《世界衛生組織（WHO）：2025世界衛生統計報告（英文版）（88頁）.pdf》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關《世界衛生組織（WHO）：2025世界衛生統計報告（英文版）（88頁）.pdf（88頁珍藏版）》請在三個皮匠報告上搜索。

1、World health statistics 2025Monitoring health for the SDGs,Sustainable Development GoalsWorld health statistics 2025Monitoring health for the SDGs,Sustainable Development GoalsWorld health statistics 2025:monitoring health for the SDGs,Sustainable Development Goals ISBN 978-92-4-011049-6(electronic

2、version)ISBN 978-92-4-011050-2(print version)World Health Organization 2025Some rights reserved.This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence(CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO;https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).Under the terms of this lic

3、ence,you may copy,redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes,provided the work is appropriately cited,as indicated below.In any use of this work,there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization,products or services.The use of the WHO logo is not permitted.If

4、 you adapt the work,then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence.If you create a translation of this work,you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation:“This translation was not created by the World Health Organization(WHO).WHO is

5、not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation.The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”.Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organizat

6、ion(http:/www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/).Suggested citation.World health statistics 2025:monitoring health for the SDGs,Sustainable Development Goals.Geneva:World Health Organization;2025.Licence:CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.Cataloguing-in-Publication(CIP)data.CIP data are available at https:/iris.who

7、.int/.Sales,rights and licensing.To purchase WHO publications,see https:/www.who.int/publications/book-orders.To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing,see https:/www.who.int/copyright.Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attribut

8、ed to a third party,such as tables,figures or images,it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder.The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with t

9、he user.General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitati

10、on of its frontiers or boundaries.Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to other

11、s of a similar nature that are not mentioned.Errors and omissions excepted,the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication.However,the published material is being

12、distributed without warranty of any kind,either expressed or implied.The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader.In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use.Design and layout:Green Ink Publishing Services Ltd.iiiContentsForeword vAcknow

13、ledgements viAbbreviations viiIntroduction 1Key messages 31.Change and inequality in healthy longevity,and the contributing causes 51.1 Change in HALE between 2000 and 2019 71.1.1 Global 71.1.2 WHO regions 81.2 Change in HALE during the COVID-19 pandemic in 20192021 101.2.1 Change attributed to mort

14、ality 101.2.2 Change attributed to morbidity 111.3 Gap in HALE between males and females in 2019 and 2021 121.3.1 Global 121.3.2 WHO regions 141.4 Gap in HALE between high-income and other income groups in 2019 and 2021 151.5 Progress in premature mortality reduction 171.5.1 The prospect of prematur

15、e mortality by 2050 18References 202.Health-related Sustainable Development Goals 212.1 Mortality-related Sustainable Development Goal indicators 222.1.1 Maternal and child mortality 222.1.2 Mortality due to noncommunicable diseases 242.1.3 Mortality due to injuries 252.1.4 Mortality attributable to

16、 environmental risk factors 272.2 Infectious diseases 292.2.1 HIV 292.2.2 Tuberculosis 302.2.3 Malaria 312.2.4 Hepatitis B 312.2.5 Neglected tropical diseases 322.2.6 Antimicrobial resistance 332.3 Risk factors for health 342.3.1 Nutritional risk factors 342.3.2 Behavioural risk factors 362.3.3 Envi

17、ronmental risk factors 382.3.4 Risks to girls and womens health 40iv2.4 Universal health coverage and health systems 412.4.1 Service delivery 412.4.2 Health financing 452.5 SDG progress to date 47References 483.Progress in achieving the Triple Billion targets 513.1 Triple Billion targets progress 52

18、3.2 Progress in healthier populations 533.3 Progress in universal health coverage 543.4 Progress in health emergencies protection 543.5 Forecast to 2030 and scenarios 553.6 Conclusion 57References 584.Inequality in immunization 594.1 The importance of vaccine equity 604.2 Inequalities in immunizatio

19、n coverage persist within countries 604.3 How inequalities have changed over time 654.4 Barriers to immunization 664.5 Data availability to monitor inequalities in immunization 67References 68 Annexes 69Annex 1.Progress assessment of selected health-related SDG indicators by WHO region 70Annex 2.Sum

20、mary of methodology 75ForewordTo make progress,we must be able to measure progress.Data about the health of populations are foundational to understanding trends,making policies and directing resources to where they will have the greatest benefit.Without timely,trusted and actionable data,threats rem

21、ain invisible,systems underperform and opportunities to save lives are lost.World health statistics is the worlds annual health report card.It shows where progress has been made and where it has stalled.This years edition highlights the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic,which reversed many of the gai

22、ns made in the previous two decades.Between 2000 and 2019,healthy life expectancy rose by more than five years,maternal mortality fell by one third,child mortality more than halved and premature deaths fell driven by political commitment,investment,innovation and stronger health systems.In 2020 and

23、2021,COVID-19 killed millions of people,put health systems under severe strain and wiped 1.8 years off healthy life expectancy.This report also shows that at the current pace,the world will miss the target in the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)to reduce premature deaths from noncommunicable dise

24、ases(NCDs)by one third.While mortality rates have declined,the number of premature NCD deaths continues to rise,due to population growth and ageing.Tobacco use is declining but not fast enough,while alcohol consumption has decreased in some regions but stagnated in others.Hypertension and diabetes r

25、emain inadequately controlled,and air pollution continues to claim millions of lives globally.Likewise,progress on maternal and child mortality has slowed considerably,and many countries are off-course for the 2030 targets,due to underfunding of primary health care and huge gaps in access to essenti

26、al services,such as skilled care at birth,immunization and access to health workers.Domestic investment must increase,particularly because where the need is greatest,resources are most limited.WHOs Thirteenth General Programme of Work translated the health-related targets in the SDGs into the“triple

27、 billion”targets for 20182025:one billion more people living healthier lives;one billion more people covered by universal health coverage without financial hardship;and one billion more people better protected from health emergencies.By the end of 2024,we estimate that the first target was already e

28、xceeded,but the second two are likely to be missed:about 1.4 billion more people were living healthier lives,but only 431 million more people were enjoying access to universal health coverage,and 637 million more people were better protected from health emergencies encouraging progress,but less than

29、 is needed to reach the SDGs.Nevertheless,its not 2030 yet.With stronger leadership and scaled-up delivery,the gap can still be closed.Accordingly,the Fourteenth General Programme of Work sets ambitious new targets:to keep 6 billion people healthier,expand access to affordable health services for 5

30、billion people,and to see 7 billion people better protected from health emergencies between 2025 and 2028.Health data are central to achieving these targets,which is why WHO is working with countries and partners to modernize information systems and link data to delivery,through the World Health Dat

31、a Hub,the SCORE package of health data tools,and the Delivery for Impact approach.Because every life counts.Dr Tedros Adhanom GhebreyesusDirector-GeneralWorld Health OrganizationvAcknowledgementsThis publication was produced by the WHO Division of Data,Analytics and Delivery for Impact in collaborat

32、ion with WHO technical programmes and regional offices.WHO is grateful to UNICEF,the Population Division in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS(UNAIDS)for their contributions.viAbbreviationsABR adolescent birth rateAM

33、R antimicrobial resistanceAPC alcohol per capita consumptionARIs acute respiratory infectionsARR annual rate of reductionART antiretroviral therapyASR age-standardized death rateCDR crude death rateCOVID-19 coronavirus diseaseDHS Demographic and Health Survey(s)DTP3 diphtheriatetanuspertussis vaccin

34、e third doseGLASS Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance SystemGPW13 Thirteenth General Programme of WorkGPW14 Fourteenth General Programme of WorkGTS Global technical strategy for malaria 20162030HALE healthy life expectancyHIC high-income countryIA2030 Immunization Agenda 2030IHRs in

35、ternational health regulationsIQR interquartile rangeLIC low-income countryLMIC lower-middle-income countryMCV2 measles-containing vaccine second doseMIC middle-income countryMICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey(s)MMR maternal mortality ratioMNT maternal and neonatal tetanusMRSA methicillin-resist

36、ant Staphylococcus aureusNCDs noncommunicable diseasesNMR neonatal mortality rateNTDs neglected tropical diseasesODA official development assistanceOOP out-of-pocket(health spending)PAB protection at birthPCV3 pneumococcal-conjugate vaccine third dosePM2.5 fine particulate matter less than 2.5 m in

37、diameterRMNCH reproductive,maternal,newborn and child healthSDG Sustainable Development GoalSPAR States Parties Self-Assessment Annual Reporting ToolSPL societal poverty lineTB tuberculosisU5MR under-five mortality rateUHC universal health coverageUI uncertainty intervalUMIC upper-middle-income coun

38、tryUNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDSUSAID United States Agency for International DevelopmentWASH water,sanitation and hygieneWHA World Health AssemblyWHO World Health OrganizationviiIntroductionThe World health statistics report is the annual compilation of health and health-related

39、indicators,which has been published by the World Health Organization(WHO)since 2005.The 2025 edition consists of four chapters and the accompanying annexes.Chapter 1 presents an in-depth analysis of global and regional estimates of life expectancy,healthy life expectancy and progress in the reductio

40、n of premature mortality.Chapter 2 reviews the status of the health-related Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)indicators,covering age-and cause-specific mortality,infectious diseases,risk factors for health,and universal health coverage(UHC)and health systems.A summary of global and regional trends t

41、owards the achievement of selected health-related SDG indicators is further presented in Annex 1.Chapter 3 presents updated projections on WHOs Triple Billion targets,based on the most recent available data.It also describes WHOs transition from its thirteenth general programme of work(GPW13)to the

42、fourteenth general programme of work(GPW14),aligning with emerging global health challenges and priorities.Chapter 4 looks at inequalities in immunization as an important global health issue.The information presented in World health statistics 2025 is based on data available from global monitoring a

43、s of April 2025.These data have been compiled primarily from publications and databases produced and maintained by WHO,other United Nations entities(such as UNICEF,UNAIDS,and the Population Division in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations),United Nations Inter-Agency b

44、odies of which WHO is a member,and other international organizations.A summary of the methodology for each chapter is described in Annex 2.Tables of health statistics by country and area,WHO region and globally can be accessed via https:/www.who.int/data/gho/publications/world-health-statistics.1Key

45、 messagesThe major contributors to the 5.4-year pre-pandemic increase in global healthy life expectancy(HALE)at birth between 2000(58.1 years)and 2019(63.5 years)were mortality reduction from communicable and perinatal conditions among ages under 5 years,and from noncommunicable diseases(NCDs)among

46、those 30 years and older.However,worsening morbidity due to diabetes among ages 30 years and older has led to a 0.14-year loss in HALE.Each WHO region exhibits distinctive patterns given their unique compositions of mortality and morbidity.Between 2019 and 2021,the HALE loss can be almost entirely e

47、xplained by mortality both directly and indirectly attributable to coronavirus disease(COVID-19)among those aged 30 years and older,both globally and in most WHO regions.The pandemic also caused increased morbidity from anxiety disorders and depressive disorders,each responsible for a 0.06-year(or 3

48、-week)loss in global HALE in 20192021,and together effectively wiped out 80%of the positive contribution to HALE(0.15 years,or 8 weeks)by mortality decline from all NCDs combined in that two-year period.The contributors to the HALE difference between males and females show a mixed pattern.While lowe

49、r female mortality from injuries among 569-year-olds and from NCDs including ischaemic heart disease and stroke among females of 30 years and older gives a lead in HALE compared with males,mortality in maternal conditions and breast cancers,and higher female morbidity from conditions including back

50、and neck pain,gynaecological diseases,migraine,depressive disorders and anxiety disorders have effectively eliminated a considerable share of the female HALE lead.While lower mortality from communicable and perinatal causes explains a significant amount of the HALE lead that populations in high-inco

51、me countries(HICs)had against those in low-income countries(LICs)and lower-middle-income countries(LMICs),higher mortality from tracheal,bronchus and lung cancers and drug use disorders,and higher morbidity from falls and back and neck pain has cost HICs some loss in HALE compared with other income

52、groups.Premature mortality was in decline globally and in all WHO regions from 2000 to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.Despite the overall progress prior to the pandemic,stagnation was seen after 2015.Globally,the pace of decline is projected to slow between now and 2050,compared with the rates o

53、bserved in 20002019.Only about one third of countries are projected to have accelerated progress in 20192050 compared with 20002019,mostly located in the Region of the Americas and the Western Pacific Region.As the world moves closer to 2030,overall progress is insufficient to meet the health-relate

54、d SDG and other global targets.Declines were observed in mortality from causes addressed by the SDG indicators,including maternal mortality,child and neonatal mortality,premature NCD mortality,injury mortality,and mortality attributed to unsafe water,sanitation and hygiene(WASH)and air pollution.How

55、ever,the progress for all these indicators is either insufficient or stalled,and is currently off-track for achieving their respective global targets.There has been mixed progress in the global fight against infectious diseases,with declines in HIV and tuberculosis(TB)incidence rates,as well as in t

56、he number of people requiring interventions against neglected tropical diseases(NTDs),while malaria incidence rates have increased since 2015 and hepatitis B and antimicrobial resistance(AMR)continue to pose challenges.Similarly,the world is off-track for meeting most of the global targets in reduci

57、ng the prevalence or exposure to health risk factors such as malnutrition,tobacco use,unsafe WASH,air pollution and violence against women and girls,despite improvement in some of these areas.However,the world is on-track to reach the 20%reduction in total per-capita alcohol consumption by 2030,alth

58、ough progress differs by region.While gains in UHC service coverage index(SDG indicator 3.8.1)were observed globally over the past two decades,progress has slowed in recent years.In 2019,some 344 million people were pushed or further pushed into extreme poverty by out-of-pocket(OOP)health spending,w

59、hile 13.5%of the global population spent more than 10%of their household budget on OOP payments for health.The estimated global shortage of health workers of 15.4 million in 2020 decreased to 14.7 million in 2023.The projected 2030 shortage of 11.1 million shows slow progress in closing the gap,with

60、 the WHO African and Eastern Mediterranean regions projected to bear nearly 70%of the shortage.Progress towards achieving the Triple Billion targets remains uneven.The expansion of UHC is insufficient,with only about 431 million additional people gaining access to essential health services without i

61、ncurring 3financial hardship by 2024 compared with the 2018 baseline set in the WHO Thirteenth General Programme of Work,and only a projected 500 million by 2025 just half of the targeted one billion.Meanwhile,close to 637 million additional individuals are expected to be better protected from healt

62、h emergencies by 2024.This is expected to increase to only 697 million in 2025 a substantial gain that nonetheless remains a little over 30%short of the one-billion target.On the plus side,an estimated 1.35 billion more people will experience healthier lives by 2024,rising to 1.5 billion by 2025,thu

63、s exceeding the original target of one billion.However,this progress remains insufficient to put the world on track to achieve the health-related SDGs by 2030.Moreover,recent interruptions in international aid threaten to disrupt health services and systems,disproportionately impacting countries and

64、 communities with the greatest health-care needs.Safeguarding the gains made towards the Triple Billion targets remains of paramount importance for the global community in the years ahead.Within-country inequalities in childhood immunization related to economic status and education level of the moth

65、er persist.Positively,inequalities in the last decade have diminished,compared with those in the previous decade,in LICs and LMICs.For instance,economic-related inequality in DTP3 coverage and zero-dose prevalence have reduced by more than half across LICs.Eliminating economic-related inequality acr

66、oss 88 LICs and middle-income countries is associated with improving the national average DTP3 coverage across these countries by 10 percentage points and halving zero-dose prevalence.Achieving equity in immunization coverage requires focused attention on urban poor areas,remote/rural areas,conflict

67、 areas,and gender-related inequities and barriers.World health statistics 2025:monitoring health for the SDGs,Sustainable Development Goals41 Change and inequality in healthy longevity,and the contributing causesSteady increases in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy(HALE)at birth were obser

68、ved globally in 20002019,followed by rapid declines between 2019 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Various factors exhibit diverse epidemiological patterns across different stages in an individuals life course and in different populations,contributing in various degrees to the change in life exp

69、ectancy and HALE over time or the inequality therein between populations.This chapter reviews the contribution of different causes to the change in HALE before and during the COVID-19 pandemic,and to the inequality in HALE between males and females and between income groups as defined by the World B

70、ank.Unless otherwise stated,the principal source of data for this chapter is the World Health Organization(WHO)Global health estimates 2021(1).The global community enjoyed steady improvements in many aspects of population health between the turn of the century until the onset of the pandemic,from in

71、creasing access to clean water and sanitation to declining prevalence of tobacco smoking,from rising proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel(2)to doubling effective coverage for hypertension treatment(3),and from dropping mortality due to HIV/AIDS to improving child survival(4,5).T

72、hese improvements led to a decline in mortality from a broad spectrum of causes of death throughout the human lifespan.Both life expectancy and HALE increased between 2000 and 2019.Global life expectancy at birth increased by 6.3 years in this period,from 66.8 years in 2000 to 73.1 years in 2019,wit

73、h males gaining 6.2 years(from 64.4 to 70.6 years)and females gaining 6.5 years(from 69.2 to 75.7 years)during this period.Simultaneously,global HALE at birth increased by 5.4 years,from 58.1 years in 2000 to 63.5 years in 2019(from 57.0 to 62.3 years for males and from 59.3 years to 64.6 years fema

74、les)(Fig.1.1).However,this progress faced a major setback as the COVID-19 pandemic wreaked havoc across the globe.With COVID-19 becoming one of the leading causes of deaths globally and in many of the WHO regions in 2020 and 2021 and claiming an excess toll of lives indirectly through other causes,b

75、oth life expectancy and HALE rolled back by nearly a decade within just two years.Global life expectancy at birth dropped by 0.7 years to 72.5 years in 2020(back to the level of 2016),and by a further 1.1 years to 71.4 years in 2021(back to the level of 2012).Similarly,global HALE at birth dropped t

76、o 62.8 years in 2020(back to the level of 2016)and 61.9 years in 2021(back to the level of 2012)(Fig.1.1).This chapter reviews the contribution of different causes to the change in HALE before and during the COVID-19 pandemic,and to the inequality in HALE between males and females and between income

77、 groups(6,7)as defined by the World Bank.Figure 1.1 Life expectancy(LE)and healthy life expectancy at birth(HALE),by WHO region,2000,2019 and 2021Source:WHO(1).200004060802040608020406080200020192021200020192021200020192021200020192021200020192021200020192021200020192021GlobalBoth sexesMaleFemaleDif

78、ference between LE and HALEHALE Number of yearsAfrican RegionRegion of the AmericasEastern Mediterranean RegionEuropean RegionSouth-East Asia RegionWestern Pacific Region4655.855.245.555.154.646.556.555.763.665.863.262.164.561.8656764.856.760.55956.560.358.956.860.759.262.967.66660.366.164.665.56967

79、.355.361.859.455.161.458.955.662.359.863.868.468.262.366.766.665.470.169.858.163.561.95762.360.959.364.66378.48.46.17.17.17.99.69.710.511.310.99.19.99.31212.712.58.89.79.47.68.48.11011.110.99.510.510.388.98.711.112.1128.79.597.78.27.79.910.910.48.19.19.277.87.99.410.610.78.69.79.57.48.389.911.110.96

80、1.1 Change in HALE between 2000 and 2019 1.1.1 GlobalGlobally,the 5.4-year increase in HALE at birth between 2000(58.1 years)and 2019(63.5 years)was a result of declining mortality and morbidity over time,contributing 5.2 years(96.0%)and 0.2 years(4%),respectively.Reduction in mortality from communi

81、cable,maternal,perinatal and nutritional conditions(referred to as communicable diseases)represents the greatest source of gain,contributing a total of 3.4 years to the HALE gain,while mortality reduction from NCDs contributed 1.4 years,and injuries 0.4 years(Fig.1.2).By individual cause and broad a

82、ge groups,the largest gains were made by mortality reduction in preterm birth complications(0.26 years)and birth asphyxia and birth trauma(0.21 years)among infants aged 01 years,lower respiratory infections(0.40 years),diarrhoeal diseases(0.35 years)and measles(0.24 years)among children aged 04 year

83、s,and tuberculosis(0.27 years)and HIV/AIDS(0.22 years)among adults aged 3069 years.The gain attributed to NCD mortality reduction was concentrated in the adult age groups,with stroke contributing 0.37 years,ischaemic heart disease 0.28 years and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 0.19 years among

84、 adults 30 years and older.While the majority of causes contributed to the HALE gain positively,increasing mortality linked to Alzheimer disease and other dementias among adults aged 70 years and older resulted in a slight two-week(0.04-year)HALE loss in 20002019(Fig.1.2).While the overall contribut

85、ion to the HALE gain from changing morbidity in 20002019 was relatively minor and,for the majority of causes,the contribution was positive,it is worth noting that morbidity from diabetes among adults 30 years and older increased and was responsible for a 0.14-year HALE loss in 20002019(Fig.1.2).Figu

86、re 1.2 Decomposition of the change in healthy life expectancy(HALE)between 2000 and 2019 globally,by cause and age group,for both sexes combinedSource:WHO(1).0.020.050.0601-45-19All ages0.010.020.020.070.030.01-0.050.030.020.02-0.09-0.050.020.020.010.030.010.020.17-0.050.050.010.03-0.010.02-0.140.04

87、0.020.02-0.020.040.030.210.040.030.090.040.170.15-0.10.030.020.020.060.1-0.070.030.010.020.02-0.040.020.040.020.050.010.110.030.040.05-0.040.070.120.040.060.050.220.010.020.120.160.010.020.030.040.040.060.020.180.190.050.270.071.520.710.640.160.710.150.511-405-19 20-29 30-69 70+20-29 30-69 70+Commun

88、icable,maternal,perinatal and nutritional conditions-Tuberculosis-Diarrhoeal diseases-Lower respiratory infections-HIV/AIDS-Measles-Preterm birth complicationsInjuries-Road injuries-Self-harm-Interpersonal violence?-Collective violence and legal intervention-All other unintentional injuriesNoncommun

89、icable diseases-Stroke-Ischaemic heart disease-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-Stomach cancer-Cirrhosis of the liver-Trachea,bronchus,lung cancers-Alcohol use disorders-Back and neck pain-Depressive disorders-Gynaecological diseases-Anxiety disorders-Hypertensive heart disease-Breast cancer-Mi

90、graine-Drug use disorders-Alzheimer disease and other dementias-Diabetes mellitus-All other malignant neoplasms-All other cardiovascular diseases-All other NCDs-Birth asphyxia and birth trauma-Malaria-Maternal conditions-All Other Group1All Causes AgeCause groupChange in HALE(years)0.00.10.2Morbidit

91、yMortalityAll causesCommunicable,maternal,perinatal and nutritional conditionsNoncommunicable diseases InjuriesAll ages0.010.040.020.010.080.170.12-0.05-0.010.010.210.50.390.450.160.080.290.260.495.173.370.050.040.030.030.210.20.150.030.030.060.270.130.020.070.090.040.010.060.180.050.260.040.040.040

92、.031.490.850.260.331.420.790.170.210.290.140.010.060.010.020.030.020.010.550.360.010.020.060.090.020.140.190.060.030.280.110.080.080.380.051.38Change and inequality in healthy longevity,and the contributing causes71.1.2 WHO regions As the cause and the age profile of mortality and morbidity vary acr

93、oss geographical locations,the contributions to HALE by cause and age also exhibit diverse patterns.In the WHO African Region,the most remarkable contributor to the HALE gain in 20002019 was from reduction in HIV/AIDS mortality,resulting in a total of a 2.61-year gain in HALE,within which a reductio

94、n among adults aged 3069 years was the major source(1.71 years).Decline in mortality from tuberculosis in the same age group also contributed to a large share(0.68 years or 57.6%)of the 1.18-year HALE gain accumulated throughout the entire life course.Mortality decline among children aged under 5 ye

95、ars from malaria,diarrhoeal diseases and lower respiratory infections also contributed considerably to the HALE gain in 20002019,at 0.88,0.65 and 0.62 years,respectively(Fig.1.3).AFR:African Region;AMR;Region of the Americas;SEAR:South-East Asia Region;EUR:European Region;EMR:Eastern Mediterranean R

96、egion;WPR:Western Pacific Region.Source:WHO(1).Figure 1.3 Leading contributing causes for change in healthy life expectancy(HALE)between 2000 and 2019,by cause,age group and WHO region,for both sexes combined01-45-1920-2930-6970+01-45-1920-2930-6970+0.00.51.01.5AFRAMREMREURSEARWPRGlobalAge0.020.010.

97、030.060.060.220.180.19-0.09-0.050.030.020.20.150.060.030.050.040.040.040.270.030.070.270.130.010.020.02-0.030.030.020.010.020.02-0.010.010.140.070.390.390.340.280.10.260.490.280.070.070.050.010.030.380.080.011.710.680.130.020.040.030.190.080.02-0.06-0.12-0.1-0.05-0.080.030.010.030.020.210.110.130.18

98、0.050.11-0.12-0.080.4-0.03-0.09-0.040.010.060.030.02-0.03-0.010.010.060.230.370.440.070.050.240.20.250.070.090.040.030.690.180.25-0.010.020.110.2-0.08-0.080.510.560.280.380.040.030.040.060.070.040.050.01-0.080.10.10.050.060.020.180.1-0.030.25-0.13-0.110.010.050.130.120.260.270.110.250.050.010.260.25

99、0.30.340.20.420.020.05-0.09-0.050.060.050.020.030.02-0.2-0.10.030.02-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.06-0.030.030.030.030.021.Diabetes mellitus2.Road injury3.Falls4.Back and neck pain5.Tuberculosis1.Diabetes mellitus2.Tuberculosis3.Malaria4.Birth asphyxia and birth trauma5.Diarrhoeal diseases1.Diabetes mellitus2.D

100、rug use disorders3.Depressive disorders4.Stroke5.Road injury1.Diabetes mellitus2.Depressive disorders3.Tuberculosis4.Preterm birth complications5.Falls1.Diabetes mellitus2.Falls3.Road injury4.Alcohol use disorders5.Interpersonal violence1.Diabetes mellitus2.Road injury3.Gynaecological diseases4.Back

101、 and neck pain5.Anxiety disorders1.Diabetes mellitus2.Road injury3.Tuberculosis4.Collective violence and legal intervention5.Back and neck pain1.Diarrhoeal diseases2.Tuberculosis3.Lower respiratory infections4.HIV/AIDS5.Stroke1.HIV/AIDS2.Tuberculosis3.Diarrhoeal diseases4.Malaria5.Lower respiratory

102、infections1.Ischaemic heart disease2.Stroke3.Preterm birth complications4.Trachea,bronchus,lung cancers5.Alzheimer disease and other dementias8.Drug use disorders1.Tuberculosis2.Diarrhoeal diseases3.Lower respiratory infections4.Preterm birth complications5.Measles8.Ischaemic heart disease1.Ischaemi

103、c heart disease2.Stroke3.Lower respiratory infections4.Road injury5.Self harm13.Alzheimer disease and other dementias1.Stroke2.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease3.Lower respiratory infections4.Birth asphyxia and birth trauma5.Preterm birth complications1.Diarrhoeal diseases2.Measles3.Lower respir

104、atory infections4.Stroke5.Collective violence and legal interventionMorbidityMortalityCause groupAll causesCommunicable,maternal,perinatal and nutritional conditionsInjuriesNoncommunicable diseasesChange in HALE(years)World health statistics 2025:monitoring health for the SDGs,Sustainable Developmen

105、t Goals8Similarly,in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and the South-East Asia Region,reduction in mortality from communicable diseases was the primary driver of the HALE gain in 20002019.Diarrhoeal diseases contributed a total of 1.01 years(0.47 years among those aged under 5 years)in HALE gain in t

106、he South-East Asia Region and 0.51 years(0.38 years among those aged under 5 years)in the Eastern Mediterranean Region.A mortality decline in lower respiratory infections among children aged under 5 years led to HALE gains of 0.57 years in the South-East Asia Region and 0.38 years in the Eastern Med

107、iterranean Region.While the Eastern Mediterranean Region enjoyed a 0.26-year gain in HALE due to declining mortality from ischaemic heart disease among adults aged 30 years and older,the South-East Asia Region saw an opposite trend,with rising mortality from the diseases causing 0.16-year HALE loss

108、among the same age groups.Also worth noting is the 0.3-year loss attributed to increasing diabetes morbidity among those aged 30 years and older in the Eastern Mediterranean Region,constituting the largest loss among all WHO regions.The Eastern Mediterranean Region is also the only region where a si

109、zable HALE loss was attributed to mortality increase in collective violence and legal intervention,at 0.28 years,of which 0.24 years was due to rising mortality among those aged 529 years(Fig.1.3).In contrast,in the Region of the Americas the contribution to the gain in HALE was more heavily concent

110、rated in NCDs,with declining mortality among adults aged 30 years and older from ischaemic heart disease(0.61 years),stroke(0.24 years),and trachea,bronchus and lung cancers(0.16 years)driving the gain(Fig.1.3).However,some negative patterns were also observed.Rising mortality due to Alzheimer disea

111、se and other dementias among adults aged 70 years and older was responsible for a 0.12-year HALE loss.While improvement in mortality from diabetes contributed to a minor increase(0.03 years)in HALE in 20002019,worsening morbidity from the disease caused a 0.22-year loss.Additionally,drug use disorde

112、r in the Region of the Americas contributed negatively through increasing both mortality and morbidity,causing 0.11-year and 0.13-year losses,respectively,a unique phenomenon compared with all other WHO regions(Fig.1.3).In the European Region,there was a 4.69-year gain in HALE between 2000 and 2019,

113、with 93.5%(or 4.39 years)of this gain attributed to declining mortality.By far,the leading driver in HALE gain was the decline in mortality from ischaemic heart disease among adults aged 30 years and older,accounting for a 1.07-year HALE gain,or over one fifth of the total gain.This is followed by m

114、ortality reduction from stroke among the same age groups,contributing to a further 0.66-year increase in HALE.The European Region also benefitted from reduced mortality from lower respiratory infections,road injuries and suicide across many age groups over the life course,achieving a HALE gain of ab

115、out 0.2 years for each cause(0.6 years in total).However,increasing mortality from Alzheimer disease and other dementias among adults aged 70 years and older and increasing morbidity from diabetes led to a loss in HALE,at 0.08 and 0.14 years respectively(Fig.1.3).In the Western Pacific region,HALE i

116、ncreased by 4.53 years between 2000 and 2019,about 97%(or 4.43 years)of which was achieved by reducing mortality.The most prominent HALE gain was achieved through reducing mortality from stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults aged 30 years and older,accounting for an increase

117、of 0.64 and 0.62 years,respectively.Declining mortality from birth asphyxia and birth trauma,preterm birth complications and lower respiratory infections among children aged under 1 year led to an increase in HALE of around 0.25 years for each of the three diseases(0.76 years in total).As in other r

118、egions,diabetes-related morbidity increased among adults aged 30 years and older and caused a 0.1-year loss in HALE(Fig.1.3).Change and inequality in healthy longevity,and the contributing causes91.2 Change in HALE during the COVID-19 pandemic in 201920211.2.1 Change attributed to mortalityThe Globa

119、l HALE dropped by 1.54 years between 2019 and 2021.Mortality from the emerging COVID-19 and other outcomes related to the COVID-19 pandemic led to 1.29-year and 0.28-year losses,respectively,in HALE,totalling a staggering 1.57-year loss within just two years and exceeding the total gains in reduced

120、mortality and morbidity from other causes.The majority of the loss was concentrated among those aged 30 years and older,at 1.23 years and 0.27 years,respectively,attributed to the two causes(Fig.1.4).While gain due to continued decline in mortality from causes including HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis was

121、 observed in 20192021 in the African Region,the region suffered from a net loss of 0.66 years in HALE.The loss is predominantly driven by mortality from COVID-19(0.74 years)and other COVID19 pandemic-related outcomes(0.29 years)among adults aged 30 years and older(Fig.1.4).Figure 1.4 Leading contrib

122、uting causes for change in healthy life expectancy(HALE)between 2019 and 2021,by cause,age group and WHO region,for both sexes combinedAFR:African Region;AMR;Region of the Americas;SEAR:South-East Asia Region;EUR:European Region;EMR:Eastern Mediterranean Region;WPR:Western Pacific Region.Source:WHO(

123、1).AFRAMREMREURSEARWPRGlobal1-45-1920-2930-6970+001-45-1920-2930-6970+1.COVID-192.Other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes3.Lower respiratory infections4.Stroke5.Ischaemic heart disease1.COVID-192.Other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes3.HIV/AIDS4.Tuberculosis5.Measles1.COVID-192.Drug use disorders

124、3.Ischaemic heart disease4.Lower respiratory infections5.Other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes1.COVID-192.Other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes3.Ischaemic heart disease4.Stroke5.Lower respiratory infections1.COVID-192.Other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes3.Ischaemic heart disease4.Stroke5.L

125、ower respiratory infections1.COVID-192.Other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes3.Collective violence and legal intervention4.Ischaemic heart disease5.Lower respiratory infections1.COVID-192.Stroke3.Road injury4.Lower respiratory infections5.Other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes-0.02-0.07-0.02-0.0

126、2-0.02-0.04-0.01-0.03-0.01-0.02Morbidity-0.03-0.12-0.02-0.02-0.01-0.03-0.02-0.01-0.02-0.08-0.01-0.02-0.03-0.06-0.02-0.02-0.05-0.02-0.02-0.01-0.01-0.03-0.02-0.02-0.02-0.04-0.11-0.01-0.03-0.01-0.02-0.02-0.1-0.01-0.03-0.02-0.05-0.02-0.02-0.04-0.03-0.01-0.03-0.02-0.03-0.01-0.03-0.11-0.01-0.01-0.03-0.02-

127、0.02-0.01-0.02-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.04-0.78-0.02-0.45-0.18-0.090.010.020.020.010.02Mortality-0.02-0.48-0.26-0.19-0.10.020.020.010.080.110.030.010.040.02-0.05-1.27-0.01-0.65-0.02-0.06-0.05-0.020.04-0.03-0.02-0.03-0.02-0.02-0.06-1.33-0.04-0.72-0.02-0.37-0.190.060.030.040.030.020.010.02-0.02-0.75-0.01-0.6-

128、0.16-0.090.040.040.020.020.010.01-0.04-0.83-0.02-0.48-0.01-0.16-0.30.060.010.050.040.050.020.020.010.01-0.05-0.030.030.010.010.01-0.011.COVID-192.Depressive disorders3.Anxiety disorders4.Diabetes mellitus5.Back and neck pain1.COVID-192.Depressive disorders3.Anxiety disorders4.Diabetes mellitus5.HIV/

129、AIDS1.COVID-192.Depressive disorders3.Anxiety disorders4.Diabetes mellitus5.Drug use disorders1.COVID-192.Depressive disorders3.Anxiety disorders4.Diabetes mellitus5.Diarrhoeal diseases1.COVID-192.Depressive disorders3.Anxiety disorders4.Diabetes mellitus5.Back and neck pain1.COVID-192.Depressive di

130、sorders3.Anxiety disorders4.Diabetes mellitus5.Back and neck pain1.Anxiety disorders2.Falls3.Diabetes mellitus4.COVID-195.Alzheimer disease and other demeniasCause groupAll causesCommunicable,maternal,perinatal and nutritional conditionsInjuriesNoncommunicable diseasesOther COVID-19 pandemic-related

131、 outcomesChange in HALE(years)-1.0-0.50.0World health statistics 2025:monitoring health for the SDGs,Sustainable Development Goals10Much of the 2.72-year HALE loss in the Region of the Americas can be attributed to COVID-19 mortality among adults aged 30 years and older(1.92 years)and morbidity for

132、all ages(0.15 years).Loss in HALE can also be explained by causes for which the previous pre-pandemic progress in mortality reduction was completely reversed or halted,including ischaemic heart disease,which contributed negatively to the HALE change between 2019 and 2021(0.07 years in 20192021 vs 0.

133、61 years in 20002019)and stroke,which contributed almost no gain between 2019 and 2021(compared with a 0.24-year gain in 20002019)(Fig.1.4).Mortality from COVID-19 and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes among adults aged 30 years and older contributed 2.05 and 0.56 years,respectively,to the to

134、tal 2.5-year HALE loss in the South-East Asia Region between 2019 and 2021.This outweighed HALE gains achieved through mortality reductions from causes including ischaemic heart disease(0.09 years)and stroke(0.08 years)among those aged 30 years and older during this two-year period(Fig.1.4).The over

135、all HALE dropped by 1.5 years in 20192021 in both the European Region(66.1 to 64.6 years)and the Eastern Mediterranean Region(60.4 to 58.9 years),and mortality from COVID-19 and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes among adults aged 30 years and older accounted for 1.35 and 0.25 years,respective

136、ly,of the loss in the European Region and 1.31 and 0.46 years,respectively,in the Eastern Mediterranean Region(Fig.1.4).The COVID-19 pandemic had a very limited impact on HALE in the Western Pacific region in 2020 and 2021,resulting in virtually no change in HALE(68.4 years in 2019 and 68.2 years in

137、 2021).Mortality from COVID-19 and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes only accounted for 0.09 and 0.02 years of loss,respectively,in HALE,which were compensated for by minor gains from mortality decline from other causes,including stroke and road injuries(Fig.1.4).1.2.2 Change attributed to mo

138、rbidityThe decline in HALE between 2019 and 2021 at global and regional levels can be partly attributed to increasing morbidity.A shared pattern at both global and regional levels is that the HALE loss in 20192021 associated with morbidity increase can largely be attributed to three causes:COVID-19,

139、anxiety disorders and depressive disorders.It is also worth noting that the pre-pandemic HALE gains in 20002019 attributable to declining morbidity from anxiety disorders and depressive disorders were completely cancelled out by the subsequent loss associated with these two causes during the first t

140、wo years of the COVID-19 pandemic(Fig.1.4).Globally,morbidity due to COVID-19 led to a 0.13-year HALE loss in 20192021.The pandemic also caused increasing morbidity due to anxiety disorders and depressive disorders,each responsible for a 0.06-year(or 3-week)loss in HALE in 20192021.This loss(0.12 ye

141、ars,or 6 weeks)effectively wiped out 80%of the positive contribution to HALE(0.15 years,or approximately 8 weeks)by mortality decline from all NCDs combined in that two-year period.By WHO regions,morbidity due to COVID-19 led to HALE loss in 20192021 ranging from 0.01 years in the Western Pacific re

142、gion to 0.180.20 years in the South-East Asia Region,the Eastern Mediterranean Region and the African Region.Increasing morbidity due to anxiety disorders was responsible for losses ranging from 0.03 years in the African Region to 0.10 years in the Region of the Americas.Similarly,the contribution t

143、o overall HALE loss in 20192021 from increasing morbidity due to depressive disorders ranged from 0.01 years in the Western Pacific region to 0.11 years in the Region of the Americas(Fig.1.4).Change and inequality in healthy longevity,and the contributing causes111.3 Gap in HALE between males and fe

144、males in 2019 and 20211.3.1 GlobalOn average,women live longer than men,as they benefit from lower mortality,especially from causes that are affected by behavioural or genetic factors(8,9,10,11).In 2019,just before the COVID-19 pandemic,the global female life expectancy was about 5.1 years longer th

145、an that of males(75.70 versus 70.61 years).However,with higher overall risk of morbidity among females,when disability is accounted for,the gap between the global male and female HALE in 2019 reduced to about 2.3 years(8,10).The lower level of mortality among females would have rendered them a 3.85-

146、year advantage in HALE,yet they also faced higher levels of morbidity than males,offsetting the HALE advantage associated with mortality by 1.56 years(Fig.1.5).Lower female mortality from NCDs among adults aged 30 years and older from ischaemic heart disease(accounting for 0.63 years),stroke(0.31 ye

147、ars),chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(0.26 years),and trachea,bronchus and lung cancers(0.24 years)are major contributors to the female advantage in HALE.In addition,lower mortality among those aged 569 years old from injuries including road injury(0.32 years),interpersonal violence(0.17 years)

148、and suicide(0.12 years)constitute an important source of the female HALE advantage.However,mortality from sex-specific causes,such as breast cancer and maternal conditions,reduced the HALE advantage for females,at 0.22 and 0.15 years,respectively(Fig.1.5).Figure 1.5 Leading contributing causes for t

149、he difference in healthy life expectancy(HALE)in 2019 between males and females,by cause and age groupAFR:African Region;AMR;Region of the Americas;SEAR:South-East Asia Region;EUR:European Region;EMR:Eastern Mediterranean Region;WPR:Western Pacific Region.Source:WHO(1).AFRAMREMREURSEARWPRGlobalMorbi

150、dityMortality01-45-1920-2930-6970+01-45-1920-2930-6970+Age1.Gynaecological diseases2.Back and neck pain3.Depressive disorders4.Migraine5.Anxiety disorders1.Gynaecological diseases2.Back and neck pain3.Depressive disorders4.Migraine5.HIV/AIDS1.Back and neck pain2.Gynaecological diseases3.Migraine4.De

151、pressive disorders5.Alcohol use disorders1.Gynaecological diseases2.Back and neck pain3.Migraine4.Anxiety disorders5.Depressive disorders1.Gynaecological diseases2.Back and neck pain3.Migraine4.Depressive disorders5.Anxiety disorders1.Gynaecological diseases2.Back and neck pain3.Depressive disorders

152、4.Migraine5.Anxiety disorders1.Back and neck pain2.Gynaecological diseases3.Depressive disorders4.Migraine5.Anxiety disorders-0.09-0.35-0.02-0.03-0.03-0.28-0.02-0.03-0.13-0.02-0.03-0.03-0.12-0.03-0.01-0.11-0.03-0.09-0.02-0.02-0.1-0.5-0.02-0.03-0.03-0.24-0.01-0.04-0.03-0.12-0.01-0.02-0.02-0.08-0.02-0

153、.02-0.06-0.08-0.29-0.03-0.03-0.05-0.24-0.02-0.08-0.05-0.17-0.05-0.02-0.05-0.17-0.03-0.03-0.05-0.17-0.04-0.02-0.04-0.35-0.02-0.1-0.08-0.29-0.03-0.02-0.03-0.1-0.03-0.02-0.1-0.01-0.010.020.080.01-0.11-0.48-0.03-0.05-0.03-0.29-0.02-0.14-0.06-0.19-0.04-0.02-0.04-0.15-0.03-0.04-0.04-0.12-0.04-0.04-0.11-0.

154、55-0.02-0.03-0.05-0.38-0.03-0.09-0.03-0.17-0.02-0.02-0.03-0.13-0.02-0.04-0.1-0.03-0.02-0.02-0.24-0.01-0.12-0.08-0.26-0.03-0.02-0.02-0.12-0.01-0.04-0.03-0.11-0.02-0.01-0.02-0.07-0.03-0.021.Ischaemic heart disease2.Road injury3.Stroke4.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease5.Trachea,bronchus,lung cance

155、rs6.Breast cancer9.Maternal conditions0.450.180.090.180.040.020.190.120.090.170.140.1-0.17-0.05-0.06-0.07-0.021.Maternal conditions2.Tuberculosis3.Road injury4.Lower respiratory infections5.Breast cancer -0.18-0.3-0.06-0.020.040.40.080.080.210.040.030.020.130.110.05-0.01-0.22-0.031.Interpersonal vio

156、lence2.Ischaemic heart disease3.Road injury4.Breast cancer5.Self-harm 19.Maternal conditions0.280.310.110.390.240.10.180.040.02-0.19-0.080.060.130.020.02-0.02-0.021.Ischaemic heart disease2.Road injury3.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease4.Cirrhosis of the liver 5.Tuberculosis6.Breast cancer10.Mat

157、ernal conditions0.550.20.090.20.050.020.140.150.010.230.030.160.05-0.14-0.02-0.04-0.041.Ischaemic heart disease2.Trachea,bronchus,lung cancers3.Breast cancer4.Self-harm5.Stroke22.Maternal conditions0.720.190.270.17-0.21-0.090.060.20.010.020.191.Ischaemic heart disease2.Collective violence and legal

158、intervention3.Road injury4.Breast cancer5.Maternal conditions0.010.420.060.20.040.210.090.190.060.02-0.21-0.11-0.05-0.09-0.03Cause groupAll causesCommunicable,maternal,perinatal and nutritional conditionsInjuriesNoncommunicable diseasesDifference in HALE(years)-0.50-0.250.000.250.50Between males and

159、 females in 2019:WHO region1.Stroke2.Ischaemic heart disease3.Trachea,bronchus,lung cancers4.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease5.Road injury6.Breast cancer19.Maternal conditions0.010.370.350.010.350.210.220.180.090.270.090.20.040.02-0.13-0.03-0.01World health statistics 2025:monitoring health for

160、 the SDGs,Sustainable Development Goals12In addition,a higher rate of morbidity from many conditions has cost more healthy life-years among females.Back and neck pain,gynaecological diseases and migraine among females aged 30 years and older reduced female HALE by 0.39 years,0.38 years and 0.13 year

161、s,respectively,compared with males,and thus effectively eliminated the HALE advantage associated with mortality due to ischaemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Furthermore,depressive disorders and anxiety disorders reduced the overall additional HALE for females by 0.20 and

162、0.16 years,respectively(Fig.1.5).In 2021,HALE for females was about 2.2 years higher than for males,representing the net of a 3.8-year advantage associated with mortality and a 1.7-year disadvantage associated with morbidity.In general,the mortality and morbidity contributors to the femalemale gap i

163、n HALE remained largely the same,although the size of each contribution diminished to different degrees.What is most noteworthy is that lower female mortality from COVID-19(0.72 years)and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes(0.17 years)have contributed to a 0.89-year HALE advantage over males gl

164、obally.This contribution is dominated by those aged 30 years and older(0.70 and 0.16 years,respectively,for COVID-19 and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes),a pattern that also holds true at regional and country levels(Fig.1.6).Figure 1.6 Leading contributing causes for the difference in healt

165、hy life expectancy(HALE)in 2021 between males and females,by cause and age groupAFR:African Region;AMR;Region of the Americas;SEAR:South-East Asia Region;EUR:European Region;EMR:Eastern Mediterranean Region;WPR:Western Pacific Region.Source:WHO(1).MorbidityMortalityAFRAMREMREURSEARWPRGlobal1.Gynaeco

166、logical diseases2.Back and neck pain3.Depressive disorders4.Anxiety disorders5.Migraine1.Gynaecological diseases2.Back and neck pain3.Depressive disorders4.Anxiety disorders5.Migraine1.Gynaecological diseases2.Back and neck pain3.Migraine4.Depressive disorders5.Anxiety disorders1.Gynaecological dise

167、ases2.Back and neck pain3.Depressive disorders4.Anxiety disorders5.Migraine1.Back and neck pain2.Gynaecological diseases3.Depressive disorders4.Migraine5.Anxiety disorders1.Back and neck pain2.Gynaecological diseases3.Depressive disorders4.Migraine5.Anxiety disorders1.Gynaecological diseases2.Back a

168、nd neck pain3.Depressive disorders4.Migraine5.Anxiety disorders-0.09-0.34-0.02-0.02-0.03-0.28-0.02-0.09-0.03-0.14-0.02-0.03-0.03-0.03-0.02-0.03-0.12-0.11-0.11-0.11-0.11-0.03-0.01-0.1-0.5-0.02-0.03-0.03-0.23-0.01-0.04-0.03-0.13-0.02-0.02-0.02-0.07-0.02-0.02-0.05-0.02-0.01-0.08-0.29-0.03-0.02-0.04-0.2

169、3-0.02-0.07-0.07-0.21-0.05-0.02-0.06-0.2-0.04-0.03-0.05-0.17-0.05-0.02-0.04-0.34-0.02-0.07-0.08-0.28-0.03-0.02-0.02-0.01-0.01-0.03-0.1-0.03-0.02-0.08-0.02-0.48-0.03-0.04-0.03-0.28-0.02-0.12-0.06-0.19-0.04-0.02-0.05-0.18-0.03-0.04-0.05-0.15-0.06-0.03-0.54-0.02-0.02-0.05-0.11-0.11-0.38-0.03-0.08-0.04-

170、0.18-0.03-0.02-0.04-0.03-0.02-0.03-0.12-0.02-0.02-0.24-0.01-0.12-0.08-0.26-0.03-0.02-0.02-0.12-0.01-0.03-0.03-0.02-0.01-0.03-0.09-0.03-0.021-45-1920-2930-6970+0.020.490.210.360.120.080.160.040.010.140.08-0.16-0.040.120.040.120.04-0.06-0.07-0.02-0.16-0.3-0.060.340.12-0.010.030.270.050.070.170.040.020

171、.10.020.10.03-0.2-0.020.130.050.130.050.010.640.310.260.290.10.370.190.10.170.030.01-0.16-0.06-0.02-0.030.020.020.030.890.350.30.060.230.080.230.080.070.160.050.010.15-0.14-0.02-0.04-0.04-0.010.60.150.440.210.220.13-0.18-0.070.050.170.010.010.090.010.090.010.430.160.30.020.090.150.060.010.210.080.21

172、0.080.030.140.11-0.09-0.12-0.03-0.18-0.030.360.330.010.350.20.210.170.090.250.080.180.030.01-0.14-0.030.03-0.01-0.011-4005-1920-2930-6970+AgeCause groupAll causesCommunicable,maternal,perinatal and nutritional conditionsInjuriesNoncommunicable diseasesOther COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes1.COVID-

173、192.Ischaemic heart disease3.Road injury4.Stroke5.Breast cancer7.Other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes11.Maternal conditions1.COVID-192.Interpersonal violence3.Ischaemic heart disease4.Road injury5.Breast cancer7.Maternal conditions23.Other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes1.COVID-192.Ischaemic

174、heart disease3.Other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes4.Road injury5.Cirrhosis of the liver7.Breast cancer8.Maternal conditions1.Ischaemic heart disease2.COVID-193.Trachea,bronchus,lung cancers4.Breast cancer5.Self-harm11.Other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes24.Maternal conditions1.COVID-192.Isc

175、haemic heart disease3.Road injury4.Other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes5.Collective violence and legal intervention6.Maternal conditions7.Breast cancer1.Stroke2.Ischaemic heart disease3.Trachea,bronchus,lung cancers4.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease5.Road injury7.Breast cancers17.COVID-1920

176、.Maternal conditions23.Other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes1.Maternal conditions2.COVID-193.Tuberculosis4.Road injury5.Lower respiratory infections6.Breast cancer10.Other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomesDifference in HALE(years)-0.50-0.250.000.250.50Change and inequality in healthy longevity,a

177、nd the contributing causes131.3.2 WHO regionsSimilar patterns were observed across WHO regions,yet given each regions unique epidemiological profile,there are distinctive characteristics in the health inequality between male and females in each region.In the African Region,sex-difference in mortalit

178、y from communicable diseases was the primary source of the HALE gap(1.35 years)between sexes in 2019.Lower tuberculosis mortality among adults aged 30 years and older brought a 0.48-year HALE advantage to females.Lower mortality from lower respiratory infections among children aged under 5 years and

179、 adults aged 30 years and older contributed a further 0.30 years.However,these gains were partially offset by mortality from maternal conditions in reproductive ages,which cost females 0.54 years in HALE(Fig.1.5).In 2021,lower female mortality from COVID-19 and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcom

180、es accounted for an additional 0.47 and 0.18 years,respectively,in female HALE over male.This is predominantly contributed by females aged 30 years and older,accounting for 0.46 and 0.18 years,respectively,for the two causes(Fig.1.6).A unique contributor to the female HALE lead(2.49 years)in 2019 in

181、 the Region of the Americas was mortality due to interpersonal violence,accounting for 0.71 years of the HALE gap and predominantly concentrated in those aged 569 years(Fig.1.5).In 2021,lower female mortality from COVID-19 and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes explained 0.96 and 0.03 years,re

182、spectively,of the lead in female HALE(2.96 years in total)(Fig.1.6).Stroke is the most significant cause of death that contributed to the female HALE lead(3.43 years in total)in the Western Pacific region in 2019,accounting for 0.73 years(Fig.1.5).In 2021,mortality from COVID-19 and other COVID-19 p

183、andemic-related outcomes had very limited impact on the HALE gap between males and females,accounting for only 0.03 and 0.01 years,respectively(Fig.1.6).The Eastern Mediterranean Region had the narrowest malefemale gap in HALE in 2019,at 0.35 years.Mortality from collective violence and legal interv

184、ention stands out as a prominent driver for the HALE gap compared with other regions,contributing 0.45 years to the female HALE lead,with fatality among those aged 529 years accounting for over 90%of it(0.41 years).The relatively narrow overall HALE gap can be partially explained by large contributi

185、ons from some conditions for which females faced higher mortality or morbidity,particularly morbidity from gynaecological diseases(0.71 years)with women aged 2069 years accounting for 0.66 years of this(Fig.1.5).In 2021,the female lead in HALE declined slightly to 0.33 years,despite the addition of

186、major contributions associated with mortality from COVID-19(0.61 years)and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes(0.3 years).This was due to declining contributions from mortality from causes including collective violence and legal intervention(down from 0.45 years in 2019 to 0.28 years in 2021)an

187、d ischaemic heart disease(down from 0.49 years in 2019 to 0.34 years in 2021)(Fig.1.6).The South-East Asia Region had the second lowest malefemale gap in HALE in 2019 after the Eastern Mediterranean Region,at 0.90 years.Females benefitted from lower mortality from ischaemic heart disease,which accou

188、nted for 0.76 years of the female HALE advantage,primarily concentrated in those aged 30 years and older(0.75 years)(Fig.1.5).The overall HALE gap remained relatively constant in 2021,at 0.91 years.Lower female mortality from COVID-19 and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes accounted for 1.28 a

189、nd 0.33 years,respectively,of the lead in female HALE.It is worth noting that the contribution associated with ischaemic heart disease halved,to 0.37 years,compared with 2019,indicating that as a competing risk the emerging deaths attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic have narrowed the malefemale mort

190、ality gap associated with ischaemic heart disease(Fig.1.6).Females in the European Region enjoyed a 2.98-year HALE lead in 2019 compared with males.Lower female mortality from ischaemic heart disease among adults aged 30 years and older represents the greatest contributor,accounting for a total of 0

191、.91 years.Lower female mortality from trachea,bronchus and lung cancers in the same age group adds another 0.44 years to the female HALE lead(Fig.1.5).In 2021,the malefemale HALE gap dropped to 2.76 years,with lower female mortality from COVID-19 and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes accounti

192、ng for 0.65 and 0.11 years,respectively,and the contribution associated with mortality from ischaemic heart disease(down to 0.75 years)and trachea,bronchus and lung cancers declining from the 2019 levels(down to 0.36 years).Contributions from all four causes to the female HALE lead were concentrated

193、 in those aged 30 years and older(Fig.1.6).World health statistics 2025:monitoring health for the SDGs,Sustainable Development Goals14Low-incomeLower-middle-incomeUpper-middle-incomeMorbidityMortality1.Falls2.Depressive disorders3.Back and neck pain4.Drug use disorders5.Collective violence and legal

194、 intervention1.Lower respiratory infections2.Stroke3.Tuberculosis4.Diarrhoeal diseases5.Malaria6.Preterm birth complications8.Ischaemic heart disease9.Birth asphyxia and birth trauma17.Trachea,bronchus,lung cancers20.Drug use disorders1.Ischaemic heart disease2.Stroke3.Lower respiratory infections4.

195、Diarrhoeal diseases5.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease6.Tuberculosis7.Preterm birth complications8.Birth asphyxia and birth trauma14.Trachea,bronchus,lung cancers17.Drug use disorders1.Stroke2.Ischaemic heart disease3.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease4.Road injury5.Stomach cancer7.Drug use d

196、isorders8.Tuberculosis10.Preterm birth complications15.Birth asphyxia and birth trauma16.Trachea,bronchus,lung cancers17.Diarrhoeal disease1.Back and neck pain2.Drug use disorders3.Falls4.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease5.Anxiety disorders1.Back and neck pain2.Falls3.Drug use disorders4.Stroke5

197、.Anxiety disorders-0.02-0.16-0.130.15-0.010.07-0.04-0.13-0.03-0.03-0.08-0.11-0.11-0.010.030.120.01-0.05-0.23-0.03-0.07-0.08-0.01-0.01-0.1-0.040.060.09-0.03-0.06-0.03-0.01-0.04-0.22-0.03-0.07-0.1-0.1-0.07-0.1-0.010.030.04-0.02-0.0501-45-1920-2930-6970+0.40.260.020.270.090.260.010.560.010.550.050.030.

198、050.490.030.210.240.160.030.20.070.160.320.250.020.120.050.020.640.280.230.43-0.1-0.07-0.03-0.080.020.580.350.390.350.310.130.040.140.190.110.010.130.110.040.240.230.460.040.040.040.320.030.140.50.38-0.1-0.09-0.03-0.090.370.620.080.320.050.310.030.10.030.010.080.06-0.03-0.10.010.070.030.070.110.040.

199、030.030.010.0101-45-1920-2930-6970+AgeCause groupAll causesCommunicable,maternal,perinatal and nutritional conditionsInjuriesNoncommunicable diseasesDifference between High-income countries and other income groups:Both sexes,2019Difference in HALE(years)-0.50-0.250.000.250.501.4 Gap in HALE between

200、high-income and other income groups in 2019 and 2021Populations living in lower-resourced settings face many socioeconomic challenges and higher health risks than those living in higher-resourced settings(12),resulting in disproportionately higher morbidity and mortality from many causes and poorer

201、overall health outcome as measured by life expectancy and HALE(1).When looking at HALE in high-income countries compared with other income groups(as classified by the World Bank),the main health issues that explain the differences and how much they contribute vary depending on which groups are being

202、 compared.In 2019,people in high-income countries lived longer healthy lives partly because they had lower death rates from certain diseases and conditions,including birth asphyxia and birth trauma,preterm birth complications,lower respiratory infections,diarrhoeal diseases andtuberculosis.These fac

203、tors explained 4.08 years of the 12.62-year HALE gap between high-and low-income countries,and 3.08 years of the 8.61-year gap between high-and lower-middle-income countries.However,these same health issues only explained a small part about 0.38 years of the 2.08-year HALE difference between high-an

204、d upper-middle-income countries.Other major health conditions that contributed to the HALE gap were ischaemic heart disease and stroke.Lower death rates from these conditions in high-income countries accounted for:0.52,0.95 and 0.4 years of the HALE gap due to ischaemic heart disease,and 1.14,0.76 a

205、nd 1.01 years due to stroke,in comparisons with low-,lower-middle-and upper-middle-income countries,respectively(Fig.1.7).Figure 1.7 Leading contributing causes for the difference in healthy life expectancy(HALE)in 2019 between high-income and other income groups,by cause and age groupSource:WHO(1).

206、Change and inequality in healthy longevity,and the contributing causes15However,high-income countries did not succeed in every aspect.Higher mortality due to trachea,bronchus and lung cancers,particularly among adults aged 30 years and older,led to a negative contribution to the difference in HALE w

207、hen comparing high-income countries against low-income(0.17 years)and lower-middle-income countries(0.2 years).Additionally,populations in high-income countries on average faced higher mortality from drug use disorders in comparison with all the other three income groups,costing high-income countrie

208、s 0.12,0.13 and 0.13 years of the HALE lead,respectively,compared with low-income,lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income countries,respectively(Fig.1.7).High-income countries also sustained higher rates of morbidity due to some injuries and NCDs.While overall morbidity in high-income countries

209、was still lower than that in low-and lower-middle-income countries in 2019,it was higher than upper-middle-income countries and led to a nearly 1-year negative contribution to the HALE gap between high-and upper-middle-income countries.The major causes leading to high-income countries disadvantage i

210、nclude falls(losing 0.32,0.16 and 0.21 years compared with low-,lower-middle-and upper-middle-income countries,respectively),back and neck pain(0.21,0.38 and 0.36 years,respectively)and drug use disorders(0.20,0.20 and 0.19 years,respectively)(Fig.1.7).These patterns in general continued in 2021.How

211、ever,the different impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in individual income groups has influenced the gaps in HALE to various degrees compared with high-income countries.Lower mortality due to COVID-19 and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes in high-income countries accounted for the HALE lead of

212、0.25 years and 0.32 years,respectively,compared with low-income countries;1.39 and 0.47 years,respectively,compared with lower-middle-income countries;and 0.21 and 0.14 years,respectively,compared with upper-middle-income countries(Fig.1.8).Figure 1.8 Leading contributing causes for the difference i

213、n healthy life expectancy(HALE)in 2021 between high-income and other income groups,by cause and age groupSource:WHO(1).Low-incomeLower-middle-incomeUpper-middle-income-0.02-0.16-0.12-0.08-0.12-0.01-0.03-0.12-0.03-0.020.030.120.010.13-0.020.07-0.05-0.22-0.03-0.06-0.08-0.12-0.01-0.04-0.07-0.04-0.01-0.

214、1-0.030.060.07-0.04-0.22-0.03-0.06-0.07-0.11-0.09-0.09-0.05-0.05-0.050.02-0.02-0.06-0.020.360.230.020.250.080.20.010.540.450.320.240.030.060.020.20.140.020.190.110.070.130.050.030.050.430.030.160.610.280.180.40.180.120.180.120.010.160.08-0.04-0.12-0.09-0.060.030.770.020.570.010.490.250.280.130.10.04

215、0.10.350.250.170.10.010.030.150.110.040.030.030.290.020.10.010.270.180.010.270.180.470.35-0.05-0.13-0.08-0.070.330.50.060.260.040.250.010.140.010.03-0.05-0.140.010.020.070.030.080.050.080.050.120.050.030.070.0301-45-1920-2930-6970+01-45-1920-2930-6970+AgeDifference between High-income countries and

216、other income groups:Both sexes,2021Cause groupAll causesCommunicable,maternal,perinatal and nutritional conditionsInjuriesNoncommunicable diseasesOther COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes1.Lower respiratory infections2.Stroke3.Malaria4.Diarrhoeal diseases5.Tuberculosis6.Preterm birth complications8.I

217、schaemic heart disease9.Birth asphyxia and birth trauma11.Other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes17.COVID-1919.Drug use disorders21.Trachea,bronchus,lung cancers1.COVID-192.Ischaemic heart disease3.Lower respiratory infections4.Stroke5.Diarrhoeal diseases6.Tuberculosis8.Other COVID-19 pandemic-rela

218、ted outcomes9.Preterm birth complications10.Birth asphyxia and birth trauma13.Drug use disorders16.Trachea,bronchus,lung cancers1.Stroke2.Ischaemic heart disease3.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease4.COVID-195.Drug use disorders7.Tuberculosis8.Other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes11.Preterm bir

219、th complications15.Trachea,bronchus,lung cancers 16.Birth asphyxia and birth trauma19.Diarrhoeal diseases1.Falls2.Drug use disorders3.Back and neck pain4.Collective violence and legal intervention5.Depressive disorders1.Back and neck pain2.Drug use disorders3.Falls4.Depressive disorders5.Anxiety dis

220、orders1.Back and neck pain2.Drug use disorders3.Anxiety disorders4.Falls5.Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseDifference in HALE(years)-0.50-0.250.000.250.50World health statistics 2025:monitoring health for the SDGs,Sustainable Development Goals161.5 Progress in premature mortality reductionDeaths

221、 occurring before the age of 70 years are considered premature and the majority of these deaths are preventable.Taking into account of the changing population structure over time and its difference across regions,the age-standardized death rate(ASR)for ages under 70 years was in steady decline from

222、2000 until the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019,both globally and at regional level.It is evident that before the COVID-19 pandemic,NCDs were making up an increasing share of the ASRs of all deaths under age of 70 years across all WHO regions,while the share of communicable diseases was in dec

223、line(Fig.1.9).In 2019,the African Region had the highest ASR of all deaths under age of 70 years(665 per 100 000 population)among all WHO regions,over 80%higher than the global average(366 per 100 000 population)and nearly triple that of the Western Pacific Region(233 per 100 000),the region with th

224、e lowest ASRs.The African Region also had the largest share of communicable diseases in the overall ASR under age of 70 years in 2019,at 47.4%,some 5.5 times of that in the European Region(8.6%),which had the lowest share(Fig.1.9).Figure 1.9 Composition of causes of death in the age-standardized dea

225、th rates for ages under 70 years,by WHO region,200020212000200520102015202020002005201020152020 20002005201020152020 2000200520102015202025507510025507510002550751000GlobalEuropean RegionEastern Mediterranean RegionWestern Pacific RegionAfrican RegionRegion of the AmericasSouth-East Asia Region0Perc

226、entage(%)Percentage(%)InjuriesCommunicable,maternal,perinatal and nutritional conditionsNoncommunicable diseasesOther COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomesSource:WHO(1).Change and inequality in healthy longevity,and the contributing causes17The probability of dying before the age of 70 years is another

227、 important indicator for overall population health with a focus on mortality.Premature mortality had been in decline globally and in all WHO regions,from 2000 to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.Globally,a newborn had about 40.4%chance of dying before reaching the age of 70 years in 2000,declining

228、 to 29.9%in 2019.Health disparities associated with geography and income are also significant.Africa,the WHO region with the highest premature mortality in 2019,had a probability(46.3%)of dying before the age of 70 years that was double that of the European Region(23.2%)and the Western Pacific regio

229、n(21.5%),which had the lowest probability.Similarly,the probability in low-income countries(46.8%)was also more than double that of high-income countries(19.8%).The COVID-19 pandemic has had a marked impact on global health,with global premature mortality increasing by 15.0%between 2019(29.9%)and 20

230、21(34.3%).The pandemic impacts were unequal across WHO regions and World Bank income groups.The mortality toll due to COVID-19 was heaviest in relative terms in the Region of the Americas and the South-East Asia Region,where premature mortality increased by 28.9%and 23.7%,respectively.In contrast,th

231、e pandemic had a limited impact in the African Region and the Western Pacific Region,where premature mortality increased by just 5.7%and 2.0%,respectively,between 2019 and 2021.By World Bank income groups,the premature mortality in low-income countries increased modestly,by just 5%,during the first

232、two years of the pandemic,while all other income groups experienced a 14.317.8%increase.Despite the overall progress pre-pandemic,stagnation was seen after 2015.The global annual rate of reduction(ARR)in premature mortality was just 1.1%between 2015 and 2019,down from 1.7%during 20002015.Among WHO r

233、egions,the Region of the Americas and the South-East Asia Region experienced the greatest slowdown,with ARR halving between 2015 and 2019 compared with 20002015.The Eastern Mediterranean Region was the only region where some acceleration was seen in 20152019,while the progress in the African Region

234、slowed only slightly and the region continued to have the most rapid rate of decline in premature mortality,followed by the European Region.Similarly,progress slowed in 20152019 across all World Bank income groups,with low-income countries seeing the smallest relative reduction in ARR and remaining

235、the group with the fastest declining premature mortality.1.5.1 The prospect of premature mortality by 2050Using the WHO mortality estimates in 2019 as the baseline and incorporating the projected agesex-specific mortality trends by country from the United Nations World population prospects 2024(13),

236、it is anticipated that the reduction in premature mortality during the three decades between 2019 and 2050 would be moderate compared with the observed progress in 20002019.Globally,the probability of dying before the age of 70 years is projected to decline by 24.2%between 2019 and 2050,with reducti

237、ons ranging from 20.2%in the African Region and 24.5%in the Eastern Mediterranean Region to 33.9%in the Western Pacific region and 35.4%in the South-East Asia Region.This represents a global slowdown,given it had taken one fewer decade to achieve a slightly larger reduction(26.1%)in 20002019,equival

238、ent to an estimated ARR of 1.6%,compared with only a projected 0.9%in 20192050.Overall,only about one third of countries are projected to have accelerated progress in 20192050 compared with 20002019.This would largely occur in the Region of the Americas and the Western Pacific Region,where at least

239、half of the countries(76%and 52%,respectively)would see an acceleration(Fig.1.10).Upper-middle-income countries are the only World Bank income group where more than half(52%)of the countries are projected to see accelerated progress in 20192050,while only four(or 15%)of the low-income countries will

240、 achieve this(Fig.1.10).The Region of the Americas is the only WHO region that is expected to see some accelerated progress,with a projected ARR at 1.2%in 20192050,up from 0.9%in 20002019.While the ARR in the South-East Asia Region is expected to be largely stable,the other four regions are all expe

241、cted to see considerable deceleration,with ARR dropping by up to 60%in the African Region.Slowed progress is projected for all World Bank income groups.Although a one-third reduction in premature mortality is expected in both upper-middle-income and high-income countries in 20192050,the ARRs are con

242、siderably lower than that in 20002019(down by 31.4%and 19.5%,respectively).The ARR in low-income countries is expected to be more than halved the level in 20002019,leading to only about a one-fifth reduction in premature mortality in 20192050.World health statistics 2025:monitoring health for the SD

243、Gs,Sustainable Development Goals18Figure 1.10 Annual rate of reduction in probability of death under 70 years of age,observed(20002019)versus projected(20192050)-0.50.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5Projected annualized rate of reduction 20192050(%)-0.50.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5Observed annualized r

244、ate of reduction 20002019(%)By World Bank income group-0.50.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5Projected annualized rate of reduction 20192050(%)-0.50.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5Observed annualized rate of reduction 20002019(%)By WHO regionAfrican RegionRegion of the AmericasSouth-East Asia RegionEuropean

245、 RegionWestern Pacific RegionEastern Mediterranean RegionLow-incomeLower-middle-incomeUpper-middle-incomeHigh-incomeShould the global community wish to halve premature mortality by 2050(14),considerable acceleration would be needed in reducing mortality rates in those aged 069 years in the next thre

246、e decades.The global decline would have to be 1.4 times the observed rate in 20002019 to cut the premature mortality in 2019 by half by mid-century.The required regional rate of acceleration relative to the ARR in 20002019 would range from 1.1 times in the European Region and the Western Pacific reg

247、ion to 2.4 times in the Region of the Americas,and from 1.2 times in upper-middle-income countries to 1.6 times in lower-middle-income countries.Allowing the mortality trends to continue as projected without interventions would shift a heavier burden of acceleration for meeting the target to future

248、years.At the projected ARR for 20192050,a minimum of 2.5 times acceleration is required to halve premature mortality by 2050 globally,and a minimum of about a threefold acceleration in the African Region and low-income countries.Source:WHO(1).Change and inequality in healthy longevity,and the contri

249、buting causes19References11 Unless otherwise stated,all references accessed on 5 May 2025.1.Global health estimates 2021 website.Geneva:World Health Organization;2024(https:/www.who.int/data/global-health-estimates,accessed on 08 January 2025).2.Delivery care:UNICEF/WHO joint database on births atte

250、nded by skilled health personnel.New York:United Nations Childrens Fund and World Health Organization;2024(https:/data.unicef.org/topic/maternal-health/delivery-care/,accessed on 15 February 2025).3.Global report on hypertension:the race against a silent killer.Geneva:World Health Organization;2023(

251、https:/iris.who.int/handle/10665/372896).Licence:CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.4.2024 global AIDS report the urgency of now:AIDS at a crossroads.UNAIDS global AIDS update 2024.Geneva:Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS;2024.5.United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation(UN IGME).Lev

252、els&trends in child mortality:report 2024 estimates developed by the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.New York:United Nations Childrens Fund;2025.6.Andreev EM,Shkolnikov VM,Begun AZ.Algorithm for decomposition of differences between aggregate demographic measures and

253、its application to life expectancies,healthy life expectancies,parity-progression ratios and total fertility rates.Demogr Res.2002;7:499522(https:/doi.org/10.4054/demres.2002.7.14).7.Beltrn-Snchez H,Preston SH,Canudas-Romo V.An integrated approach to cause-of-death analysis:cause-deleted life tables

254、 and decompositions of life expectancy.Demogr Res.2008;19:13231350(https:/doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.35).8.Case A,Paxson C.Sex differences in morbidity and mortality.Demography.2005;42(2):189214(https:/doi.org/10.1353/dem.2005.0011).9.Waldron I.Sex differences in human mortality:the role of gene

255、tic factors.Soc Sci Med.1983;17(6):321333(https:/doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(83)90234-4).10.Crimmins EM,Shim H,Zhang YS,Kim JK.Differences between men and women in mortality and the health dimensions of the morbidity process.Clin Chem.2019;65(1):135145(https:/doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2018.288332).11.R

256、ogers RG,Everett BG,Saint Onge JM,Krueger PM.Social,behavioral,and biological factors,and sex differences in mortality.Demography.2010;47(3):555578(https:/doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0119).12.Marmot M.Social determinants of health inequalities.Lancet.2005;365(9464):10991104(https:/doi.org/10.1016/S0140-67

257、36(05)71146-6).13.United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division.World population prospects 2024.New York:United Nations;2024(https:/population.un.org/wpp/).14.Jamison DT,Summers LH,Chang AY,Karlsson O.,Mao W,Norheim OF et al.Global health 2050:the path to halving prema

258、ture death by mid-century.Lancet.2024;404(10462):15611614(https:/doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01439-9).World health statistics 2025:monitoring health for the SDGs,Sustainable Development Goals202 Health-related Sustainable Development GoalsThis chapter presents the latest available evidence of tren

259、ds in health-related SDG indicators,assessing progress towards achieving the global targets.The topics covered in this chapter include child mortality,cause-specific mortality,infectious diseases,risk factors for health,and UHC and health systems.2.1 Mortality-related Sustainable Development Goal in

260、dicators2.1.1 Maternal and child mortality Maternal mortality Globally,an estimated 260 000(uncertainty interval UI:230 000309 000)women died in 2023 due to maternal conditions,equivalent to an overall maternal mortality ratio(MMR;SDG indicator 3.1.1)of 197(UI:174234)maternal deaths per 100 000 live

261、 births.This represents a decline in the global MMR by 40%since 2000,when the rate was 328(UI:308352)per 100 000 live births.Between 2000 and 2023,the average ARR in global MMR was 2.2%(UI:1.42.8%).This led to a significant fall in the number of maternal deaths globally,from 444 000 in 2000 to 260 0

262、00 in 2023.A closer examination of the first eight years of the SDG era,between the beginning of 2016 and the end of 2023,reveals that the global MMR declined by 10%,from an estimated 220(UI:203242)maternal deaths per 100 000 live births,at a global average ARR of 1.6%(UI:0.042.7%)(1).If this ARR we

263、re to continue until 2030,the global MMR would be 177 in 2030 two and a half times the SDG target(below 70)(1,2).Achieving the SDG target will require an average ARR of 14.8%over the remaining seven years(20242030).This represents an unprecedented challenge and would be equivalent to almost 700 000

264、deaths averted between 2024 and 2030,compared with a scenario where the 20162023 global ARR continues.MMR declined in all WHO regions between 2000 and 2023.The greatest decline was achieved in the South-East Asia Region,where MMR declined by 73.6%,from 365(UI:336407)in 2000 to 96(UI:86112)maternal d

265、eaths per 100 000 live births in 2023(Fig.2.1).This equates to an average ARR of 5.8%(UI:5.16.5%).MMR also declined by 56.0%in the Eastern Mediterranean Region,55.2%in the European Region,51.2%in the Western Pacific Region,and 39.6%in the African Region between 2000 and 2023.The smallest percentage

266、reduction in MMR was in the Region of the Americas at 16.9%,equivalent to an ARR of 0.8%(UI:0.21.3%).Figure 2.1 Estimates of maternal mortality ratio(per 100 000 live births)20002023,by WHO regionSource:WHO et al.(1).WHO RegionAfrican RegionRegion of the AmericasSouth-East Asia RegionEuropean Region

267、Western Pacific RegionEastern Mediterranean RegionMMR(deaths per 100 000 live births)40008002006002015202020102005200022In 2023,the African Region had a high MMR of 442(UI:376560)per 100 000 live births and alone accounted for approximately 70%of global maternal deaths in 2023.The Eastern Mediterran

268、ean and South-East Asia Regions each accounted for about 12%of global maternal deaths,with MMRs of 167(UI:135218)and 96(UI:86112),respectively.The MMR was also low in the Region of the Americas,at 59(UI:5266),and the Western Pacific Region,at 35(UI:3042).The European Region had a very low MMR in 202

269、3,at 11(UI:1013)(Fig.2.1)(1).Under-five mortalityChild survival has improved remarkably since 2000,with the global under-five mortality rate(U5MR;SDG indicator 3.2.1)declining by more than half(52%)in the last two decades,from 77(UI:7678)deaths per 1000 live births in 2000 to 37(UI:3541)deaths per 1

270、000 live births in 2023(Fig.2.2).Accordingly,the number of global under-five deaths fell to 4.8 million(UI:4.55.3 million)in 2023,a number that is still unacceptably high,despite accounting for less than half of the under-five deaths in 2000(10.1 million UI:9.910.2 million)and almost two thirds less

271、 than the estimated 13 million(UI:12.813.2 million)in 1990(3).Although the progress is noteworthy at global level,stark inequalities persist across regions and income levels.The WHO African Region remains the region with the highest U5MR,estimated at 67(UI:6080)deaths per 1000 live births in 2023(Fi

272、g.2.2).The African Region alone accounted for 55%(2.6 million UI:2.43.1 million)of the global deaths of children under age 5 in 2023.In 2023,the U5MR in low-income countries(LICs)(62 UI:5675 deaths per 1000 live births)and lower-middle-income countries(LMICs)(43 UI:3950 deaths per 1000 live births)w

273、as,respectively,13 and 9 times the rate in high-income countries(HICs)(5 UI:55 deaths per 1000 live births)(3).Globally,infectious diseases,including acute respiratory infections,malaria and diarrhoea,along with pre-term birth complications,birth asphyxia and trauma,and congenital anomalies remain t

274、he leading causes of death for children aged under 5.Access to basic lifesaving interventions such as skilled delivery at birth,quality postnatal care,early and continued breastfeeding and adequate nutrition,immunization and treatment for common childhood diseases can save many young lives(3).199020

275、002023Eastern MediterraneanRegion4439241068242050100150050100150Neonatal mortalityUnder-5 mortality199020002023Under-five and neonatal mortality rate(per 1000 live births)199020002023African Region45392617714967199020002023Region of the Americas18137432613199020002023Global373117947737199020002023Eu

276、ropean Region1410312184199020002023South-East Asia Region5341161198427199020002023Western PacificRegion27196523511Figure 2.2 Child mortality rate(per 1000 live births),by WHO region,1990,2000 and 2023Source:UN IGME(3).Health-related Sustainable Development Goals23Neonatal mortalityThe number of deat

277、hs occurring in the first 28 days of life(the newborn period)declined from 4.2 million(UI:4.0 4.3 million)in 2000 to 2.3 million(UI:2.1 2.6 million)in 2023.However,the 45%decline in the neonatal mortality rate(NMR;SDG indicator 3.2.2)from 2000(31 UI:3032 deaths per 1000 live births)to 2023(17 UI:161

278、9 deaths per 1000 live births),has been slower compared with the 58%decline in the mortality rate of children aged 159 months(from 47 UI:4748 deaths per 1000 children aged 28 days in 2000 to 20 UI:1823 deaths per 1000 children aged 28 days in 2023)(Fig.2.2).This has led to a larger share of global n

279、ewborn deaths among total under-five deaths,up from 41%in 2000 to 48%in 2023(3).The chances of survival through the first 28 days of life vary depending on where a child is born.The African Region had the highest regional NMR in 2023,at 26(UI:2331)deaths per 1000 live births,followed by the Eastern

280、Mediterranean Region with 24(UI:2129)deaths per 1000 live births.The South-East Asia Region had the highest regional NMR in 1990 at 53(UI:5155)deaths per 1000 live births(Fig.2.2),but has experienced a sharp decline with a ARR of 3.6%(UI:3.24.0%)double that of the African Region(1.7%UI:1.12.0%)in 19

281、902023.Country-level NMR in 2023 ranged from 0.6 to 40.2 deaths per 1000 live births and the risk of dying before the 28th day of life for a child born in the highest-mortality country was approximately 65 times higher than the lowest-mortality country(3).Meeting the SDG targets for child survival I

282、f current trends continue,60 countries will not meet the SDG target for under-five mortality.Of these,47 countries will need to more than double their current rate of progress or reverse an increasing trend and then accelerate progress to achieve the SDG target by 2030.Even more countries are at ris

283、k of missing the SDG target for neonatal mortality.A total of 65 countries will need to accelerate the mortality decline to meet the target on time,with 59 of those countries needing to more than double their current rate of decline or reverse an increasing trend to meet the target by 2030.Reaching

284、this target in all countries will avert 8 million under-5 deaths between 2024 and 2030,some 42%of which would be among neonates(3).2.1.2 Mortality due to noncommunicable diseases Globally,in 2021,some 18 million people under the age of 70 years died from an NCD,accounting for over half of deaths in

285、that age group.The risk of premature death from NCD,which is measured by SDG indicator 3.4.1,is the unconditional probability of dying from any of the four main NCDs(cardiovascular disease,cancer,diabetes or chronic respiratory disease)between the ages of 30 and 70 years(2).It is estimated that,in 2

286、000,a 30-year-old had a 22.5%chance of dying from one of the four main NCDs before the age of 70 years.This risk fell to 18.4%in 2015 and further to 18.0%in 2019,just prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic(4).The reliability of the estimated risk during 20202021 was potentially affected by disr

287、uptions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic as countries ability to monitor trends in NCD mortality was compromised and may have resulted in misclassification of NCD deaths.Where reliable data are available,the risk of premature death from an NCD plateaued during this period.The observed pre-pande

288、mic trend translates to an ARR of 1.3%between 2000 and 2015 and 0.5%between 2015 and 2019,indicating a remarkable deceleration in progress.With the required ARR to meet the one-third reduction in premature NCD mortality standing at 2.7%,the pre-pandemic progress since 2015 was equivalent to just one

289、 fifth of what is needed to meet the target and calls for coordinated action to prevent and treat NCDs.The level and pace of progress vary by WHO region.The Eastern Mediterranean Region faced the highest risk of premature NCD mortality in 2000(26.9%),which progressively declined to 22.7%in 2019,at a

290、 level that was only lower than the South-East Asia Region(22.9%)that year.Despite the higher risk compared to most other regions,the Eastern Mediterranean Region is the only region where some acceleration of progress was observed during the SDG era(ARR at 1.2%in 20152019 compared with 0.8%in 200020

291、15).In contrast,the South-East Asia Region saw overall stagnation in 20002019,with a slight uptick in risk between 2015 and 2019.The African Region(23.6%in 2000)experienced a moderate but steady decline,with an ARR at about 0.6%in 20002019 and reaching a premature NCD mortality of 21.0%in 2019.The E

292、uropean(23.9%in 2000)and Western Pacific(21.9%in 2000)Regions saw the fastest decline among all regions during both 20002015(ARRs at 2.2%and 1.9%,respectively)and 20152019(ARRs at 1.5%and 1.2%,respectively),reaching premature NCD mortality of 16.3%and 15.7%,respectively,in 2019.The Region of the Ame

293、ricas had the lowest risk of NCD premature mortality in 2000(18.0%)and remained the lowest in 2019(13.9%),although the pace of progress slowed,with an ARR at 1.4%in 20002015 and 1.1%in 20152019.Based on these results,it is evident that neither the world nor any one region is on track to meet the tar

294、get of reducing the risk for premature NCD mortality by one third by 2030.The South-East Asia Region,where premature NCD mortality has remained high since 2000,is at greatest risk of missing the target(Fig.2.3).World health statistics 2025:monitoring health for the SDGs,Sustainable Development Goals

295、24Figure 2.3 Observed and projected trends for risk of premature mortality from NCDs(%),by WHO regionGlobalAfrican RegionRegion of the AmericasSouth-East Asia RegionEuropean RegionEastern Mediterranean RegionWestern Pacific RegionLow-incomeLower-middle-incomeUpper-middle-incomeHigh-income20002010202

296、02030152025152025Estimated past trendsProjected trends up to 2030Risk of premature death from major NCDs(%)World Bank income groupsWHO regionSource:WHO(4).2.1.3 Mortality due to injuriesRoad injury In 2021,an estimated 1.18 million(UI:1.051.32 million)people died due to road injuries globally(SDG in

297、dicator 3.6.1).The greatest burden was observed in South-East Asia Region,with around 318 000(UI:283 000358 000)deaths,or 28%of the global burden,and the Western Pacific Region with almost 296 000(UI:276 000316 000)deaths,or 25%of the global burden.Together,these regions account for more than half o

298、f the global road traffic deaths.These are followed by the African Region(229 000 UI:185 000274 000 deaths);the Region of the Americas(146 000(UI:135 000158 000)deaths);the Eastern Mediterranean Region(128 000 UI:108 000145 000 deaths);and the European Region(64 000 UI:58 00068 000 deaths)(4,5).The

299、African Region had the highest crude death rate(CDR)in 2021(19.5 UI:15.723.4 per 100 000 population).This was nearly three times that of the European Region,which had the lowest rate of 6.8(UI:6.27.3)per 100 000 population(Fig.2.4).By World Bank income levels,the highest death rate from road injurie

300、s was observed in LICs,at 21.1(UI:16.825.2)per 100 000 population,while the lowest was in HICs,at 8.1(UI:7.58.6)per 100 000 population.Disparity between sexes was also evident.Males were at elevated risk of dying from road injuries compared with females.Globally,the male-to-female ratio of CDRs from

301、 road injuries was 3.0,ranging from 2.3 in the African Region to above 3.5 in the South-East Asia Region and the Region of the Americas(4).Health-related Sustainable Development Goals25Road fatalities declined by 5.5%from 20102021,falling from 1.25 million(UI:1.111.39 million)deaths in 2010(4).This

302、is equivalent to a decline from 17.9(UI:15.719.9)deaths per 100 000 population to 14.9(UI:13.216.6)deaths per 100 000 population,and is in spite of the growth in global population and number of vehicles.This indicates that while efforts to enhance road safety are making progress,they remain insuffic

303、ient to achieve the United Nations Decade of Action for Road Safety 20212030 goal of reducing deaths and injuries by half by 2030(6).There was also a universal decline in the CDRs across all regions in the period.The slowest progress was seen in the Region of the Americas,although rates still declin

304、ed by 8.9%,from 15.6(UI:14.516.7)per 100 000 population in 2010 to 14.2(UI:13.115.4)per 100 000 population in 2021.Suicide An estimated 727 000 people died from suicide globally in 2021,corresponding to a crude suicide mortality rates(CDR;SDG indicator 3.4.2)of 9.2(UI:6.911.6)per 100 000 population.

305、The rate in males(12.4(UI:9.615.4)per 100 000)was more than double that in females(5.9(UI:4.27.7)per 100 000).The highest male-to-female ratio was found in the European Region(3.4)and the Region of the Americas(3.7),while the lowest was in the South-East Asia Region(1.4)(4).Crude suicide mortality r

306、ates and their change over time exhibited wide variations across WHO regions.The European Region had the highest rate among all regions in 2000(21.5 UI:19.923.0 per 100 000 population),but has seen rapid decline,with the rate falling by over two fifths,to 12.4(UI:10.314.4)per 100 000 population in 2

307、021.A rapid decline was also seen in the Western Pacific Region,where the rate in 2000(14.7 UI:10.116.9 per 100 000 population)fell by 35%to 9.5(UI:7.112.3)per 100 000 population in 2021.However,a slight increase was seen in the African Region,where the CDR from suicide in 2021(7.3 UI:4.510.7 per 10

308、0 000 population)was about 5%higher than in 2000(6.9 UI:4.510.0 per 100 000).The Region of the Americas has seen a concerning trend,with the rate increasing by nearly 30%from 7.6(UI:7.18.3)per 100 000 population in 2000 to 9.9(UI:8.911.0)per 100 000 population in 2021.The South-East Asia Region had

309、the second highest rate after the European Region in 2021(10.1 UI:7.412.6 per 100 000),yet experienced a 20.4%decline from the rate in 2000(12.7 UI:9.415.1 per 100 000).The Eastern Mediterranean Region continued to have the lowest rate throughout the period,with a 24.3%decline from 4.7(UI:2.77.4)per

310、 100 000 population in 2000 to 3.6(UI:2.05.9)per 100 000 population in 2021(Fig.2.4)(4).Homicide Nearly 484 000(UI:360 000648 000)people were victims of intentional homicide(defined as the unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury)in 2021.Despite having

311、a slight increase from 480 000(UI:400 000578 000)in 2000,this corresponded to a decline in CDR of 27.1%,from 7.8(UI:6.59.4)per 100 000 population(SDG indicator 16.1.1)in 2000 to 6.1(UI:4.58.2)per 100 000 population in 2021(Fig.2.4).About 80%of the victims were men(4).The WHO Region of the Americas h

312、ad the highest mortality burden from homicide in 2021,with a total of 198 000(UI:169 000232 000)deaths,equivalent to a CDR of 19.3(UI:16.422.6)per 100 000 population triple the global average.This region accounted for 40.9%of the total global homicide deaths but only 12.9%of the global population.In

313、 contrast,the Western Pacific Region accounted for about a quarter of the global population,but only 6.1%of global homicide deaths,with a CDR(1.5(UI:1.12.1)per 100 000 population)that was 8%of that in the Region of the Americas.The African Region had the second highest CDR in homicide mortality in 2

314、021,with a CDR that was only half of that in the Region of the Americas,at 9.7(UI:5.915.0)per 100 000 population,accounting for 114 000 deaths.Compared with the Region of the Americas and the African Region,the CDR of homicide was also relatively low in the European,South-East Asia and Eastern Medit

315、erranean Regions,at 2.6(UI:2.13.3)per 100 000 population,3.7(UI:2.74.9)per 100 000 population and 5.4(UI:3.28.5)per 100 000 population,respectively(Fig.2.4)(4).Men face disproportionately higher risk of homicide deaths than women and the sex disparity was unevenly distributed across WHO regions.Glob

316、ally,the male-to-female ratio for CDR for homicide mortality in 2021 was 4.0,ranging from 2.9 in the European Region to 7.7 in the Region of the Americas.A strong age pattern was also observed,with young adults aged 2029 years having the highest age-specific mortality rate,peaking at over 12 deaths

317、per 100 000 population globally and up to nearly 40 deaths per 100 000 population in the Region of the Americas(4).Unintentional poisoning Globally,about 59 000(UI:32 00091 000)people died from unintentional poisoning in 2021,a decline of approximately 4600 from 2000(64 000 UI:47 00092 000).This rep

318、resents a decline of a quarter from a CDR of 1.0(UI:0.81.5)to 0.7(UI:0.41.1)per 100 000 population(SDG indicator 3.9.3).The highest CDRs in 2021 were observed in the WHO African Region,at 1.2(UI:0.72.1)per 100 000 population,closely followed by the Western Pacific Region at just under 1.2(UI:0.51.7)

319、World health statistics 2025:monitoring health for the SDGs,Sustainable Development Goals26per 100 000 population.The greatest decline in CDR was achieved in the European Region,with a decline of nearly two thirds between 2000 and 2021,followed by the South-East Asia and Eastern Mediterranean Region

320、s,with a 36%and 30%decline,respectively.However,the rate stagnated in the African Region and a slight increase was seen in the Region of the Americas and the Western Pacific Region(Fig.2.4)(4).Sex and age disparities were observed.Men are at higher risk of dying from unintentional poisoning.Men died

321、 at a rate 67%higher than women in 2021,primarily due to occupational hazards and higher rates of risky behaviours.The Region of the Americas and the European Region saw the highest male-to-female ratios,at 2.2 and 2.6 respectively,whereas the lowest ratio was in the African Region,at 1.4.Additional

322、ly,the youngest and oldest populations were at the highest risk of dying from unintentional poisoning,with those aged under 5 years and 65 years and older accounting for just 18%of the global population but 38%of the global deaths from unintentional poisoning in 2021(4).100002030102030102030Interper

323、sonal voilencePoisoningsRoad injurySelf-harmBoth sexesFemaleMale20002021Deaths per 100 000 populationGlobalGlobalGlobalAFRAMRWPR Global7.86.13.42.4AFR139.76.34.519.914.9AMR19.319.34.74.834.1 33.9SEAR5.13.72.91.97.35.3EUR7.72.63.71.412.13.9EMR65.43.22.88.87.9WPR3.11.51.80.74.32.312.29.7AFR1.3 1.20.9

324、11.61.4AMR0.4 0.40.20.20.50.5SEAR0.3 0.20.2 0.10.5 0.3EUR2.70.91.2 0.54.21.4EMR0.8 0.60.60.51 0.7WPR1.1 1.20.9 0.91.4 1.41 0.70.70.61.4 0.9AFR25.919.516.11235.927AMR15.914.27.96.324.122.3SEAR18.215.48.76.827.323.7EUR15.56.87.63.22410.5EMR18.616.49.68.427.323.9WPR21.315.411.47.93122.619.214.9107.528.

325、322.26.9 7.37.69.914.79.512.59.23.3 3.4 3.24.213.27.38.85.910.611.112.215.6SEAR12.710.111.68.413.711.7EUR21.512.48.45.735.519.5EMR4.73.63.12.26.34.916.211.716.212.4Figure 2.4 Crude death rates for injuries(per 100 000 population),by type,sex and WHO region,2000 and 20212.1.4 Mortality attributable t

326、o environmental risk factorsAir pollution mortality Almost the entire global population is exposed to outdoor(ambient)air pollution in both cities and rural areas and more than a quarter(2.4 billion)is exposed to dangerous levels of household air pollution.Exposure to air pollution increases the ris

327、k for many negative health outcomes(7).Five health outcomes acute lower respiratory infections,lung cancer,cerebrovascular diseases,ischemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are currently included in SDG indicator 3.9.1 on mortality attributed to air pollution from particulate

328、 matter.In 2019,an estimated 6.7 million deaths worldwide were attributable to indoor and outdoor air pollution from particulate matter jointly corresponding to an age-standardized mortality rate of 104(UI:81130)deaths per 100 000 population(8,9).People living in LICs and middle-income countries(MIC

329、s)disproportionately bear the burden of outdoor air pollution(see also section 2.3.3 subsection“Air pollution”).AFR:African Region;AMR;Region of the Americas;SEAR:South-East Asia Region;EUR:European Region;EMR:Eastern Mediterranean Region;WPR:Western Pacific Region.Source:WHO(4).Health-related Susta

330、inable Development Goals27WASH mortality Millions of people globally lack access to safe water,sanitation and hygiene(WASH)services and consequently suffer from or are exposed to a multitude of preventable illnesses.Four health outcomes diarrhoea,acute respiratory infections,undernutrition and soil-

331、transmitted helminthiases are included in the SDG indicator 3.9.2 on mortality attributed to unsafe WASH.It is estimated that 1.4 million deaths in 2019 were attributable to unsafeWASH services,of which the vast majority were attributable to diarrhoea(73.9%)and acute respiratory infections (25.4%)(1

332、0).The global WASH-attributable mortality rate was 18.3 deaths per 100 000 population,ranging from 3.7 in HICs up to 41.7 in LICs(10).Among the six WHO regions,the highest mortality rate was found in the African Region(46.7 per 100 000 population)and the South-East Asia Region(29.6 per 100 000 popul

333、ation)in 2019(11).These two regions alone accounted for 79%of the total global deaths due to unsafe WASH(Fig.2.5).Figure 2.5 Mortality rate attributed to exposure to unsafe WASH services(per 100 000 population),2019Source:WHO(10).World health statistics 2025:monitoring health for the SDGs,Sustainable Development Goals282.2 Infectious diseases In the infectious disease section,the indicators on new