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1、GlobalElectricity Review 2025Record renewables growth led by solar helped push clean power past 40%of global electricity in 2024,but heatwave-related demand spikes led to a small increase in fossil generation.8 April 2025Lead authors :Euan Graham and Nicolas FulghumOther authors:Katye AltieriGlobalE

2、lectricity Review 2025Embers sixth annual Global Electricity Review provides the first comprehensive overview of changes in global electricity generation in 2024,based on reported data.It presents the trends underlying them,and the likely implications for energy sources and power sector emissions in

3、 the near future.With the report,Ember is also releasing the first comprehensive,free dataset of global electricity generation in 2024.The report analyses electricity data from 215 countries,including the latest 2024 data for 88 countries representing 93%of global electricity demand,as well as estim

4、ates for 2024 for all other countries.The analysis also includes data for 13 geographic and economic groupings,including Africa,Asia,the EU and the G7.It also dives deeper into the seven countries and regions with the highest electricity demand,which account for 72%of global electricity demand.In ad

5、dition to electricity generation data,the report uses weather and capacity data to uncover the underlying trends shaping the global power sector.We make all of the data freely accessible to empower others to do their own analysis and help speed up the switch to clean electricity.2AboutShare of globa

6、l electricity generation from low-carbon sources in 2024.Growth rate of solar generation in 2024,a six-year high.Electricity demand growth in 2024,which was amplified by heatwaves.Highlights40.9%+29%+4.0%Executive summary 5Chapter 1:2024 in review 9Record rise in renewables,led by solar,brings clean

7、 power to a new milestone 9Hotter temperatures amplify high electricity demand growth 14Heatwaves drive a small increase in fossil use 16Chapter 2:The Big Picture 192.1 Solar is surging flexibility can take it to the next level 21Solar power has become the engine of the global energy transition 21Th

8、e rapid growth of solar is on display everywhere 24Flexibility can enable further growth in solar power generation 282.2 Clean generation is expected to meet higher levels of demand growth 31Demand growth is higher than it used to be 31Expectations rise for future demand growth,but remain uncertain

9、33Clean electricity is growing quickly enough to meet higher levels of demand growth 362.3 Future electricity demand growth in India and China will be powered by clean sources 38China and India are decoupling electricity demand growth from fossil growth 38The end is in sight for Chinas fossil-based

10、demand growth 40Indias fossil surge could already be slowing 43Clean growth in China and India can tip the balance towards a decline in fossil generation at a global level 46Chapter 3:Global Electricity Trends 483.1 Global electricity demand 493.2 Global electricity generation 533.3 Global power sec

11、tor emissions 573ContentsChapter 4:Global Electricity Source Trends 614.1 Solar 634.2 Wind 664.3 Hydro 694.4 Nuclear 724.5 Gas 754.6 Coal 78Chapter 5:Major Countries and Regions 815.1 China 835.2 United States 875.3 European Union 915.4 India 955.5 Russia 995.6 Japan 1025.7 Brazil 106Conclusion 110S

12、upporting materials 112Methodology 112Acknowledgements 1174ContentsExecutive summaryClean power surpassed 40%of global electricity generation in 2024,driven by record growth in renewables,especially solar.Heatwaves contributed to high growth in electricity demand which resulted in a small increase i

13、n fossil generation,driving up power sector emissions to an all-time high.Solar power has become the engine of the global energy transition,with both solar generation and capacity installations setting new records in 2024.Solar generation has maintained its high growth rate,doubling in the last thre

14、e years,and adding more electricity than any other source over that period.At the same time,electricity demand saw a significant rise in 2024,outpacing the growth in clean electricity.Expanding technologies such as AI,data centres,electric vehicles and heat pumps are already contributing to the rise

15、 in global demand.However,the main reason why electricity demand growth was elevated in 2024 compared to 2023 was an increase in air conditioning use during heatwaves.This accounted for almost all of the small rise in fossil generation.World surpasses 40%clean power as renewables see record rise56Cl

16、ean power surpasses 40%of global electricity generationGeneration from all low-carbon power sources renewables plus nuclear surpassed 40%of global electricity in 2024 for the first time since the 1940s.Renewable power sources added a record 858 TWh of generation in 2024,49%more than the previous rec

17、ord of 577 TWh set in 2022.The record increase in renewables coupled with a small increase in nuclear output of 69 TWh brought low-carbon power to 40.9%(12,609 TWh)of the mix in 2024,compared with 39.4%in 2023.Hydro remained the largest source of low-carbon electricity(14.3%),followed by nuclear(9.0

18、%),with wind(8.1%)and solar(6.9%)rapidly gaining ground and together overtaking hydro in 2024,while nuclears share reached a 45-year low.01Key takeawaysSolar generation doubles in three yearsSolar generation has doubled over the last three years to reach over 2000 TWh.Solar was the largest source of

19、 new electricity generation globally for the third year in a row(+474 TWh)and the fastest growing source of electricity(+29%)for the 20th year in a row.More than half(53%)of the increase in solar generation in 2024 was in China,with Chinas clean generation growth meeting 81%of its demand increase in

20、 2024.The fast pace of global solar growth is set to continue,with 2024 setting a new record for solar capacity installations in a single year more than double the amount installed in 2022.Global solar power capacity reached 1 TW in 2022 after decades of growth,but reached 2 TW only two years later,

21、in 2024.02Heatwaves the main driver of a small increase in fossil generationPeriods of hotter temperatures around population centres drove up demand for cooling in 2024 compared with 2023.This added 0.7%(+208 TWh)to global electricity demand,and meant that overall demand grew by much more(+4.0%)than

22、 in 2023(+2.6%).Consequently fossil generation increased by 1.4%,and global power sector emissions rose by 1.6%to a new all-time high of 14.6 billion tonnes of CO2.Hotter temperatures were the main driver of the rise in fossil generation:without this,fossil generation would have risen by only 0.2%,a

23、s clean electricity generation met 96%of the demand growth not caused by hotter temperatures.The increase in global fossil generation in 2024(+245 TWh)was virtually identical to that seen in 2023(+246 TWh)despite the substantial difference in rates of demand growth.037The global power system will be

24、 dominated by two mega-trends over the rest of the decade:solars share in the electricity mix rising rapidly as it continues its exponential growth,and robust electricity demand growth as electricity replaces other forms of energy powering the global economy.Signs of this are already here:solar has

25、been the largest source of new electricity for the last three years,and new drivers of demand such as EVs,heat pumps and data centres are contributing 0.7%to annual demand growth,more than twice as much as they did five years ago.8As we reach a tipping point where the increasingly rapid rise of clea

26、n generation outpaces structural growth in demand,changes to fossil fuel generation over the short-term will be dominated by fluctuations in weather,as seen in 2024 with the impacts of heatwaves.Despite this,it remains clear that clean generation growth and the uptake of flexible technologies such a

27、s battery storage will reduce reliance on fossil fuel power in the coming years,even in a world of faster demand growth.We estimate that even if electricity demand grows at 4.1%per year until 2030,which exceeds current expectations,clean generation growth will be fast enough to keep pace.Dynamics in

28、 the worlds largest emerging economies will play a crucial role.China and India are both moving towards a future of demand growth powered by clean electricity,helping to tip the balance towards a decline in fossil generation at a global level.Solar power has become the engine of the global energy tr

29、ansition.Paired with battery storage,solar is set to be an unstoppable force.As the fastest-growing and largest source of new electricity,it is critical in meeting the worlds ever-increasing demand for electricity.Amid the noise,its essential to focus on the real signal.Hotter weather drove the foss

30、il generation increase in 2024,but were very unlikely to see a similar jump in 2025.The world is watching how technologies like AI and EVs will drive electricity demand.Its clear that booming solar and wind are comfortably set to deliver,and those expecting fossil fuel generation to keep rising will

31、 be disappointed.Cleantech,not fossil fuels,is now the driving force of economic development.The era of fossil growth is coming to an end,even in a world of fast-rising demand.”Phil MacDonaldManaging Director,EmberChapter 1:2024 in reviewRecord renewables growth helped push clean power to a new mile

32、stone.However,heatwaves contributed to high growth in electricity demand,which resulted in a small increase in fossil generation.Renewable generation showed a record increase in 2024,driven by a surge in solar power,a rebound in hydro and moderate wind growth.Hotter temperatures than in 2023 amplifi

33、ed the increase in electricity demand and led to a small rise in fossil generation(+1.4%).Consequently,power sector emissions increased by 1.6%,rising to a new record high of 14.6 billion tonnes of CO2.However,fossil generation would have remained almost unchanged in the absence of hotter temperatur

34、es,as clean generation rose quickly enough to meet the non-temperature related growth in electricity demand in 2024.Record rise in renewables,led by solar,brings clean power to a new milestoneClean power surpasses 40%of global electricity generationA record surge in renewables spearheaded by solar p

35、ower,combined with increased nuclear output,pushed clean electricitys share to 40.9%of global electricity in 2024,up from 39.4%in 2023.2024 was the first year that low-carbon sources delivered more than 40%of global electricity since the 1940s,when the global electricity system was 50 times smaller

36、than it is today.Record rise in renewables pushes clean power generation above 40%of global electricity9The global share of wind(8.1%)and solar(6.9%)is rapidly increasing,together exceeding hydropower for the first time in 2024.Hydro remained the largest source of clean electricity,providing 14.3%of

37、 global electricity generation in 2024,followed by nuclear at 9.0%.Despite remaining the two largest sources of low-carbon electricity,hydro and nuclear are not increasing their share with nuclears share falling to a 45-year low in 2024 as generation has been growing more slowly than electricity dem

38、and.Other renewables,such as bioenergy and geothermal power,contributed 2.6%of global electricity in 2024.80 countries generated more than 50%of their electricity from clean sources in 2024,including 47 countries that reached more than 75%.As the global share of clean sources rose,the share of fossi

39、l fuels in the electricity mix consequently fell from 60.6%in 2023 to 59.1%in 2024,dropping below 60%for the first time since the 1940s.Coal power provided 34.4%of global electricity in 2024 and gas 22%,with other fossil fuels contributing 2.8%.10Record renewables growth meets three-quarters of elec

40、tricity demand growthIn 2024,renewable power sources collectively added a record 858 TWh of generation a 49%increase over the previous record of 577 TWh set in 2022.With the growth in solar,hydro and wind,renewables met three-quarters of the growth in electricity demand.Solar was the largest driver

41、of new electricity growth,rising by 474 TWh(+29%)and meeting 40%of the global increase in electricity demand.Hydropower output rose by 182 TWh in 2024,reaching a new all-time high.The growth in 2024 was a rebound from historic droughts in 2023,which constrained hydro production.Notably,China account

42、ed for 72%of the rebound in global hydro generation in 2024,as the country was hit particularly hard by droughts in late 2022 and 2023.However,despite the global increase in hydro generation in 2024,the capacity factor the amount of generation per unit of capacity of the global hydro fleet remained

43、significantly below historical levels.The record generation in 2024 was only 2%above the previous record set in 2020,despite capacity increasing by 7%since then.11Wind generation also grew by 182 TWh(+7.9%)in 2024.While capacity additions remained high,slightly lower wind speeds in some geographies

44、especially in China and the EU reduced potential generation gains.With capacity growth remaining strong across the world,generation is likely to return to higher growth in the coming years,though wind conditions will affect output from year to year.Nuclear power increased by 69 TWh(+2.5%),rising for

45、 the second year in a row,driven largely by higher utilisation rates in France.Together,renewables and nuclear met 79%of the demand increase.Fossil fuels met the remainder of the demand increase,which was largely caused by hotter temperatures(see more detail later in this chapter).12Record solar inc

46、rease in 2024 as solar power maintains high growth ratesSolar power surged by a record 474 TWh in 2024,the largest annual growth ever recorded in absolute terms and the fastest increase in six years(+29%).Solar power has maintained its extraordinarily high growth rates even as the technology has bec

47、ome the primary driver of new electricity generation.As a result,solar generation has doubled every three years,reaching 2,131 TWh in 2024.For the third consecutive year,solar recorded the largest absolute increase of any electricity source.For the 20th year in a row,it remained the fastest-growing

48、power source.The surge in 2024 was driven by record solar capacity installations in 2023 and 2024.In 2023,new capacity installations jumped by 86%compared with 2022.In 2024,they increased by a further 30%,to a total of 585 GW.As capacity is installed throughout the year,a proportion of it only resul

49、ts in generation increases the following year.13Solar generation growth from the recent capacity boom was potentially even larger than observed,as reporting from distributed solar,such as rooftop installations,can be incomplete.Embers data includes rooftop solar generation where possible and include

50、s estimates in countries with large amounts of rooftop solar where reporting is inaccurate,but some underestimation is likely.Hotter temperatures amplify high electricity demand growth Electricity demand grows at the third-highest level in the last decadeGlobal electricity demand grew by 4.0%(+1,172

51、 TWh)in 2024,crossing 30,000 TWh total demand for the first time.2024 represents the third-highest percentage growth in electricity demand in the last ten years.The increase in demand in 2024 was significantly higher than in 2023 and 2022,when global demand grew by 2.6%(+758 TWh)and 2.3%(+656 TWh)re

52、spectively.Unlike the post-pandemic rebound in 2021,the increase in 2024 was not driven by an acceleration in overall economic activity.GDP data shows similar rates of growth in 2024(+3.2%)and 2023(+3.3%),which implies that economic growth was not the driving factor behind the surge in demand in 202

53、4.14Heatwaves amplify higher demand growthElectricity demand growth accelerated from 2.6%in 2023 to 4.0%in 2024.However,accounting for differences in temperatures,demand growth was the same across both years at 3.3%.Analysing temperature impacts on electricity demand,Ember estimates that nearly a fi

54、fth of the demand increase in 2024 was temperature-related(see Methodology for more detail).2024 surpassed 2023 as the hottest year on record,and crucially showed especially high temperatures around population centres in major economies,particularly in China,the US and India(read more in Embers anal

55、ysis on heatwaves and electricity demand in these countries).15Higher temperatures had a twofold effect on demand in 2024.On the one hand,they increased cooling demand by 238 TWh compared to 2023.On the other hand,milder winters reduced the need for heating by 29 TWh.The net result was a temperature

56、-related increase of 208 TWh.Had 2024 experienced the same temperature patterns as 2023,the overall electricity demand growth would have been only 3.3%(+963 TWh),rather than the 4.0%(+1,172 TWh)observed.Recent years have shown how weather patterns affect electricity demand,leading to year-to-year va

57、riability on top of the underlying upwards trend from economic growth and electrification.In 2022,colder winters than normal in the United States created additional demand for heating,and summer heatwaves in the US and China amplified cooling demand.In 2023,there were less dramatic weather extremes,

58、and so less demand for heating or cooling.In 2024,heatwaves led to higher demand for cooling.Annual demand growth in both 2024 and 2023 would have been 3.3%without temperature impacts.The differences in weather patterns decreased demand growth from 2022 to 2023 by 186 TWh,reducing what would have be

59、en a rise of 3.3%down to the observed demand growth of 2.6%.In contrast,temperature impacts increased demand growth from 2023 to 2024 by 208 TWh,inflating what would have been a rise of 3.3%up to the 4.0%observed.Even after these corrections for temperature,the underlying demand growth in 2023 and 2

60、024 of 3.3%was higher than the ten-year average(2013-2022)of 2.5%.This is largely driven by applications such as EVs,heat pumps and data centres(see Chapter 2.2 for more analysis).Heatwaves drive a small increase in fossil useIn 2024,global fossil generation increased by 245 TWh(+1.4%)comparable to

61、the increases of 246 TWh in 2023 and 201 TWh in 2022.This rise in fossil generation led to a 1.6%increase in global power sector emissions(+223 million tonnes of CO2),which reached a record high of 14.6 billion tonnes of CO2.However,Embers analysis shows that fossil generation rose primarily as a re

62、sult of hotter temperatures compared to 2023.16Hotter temperatures the key driver of fossil power and emissions increases in 2024Hotter temperatures compared to 2023 were a key reason behind the increase in fossil generation in 2024.Clean electricity generation surged by a record 927 TWh in 2024,whi

63、ch was sufficient to cover 96%of the electricity demand growth not caused by higher temperatures(+963 TWh).However,fossil fuel generation rose to meet the additional demand increase of 208 TWh driven by high temperatures.This dynamic was especially pronounced in countries that experienced strong hea

64、twaves,with coal rising to meet higher demand in China and India,and gas rising to meet demand in the US.On a global basis,if 2024 had experienced the same temperatures as 2023,fossil generation would have remained almost unchanged,with just a 0.2%increase.17Smaller-than-average increase in fossil g

65、eneration in China and India,while the US rebounds from a fall in 2023The worlds three largest power consumers China,India and the US saw an increase in fossil generation in 2024,while the worlds fourth largest,the EU,saw a decline.China was still the country with the largest increase in fossil gene

66、ration,but despite the impacts of heatwaves 2024s growth of 116 TWh was less than a third of its 2023 increase(+367 TWh)and only half its average annual increase over the last five years(+218 TWh).Indias fossil generation grew by 67 TWh in 2024,significantly lower than the 124 TWh increase recorded

67、in 2023 and the countrys lowest increase since the rebound after the Covid-19 pandemic.Driven by a rise in electricity demand,the US also saw an increase in fossil generation(+34 TWh)in 2024.Gas generation rose significantly,as coal saw a moderate fall.This represents a rebound from 2023 which saw a

68、 year-on-year decline in fossil generation amid falling demand.US gas generation growth was equivalent to 57%of the global increase in gas generation in 2024.Despite record clean electricity growth,the US has now recorded an increase in fossil generation in three out of the last four years.The EU co

69、ntinued to see a fall in fossil generation(-75 TWh)in 2024.This happened despite a small increase in power demand and an increase in electricity exports,as clean electricity growth significantly outpaced demand growth.18Chapter 2:The Big PictureThis section explores three trends that are having an o

70、utsized impact in shaping the global electricity transition,now and in the coming years:the staggering rise of solar,the new drivers of accelerated demand growth and the trajectories of China and India.First we look at solar power,which has become the engine of the global energy transition,doubling

71、every three years to become the largest and fastest-growing source of new electricity generation.As battery costs decline,the combination of batteries and solar is proving a winning combination,along with other forms of clean flexibility that will unlock the full value of solar.We then discuss how e

72、merging drivers like EVs,heat pumps and data centres have structurally raised demand growth.While expectations for future growth in power consumption have increased,the outlook remains uncertain.Clean generation is still expected to grow quickly enough to meet higher demand growth,but fossil power d

73、eclines will remain unpredictable in the short-term.The mega-trends shaping the electricity transition 19Finally,we turn our focus to the two countries with the largest growth in electricity demand in the last two decades:China and India.The two economies are breaking the long-standing link between

74、electricity demand growth and fossil fuel expansion in the power sector by deploying clean generation at a world-leading scale.Together,their progress in clean power can tip the balance towards a global decline in fossil generation.Chapter contents2.1 Solar is surging flexibility can take it to the

75、next level 212.2 Clean generation is expected to meet higher levels of demand growth 312.3 Future electricity demand growth in India and China will be powered by clean sources 3820Solar surpassed 2,000 TWh of global generation in 2024,reaching this level faster than any other generation technology i

76、n history.This is reducing the need for additional fossil generation,enhancing energy security in countries reliant on fossil imports.As its exponential rise continues,doubling every three years,solar power is taking off in power systems all around the world and entering new markets.Combined with ba

77、ttery storage,which almost doubled in capacity last year,countries can unlock further benefits from low-cost solar power and enable fast growth to continue.Solar power has become the engine of the global energy transitionCheap solar power is already reshaping the electricity systemIn 2024,for the fi

78、rst time,solar power supplied more than 2,000 TWh of electricity,increasing by 474 TWh(+29%)from the previous year.This was the largest increase in generation from any power source in 2024.Solar has now been the largest source of new electricity globally for three years in a row.Having grown from 10

79、0 TWh to 1,000 TWh in eight years,solar generation made the jump from 1,000 TWh to 2,000 TWh in just three years.This means that it has continued its exponential rate of growth,doubling every three years.212.1 Solar is surging flexibility can take it to the next levelRapid solar growth is helping th

80、e world meet growing electricity demand and avoiding the use of more expensive fossil fuels.Global solar generation is now large enough to power all of India.Without the 2,131 TWh that solar power provides,global fossil generation would be 12%higher than it is today.In 2024,generation from solar avo

81、ided an estimated 1,658 million tonnes of CO2(MtCO2)of emissions-equivalent to the United States power sector emissions.While the expansion of solar has contributed to falls in fossil generation in advanced economies such as the EU and the United States,the largest avoided fossil generation is in Ch

82、ina,where annual coal generation would have been an estimated 783 TWh higher in 2024 if not for the build-out of solar power.In particular,the rise in coal generation in China seen in the last five years would have been an estimated 50%larger without the growth in solar generation.22Record capacity

83、installations keep driving solar to new heightsIncreases in generation have been achieved thanks to the pace of capacity additions.The world installed a record 585 gigawatts(GW)of solar capacity last year-30%more than in 2023,and more than double the amount installed in 2022.Having surpassed 1 TW of

84、 solar power in 2022,it took only two years to install the next 1 TW.This is not just unprecedented for solar power-it is a rate of growth that no power source has seen before.In fact,the solar capacity installed in 2024 is more than the annual capacity installations of all fuels combined in any yea

85、r before 2023.23The rapid growth of solar is on display everywhereThe expansion of solar power is a worldwide phenomenon,with 99 countries doubling the amount of electricity they produce from solar power in the last five years.The majority of solar generation now comes from non-OECD countries(58%),w

86、ith China alone making up 39%of the global total.But even as some countries are already integrating high shares of solar into their power systems,there is still room for rapid growth in other markets.Solar is growing all around the worldAs solars share of the global electricity mix has risen to 6.9%

87、of global generation in 2024,some countries are showing it is possible to incorporate much larger amounts.There are now 21 countries that generate more than 15%of their electricity from solar power,up from just three countries five years ago.In 2022,in response to Russias invasion of Ukraine and ris

88、ing energy prices,EU Member States strengthened their policies and targets for the clean electricity transition and 24accelerated the rollout of cheap,fast-to-build sources of home-grown electricity,solar in particular.Of the 15 countries with the highest solar shares in 2024,seven were in the Europ

89、ean Union.Outside Europe,Chile generated 22%of its electricity from solar power in 2024,up from just 8%in 2019.Australia reached an 18%solar share in 2024,up from 7%in 2019.Rapid growth is happening elsewhere too.In 2024,81%of the rise in solar generation took place in countries where it still made

90、up less than a tenth of total output.For the first time ever,solar power was the largest single source of new electricity in China,rising by 250 TWh(+43%)to supply 8.3%of the countrys electricity.In Brazil,solar generation increased by 23 TWh(+45%)last year,following a 71%increase in 2023.Solar now

91、provides 10%of Brazils electricity in 2024,up from just 1%five years ago.Over the last five years,99 countries have doubled the amount of electricity they produce from solar power.This includes emerging economies such as South Africa,countries with the largest power systems in the world such as Chin

92、a and the United States and countries with the highest shares of solar power in their electricity mix such as Hungary and Spain.Growth in China means that more than half of solar generation is now outside of the OECDIn 2024,non-OECD economies accounted for 58%of global solar generation,with 39%in Ch

93、ina alone.This marks a significant change from a decade ago,in 2014,when OECD countries made up 81%of global solar generation.As this growth continues to spread,new solar superpowers are emerging.In 2022,India overtook Japan to become the third-largest solar generator in the world.In 2024,Brazil ove

94、rtook Germany to become the fifth-largest.Alongside China,this means that BRICS members now represent three of the worlds top five solar generating countries.This trend shows no signs of slowing,with solar generation in China growing by 250 TWh in 2024,compared to the 142 TWh increase seen in OECD c

95、ountries.Solar capacity installations in China were 30%higher than in 2023,while in India,2024 installations doubled from the previous year(see Chapter 2.3).26Exports data reveals solar growth is taking off in new marketsSolar is now so cheap that large markets can emerge in the space of a single ye

96、ar-as evidenced in Pakistan in 2024.Amid high electricity prices linked to expensive contracts with privately-owned thermal power stations,rooftop solar installations in Pakistans homes and businesses soared as a means of accessing lower cost power.The country imported 17 GW of solar panels in 2024

97、to meet this growing consumer demand,double the amount imported the year before.Within just a year,Pakistan became one of the worlds largest markets for new solar installations in 2024.Pakistans case shows that the low-cost,fast-to-build nature of solar power can transform electricity systems at an

98、unprecedented rate.Updated system planning and regulatory frameworks are needed alongside this deployment to ensure a sustainable and managed transition.There are signs in other regions that more rapid change could be around the corner.Because Chinese factories account for more than 80%of global sol

99、ar manufacturing capacity,data on exports from China can act as a proxy for demand in countries without a domestic solar manufacturing industry.Data for 2024 reveals a considerable rise in solar exports to the Middle East and Africa-two of the worlds sunniest regions that have historically had very

100、low levels of installed capacity.In both regions,imports of solar panels have tripled in the last two years.27South Africa imported 3.8 GW of solar panels in 2024,following a record-breaking 2023 when 4.3 GW were imported as consumers turned to the technology amid rising blackouts.Nigeria and Morocc

101、o imported 1.3 GW and 1.1 GW respectively,marking the first time that either country has imported more than 1 GW in a single year.In the Middle East,Saudi Arabia imported 16 GW in 2024,more than double the amount imported the year before.Oman saw the largest percentage growth in imports in the regio

102、n,with 2.5 GW of imports in 2024 representing a fivefold increase from the year before.Flexibility can enable further growth in solar power generationSolar powers role in the mix varies greatly throughout the day in markets with high solar shares.During the sunniest parts of the day,solar quickly be

103、comes the main source of electricity in countries such as Chile and the Netherlands before dropping away again as the sun goes down.This variability can mean that low cost electricity goes unused during peak solar hours,and the impact of this on wholesale prices can affect the economics of projects

104、for developers.Falling battery prices now mean there is an opportunity to better integrate far higher levels of solar and other variable sources of power.Falling prices make battery storage a winning solutionBattery storage technology,much like solar panels,has undergone rapid cost reductions in the

105、 last decade.The average price of lithium ion battery packs dropped to$115 USD/kWh in 2024,a 20%cost reduction from the year before and 84%lower than the average cost a decade ago.As the price has fallen,annual installations of battery storage capacity have increased dramatically at an average rate

106、of 67%per year over the last decade.69 GW of battery storage capacity was installed in 2024-almost enough to double total battery storage capacity,which stood at 86 GW in 2023.The 20%fall in battery pack costs in 2024 marks the largest percentage reduction in cost in a single year since 2017,and the

107、 largest absolute reduction since 2019.These cost reductions have been driven by economies of scale as manufacturing capacity has stepped up,and by increased adoption of lower-cost battery chemistries such as lithium iron phosphate(LFP),which eliminates the need for nickel and cobalt.Material costs

108、have also come down after a brief surge in lithium prices in 2022.28Solar and batteries combined are a powerful combinationThe low cost of lithium ion batteries makes them an ideal choice for storing the excess electricity produced by solar power during the sunniest hours until it is most needed.Alo

109、ngside other storage technologies,demand-shifting and enhanced interconnection between countries,they can enable larger amounts of solar power to be successfully integrated into power systems.In Europe,co-locating battery storage systems with solar plants improves the business casefor solar.A recent

110、 study found that in Germany,the cost of building and operating utility-scale solar with integrated battery storage has now become cheaper than the equivalent cost for gas-fired power plants.In the United States,California is at the forefront of using battery storage to complement large amounts of s

111、olar power.In 2024,batteries routinely met close to a fifth of daily peak load in the evening hours,displacing gas generation.This has been a rapid change:the average share of evening peak load met by batteries nearly doubled from 2023 to 2024,while just three years ago,Californias battery fleet met

112、 less than 2%of evening peak load.29Batteries have now become so cost-competitive that they have opened up the possibility of round-the-clock solar power becoming a reality.In early 2025,the worlds first 24-hour solar PV project was announced-1 GW of baseload electricity capacity in Abu Dhabi.The st

113、ate-owned renewable energy company Masdar provided a$6 billion investment to build 5 GW of solar and 19 GWh of battery capacity,planned to come online in 2027.The potential for round-the-clock solar will be transformative,outcompeting fossil fuels both on costs and security of supply.The rapid growt

114、h of solar and batteries is already transforming electricity systems around the world,but there will be an even more profound shift in the coming years as energy storage technologies reach scale.30Emerging drivers of demand like EVs,heat pumps and data centres have structurally raised demand growth.

115、Though long-term demand forecasts have been revised upwards,there remain uncertainties about the scale of growth that will materialise in the coming years.Clean generation is still expected to expand quickly enough to exceed higher levels of demand growth,but achieving significant reductions in foss

116、il fuel generation will now require higher levels of clean deployment.Demand growth is higher than it used to be2023 and 2024 saw the same rate of electricity demand growth of 3.3%,once adjusted for differences in temperatures(see chapter 1).This is higher than the 2.5%average growth seen over the p

117、revious decade,and in part reflects the emergence of new drivers of electricity demand such as EVs,heat pumps and data centres.Combined,these three technologies increased electricity demand by 0.7%in 2024.This is more than double the rate of demand increase they contributed five years ago,when they

118、were responsible for increasing global electricity demand by 0.3%per year.Emerging drivers cause higher rates of electricity demand growthEmerging drivers of electricity demand such as EVs,data centres and heat pumps have shown similar rates of growth over the last two years.These three technologies

119、 are estimated to have added 0.7%to global demand in 2024(+195 TWh),a slight step up from the 0.6%they added in 2023(+174 TWh).312.2 Clean generation is expected to meet higher levels of demand growthElectrification is a major driver,as systems that once ran on fossil fuels switch to electricity,inc

120、reasing electricity demand but reducing overall energy demand through efficiency gains.EV electricity demand grew by an impressive 38%in 2024(+62 TWh),increasing from 163 TWh in 2023 to 225 TWh in 2024 and adding 0.2%to global electricity demand.This increase was five times larger than the growth in

121、 EV electricity demand seen in 2019.Heat pumps are estimated to have added an additional 22 TWh electricity demand in 2024,which was lower than the 25 TWh seen in 2023,as sales in key markets slowed slightly.Demand from data centres and cryptocurrency mining is estimated to have increased by 20%(+11

122、1 TWh)in 2024,slightly higher than the increase seen in 2023.This added 0.4%to global electricity demand in both years.Crypto mining is estimated to have driven 40%of the overall 111 TWh increase in 2024.These emerging drivers mean that electricity demand growth is structurally higher than it was ov

123、er the previous decade,when it averaged 2.5%per year.32Expectations rise for future demand growth,but remain uncertainLooking to the future,forecasts for electricity demand growth have been revised upwards.If high short-term forecasts become reality,it would represent a big step up in structural dem

124、and growth compared with 2024.The size of temporary factors driving demand growth in 2024 raise questions about whether this high growth will be maintained in 2025.In the longer term,the scale of future growth of emerging drivers of demand remains uncertain.Expectations for future electricity demand

125、 growth are now much higher than they used to beThe International Energy Agencys(IEA)current outlooks for future electricity demand envisage higher levels of demand growth than was previously expected.The IEAs STEPS scenario released in October 2024 forecasts annual demand growth of 3.3%between 2023

126、 and 2030,higher than the 2.7%growth they forecast in 2023 between 2022 and 2030.The upgrade to 3.3%annual growth equates to an additional 1,687 TWh of annual electricity demand by 2030,with the IEA citing increased expectations for demand from data centres as well as increased power usage for cooli

127、ng,alongside electric mobility and light industrial consumption.More recent analyses point to even faster growth.In February 2025,the IEA published a short-term forecast for the years 2025-2027,in which total generation is expected to increase by an average of 3.7%annually.Factors driving demand gro

128、wth in 2024 raise questions about whether this high growth will be maintained in 2025There are reasons to question whether the levels of demand growth forecast by the IEA for the next three years will materialise.If they do,this would represent a significant increase in structural demand growth.Two

129、key factors the impact of heatwaves globally and a rebound in industrial demand in China in January 2024 added considerably to demand growth last year but will not contribute this same amount year after year.Combined,these factors were responsible for almost a quarter of the demand growth seen in 20

130、24;without them,demand growth would have been 0.9%lower.Temperature effects were the most significant temporary factor,adding 0.7%to demand growth in 2024 because of much higher temperatures around population centres compared with the year before(see Chapter 1).If 2025 sees the same intensity of hea

131、twaves as in 2024,33this would result in no year-on-year impact on demand growth caused by temperatures.If other demand growth were to remain stable year-on-year,then 2025 would see electricity demand growth of 3.3%instead of the 4.0%seen in 2024.If summer temperatures in 2025 are cooler than in 202

132、4,then demand growth would be even more modest.Secondly,Chinas industrial demand growth is unlikely to be as high in 2025 as it was in 2024,when it was still being influenced by the economic recovery from Covid-19.January 2024 saw a significant rebound(+58 TWh)in industrial electricity demand in Chi

133、na compared to the reduced level seen in January 2023,which was affected by Covid-19.The increase in Chinese industrial demand in January 2024 alone contributed 0.2%to global demand growth in 2024.The high rate of growth seen in the first month of the year was not sustained throughout the rest of 20

134、24.Without these additional factors driving demand growth beyond 2024,the IEAs forecast of 3.7%annual growth in total power generation over the next three years would represent a significant step up in structural growth.It remains to be seen if such high levels materialise.34Large uncertainties rema

135、in across many sectorsElectricity demand growth forecasts are being revised upwards amid intense speculation about the impact of new major consumers such as data centres.Rising demand for electricity to train models for artificial intelligence has increased data centre power consumption in recent ye

136、ars,following a period of stable demand in the sector.Looking forward,recent projections from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory(LBNL)suggest that electricity consumption by US data centres could triple from 176 TWh in 2023 to reach 580 TWh in 2028 which would then account for 12%of US electr

137、icity demand.However,the LBNLs lower-end estimate places demand from data centres at 325 TWh,just over half the high-case estimate.The uncertainty in these forecasts by 2028 is equivalent to Australias annual electricity consumption.35Clean electricity is growing quickly enough to meet higher levels

138、 of demand growthClean generation is still expected to exceed growth in electricity demandForecasts for wind and solar capacity additions from the Global Wind Energy Council(GWEC)and Bloomberg New Energy Finance(BNEF)predict strong growth in both technologies.BNEF predicts solar capacity additions t

139、o reach close to 1 TW per year by 2030,up from the 585 GW seen in 2024.Meanwhile,GWEC expects annual wind capacity additions to reach 182 GW by 2028.Assuming typical capacity factors,we estimate that these new additions would result in solar generation growth of 21%on average per year between 2024 a

140、nd 2030,and wind generation growth of 13%per year.Combined with modest growth in hydro and nuclear power,clean generation is expected to grow at an average rate of 9%per year between now and 2030,adding a combined 8,399 TWh of annual generation by 2030.The expected growth in clean sources would be s

141、ufficient to keep pace with a demand increase of 4.1%per year to 2030,which exceeds the 3.3%demand growth expected in the IEAs STEPS scenario as well as their short-term forecast of 3.7%growth over the next three years.36The expectations for demand and clean growth mean that fossil generation is set

142、 for structural decline over the rest of the decade,by a small margin in the near-term and a confident margin by the end of the decade.Separating the signal from the noise for future fossil generationClean generation growth is expected to exceed demand growth over the rest of the decade,but in the s

143、hort-term the higher expectations for demand growth means the gap with clean generation growth has narrowed.Over the next few years,the size of changes in fossil generation will be small but noisy,and partially determined by fluctuations in weather conditions from one year to the next.As an example,

144、temperature effects increased demand growth by 208 TWh in 2024,but reduced demand growth by 186 TWh in 2023.Weather conditions can also impact the supply of clean generation:wind and hydro conditions in 2024 were both below the long-term average.If global weather conditions in 2024 had been in line

145、with the five-year average,wind generation would have been 3.7%higher(+92 TWh)and hydro generation would have been 2%higher(+86 TWh).How these factors interact in the coming years will significantly determine the scale of fossil generation declines.Although the world is close to a new era of structu

146、rally falling fossil power,in the short-term there are likely to be year-on-year fluctuations with small increases or decreases in fossil generation depending on weather conditions and other temporary factors.In the long-term,despite higher demand growth projections,clean growth will be sufficient t

147、o maintain consistent declines in fossil generation.However,based on current industry forecasts these declines will initially be small.Unlocking rapid declines in fossil generation will require faster deployment of clean generation,alongside the expansion of grids and flexibility mechanisms such as

148、storage.37China and India are breaking the long-standing link between electricity demand growth and fossil fuel expansion in the power sector.In 2024,Chinas clean electricity additions met 81%of demand growth,driven by record installations of wind and solar capacity.Indias solar capacity additions i

149、n 2024 doubled compared to 2023.The two largest emerging economies are on a path of clean electricity expansion that is set to reverse their power sector fossil growth trends,tipping the global balance on fossil generation.China and India are decoupling electricity demand growth from fossil growthCh

150、inas and Indias economic development has been accompanied by large increases in electricity demand.Indias electricity demand has tripled in the last two decades,while Chinas has quadrupled.Fast paced clean electricity deployment is now breaking a long-term trend,as fossil generation is no longer gro

151、wing at the same rate as electricity demand.This decoupling is happening because a growing share of demand growth is being met by an expansion of clean sources rather than fossil generation.382.3 Future electricity demand growth in India and China will be powered by clean sources In China,this proce

152、ss started in the early 2010s,with rising wind,hydro and nuclear power meeting increasing shares of demand growth.In recent years,solar has surged to the point where clean sources are now growing at a rate fast enough to meet all demand growth bar yearly fluctuations in weather affecting demand and

153、hydro output and are on track to start replacing fossil generation.Indias decoupling of demand growth and fossil growth began more recently.In 2024,India still met about two-thirds of its demand growth with fossil fuels,specifically coal power.With increasing deployment of clean capacity,India could

154、 meet all new demand growth with clean electricity as soon as 2030,according to the IEAs STEPS scenario.This would lead to a plateauing of fossil generation in the country.Embers modelling of Indias power sector to 2032 shows that limiting the growth of fossil fuels through a build-out of renewables

155、,particularly solar power,brings cost benefits.39The end is in sight for Chinas fossil-based demand growthChinas staggering growth in electricity demand over the last two decades was accompanied by a rapid rise in fossil generation.Wind,solar,hydro and nuclear deployments have now reached levels suf

156、ficient to meet Chinas structural(non-temperature related)annual rise in power demand.As a result,a substantial expansion of fossil generation is increasingly unlikely.Clean electricity deployment in China takes the next stepIn the last two years,China has seen a surge in clean electricity,primarily

157、 driven by large-scale wind and solar rollouts.Solar capacity jumped by 217 gigawatt of AC capacity(GWac)in 2023more than double the 86 GWac added the previous year(many countries report solar capacity data in AC instead of DC.DC capacity is used in this report if not otherwise specified).In 2024,ca

158、pacity installations increased further to reach 277 GWac.This constitutes more than a tripling of the installation rate in just two years.Wind capacity saw the highest-ever additions in 2024,with 79 GW installed after a record-setting 2023(76 GW).40With this rapid increase in 2023 and 2024,China mor

159、e than doubled its total installed solar capacity in just two years,rising from 393 GWac in 2022 to 887 GWac in 2024.China led the world in 2024 as it made up an estimated 57%of global solar capacity additions and 60%of global wind capacity additions.The step-up in capacity deployment in the last tw

160、o years will not be an outlier.BloombergNEF expects Chinas solar capacity deployment in 2025 to increase by a further 12%compared to 2024.As of 2024,China had nearly twice the amount of wind and solar capacity under construction as the rest of the world combined,pointing to continued fast growth in

161、the coming years.Additionally,China boasts the largest pipeline for large-scale hydroelectric power stations and nuclear plants,and has seen the largest increases from these sources of any country in recent years.Combined,the scale of clean power deployment in China has reached a level where it can

162、meet the structural growth in Chinas electricity demand.Chinas record clean power additions put falling fossil power generation in sightGrowth in clean electricity generation met 81%of Chinas increase in electricity demand in 2024,the highest share since 2015 when demand fell.The 6.6%(+623 TWh)rise

163、in electricity demand was largely met by a rise in wind and solar generation(+356 TWh),and a rebound in hydro generation(+130 TWh).Consequently,fossil generation only increased by 116 TWh,a third of the increase seen in 2023.However,hotter temperatures in 2024 compared to 2023 resulted in an elevate

164、d demand rise.The impact was particularly large during the heatwaves the country experienced in the summer of 2024.Without the effects of hotter temperatures,clean generation would have been enough to meet 97%of Chinas rise in electricity demand.Additionally,January and February saw the last effects

165、 of the rebound in industrial electricity demand after Covid-19 restrictions were lifted in early 2023.This temporary boost contributed to a 10.9%increase in overall electricity demand over January and February 2023,amounting to nearly a quarter(24%)of Chinas total demand growth in 2024.For the rest

166、 of the year,demand grew at a much more moderate rate of 6.1%.42Short-term uncertainties,but long-term outlook points to falling fossil generation in ChinaChina is close to meeting all demand growth with clean sources,which will mark a turning point where fossil fuels reach their peak and begin to d

167、ecline.In the short term,uncertainties remain on both the demand and supply sides.On the demand side,temperature fluctuations drive temporary changes from year to year.On the supply side,Chinas hydro output rebounded by 130 TWh in 2024 after drought-induced lows in 2023.Yet capacity factors were sti

168、ll below historical levels,and further recovery in 2025 remains uncertain.While wind and solar outputs are generally more stable,the large installed capacity means that even small changes in wind conditions across years can significantly affect generation.In 2024,poorer wind conditions in China mask

169、ed underlying growth from new capacity.Solar output varies less from year to year,but can still affect output notably.These short-term factors can obscure underlying trends,making year-on-year predictions challenging.However,with rapid expansion in solar and wind capacity,further increases in fossil

170、 generation are becoming less likely.In fact,2025 may mark the first decline in fossil generation since 2015 even as electricity demand continues to rise signaling an end to the era of sustained large-scale fossil generation growth in China.Indias fossil surge could already be slowingWith China clos

171、e to entering a new era of falling fossil generation,India is likely to become the country with the largest fossil generation growth in coming years,surpassing China.Just like in 2023,India recorded the second-largest increase in fossil generation of any country,at 67 TWh in 2024.However,India and s

172、imilar emerging economies now have cleaner alternatives to fossil-led growth,limiting a potential surge in fossil generation.Indias clean power deployment is ramping upThe economics for new power have shifted heavily in favour of renewables.The cost of solar power fell by more than 90%between 2010 a

173、nd 2023.Consequently,deployment is rising sharply worldwide,and India is no exception.Indias solar power capacity increased by 24 GWac in 2024 more than twice as much as in 2023.Only China and the US installed more 43solar capacity in 2024.Installations are only expected to increase further.Utility-

174、scale projects already under construction as of January 2025 will nearly double Indias wind and solar capacity.There are currently 143 GW of wind and solar capacity under construction in India,consisting of 82 GW of solar,25 GW of wind and 36 GW of hybrid capacity(wind and solar),according to govern

175、ment reporting.These projects all have an expected completion date before the end of 2028.Indias government has set a broader target of 500 GW for clean power capacity by 2030,up from 211 GW in 2024.Additionally,there are 5 GW of nuclear capacity and 15 GW of hydro capacity currently under construct

176、ion,with commissioning expected before the end of 2028.As explored in chapter 2.2,storage is a critical element of the continued build-out of flexible,cost-effective clean power,and India is no exception.To further accelerate the deployment 44and integration of solar power in India,the Indian govern

177、ment has advised implementing agencies and state utilities to include energy storage systems with a minimum of two hours of storage alongside solar facilities.Clean electricity is reducing the need for additional fossil powerIndias rapid clean capacity growth will significantly reduce the increase i

178、n fossil generation over the next few years.In the six years between 2019 and 2024,electricity demand increased by 478 TWh,with clean generation meeting 33%of this increase.The IEAs STEPS Scenario projects a further 844 TWh rise in electricity demand by 2030.Despite this larger increase,the rapid de

179、ployment of clean power,predominantly from solar and wind,could meet an estimated 75%of this demand growth.45Clean growth in China and India can tip the balance towards a decline in fossil generation at a global levelBending the curve of fossil generation at a global level depends on country level t

180、rends.The first major emitters to industrialise the EU,the US and other OECD economies have seen fossil generation peak in the early 20th century and have contributed to a reduction of fossil use in the power sector for more than 15 years.Simultaneously,fast growing Asian economies,especially China

181、and India,have seen a rapid increase in electricity demand and fossil consumption for electricity.As a result,they have dominated the global increase in fossil generation over the past two decades.In the last five years,global annual fossil generation has increased by 1,165 TWh.China alone accounted

182、 for 1,104 TWh of this increase,which was equivalent to 95%of the net global increase between 2020 and 2024.India contributed a further 322 TWh,or 28%of the net global increase.Other countries combined saw a net reduction of 260 TWh in fossil generation.46In the next five years,it is the trend rever

183、sal in China and India that will tip the balance towards a global decline in fossil generation.Using the IEAs STEPS Scenario,Indias fossil generation is expected to grow by an estimated 197 TWh by 2029.This is consistent with estimates from Indias existing renewable capacity pipeline.This increase w

184、ould be just under half of the increase over the previous five years.The largest reversal according to the STEPS scenario would come from China,turning an increase of 1,104 TWh in the previous five years into a fall of 501 TWh for 2025-2029.As discussed earlier,this shift is driven by the rapid expa

185、nsion of clean electricity,which has decoupled demand growth from fossil generation.Combined with larger falls in the rest of the world of 849 TWh,global fossil generation in 2029 would be 1,153 TWh(6.3%)lower than in 2024.With China and India turning towards clean growth,established clean energy pl

186、ayers need to double downOverall,115 countries making up 39%of global electricity demand have seen their fossil generation remain the same or decline over the last five years.If China and India join this group,it would raise the share of global electricity demand in economies with falling fossil gen

187、eration to 79%,thereby tipping the balance on global fossil generation and power sector emissions.Consolidating the fall in global fossil generation not only requires the rapid scale-up of clean power in China and India,but also the continued reduction of fossil generation in the United States,the E

188、U and other advanced economies.Recent US policy announcements,signalling a trend reversal away from clean power back towards a growth model relying on more fossil fuels,risk slowing the decline of US fossil generation,which peaked in 2007.The overall trend in the global power sector shows that the n

189、ext few years will be marked by a rapid and increasing build-out of renewables,with solar power at the forefront.Countries that focus on adapting appropriate policies to take advantage of integrating these low-cost and fast-to-deploy technologies will reap the benefits of the clean energy transition

190、.Those who choose to turn their backs risk being left behind.47Chapter 3:Global Electricity TrendsData on the global electricity sector in 2024,including generation,demand and emissions,with an overview of changes in the last year and trends in the last two decades.Chapter contents3.1 Global electri

191、city demand 493.2 Global electricity generation 533.3 Global power sector emissions 57Data on the global electricity sector in 202448Electricity demand saw the third-largest absolute increase ever in 202401Chinas per capita electricity use overtook Frances for the first time in 2024,and was five tim

192、es that of Indias02A fifth of the demand increase in 2024 was due to the impacts of hotter temperatures compared to 202303Key highlights493.1 Global electricity demandGlobal electricity demand increased by 4%(+1,172 TWh)in 2024.This was the third-largest absolute increase in electricity demand ever,

193、only surpassed by rebounds in demand in 2010 from the global recession and in 2021 from the Covid-19 pandemic.This increase is significantly above the average annual demand growth of 2.5%in the previous ten years(2014-2023).Global electricity demand rose to 30,856 TWh,crossing 30,000 TWh for the fir

194、st time.Since the turn of the century,electricity demand has doubled.Some of the exceptional growth in 2024 was due to weather conditions.As explored in chapter 1,we calculate that hotter temperatures added 0.7%to global demand in 2024.Nonetheless,emerging drivers of electricity demand such as elect

195、ric vehicles(EVs),data centres and heat pumps also added 0.7%to global demand growth in 2024(+195 TWh),a slight step up from the 0.6%they added in 2023(+174 TWh).See more in chapter 2.2.China recorded the largest increase in electricity demand,adding 623 TWh(+6.6%),which accounted for more than half

196、 of the global increase.The US saw a rise of 128 TWh(+3%).Indias demand increased by 98 TWh(+5%).As recent Ember analysis shows,all three countries experienced heatwaves that drove up electricity demand beyond increases due to economic activity.Other countries with substantial increases were Brazil(

197、+35 TWh,+4.9%),Russia(+32 TWh,+2.8%),Viet Nam(+26 TWh,+9.5%)and Trkiye(+18 TWh,+5.6%).50Chinas share of global electricity demand has increased due to its continued demand growth above the world average.With 10,066 TWh,Chinas electricity demand contributed roughly a third(32.6%)of the global total,u

198、p from 28%five years ago.Chinas global share of demand was more than double that of the US at 4,401 TWh(14.3%of the global total).The EU made up 8.8%(2,727 TWh)of global electricity demand.Indias electricity demand reached 2,054 TWh(6.7%of global demand).26%of global electricity demand comes from ec

199、onomies that each contribute less than 2%.Among the top ten electricity consumers,the difference in per capita consumption remained vast.Canada had the highest per capita demand for electricity at 15.5 megawatt hours(MWh).This was more than 10 times higher than India,which places last among this gro

200、up at 1.4 MWh.Chinas per capita demand(7.1 MWh)was almost double the world average of 3.8 MWh,overtaking France in 2024 and Germany in 2023.51Asias electricity demand has grown fourfold since the turn of the century from 4,199 TWh in 2000 to 16,153 TWh in 2024(+285%),driven by demand increases in Ch

201、ina,and increasingly India,Indonesia,Viet Nam and other fast-growing economies.This trend was not replicated elsewhere.Demand outside Asia grew by just 3,624 TWh(+33%)over the same period,from 11,079 TWh to 14,703 TWh.Despite moderate increases in the past decade,the entire continent of Africa accou

202、nted for just 3.1%of total global electricity demand in 2024,less than Japan.52Low-carbon sources surpassed 40%of global electricity generation,driven by record renewables growth01Global solar generation has doubled in three years,continuing its pattern of exponential growth02Wind and solar have met

203、 more than half of global growth in electricity demand since 201503Key highlights533.2 Global electricity generationIn 2024,low-carbon power sources rose to 40.9%of global electricity generation,the highest level since the 1940s when hydro generation alone met over 40%.Solar and wind power are the f

204、astest-growing sources of electricity.Combined,they accounted for 15%of global electricity in 2024,with solar contributing 6.9%and wind 8.1%.The two sources combined now produce more electricity than hydropower at 14.3%.They already surpassed nuclear generation in 2021,which continues to reduce in s

205、hare(9%in 2024).The rise in wind and solar power over recent years has been remarkable,with solar in particular maintaining rapid growth rates despite reaching high levels of absolute generation.Solar power has doubled in the three years since 2021,continuing its pattern of exponential growth.The sh

206、are of fossil sources declined to 59.1%in 2024,despite increases in absolute generation.It has declined substantially since the peak of 68.3%in 2007 and is set to fall further in the coming years as renewable generation growth continues to accelerate.The share of coal generation has fallen significa

207、ntly,from 40.8%in 2007 to 34.4%in 2024,with more consistent falls in the last 10 years.The share of gas generation has fallen for four consecutive years since it peaked in 2020 at 23.9%,reaching 22%in 2024.Clean generation met 79%of the increase in global electricity demand in 2024.Electricity gener

208、ation from clean sources grew by 927 TWh(+7.9%),the largest increase ever recorded.The clean generation increase in 2024 would have been large enough to meet the rise in electricity demand in all but three years in the last two decades.However,heatwaves in 2024 elevated cooling demand,which was the

209、main driver of a small 1.4%increase in fossil generation(+245 TWh),similar to the rise in the previous two years.Without the impact of hotter temperatures,fossil generation would have remained flat.54Renewables growth alone met 73%of the increase in electricity demand.In total,renewable power source

210、s added a record 858 TWh of generation in 2024,49%more than the previous record set in 2022 of 577 TWh.Solar dominated the growth in electricity generation as it was the largest source of new electricity for the third year in a row.Solar added 474 TWh(+29%)in 2024.Solars increase alone met 40%of glo

211、bal electricity demand growth in 2024.Wind growth remained more moderate(+182 TWh,+7.9%),with lower wind speeds in some geographies leading to the lowest increase in wind generation in four years despite continued capacity additions.Hydro generation rebounded in 2024(+182 TWh)as drought conditions i

212、n 2023 eased,particularly in China.Nuclear generation increased by 69 TWh(+2.5%),mostly as a result of less downtime for reactors in France as well as small increases from new reactors in China.The global increase in fossil generation came mostly from coal which rose by 149 TWh(+1.4%).Gas generation

213、 increased by 103 TWh(+1.6%).Other fossil fuels saw a minor fall of 7.7 TWh(-0.9%).China and India saw the largest increases in coal generation in 2024,together totalling more than the global net increase.The gas generation growth in the US alone(+59 TWh,+3.3%)was equivalent to 57%of the global incr

214、ease.Gas generation in the US is rising mainly as a result of coal-to-gas switching.Embers analysis shows that heatwaves also played a role in raising fossil generation in China,India and the US in 2024.55Since 2015,solar and wind have been the two largest-growing sources of electricity,meeting more

215、 than half(52%)of global demand growth.Solar generation has grown eightfold since 2015,from 256 TWh in 2015 to 2,131 TWh in 2024.Wind generation tripled from 830 TWh in 2015 to 2,494 TWh in 2024.China has dominated changes in the global electricity system since 2015,recording the largest increases o

216、f any country for solar,wind,hydro,nuclear and coal.China accounts for 45%of global growth in wind and solar generation since 2015.At the same time,global coal generation would have fallen since 2015 without the increase in China.India saw the second-largest increase in coal generation behind China.

217、Indias rise in coal generation was equivalent to 40%of the global increase in coal since 2015.The US was responsible for 43%of the global increase in gas generation since 2015.Its gas generation increased by 40%(+531 TWh)over the same period.56Power sector emissions hit a new record high as heatwave

218、s drove a small rise in fossil generation01Carbon intensity fell by 15%since its peak in 2007,driven by clean generation growing faster than fossil generation02Africa and Latin America each make up less than 4%of global power sector emissions,despite representing 19%and 8%of the global population re

219、spectively03Key highlights573.3 Global power sector emissionsGlobal power sector emissions reached a new record high in 2024,rising by 1.6%or 223 million tonnes of CO2(MtCO2),compared to 2023.This increase was similar to 2023(+1.5%)and 2022(+1.3%)and was driven by an increase in fossil generation,pr

220、edominantly from coal.However,without the impact of 2024s heatwaves,fossil generation would only have risen by 0.2%from 2023,and power sector emissions would have remained almost unchanged(see Chapter 1).Despite the overall increase in power sector emissions,the emissions intensity(emissions per uni

221、t of electricity produced)of global power generation continued to decrease.Emissions intensity dropped by 2.3%to 473 grams of CO2 per kilowatt hour(gCO2/kWh),down from 484 gCO2/kWh in 2023.Emissions intensity has now fallen in nine of the last ten years,with the only increase occurring in 2021 as fo

222、ssil generation rebounded following large falls in demand during the Covid-19 pandemic.The decline in emissions intensity is driven by the growing share of clean power in the mix,which reached 40.9%in 2024.As of 2024,the emissions intensity of the global power sector has fallen by 15%since the peak

223、of 555 gCO2/kWh in 2007.Chinas size and reliance on coal generation kept it as the worlds highest power sector emitter in 2024,with emissions reaching 5,640 MtCO2,four times those of the US and India.Emissions from power generation in the US amounted to 1,683 MtCO2,accounting for 11.5%of the global

224、total.Indias power sector emissions reached 1,457 MtCO2,now close to matching the US and reaching 10%of global power sector emissions for the first time.58China accounted for 38.6%of global power sector emissions-more than the US,India,the EU,Russia and Japan combined.Countries individually producin

225、g less than 2%of global power sector emissions made up the remaining 28.8%of the global total.India and China had the highest emissions intensity of electricity production among the top ten electricity consumers.Indias emissions intensity remained particularly high at 708 gCO2/kWh,compared to the gl

226、obal average of 473 gCO2/kWh.However,Indias emissions intensity has been falling as clean generation has been growing faster than coal.Canada,Brazil and France had the lowest emissions intensity due to their high shares of low-carbon generation from hydro and nuclear,along with a growing share of wi

227、nd and solar.Despite this,Canadas emissions per capita(2.8 tCO2)were nearly three times larger than Indias(1 tCO2),driven by substantially higher per capita demand for electricity.59South Korea(5 tCO2)and the US(4.9 tCO2)had the highest power sector emissions per capita among the ten biggest electri

228、city consumers due to a combination of high per capita electricity demand and a high share of fossil generation in the mix.Chinas emissions per capita have risen to match Japans at 4 tCO2.Driven by rapidly growing electricity demand in Asian economies,Asias share of global power sector emissions has

229、 surged over the last two decades.In 2000,Asia made up a third(33%)of global power sector emissions.In 2024,this had risen to nearly two-thirds(63%).Power sector emissions in North America and Europe have both fallen by a third since peaking in 2007.Within Europe,EU power sector emissions have halve

230、d(-52%)since 2007,whilst emissions in Russia and Trkiye have risen.In the Middle East,emissions have risen more sharply,driven by growing electricity demand in large markets such as Saudi Arabia and Iran,where fossil fuels dominate the electricity mix.In 2024,African countries still only made up 3.6

231、%of global power sector emissions,despite accounting for 19%of the worlds population.Similarly,Latin America and the Caribbean contributed just 3.2%of global power sector emissions while representing 8%of the global population.60Chapter 4:Global Electricity Source TrendsData on global electricity ge

232、neration from solar,wind,hydro,nuclear coal and gas in 2024,with an overview of changes in the last year and trends in the last two decades.We have ordered the sections according to the fastest growing sources(%growth)of electricity in 2024.Chapter contents4.1 Solar 634.2 Wind 664.3 Hydro 694.4 Nucl

233、ear 724.5 Gas 754.6 Coal 78Analysis of the different electricity sources in 20246162Solar added twice as much generation as any other electricity source in 2024-45%more than in 202301China added more solar generation than the rest of the world combined in 202402Global solar power continues to double

234、 every three years,maintaining high growth rates even as it scales03Key highlights634.1 Solar2024 represented another record year for solar power as it rose by 474 TWh to a new high of 2,131 TWh(+29%).The share of solar in the global electricity mix reached 6.9%,up from 5.6%in 2023.The increase of 4

235、74 TWh was 45%higher than in 2023(+327 TWh).Solar added more than twice as much electricity generation in 2024 as any other electricity source.Solar generation is now more than 20 times larger than it was in 2012,and its share of global generation over the same period has increased sixteenfold.Globa

236、l solar power continues to double every three years,maintaining high growth rates even as it scales:2024s growth rate of 29%was the fastest in six years.Solar generation took eight years to go from 100 TWh to 1,000 TWh,but it has only taken three years to double to over 2,000 TWh in 2024.China conti

237、nues to be the country with the largest rise in solar generation,adding 250 TWh more than half of the global change in generation(53%)in 2024 and four times more than the second largest increase in the United States(+64 TWh).This pushed up Chinas solar generation by an astonishing 43%compared to 202

238、3.64The US,Brazil,India and Germany also saw record increases in generation,driven by record capacity installations in 2023 and 2024.Brazil has quickly become one of the worlds largest solar markets.Its 23 TWh(+45%)increase in solar generation in 2024 made it the country with the third-highest growt

239、h for the second year in a row.In absolute terms,China is the global leader on solar.Its total solar generation reached 834 TWh in 2024,greater than the global total just five years ago in 2019.39%of the worlds solar generation came from China in 2024.Just eight years ago,Brazil ranked 58th in the w

240、orld for solar generation.In 2024,it overtook Germany to become the fifth-largest solar generator,despite Germany also seeing a record increase.42 countries now generate at least a tenth of their electricity from solar.Of countries with more than 5 TWh of solar generation,Hungary became the country

241、with the highest share of solar in the electricity mix at a quarter(25%),ahead of Chile(22%).Both countries solar shares were less than 2%in 2015.Australia remained the country with the highest solar generation per capita at 1,866 kWh,over seven times the world average.65Wind generation has tripled

242、since 2015,reaching a new record high in 202401Weather conditions meant wind generation growth was modest in 2024,but it was still the second-fastest growing source of new electricity0235 countries generated more than a tenth of their electricity from wind power in 202403Key highlights664.2 WindGlob

243、al wind generation reached a new record high of 2,494 TWh in 2024,up 182 TWh(+7.9%)from 2023.Winds share in the global electricity mix reached 8.1%,up from 7.8%in 2023.Wind generation has tripled since 2015,and its share in the global electricity mix has more than doubled since then.Despite this pos

244、itive overall trend,growth in wind generation has slowed for the third year in a row.However,it was still the source with the second-largest increase in 2024,behind solar.While capacity additions remained high,wind generation growth was limited by less windy conditions compared to 2023,particularly

245、in China.With wind capacity growth remaining strong across the world,generation is likely to return to higher growth in the coming years.China accounted for well over 50%of the global wind increase in 2024,with its wind generation rising by 106 TWh(+12%).Chinas wind generation increase in 2024 was m

246、ore than three times larger than that of the US,which saw the second-biggest increase in wind.China has seen a large boom in wind power since 2020.In the most recent data on capacity additions from 2023,66%of global onshore capacity additions and 64%of global offshore capacity additions were in Chin

247、a.67Wind generation in the US rebounded last year,increasing by 32 TWh,after a fall of 13 TWh in 2023.The 2024 growth was a result of improved wind conditions,as well as new wind capacity.Wind generation growth was more modest in Europe in 2024 than in 2023,with Germany and France seeing falls of 4

248、and 5 TWh respectively.Although capacity additions continued in 2024 in these countries,less favourable wind conditions than in 2023 led to lower-than-expected generation.Chinas wind generation in 2024 was 992 TWh,which was more than the entire worlds wind generation eight years ago.China currently

249、accounts for 40%of global wind generation.Overall,EU countries lead in shares of wind generation.Of countries with more than 5 TWh of wind generation,Denmark was the global leader in 2024 at 58%.The top ten also includes Ireland,Portugal,Germany,the Netherlands,Finland,Sweden,and Spain.Outside Europ

250、e,Morocco(22%)was a notable leader.Among countries with the highest share,Finland doubled its share of wind generation since 2020,from 12%to 24%.Morocco also saw a significant rise in wind generation in 2024(+3.3 TWh,+50%)and now has the ninth-largest share of wind power globally.On a per capita bas

251、is,Nordic countries generated the most power from wind in 2024 with Sweden,Finland,Denmark and Norway remaining as the top four.Their per capita generation from wind was ten times the world average.68Hydro generation rebounded in 2024,mostly because of better weather conditions after widespread drou

252、ghts in 202301Global hydro generation reached a new record high in 2024,however its utilisation rates were still below the ten-year average02China accounted for 71%of the global rise in hydro generation in 202403Key highlights694.3 HydroHydro power rebounded in 2024 after droughts in key countries i

253、n 2023,with global generation increasing by 182 TWh(+4.3%).This rise in 2024 was largely the result of improving conditions rather than new capacity.In 2023,the most recent year with available capacity data,hydro capacity increased by only 1.4%,and China was the only country to install more than 1 g

254、igawatt(GW).Total hydro generation reached an all time high of 4,416 TWh in 2024.The previous high was in 2020,which was followed by declining total generation in 2021,a small rise in 2022,and again a decline in 2023.However,it is important to note that hydro capacity factors remain significantly be

255、low the ten-year average.While hydro generation in 2024 was 2%higher than the previous record in 2020,capacity has increased by an estimated 7%since then.The share of hydro in global electricity generation was 14.31%in 2024,a fractional increase over 14.27%in 2023.However,the share of hydro has been

256、 on a slow decline as electricity demand has been growing faster than hydro generation.China accounted for 71%of the global hydro generation increase in 2024,with its hydro output rising by 130 TWh(+11%).Heavy rains saw Chinese hydro generation increase in 2024 after it fell in 2023 due to droughts(

257、-72 TWh).In addition to improved conditions,China has continued to add new hydro capacity.70Whilst rainfall improved in China and Europe,droughts cut Brazils hydro generation(-14 TWh).Canada saw a second year in a row of poor conditions leading to declining hydro generation(-17 TWh).US hydro generat

258、ion stayed near 20-year lows as droughts continued in the north west.China extended its lead in hydro power generation,rising to 1,356 TWh in 2024.In 2003,it had the same hydropower generation as Brazil.In 2024,it had more than three times that of Brazil and four times that of Canada.However,both Br

259、azil and Canada rely on hydro for about 55%of their electricity generation.In contrast,hydro only contributes 13%to Chinas electricity mix.Hydropower is unique,with many power systems having a near-total reliance on just one source of electricity-the top ten countries get 84%or more of their electri

260、city from hydro.This high level of reliance on hydro brings risks related to drought and climate change,with power outages in Ecuador providing a recent example.Iceland and Norway lead the world in per capita hydro generation with 36,382 kWh and 24,837 kWh respectively.71Nuclear generation rose by 2

261、.5%in 202401However,nuclear growth continues to lag behind electricity demand growth and its share in the global electricity mix fell to a 45-year low02The rise in 2024 was driven by French units returning from outage,some units in Japan returning to service,and a few new units being commissioned gl

262、obally03Key highlights724.4 NuclearNuclear generation grew in 2024(+69 TWh,+2.5%)following a similar increase in 2023(+59 TWh,+2.2%).Total global nuclear generation in 2024(2,768 TWh)narrowly hit a record high.Nuclear made up 9%of the global electricity mix in 2024,the lowest value in more than 45 y

263、ears.Its share has seen consistent declines in the last decade as the rise in nuclear generation has lagged behind the rise in global electricity demand.Four units were closed in 2024,the lowest number in ten years.However,only seven were commissioned in 2024,although construction was started at 11

264、units,as the global interest in new nuclear rises.Even as some countries are phasing out nuclear power,global generation from nuclear plants is still expected to rise.Japan is restarting some of its reactors,maintenance works are progressing in France,and new reactors are due to begin commercial ope

265、ration in various markets,including China,India,South Korea and Europe.The country with the largest increase in nuclear generation in 2024 was France(+41 TWh,+12%),where generation slowly returned to higher levels throughout 2023 and 2024 after outages in 2022.Chinas nuclear generation rose by 10 TW

266、h as four new units were commissioned in 2024.The rise of nuclear power in China has slowed dramatically from 17%per year from 2000 to 2019,to 5%per year from 2019 to 2024.73Japans nuclear generation rose by 7.5 TWh last year,as 2 reactors restarted in 2023 and two restarted in 2024.Nuclear generati

267、on in the US rose by 7.1 TWh.One new unit came online,but there are no further reactors under construction as of 2024.Nuclear power generation fell by 7.2 TWh in Germany in 2024,reflecting the final closures of its nuclear fleet in April 2023.Taiwan had a decline in nuclear generation for the fifth

268、year in a row(-2.7 TWh)due to its planned nuclear phaseout policy.The US continues to be the largest producer of nuclear power globally with 782 TWh in 2024,ahead of China(445 TWh),and France(379 TWh).Only three countries rely on nuclear power for more than half of their electricity generation:Franc

269、e,Slovakia and Ukraine.A new nuclear power plant commissioned in 2022 meant Finland rose to become the country with the highest per capita nuclear generation in 2023 and stayed at this spot in 2024,ahead of France.74Gas generation rose by 1.6%to a record high,in part due to heatwaves driving increas

270、ed demand01Gass market share has been falling for four years-it peaked at 24%in 2020 and fell to 22%in 2024,the lowest since 201302The US was responsible for 43%of the global increase in gas generation since 201503Key highlights754.5 GasGlobal gas generation rose by 1.6%(+103 TWh)to a record high of

271、 6,788 TWh in 2024.Despite this,its market share fell for the fourth year in a row,as generation rose more slowly than electricity demand.Its share peaked at 24%in 2020 and fell to 22%in 2024,the lowest since 2014.In absolute terms,gas generation has grown by 22%since 2015(+1,246 TWh),with the US re

272、sponsible for 43%of this increase.The increase in gas generation in the US(+59 TWh)was 57%of global growth in 2024.Egypt had the second-largest growth(+15.1 TWh)ahead of Mexico(+14.8 TWh).In Mexico,gas replaced coal and oil generation.Brazil,Russia and South Korea also recorded large increases in ga

273、s generation in 2024 of around 10 TWh.Gas generation fell in the UK(-14 TWh),Spain(-12 TWh)and France(-11 TWh)as wind and solar generation continued to expand.Across the EU,gas generation was down by 26 TWh,falling for the fifth year in a row.Iran also recorded a substantial decline of 13 TWh in 202

274、4,reversing an increase of 10 TWh in 2023.76The US was the worlds largest producer of electricity from gas in 2024,with 1,865 TWh.This was more than three times larger than Russia,which remained in second place at 538 TWh.15 countries generated more than 80%of their electricity from gas in 2024.Thes

275、e countries are predominately in the Middle East,North Africa and Central Asia.Countries in the Middle East had the highest per capita gas generation,led by Bahrain(22,986 kWh,2023 value as 2024 unavailable)and Qatar(19,190 kWh).This was driven by two factors:a high share of gas in their electricity

276、 mix and high per capita demand.77Coal generation rose by 1.4%to a new record in 2024,driven by high electricity demand growth in part caused by heatwaves01Coals share of global electricity generation fell to 34%in 2024 as electricity demand grew faster than coal generation02China accounted for 74%o

277、f the global increase in coal generation in 202403Key highlights784.6 CoalGlobal coal generation grew by 1.4%(+149 TWh)in 2024,rising to a new record high.This increase was slightly below the rise in 2023(+190 TWh,+1.9%).Coal remains the largest single source of electricity generation.However,coal h

278、as been growing more slowly than electricity demand,leading to its share of global generation falling to 34%in 2024.In 2015,59 countries generated at least a fifth of their electricity from coal,which fell to 40 countries in 2024.The largest increase in coal generation in 2024 was in China(+110 TWh,

279、+1.9%),which accounted for 74%of global growth in coal generation.Notably,this was significantly less than Chinas 2023 coal increase of 341 TWh,despite heatwave-related demand spikes driving up Chinas coal generation in 2024.Embers analysis found that 59%of Chinas 2024 annual coal generation growth

280、happened in just August and September amid soaring temperatures.The growth in Chinas coal generation in 2024 was suppressed by remarkable solar growth and a strong rebound in hydro generation.79Coal generation increased in India by 63 TWh(+4.3%)and in Viet Nam by 21 TWh(+16%).Bangladesh recorded a 1

281、15%increase in coal generation(+12 TWh)in 2024.Coal generation continued to shrink in the US(-22 TWh,-3.3%),although the coal decline in 2023 was much larger(-156 TWh,-19%).In Germany,coal fell by 21 TWh(-17%)in 2024,even as the country closed its last nuclear plant in 2023.Of countries with availab

282、le data for 2024,37 showed falls in coal generation.China accounted for 55%of global coal generation(5,864 TWh)in 2024.India produced the second-largest amount of electricity from coal with 1,534 TWh,followed by the US with 653 TWh.Kosovo had the worlds highest share of coal power in 2024(92%),altho

283、ugh its total output remains small.Mongolia and South Africa complete the top three with 86%and 82%,respectively.India produced 75%of its electricity from coal in 2024,more than double the global average of 34%.Kazakhstan which was fifth in 2023 dropped out of the top ten,with its coal share declini

284、ng from 67%in 2023 to 55%in 2024.Two countries moved into the top ten in 2024:Serbia and Bosnia Herzegovina,both with 63%.The highest coal generation per capita was recorded in Taiwan(5,349 kWh),Australia(4,768 kWh)and China(4,132 kWh),which were all more than three times the world average of 1,299

285、kWh.80Chapter 5:Major Countries and RegionsData on the worlds seven largest power consumers in 2024,with an overview of changes in the last year and trends in the last two decades.Collectively,they account for 72%of global electricity demand.We have ordered these countries and regions according to t

286、heir total electricity demand in 2024.Chapter contents5.1 China 835.2 United States 875.3 European Union 915.4 India 955.5 Russia 995.6 Japan 1025.7 Brazil 106Analysis of key power consumers in 20248182China accounted for more than half of the global increase in wind and solar power in 202401Clean g

287、eneration met 81%of the 2024 demand increase in China02Coal generation rose to a record high in 2024,but supplied only 18%of the demand rise and solar grew more than twice as much03Key highlights835.1 ChinaChinas electricity demand continued to grow-by 6.6%in 2024(+623 TWh),down only slightly from 6

288、.9%in 2023.Demand growth was given a temporary boost in 2024:hotter temperatures contributed significantly to higher cooling demand in the summer months,and January and February showed a rebound in industrial demand from lower levels in 2023,as the last Covid-19 restrictions were lifted in early 202

289、3.81%of the demand growth was met with the rise in clean generation-wind,solar,hydro,nuclear and bioenergy generation all rose.Wind and solar generation combined met more than half of the increase in electricity demand.Just 18%of the increase in demand was met with the rise in coal generation.The bi

290、ggest change in Chinas electricity generation compared to 2023 was the continued explosive growth of solar.Solar generation was up 250 TWh(+43%)in 2024 compared to 2023,which had itself recorded an increase of 37%compared to 2022.Also of note was the rebound in hydro generation,which was up 130 TWh(

291、+11%)in 2024 as the drought conditions of 2023 eased.China had the worlds largest increase in coal generation in 2024(+110 TWh,+1.9%),but this was less than a third of the increase in 2023(+341 TWh,+6.3%).This lower level of growth is significant given the impact of heatwaves on increasing demand in

292、 2024.Solars increase of 250 TWh was more than twice as large as the rise in coal.In 2024,Chinas solar growth accounted for 53%of total global solar growth,while Chinas 106 TWh of wind growth was 58%of the global total.84Electricity demand in China has increased sevenfold from 2000(1,347 TWh)to 2024

293、(10,066 TWh).Only 30%of the demand rise from 2000 to 2015 was met with rising clean electricity(and 70%from fossil sources).But since 2015,over half(53%)was met with clean electricity(and 47%from fossil sources).Wind and solar generation has tripled over the past five years,from 629 TWh in 2019 to 1

294、,826 TWh in 2024.Coals share has been falling-from 70%in 2015 to 58%in 2024-even as absolute coal generation set a new record in 2024,45%higher than in 2015.Despite the growth in solar and wind,China relied on fossil fuels for 62%of its electricity in 2024,making it the worlds largest power sector e

295、mitter.Total power sector emissions rose 2.2%to 5,640 MtCO2 in 2024,lower than the average annual growth between 2019 and 2023 of 3.9%.Forecasts suggest that China is approaching the tipping point on coal generation and that peak emissions are on the horizon(read more about this in Chapter 2.3).Chin

296、a accounted for 39%of global power sector emissions in 2024.China plays an outsized role in the global electricity transition.It has over half of the worlds coal-fired installed capacity,and is simultaneously home to over 80%of the global solar manufacturing industry.China dominates the global growt

297、h in wind and solar generation,accounting for 54%in 2024,but also the global growth in coal generation,accounting for 74%.Clean power made up 38%(3,836 TWh)of Chinas electricity mix in 2024,just below the global average of 41%.Hydro was the largest single source of clean power at 13.5%(1,356 TWh).85

298、Chinas wind and solar generation hit a new record share of 18%(1,826 TWh)in 2024,remaining above the global average of 15%and overtaking the US for the first time.Chinas clean share and wind and solar share both remain above the average clean share and wind and solar share in Asia.Chinas coal share

299、of 58%(5,864 TWh)remains just above the regional average of 54%and significantly above the global average of 34%.In 2024,China was responsible for 55%of global coal generation.Chinas carbon intensity of electricity generation was 560 gCO2/kWh,down 4.1%from 2023,but still significantly above the glob

300、al average of 473 gCO2/kWh due to its dependence on coal.Chinas per-capita electricity demand of 7.1 MWh was almost double the global average(3.8 MWh)and the regional average(3.7 MWh).Chinas demand per capita was five times Indias in 2024.Due to its growing per capita demand and high reliance on coa

301、l generation,Chinas per capita power sector emissions(4 tCO2)remained at more than double the global average of 1.8 tCO2 and the average in Asia of 2.1 tCO2.86In 2024,wind and solar together generated more electricity in the US than coal for the first time,with coals share in the mix falling to an a

302、ll-time low of under 15%01Gas generation rose as electricity demand accelerated,with the US accounting for more than half(57%)of global growth in gas generation in 202402Solar generation rose more than gas,recording its highest ever annual increase of 64 TWh03Key highlights875.2 United StatesElectri

303、city demand in the United States grew by 3%(+128 TWh)in 2024,caused partly by heatwaves over the summer months and partly as a rebound from a milder summer in 2023 when demand decreased by 1.3%(-55 TWh).The demand rise was predominantly met with higher solar,wind and gas generation,which also made u

304、p for a fall in coal generation(-22 TWh).2024 saw the largest-ever increase in solar generation in the US(+64 TWh).This was the second-largest increase of any country,after China.Significant capacity additions spurred by the Inflation Reduction Act have begun to feed through to generation increases.

305、Wind generation rose as a result of improved wind conditions from 2023 as well as a moderate increase in wind capacity.Gas generation in the US increased by 3.3%(+59 TWh).This was the largest rise in gas generation seen in any country in 2024 and more than half(57%)of the global increase in gas gene

306、ration.Coal power has been in terminal decline in the US since its peak in 2007.Since then,coal power has fallen by two-thirds(-1,364 TWh).Coal fell below 15%of the US electricity mix for the first time in 2024.Coal power was predominantly replaced by an increase in wind and solar generation(+722 TW

307、h since 2007)and gas generation(+968 TWh since 2007).Gas generation rose to record levels in 2024,doubling compared to 2007.The US has been responsible for 43%of the global increase in gas generation since 2015.The partial coal-to-gas switch meant that power sector emissions have not declined as fas

308、t as coal power.Since 2015,emissions have fallen by 18%,from 2,062 MtCO2 to 1,683 MtCO2 in 2024.88Wind and solar together have more than tripled(+527 TWh)in the US since 2015,generating 757 TWh of electricity in 2024.This continued growth meant that wind and solar overtook coal power in the US for t

309、he first time in 2024,generating 17%of the countrys electricity.After remaining largely flat for most of the 2010s,demand has risen in three of the last four years,at an average of 1.8%per year.The growth in clean electricity came only from solar and wind bioenergy,nuclear and hydro generation were

310、all lower in 2024 than in 2015.The United States generated 42%of its electricity from clean sources in 2024,in line with the global average.17%of the countrys electricity was generated by wind and solar power,which was just above the global average(15%),but lower than China(18%).58%of US electricity

311、 came from fossil fuels in 2024,which was in line with the global average of 59%despite coals significant decline.This was due to the countrys reliance on gas power,which supplied 43%of its electricity in 2024(1,865 TWh).This was more than double the gas generation of all other G7 members combined.8

312、9The carbon intensity of US electricity generation was 384 gCO2/kWh-below the global average of 473 gCO2/kWh.Although the fossil share was similar to the global average,the US has a larger reliance on gas than coal,leading to carbon intensity.The United States was the country with the 11th highest e

313、lectricity demand per capita(12.7 MWh)in 2024.Its demand per capita has remained consistently high and in 2024,reached its highest level since 2014.Its demand per capita is twice as high as that of the EU.As a result of high electricity demand,power sector emissions per capita were 4.9 tCO2,more tha

314、n double the global average of 1.8 tCO2.90Solar power overtook coal generation in the EU for the first time in 202401In 2024,the EU saw the largest fall in coal generation globally02The EUs biggest two generation sources nuclear and wind are both low-carbon,with gas and coal in third and sixth place

315、 respectively03Key highlights915.3 European UnionIn 2024,solar was the European Unions fastest-growing power source,with a 21%increase(+53 TWh)compared to 2023.This rise accounted for 11%of the global increase in solar generation.The EU saw a record amount of new capacity additions in 2024,driving t

316、his solar increase despite lower solar radiation in 2024 than in 2023.Wind generation grew by 8 TWh year-on-year in 2024.This growth is lower than the average 30 TWh year-on-year increase seen between 2019 and 2023.While capacity additions continued in 2024,wind conditions were less favourable than

317、in 2023,leading to lower than expected generation.Hydro and nuclear generation increased by 32 TWh(+9.6%)and 29 TWh(+4.6%)respectively.Hydro increased due to favorable rainfall across most of Europe,while nuclear power was boosted because of reduced downtime in France.Fossil gas generation fell for

318、the fifth year in a row(-26 TWh,-5.6%).Coal generation in the EU fell by 50 TWh(-16%),continuing a second consecutive year of decline.This was the largest decline in any power sector globally.EU demand rose by 30 TWh(+1.1%),steadying after large falls in 2022 and 2023.The EU has proven that a deep t

319、ransformation of the power sector is achievable and beneficial.In 2024,EU power sector emissions were down to 585 million tonnes of CO2(MtCO2),below half of their 2007 peak.92Over the last five years,coal generation has fallen by 182 TWh(-40%),with Austria,Sweden and Portugal phasing it out complete

320、ly,while countries with large coal fleets like Germany saw significant plant closures.At the same time,gas generation has decreased in each of the last five years,and was 139 TWh(-24%)lower in 2024 than it was in 2019.The reduction in gas generation has enhanced the blocs energy security amidst Russ

321、ias invasion of Ukraine and the gas price volatility seen over the last three years.EU fossil generation is now at its lowest level for more than forty years(793 TWh).The key driver of this has been a significant rise in wind and solar generation.Wind and solars share in the EU power mix has increas

322、ed from 17%in 2019 to 29%in 2024,with wind generation increasing by 113 TWh(+31%)and solar generation by 179 TWh(+143%).Hydropower capacity has remained unchanged over the last five years,with changes in generation dominated by weather conditions.Meanwhile,nuclear capacity has decreased from 110 GW

323、to 96 GW,although the largest changes in generation have come from outages and maintenance.As a result of its power sector transformation,the EU has cemented its position as a global leader in clean power,showing it is possible to integrate high shares of variable renewables.71%of the regions electr

324、icity came from clean sources in 2024,far above the global average of 41%.The EUs biggest two generation sources nuclear and wind are both low-carbon,with gas and coal in third and sixth place respectively.The EU obtained 18%of its electricity from wind power,more than double the global average.Sola

325、r provided 11%of the EUs electricity generation in 2024,surpassing coal for the first time ever.Out of the 15 countries with the highest solar shares in 2024,seven were EU Member States.Frances sizeable 93nuclear fleet meant that the bloc generated 24%of its electricity from nuclear power,above the

326、global average.Fossil generation provided 29%of the EUs electricity,half of the global average of 59%.The main difference was a much lower share of coal generation.Coal generation fell to below 10%(9.8%)of total EU electricity generation,compared to the global average of 34%.The carbon intensity of

327、electricity generation in the EU was 213 gCO2 per kWh in 2024,less than half the global average(473 gCO2/kWh).The EUs per capita power demand was 6.1 MWh,60%higher than the world average and half the demand per capita of the United States.The low CO2 intensity and demand per capita meant that the EU

328、s per capita power sector emissions were 1.3 tonnes of CO2(tCO2),28%less than the world average of 1.8 tCO2 and about one third of those in China and the United States.94Indias wind and solar generation doubled in the five years leading to 202401India overtook Germany to become the worlds third larg

329、est generator of electricity from wind and solar in 202402Coal generation growth met 64%of Indias electricity demand growth in 2024,a substantial decline from the 91%in 202303Key highlights955.4 IndiaIndias power demand increased by 5%(98 TWh)in 2024,slightly less than the 7%growth in 2023,and in li

330、ne with the countrys average annual demand growth rate for the last decade(+5.5%).India had the third-largest demand increase in the world.Clean generation increased by 32 TWh(+7.4%)in 2024,meeting 33%of Indias demand increase.The clean generation increase was in part due to a rebound of hydro(+7 TW

331、h,+4.7%)after a decline of 26 TWh in 2023.India recorded the fourth-largest increase in solar generation of any country in 2024 at 20 TWh(+18%),more than the total solar generation of the United Kingdom.This was driven by record capacity additions in 2024,more than double the additions in 2023.Howev

332、er,lower solar radiation meant that the generation increase seen in 2024 did not fully reflect the impact of this capacity boom.Fossil generation increased by 67 TWh(+4.4%)in 2024,significantly lower than 2023s figure of 124 TWh(+8.8%).Coal generation grew by 4.3%in 2024,almost half the average of t

333、he prior three years(8.8%).Coal generation growth met 64%of Indias electricity demand growth in 2024,a substantial decline from the 91%in 2023.Indias demand had been rising by more than 7%every year since the Covid-19 decline of 2020,but in 2024,demand growth fell back to the historic ten-year trend of around 5%.Indias wind and solar generation almost doubled over the five years leading to 2024,fr