion may occur.The uniqu

150、e directional exhaust technology is used to connect the pressure relief valve at the rear of the battery pack to the duct at the rear to form an L-shaped directional duct.If thermal runaway occurs in the battery pack,combustible gases(such as H2 and CO)are exhausted from the pressure relief valve an

151、d then to the outside of the cabinet through the duct.No gas overflows into the cabinet,ensuring that the concentration of combustible gases in the cabinet is far below the explosive limit.The directional duct shall meet the safety requirements of high temperature resistance,high sealing performance

152、,and high reliability.The cross-sectional area of the directional duct is designed based on the volume of gases produced during the battery pack thermal runaway,ensuring timely exhaust of combustible gases.In addition,a high IP rating level is maintained inside the duct.Sealing mechanical parts of t

153、he duct can withstand a temperature of at least 200C and high-temperature smoke corrosion,ensuring reliable sealing of the duct.System Level:Directional Gas Exhaust,Prevent Explosion Inside the Cabinet03Normal state:The pressure relief valve is closed.Thermal runaway:The pressure relief valve is ope

154、ned if the pressure is 41 kPa.The metal enclosure top cover is made of high-strength alloy and is resistant to high temperature.The enclosure top cover material can withstand a temperature of 350C or higher for a long time.In addition,the enclosure does not seam or crack under the direct impact of g

155、ases released by cells(melting point of aluminum alloy:600C to 650C).25Figure 34 Directional duct designFigure 35 Gas concentration detection inside the cabinetL-shaped directional duct:preventing explosionIn the actual test,gas concentration detection sensors are installed at different positions in

156、 the cabinet.When thermal runaway occurs in the battery pack,combustible gases are discharged through the directional duct.The test result shows that the concentration of combustible gases in the cabinet is lower than the explosive limit.H2 concentrationCO concentration inside at the top inside at t

157、he topnear the door at the topnear the door at the topbeside the packbeside the packcentre bottomExhaust out of the cabinetPressure relief valveL-shaped ductThermal runaway cellC&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper26Figure 36 Top explosion vent designConventional ESS cabinets do not provide dedic

158、ated explosion relief design or adopt front/rear-mounted explosion relief,which may cause fire and explosion in the cabinet or even disintegrate the cabinet.High-temperature gases,debris,and burning chip debris can be ejected in all directions,posing a threat to the safety of nearby individuals.The

159、ESS of Huawei Digital Power adopts the top-mounted explosion relief design.Once thermal runaway occurs inside the ESS,the hot air can be discharged vertically in a very short time.Professional explosion relief simulation is used to determine the proper explosion relief area and pressure to ensure th

160、e explosion relief effect.The top cover and the explosion relief panel are integrated to ensure the airtightness during normal ESS operation.In addition,there are hinges around the explosion relief panel.During the explosion relief process,the hinges effectively control the movement track of the exp

161、losion relief cover,preventing the cover from falling out of the cabinet under great impact.This prevents personal injury.Consumption Level:Top Explosion Vent Preventing Personal Injury04Steel ropesTop explosion vent panel27Figure 37 Electrical safety:the core of the energy storage industryFigure 38

162、 E2E management process of enhanced electrical safety systemFigure 39 The principle of enhanced electrical safety systemStrong risk control and zero tolerance for safety issuesCompliance withlaws and regulationsEliminatingrisks endangering personal safetyEliminatingmalicious quality accidentsElimina

163、tingbatch network rectificationEliminatingcyber security and privacy risks3.4 Building a Safety-Centered Quality SystemWith the continuous iteration of energy storage technologies,the energy storage industry will develop towards low costs,high energy storage density,high cycle stability,and long-per

164、iod storage.As an important cornerstone of energy storage industry development,energy storage safety is still a severe challenge for the industry and may become the biggest competitiveness for companies in the industry in the future.Once a major safety issue occurs,its negative impact can last for s

165、everal years and even influence the trajectory of the entire industry.Building on the industrys past experiences and lessons,Huawei has established a comprehensive E2E electrical safety system.This system spans all critical stages,including product design,manufacturing,supply chain,safety evaluation

166、,storage and logistics,O&M,and emergency response.In this way,Huawei ensures comprehensive safety of its products and solutions.Traditionally,electrical safety has been treated by manufacturers in the industry as a basic quality metric,often measured using failure rates.However,the current pace of i

167、ndustry development calls for a concept shift.Huawei has focused on strengthening core foundational quality across all aspects of electrical safety,establishing a robust energy storage safety management system,and positioning safety as a key competitive advantage.By implementing explicit management

168、and clear red-line policies,Huawei presents safety standards,operating procedures,potential risks,and hazards transparently.This approach ensures that professionals involved in every stage,design,production,processing,manufacturing,and sales,can easily adhere to and monitor these guidelines.Manageme

169、nt systemProcess safetyResult safetyC&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper28Additionally,Huawei integrates safety elements into E2E organizational structure,business processes,personnel capability development,operational mechanisms,and safety operation tool chain.By doing so,it has established a c

170、omprehensive and rigorous electrical safety and quality management system.This system ensures the electrical quality and safety of ESSs,driving the industrys stable and sustainable progress.Adhering to a quality-first principle,Huawei uses a standardized,modular,and platform-based architecture to ac

171、hieve hardware and component standardization and interchangeability.It employs a rigorous E2E quality control system to ensure product reliability.Furthermore,Huawei has established a third-party safety attack-defense lab to perform independent safety acceptance test to ensure reliable implementatio

172、n of safety design.Multi-level design and verification ensure high quality,safety,and reliability of energy storage products.Figure 40 Enhanced electrical safety system architecture29Figure 41 Design and verification of enhanced electrical safety system(UL,NPFA,IEC,GB,UN,etc)100+cell test items300+b

173、attery pack test items,strict system safety testSafety attack-defense testReliability testModel-based defect injectionC&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper304.1 Existing Safety Standards in the IndustryCurrently,safety standards for C&I ESSs vary across countries.In China,GB standards are predomi

174、nantly used,while Europe adheres to EN standards,the Americas to UL,and there are also internationally recognized IEC standards.Additionally,components within ESSs,such as cells,battery packs,and PCSs,may be governed by multiple safety standards.Although there are many safety standards in the indust

175、ry,according to the data of ESS accidents in recent years,exiting standard levels cannot completely eliminate safety risks.In addition,the formulation of some standards often lags behind reality,and the standard level is usually raised after an accident occurs.In the current C&I scenario,the precedi

176、ng standards are only basic specifications.Strict compliance with these basic standards can reduce risks to some extent,but it does not mean that ESSs can run safely and stably for a long time in various application environments.Proactive risk prevention,timely loss mitigation,and effective fault di

177、agnosis are not yet implemented.Safety Classification:Key to SustainableIndustry Development04Table 3 Global ESS standard statistics314.2 Necessity of Safety Classification for ESSs Currently,the ESS industry lacks unified safety classification standards.Companies do not have clear standards to adhe

178、re to during the design,construction,and operation of ESSs,leading to inconsistent quality in energy storage products and services in the market.This inconsistency hinders the progress of industry technologies and the healthy development of the market,and weakens the industrys competitiveness and su

179、stainable development potential in the energy sector.Furthermore,regulatory authorities struggle to provide targeted supervision for energy storage projects of varying risk levels.Inadequate regulation of high-risk projects can lead to safety accidents,while excessive regulation of low-risk projects

180、 increases compliance costs for companies.Refined ESS safety standards and graded standards for different application scenarios not only implement precise protection,but also help establish an emergency response mechanism,making rescue Table 4 Importance of ESS safety classificationC&I ESS C2C Dual-

181、link Safety White Paper324.3 Grades and StandardsTV Rheinland has developed a safety classification system for evaluating ESS safety.Building on existing standards,this system addresses pain points in the safety of current C&I ESS products as well as the concerns of end users by refining safety defi

182、nitions and tailoring the classification to various scenarios.The standard is divided into three grades:basic safety,plus safety,and prime safety.Basic safety serves as the fundamental baseline,while plus safety represents a step forward through improved protective measures to control disasters and

183、minimize losses.However,only prime safety can establish a comprehensive and seamless defense,ensuring the long-term stable operation of ESS.Beyond this,plus safety in areas such as mechanical,electrical,thermal,and environmental protection.In extreme scenarios,when an ESS is passively ignited,therma

184、l runaway at the battery pack level shall not propagate or result in personal injury.Basic safetyPlus safetyPrime safetySafety ClassificationBasic safety Plus safetyPrime safety No fire,spreading,explosion,personal injuryComplying with only basic laws and regulationsEnhanced mechanical,electrical,th

185、ermal,and environmental safety designMeeting basic regulations and standards to achieve market entry is the baseline for ESSs.33The plus safety requirements at least 5 optional test items.The prime safety requirements at least 3 optional test items.Notes:Table 5 Safety gradesC&I ESS C2C Dual-link Sa

186、fety White Paper34To verify the reliability of C2C electrical and thermal safety of Huawei ESSs,Huawei Digital Power has commissioned TV Rheinland to perform a series of strict verification tests on electrical and thermal safety.The products have passed the tests.The following figures and data are o

187、btained from TV Rheinlands authoritative reports and certificates.Rigorous Safety Tests:Highest Safety Level in the Industry5.1 Comprehensive Safety Tests with Requirements Stricter Than Industry Standards05355.2 Extreme Thermal Runaway Tests:No Diffusion,No Explosion,and No InjuryThermal Propagatio

188、n and Ignition Tests01In terms of cell-level thermal runaway suppression,Huawei Digital Power uses the cell heat insulation design and rapid liquid cooling technology to effectively control the cell temperature and Test purposeTo verify that Huawei C&I ESSs can effectively suppress thermal runaway p

189、ropagation after thermal runaway occurs and exhaust combustible and toxic gases in the cabinet in a timely manner.Test method1）Before the test,charge the ESS with a constant current of 56 A until the voltage reaches 216 V.Then,charge the ESS with a constant voltage until the current reaches 5.6 A(en

190、d-of-charge current).Figure 42 ESS overcharge test processC&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper362)Cell 23 is the initiating cell.Cell 23 is heated by the heater at a rate of 47C/minute until thermal runaway occurs in it.3)After thermal runaway occurs in the cell,the igniter installed in the cabi

191、net is activated.Figure 43 Positions of the thermocouple and heaterHuawei ESSs passed the thermal runaway propagation and ignition tests and obtained the compliance certificate issued by TV Rheinland,which fully proves the advantages of Huawei C&I ESSs in thermal runaway propagation suppression and

192、internal gas exhaust system.V1 is the voltage of cell 23,V2 is the voltage of cell 22,and V3 is the voltage of cell 24.Due to thermal runaway,the voltages of cell 23 and cell 22 decreased to 0 V in sequence during the test.During the test,the H2 and CO concentrations inside the cabinet were always 0

193、.During the test:Figure 44 Voltage changes of cells Figure 45 Changes in concentrations of H2 and CO37Because thermal runaway occurred in the two cells,the temperature and pack voltage fluctuated sharply.The temperature increased from 0C to 500C within about 5000 seconds and then gradually decreased

194、.The pack voltage decreased from 200 V to 193.5 V.Figure 46 Temperature changes in cells 23,22,and 24Figure 47 Voltage changes of the initiating packThe results show that thermal runaway occurs at the heated cell 23 and the target of thermal runaway propagation(cell 22),and further thermal runaway p

195、ropagation is effectively suppressed.In addition,combustible gases generated by cell thermal runaway propagation are exhausted through the duct,and the concentration of combustible gases in the cabinet is insufficient for ignition.After the test,the appearance of the cabinet is intact and no destruc

196、tive damage occurs.Figure 48 Product before the testFigure 49 Product after the testHuawei ESSs passed the thermal runaway propagation and ignition tests and obtained the compliance certificate issued by TV Rheinland,which fully proves the advantages of Huawei C&I ESSs in thermal runaway propagation

197、 suppression and internal gas exhaust system.C&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper38Test purposeTo verify that the explosive pressure can be normally released through the explosion relief panel and that there is no dangerous shock wave around the product.The cabinet shall provide a directional du

198、ct to prevent the accumulation of combustible gases.Test methodThe test simulates battery thermal runaway in the ESS cabinet.An igniter is used to ignite combustible gases in the cabinet.The test personnel check whether the pressure relief panel of the cabinet can be opened properly and whether the

199、ambient environment is damaged.1）Before the test,set the position where a dummy stands.Figure 50 Position of the dummy before the test Explosion Relief Test0239Test result2）Perform the ignition test.Figure 51 Explosion relief test in progressFigure 53 Changes in H2 concentration inside the cabinetFi

200、gure 52 Changes in CO concentration inside the cabinetFigure 54 Cell temperature changesDuring the test,after thermal runaway occurs in the cell,the gas sensor in the cabinet detects that the gas concentration increases rapidly and quickly reaches the measurement range limit of the gas sensor.After

201、the gas is ignited,the gas concentration in the cabinet decreases.The explosion pressure is normally released through the explosion relief panel.No dangerous shock wave exists around the product.No debris exists 3 m away from the cabinet.The dummy 1 m away from the product is not damaged.The dummy i

202、s not injured by the explosion shock wave,demonstrating that the safety of surrounding personnel and environment is guaranteed.C&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper40Figure 55 Product before the testFigure 56 Product after the testHuawei ESSs passed the explosion relief test and obtained the comp

203、liance certificate issued by TV Rheinland.This proves that Huawei C&I ESSs are capable of effectively suppressing fire and explosion risks and minimizing hazards and risks after fire and explosion.41Test purposeTo verify the fire resistance of Huawei C&I ESS enclosure.The test focus is the heat insu

204、lation of enclosure materials and the integrity of the enclosure after the test.Ensure that the enclosure can isolate most heat at high temperatures,withstand the extreme heat without cracking,and prevent excessive release of harmful substances from inside the enclosure.Test methodTest the fire resi

205、stance of the cabinet wall.Enclosure Burning Test03Figure 57 Mean temperature changes of the non-exposed surfaceFigure 58 Individual maximum temperature changes of the non-exposed surfaceTest resultAfter the ESS is exposed to fire for 60 minutes in the furnace,the unexposed surface is intact without

206、 any damage or crack.Apart from partial deformation of the exposed surface,the entire structure remains intact.During the exposure,there is no flame propagate outside the cabinet.According to the standard requirements,the difference between the average temperature and the initial temperature of the

207、unexposed surface shall be lower than 140C,and the difference between the maximum temperature and the initial temperature shall be lower than 180C.The data shows that the temperature differences are much lower than standard limits,proving that Huawei ESSs provide excellent heat insulation performanc

208、e.C&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper42Huawei C&I ESSs are recognized by TV Rheinland for their excellent performance in the enclosure burning test and obtained the compliance certificate issued by TV Rheinland,which proves that Huawei C&I ESSs can protect surrounding personnel and the environm

209、ent in the case of an inevitable fire.Figure 59 Samples before and after the testExposed surface before the tesNon-exposed surface before the testExposed surface after 60 minutes of burningNon-exposed surface after 60 minutes of burningThermal runaway diffusion and ignition testsExplosion relief tes

210、t Figure 60 Certificates issued by TV Rheinland Fire resistance test435.3 Prime Safety:The Industrys First Highest Safety Figure 58：Huaweis C&I ESS obtained the highest safety level certificationEnergy storage safety is the cornerstone of the sustainable and high-quality development of the industry.

211、With the rapid development of energy storage technologies,Huawei Digital Power has invested in the quality and safety field and continuously promoted the safety and reliability of ESS through continuous technological innovation and strict safety standards.The Huawei Digital Power upgrades the tradit

212、ional cabinet-level thermal runaway non-diffusion to the battery pack-level thermal runaway non-diffusion,helping the energy storage industry upgrade safety and achieving higher-level safety protection.Huawei Digital Power adheres to the concept of ultimate safety,leads the healthy and sustainable d

213、evelopment of the energy storage industry,contributes to the construction of a clean,low-carbon,safe,and efficient new power system,and provides important reference for the standardization and development of the global energy storage industry.C&I ESS C2C Dual-link Safety White Paper44Continuous depl

214、oyment of C&I ESSs is a key to achieve green and low-carbon transformation.In this process,safety is the most important prerequisite and a basic requirement.Currently,C&I ESSs are experiencing rapid development,and the industrys basic safety design standards are no longer adequate to ensure the safe

215、ty of people and property around ESS facilities.Higher-level safety standards are needed to provide stronger protection.The classification of safety standards within the industry is set to become a key trend in the future.For devices deployed in densely populated areas,ensuring comprehensive safety

216、is crucial for protecting nearby people and property.C&I ESS facilities shall meet not only the most basic safety standards but also plus safety requirements,and ideally,prime safety standards.This is essential to ensure the long-term,stable operation of ESSs.Safety Classification:A Growing TrendCom

217、prehensive Safety:The GuaranteeESS Safety:Huaweis PursuitDual-link Safety:for Every BusinessHuawei is committed to systematic safety design for C&I ESSs in three dimensions:equipment,assets,and personnel.Huawei ESS solution enables flexible application across all scenarios.With just one management p

218、latform,it delivers intelligent management throughout the entire lifecycle.By adhering to the industrys prime safety standards,the solution ensures comprehensive protection for your personnel,assets,and devices.Huaweis C2C dual-link safety architecture covers safety from cell to consumption,setting

219、a new benchmark for C&I ESS safety.On the path of pursuing safety,Huawei will continue to collaborate with industry peers to advance the refinement of safety standards for ESSs.Together,the goal is to create ESS facilities that are safe and reliable,make green electricity available to every business

220、.Summary and Prospect0645Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.Huawei Industrial Base,Bantian,Longgang,Shenzhen Tel:+86 755 28780808Postal code:518129TV Rheinland Greater ChinaTV Rheinland Greater China contact:Liang Ying Tel:+86 21 6081 4532gc-marketing-Trademarks and Permissions ,are trademarks or trade nam

221、es of Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.All other trademarks,product names,service names,and company names mentioned in this document are the property of their respective holders.DisclaimerThis document may contain forecast information,including but not limited to future financials,operations,product line

222、s,and new technologies.Due to numerous uncertainties in practice,actual outcomes may differ significantly from the forecasted information.Therefore,the content of this document is for reference only and does not constitute any offer or commitment.Huawei and TV Rheinland disclaim any liability for ac

223、tions taken based on this document.Huawei and TV Rheinland reserve the right to modify the preceding information without prior notice.Copyright Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.2025.All Rights ReservedNo part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent of Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.Jointly released by Huawei Digital Power and TV Rheinland