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1、 China Resilient Cities Report Background and Working Group China Resilient Cities Report integrates the introduction to global framework and ICLEI experience of building resilient cities,analysis of practices conducted in Chinese cities,and exploration on how to build resilient cities in China with

2、 a focus on climate resilience.In partnership with United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction(UNDRR)and other distinguished actors,during year 2019 to 2021,ICLEI East Asia Secretariat closely worked with four project cities in China,to implement a series of training workshops promoting the Ma

3、king Cities Resilient Campaign(followed by the Making Cities Resilient 2030 initiative since 2021).Training workshops are rooted in the practical work in China around urban disaster risk reduction and emergency management,covering topics like climate change,climate mitigation and adaptation,climate

4、investment and financing,and Nature-based Solutions.MCR2030 supporting cities in assessing their current level of resilience,setting targets for improvement,and implementing strategies to enhance their resilience through various actions such as risk reduction,adaptation,and capacity building.For eac

5、h of these areas,we hope to provide a systematic presentation of what resilient cities are,and to showcase best practices across the world.Via applying the tool Disaster Resilience Scorecard,we collaborated with cities to understand and reflect on their existing resilient cities practices,to navigat

6、e next steps.The China Resilient Cities Report(2024)is a contribution of ICLEI to Making Cities Resilient 2030(MCR2030).Working Group China Resilient Cities Report is jointly prepared by ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability East Asia Secretariat(ICLEI East Asia)and Research Centre for Sustaina

7、ble Development of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences(CASS-RCSD).The coordination team and authors are Kelly Guyu Dai(ICLEI East Asia),Yan Zheng(CASS-RCSD),Yuan Yuan(CASS-RCSD),Merlin Min Chi Lao(ICLEI East Asia).Faith Ka Shun Chan(School of Geographical Sciences,University of Nottingham Ningbo)cont

8、ributed to the writing of a case study.We would like to express our greatest gratitude to reviewers for taking time and effort necessary to review the China Resilient Cities Report(2024),which provides many valuable comments and suggestions.Here we would like to thank the following experts and schol

9、ars support(in alphabetical order):Sunisa Ho(United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction),Daria Mokhnacheva(United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction),Yinlong Xu(Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture,China Academy of Agricultural Sciences),Xiu Yang(Tsinghu

10、a University Institute of Climate Change and Sustainable Development),Stanley Yip(Energy Research Institute of Nanyang Technological University,Singapore),Guofang Zhai(Centre for Urban Safety Development Research at Nanjing University),and Dan Zhao(Beijing Municipal Institute of City planning and De

11、sign).Edition(ICLEI East Asia):Yuchen Ma,Xiaoqian Zhou Translation:Zheng Tang Design and Layout:Xiaoqian Zhou Disclaimer This publication was originally produced as part of the UNDRR-funded project Engaging four cities in China towards achieving target E of the Sendai Framework(2019-2021).The design

12、ations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area,or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation o

13、f its frontiers or boundaries.Views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations or its Member States.Citation（APA7）ICLEI East Asia Secretariat.(2024).China Resilient Cities Report.Foreword I Over the past 30 years,90%of all disast

14、ers have been related to climate change and extreme weather events.Climate change is the greatest risk driver for so many cities across the world.It amplifies disaster losses,both in terms of human lives and livelihoods as well as the overall economy.Unfortunately,most of these losses are increasing

15、ly concentrated in urban areas.We all realise that human decisions are the largest contributors to disaster risk.Despite significant progress,the recent Report of the Midterm Review of the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 makes for sober reading.It calls f

16、or a major course correction that will be deeply challenging in order to prevent and reduce the negative impacts and losses associated with disasters.Stories from cities demonstrate that such a course correction is possible.The Global Assessment Report of 2022 highlights a significant resilience div

17、idend for those local and national governments that make a decisive shift towards disaster prevention.This dividend can be realised through incorporating projected climate and disaster risks into critical infrastructure planning.It can be accrued through revising budget planning so that it considers

18、 risk and uncertainty.It can be achieved through a reconfiguration of legal and financial systems to incentivize risk reduction.All these measures can combine to prevent significant future losses associated with escalating climate and disaster risk.Helping local governments to realise this resilienc

19、e dividend is why UNDRR along with our partners including ICLEI launched the Making Cities Resilient 2030 global initiative.MCR2030 aims to Leave No Municipality Behind in their ambition to strengthen climate and disaster resilience.In this context,the China Resilient Cities Report is a fresh look a

20、t proactive steps that some cities are taking to reduce disaster and climate risks and at how they are utilising the full power of the resilience dividend.I take this opportunity to congratulate ICLEI and the authors of this report,and the cities whose cases are reflected,for contributing to the kno

21、wledge available on this important topic.Well done to ICLEI.I wish this publication a very successful dissemination so that other cities around the world can learn,benefit and be inspired.Sanjaya Bhatia Head of the UNDRR Office in Incheon for Northeast Asia and Global Education and Training Institut

22、e(ONEA-GETI)Foreword II Today,about 56%of the worlds population lives in cities,and urbanization has become a key driving force for economic transformation and development.However,cities consume more than three-quarters of the worlds energy and emit more than 70%of greenhouse gases,becoming the main

23、 cause of human induced climate change.Simultaneously,as a complex system,cities are extremely vulnerable to the intrusion and impact of climate and other disasters due to their high population density and large scale,resulting in heavy economic,social,environmental and health costs.Therefore,improv

24、ing urban disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation capability,and building resilient cities are one of the core priorities for sustainable urban development.How to plan,build and manage a city determines the citys ability to cope with disaster risks and the possible price it will pay in the fu

25、ture development process.It can be said that if cities are not resilient,they will not be prosperous and liveable,and they will not be able to achieve the goals of sustainable development.The Recommendations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 14th Five-Year P

26、lan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-term Goals for 2035 proposed for the first time in China the need to build resilient cities.The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China further called for building liveable,resilient,smart cities.The National

27、Strategy for Adapting to Climate Change 2035 and the National Comprehensive Disaster Risk Reduction Plan for the 14th Five-Year Plan released in 2022 also emphasized the importance of resilience building.At present,many Chinese cities have developed strategies for building resilient cities,incorpora

28、ting resilience goals into their key plans,actively carrying out relevant resilience actions,and improving disaster risk management to a new level.In order to support cities in disaster risk reduction and resilience building,the UNDRR in close cooperation with ICLEI and other partners,launched the M

29、aking Cities Resilient 2030 to support participating local governments in terms of capacity building,exchange and cooperation,knowledge dissemination and promotion.The initiative helps cities to take resilience actions,and build more prosperous,inclusive and sustainable cities and communities.Since

30、2018,many Chinese cities have benefited from training activities organized by ICLEI and UNDRR.They have learned the experience,cases and tools of international resilient cities,to improve understanding of concepts such as disaster risks and urban resilience,to further coordinate across departments a

31、nd with different stakeholders,and to lay the foundation for further deepening resilience actions.Shu Zhu Regional Director,ICLEI East Asia Secretariat and Chief Representative to China Against the background of the above projects,this report attempts to outline the relevant policies and practices o

32、f Chinas resilient city construction and provide references for other cities to learn from experience of the project cities,so as to facilitate the in-depth development of Chinas urban resilience actions.To implement Making Cities Resilient 2030 initiative has been launched in China.ICLEI and UNDRR

33、selected a group of Chinese pilot cities to provide continued technical and capacity support and provide technical support to explore resilience solutions and strategies that fit the needs of Chinese cities.We look forward to the active participation of more local governments in the initiative,start

34、ing local resilience actions,preparing for rainy days,and jointly building resilient and liveable cities.Contents 1.Introduction:From Resilience Concept to Building Resilient Cities.2 2.What Resilient Cities are.5 2.1 Context:city and types of risk.5 2.2 Core agendas.5 a.Improving climate resilience

35、 in key sectors/areas.6 b.Social dimension of urban resilience:equitable and inclusive development.7 c.Multi-level risk governance and multi-stakeholder cooperation.8 d.Climate resilience financing and city insurance innovation.8 e.Data based resilience planning.9 2.3 Improving city resilience from

36、the perspective of sustainable development:a multi-dimensional climate resilience development path.10 2.3.1 Ecological resilience:nature-based solutions.10 2.3.2 Infrastructure resilience:urban network infrastructure such as sustainable mobility12 2.3.3 Economic resilience:potential for green econom

37、y,new industries/employments in cities,enhanced competitiveness.13 2.3.4 Institutional resilience:risk governance and mechanism innovation.13 2.3.5 Social resilience:adaptive social security,public participation and community autonomy,etc.15 2.4 Framing resilient city strategies.16 2.4.1 Develop res

38、ilient city plans based on local context.16 2.4.2 Resilience development pathway with multi-goal synergy.17 2.4.3 New opportunities and challenges:resilient cities in the era of digitization and post-pandemic.19 2.4.4 Building a global network of resilient cities.19 3.Chinas Resilient City Construct

39、ion Process:Policies,Actors and Progress.22 3.1 Progress of Chinas resilient city policy.22 3.2 Progress in Chinas climate resilience city practice.23 3.2.1 International cooperation on Resilient City Pilot Project.23 3.2.2 Pilot work on domestic resilient cities.23 4.Building Urban Resilience in Ch

40、ina:Collaboration among ICLEI,UNDRR,Local Governments and beyond.29 4.1 Resilient Cities Pathway and MCR2030 Initiative.29 4.2 Analysis of workshops with local governments:the status quo and challenges.32 4.2.1 Beijing.33 4.2.2 Chengdu.34 4.2.3 Ningbo.36 4.2.3 Changning District of Shanghai.40 4.3 O

41、bservations:how to integrate resilience into developmental actions.42 5.How to Plan and Develop Resilient Cities.45 5.1 Dimensions and levels of work on resilient cities.45 Findings from assessment based on Disaster Resilience Scorecard.48 5.2 Step-by-step and stage-by-stage paradigm.50 Three-stage

42、and nine-step paradigm.50 City cases.53 6.Opportunities and Challenges under the 14th Five-Year Plan.58 6.1 International environment:addressing climate change is imminent,climate adaptation is the general trend.58 6.2 Domestic environment:ecological civilization construction and carbon neutrality g

43、oals.58 7.Policy Suggestions for Building Climate-resilient(14th Five-Year Plan)in China.62 7.1 Based on the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy 2035,strengthen international cooperation,and deepen policy pilots and practices.62 7.2 Improving urban climate resilience according to local condi

44、tions and classified policy.63 7.3 Promote systematic and forward-looking resilient urban planning.66 Reference.69 For More Information.75 Photo:Martins Cardoso _Unsplash 1.Introduction:From Resilience Concept to Building Resilient Cities 1.Introduction:From Resilience Concept to Building Resilient

45、Cities The concept of Resilience was first recorded in the Latin text of about 35 AD.In the past two thousand years,Resilience has widely appeared in literary works,politics,handicrafts,mathematics,and childrens psychology.In the 20th century,it entered the research field of ecology,anthropology and

46、 other social sciences.Since 2000,it was fully integrated into the fields of adaptive management,disaster risk reduction,sustainability science,climate change and adaptation fields.In 1972,United Nations Conference on the Human Environment delivered a series of outcomes like Stockholm Declaration an

47、d Action Plan for the Human Environment1,which has been shaping the action of sustainable development globally.The research and work related to Resilience was pushed away in a wider range of fields to explore a more benign and sustainable interactive relationship between human society and ecosystems

48、.It focuses on how to build a social-ecological system with anti-pressure(when facing disaster risks),flexibility(when responding to unconventional impacts),capacity(to recover from shock)and adaptive and iterative ability.Under the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction,Resilience 2 defines th

49、e ability of a system,community or society exposed to hazards to resist,absorb,accommodate,adapt to,transform and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner,including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions through risk mana

50、gement(UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction,2007).Globally,the decades work of sustainable development and transformation has shaped a clear picture of integrative resilience.Actions across disaster risk reduction,climate change,biodiversity,wetland,migratory species,and combat desertification offe

51、r science-based methods and feasible solutions to enhance the resilience of ecosystem and human society systematically.The Report of the Midterm Review of the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030(2023)calls for better understanding on the risks which governmen

52、ts and stakeholders confront,to reduce vulnerabilities,exposure,and inequality through transdisciplinary,perspective and corrective risk reduction work.In 2022,the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change also propose and advocate for Climate Resilient Development in the second group

53、 work report of the sixth assessment report(AR6),based on the experience and practices.The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework shows the determination to address biodiversity loss and restoration of ecosystems,which can also enhance the resilience of ecological systems and human society.M

54、aking Cities Resilient 2030(MCR2030)is exactly an initiative on encouraging local governments and other stakeholders to engage in disaster risk reduction work and build resilient cities.1 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,5-16 June 1972,Stockholm is considered as the first world con

55、ference on the environment,highlighting environment among industrialised and developing countries,economic growth,pollution and several issues.See https:/www.un.org/en/conferences/environment/stockholm1972 for more information.2 Disaster Risk Reduction Terminology:https:/www.undrr.org/drr-glossary/t

56、erminology 3 1.Introduction:From Resilience Concept to Building Resilient Cities At local scale,Resilient Cities defines city as a complex system,and its related work covers resilience in many fields and dimensions.This report focuses on resilience in five aspects:ecology,infrastructure,society,econ

57、omy,and institution.Based on the experience of working in four cities and regions in China during 2019-2021 under the Making Cities Resilient 2030 initiative,the report analyzes in a simple way how Chinese cities incorporate resilience elements in existing work and development planning,and explains

58、how to further shape resilient cities from an integrated perspective.In the context of global climate change and climate actions,the climate strategy and goals proposed by the Chinese government,and works such as the pilot projects and development and transformation that are actively carried out by

59、local governments have laid a solid foundation for a more comprehensive and coordinated resilient city construction,and provides rich and diverse solutions to local conditions.The concept and framework of resilient cities will leverage the systemic benefits of work such as disaster risk reduction,ca

60、rbon neutrality,carbon peaking,climate-adaptive cities,global sponge city construction,urban renewal,and ecological engineering of Integration of mountains,rivers,forests,fields,lakes,grass and sand.Based on ICLEIs extensive experience of working with local governments globally including its partner

61、ship with UNDRR,and its understanding of the development planning and work of local governments in China,the report aims to provide local governments with easy-to-understand,inspiring and assessable methods and steps of The Resilient City Evaluation Index System.This report focuses on urban disaster

62、 resilience(disaster risk reduction)and climate resilience.From this report,Chinese cities can not only understand the experience and thinking of other domestic cities and regions in building resilient cities,and the combination with other projects related to urban ecological restoration and environ

63、mental governance that have been carried out,but also analyse and think about its own potential opportunities and challenges from a more systematic and macro perspective.In doing so,we hope to contribute to the construction and sustainable development of resilient cities.2.What Resilient Cities are

64、Photo:Kelly Dai_ICLEI 5 2.What Resilient Cities are 2.What Resilient Cities are 2.1 Context:city and types of risk With global warming and the acceleration of urbanization,the uncertainties and unknown risks faced by cities continue to increase.The most likely risks in the next ten years include ext

65、reme weather,failure of climate action,anthropogenic environmental damage,concentration of digital power,digital inequality,and Network security failure,etc.(The World Economic Forum,2021).In 2020,the United Nations proposed the Decade of Action plan for the Sustainable Development Goals,emphasizing

66、 the need of active local actions and participation of multiple stakeholders,to address global challenges such as climate change,inequality,and poverty,and ensure Sustainability Development Agenda by 2030(United Nations,n.d.).Even most countries understand the importance of high-quality disaggregate

67、d data for reducing disaster risks effectively,and increase use of risk information in development planning,the governance model of multi-stakeholder engaged,transdisciplinary,and cross-sectoral is in need,in order to understand risks from a system perspective and make disaster risk reduction plans(

68、UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction,2023).As a complex human settlement system,the city is an important administrative and geographic unit to address various global risks and challenges.Its playing a more and more important role especially in addressing Systemic Risk and improving Generic Resilien

69、ce.The Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)points out that cities are not only hotspots of impacts and risks,but also a key part of the solution.On the one hand,increasing urbanization and climate change will bring compound risks,and on the other hand,cities

70、 can also provide climate action opportunities and reduce climate risk(IPCC,2022).In the past 30 years,the average scale of global urban expansion was 9687 km2 per year,and the growth rate of urban land(80%)was much higher than the growth rate of global urban population(52%)(Liu et al,2020).From 200

71、0 to 2019,there were about 11,000 extreme weather and climate events in the world,and the resulting meteorological disasters caused 475,000 deaths and an economic loss of about$2.56 trillion(Eckstein et al,2021).The situation facing global climate resilience development actions is more urgent than t

72、he previous assessment results in the Fifth Assessment Report.The window of opportunity to achieve climate resilience development is rapidly shrinking.The world needs to act quickly,combining adaptation and mitigation measures to improve natural and human well-being and achieve the Sustainable Devel

73、opment Goals(IPCC,2022).In the context of global climate change,cities urgently need to improve system resilience to address the uncertain risks brought about by climate change and other types of risk.2.2 Core agendas To improve the resilience and ability of cities to address uncertain risks such as

74、 global climate change,ICLEI launched the Resilient Cities Congress series in 2010(now Daring Cities),focusing on the latest progress and challenges of city resilience at the local practice level.For local government leaders,experts and scholars,enterprises,and non-governmental organizations who car

75、e about the construction of resilient cities in the world,the Congress provided them with an international platform for the exchange of new knowledge and sharing practical experience,in which they jointly discussed five core issues,including improving the climate resilience of key sectors/areas,soci

76、al dimension of city resilience,multi-level governance and multi-stakeholder cooperation mechanism,financing mechanism and resilience planning.However,in review of many key issues presented in the Resilient Cities Conference for the past decade,it has been observed that there are weak links in some

77、of the key issues that global cities focus on in improving resilience.For example,the improvement of climate resilience in key areas,socially vulnerable groups,comprehensive cross-sectoral and multi-level urban risk management,climate resilience investment and climate financing mechanisms,opportunit

78、ies and challenges brought by the digital age to urban resilience,etc.a.Improving climate resilience in key sectors/areas The Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC identified 8 representative risks including low-lying coastal areas,terrestrial and marine ecosystems,critical infrastructure and networks

79、,living standards,human health,food security,water security,security and population mobility(IPCC,2022).The urban human settlement environment is a complex adaptive system composed of subsystems such as natural systems,infrastructure and human communities.This section analyses the uncertain risks fa

80、ced by each subsystem against the background of global climate change,focusing on subsystems such as food,water resources,infrastructure like transportation,and discusses the opportunities and challenges in the construction of resilient cities in the future in combination with ICLEIs global actions

81、and case reviews over the past ten years.In terms of urban crops/food systems,climate change poses a serious risk to the security of food systems in urban areas(Krishnamurthy et al.,2012).Complex threats such as floods,droughts,heat waves,rainfall changes,soil erosion and loss of arable land have le

82、d to long-term water and food shortages,land degradation,food prices rising,hunger,malnutrition,conflict and forced migration(ICELI,2017).Building food system resilience that can resist the risk of climate change and extreme climate events has become an important issue.In terms of urban water resour

83、ces and water security,climate change,especially the increased frequency and intensity of extreme events such as heat waves,extreme rainfall and drought,will exacerbate the situation in areas currently water-scarce and cause water stress in areas where water resources are still abundant today.Elevat

84、ed concentrations of pollutants during floods or droughts lead to increased risks of water contamination and pathogen contamination,potentially threatening billions of peoples human rights to meaningful enjoyment of water and sanitation(UN Water,2020).The research shows that the fast-growing small a

85、nd medium-sized urban areas in the Global South(developing countries and regions)are particularly affected by water-related disasters and/or water insecurity(IDRC,2017).It is also vital to consistently improve the emergency response and early warning system,together with monitoring on typical disast

86、ers(Fu et al.,2017).Therefore,to improve the resilience of cities to flood and drought disasters,it is necessary to strengthen the effective management of water resources.However,a major challenge to implementing appropriate water management strategies is the lack of funding and regional cooperation

87、.Oftentimes the problems faced by the individual cities stem from the failure of transboundary water management.7 2.What Resilient Cities are Climate change will exacerbate existing health risks in urban areas.Climate change has direct or indirect impacts on human health.Among them,direct impacts ar

88、e reflected in the health effects caused by extreme weather and climate events such as high temperature and heat waves,extreme low temperatures,floods,storms,and wild fires;indirect impacts are on the one hand mediated through natural ecosystems such as insect vectors,pathogens,air and water polluti

89、on and on the other hand mediated through human social systems,such as mental illness or psychological stress caused by frequent extreme weather that leads to peoples displacement or property loss(IPCC,2022).Urbanization is one of the major challenges facing public health in the 21st century.Most of

90、 the worlds health risks and vulnerability to climate change are concentrated in urban areas.Half of the worlds population is facing the threat of unsafe drinking water and lack of sanitation facilities,causing about 800,000 deaths per year,and about 1/7 of them live in urban areas with poor living

91、conditions,overcrowding,and lack of basic infrastructure(World Health Organization,2019).Therefore,to improve the citys response to the health risks brought by climate change and urbanization,it is necessary to improve the living environment and build a health system with strong resilience and clima

92、te adaptability.However,a survey of the main multilateral climate funds3 reveals that less than 1.5%have been allocated to projects specifically addressing health(World Health Organization,2015).In terms of urban transportation systems,a reliable transportation system is crucial to the economy and w

93、ell-being of urban communities.With the increase of the scale and complexity of transportation system,so too do the risks of a disruption to the flow of goods,services,and people.However,compared with sustainable,low-carbon transportation and mitigation actions,climate change adaptation actions have

94、 received less attention and funding in the transportation sector.One reason may be that national commitments to global climate agreements are not being properly translated into local mandates,and local focus remains on immediate needs such as air pollution,road safety,and traffic congestion,rather

95、than long-term investment in integrated adaptation and mitigation measures(ICLEI,2017).b.Social dimension of urban resilience:equitable and inclusive development The social dimension of resilient cities pays more attention to the marginalized groups,including those living in informal settlements and

96、 working in the informal sector(ICLEI,2016).Risks to living standards could be exacerbated by climate change-induced income inequality,with as many as 183 million people projected to be undernourished in low-income countries by 2050 under high emissions scenarios(IPCC,2022).The marginalized groups a

97、re often regarded as a burden rather than a part of good governance,which further aggravates the urban social vulnerability and reduces the overall city resilience.On the other hand,building community resilience is of great significance to enhance the overall resilience of the city.Community Resilie

98、nce is about empowering the local communities to be able to develop solutions by themselves and for themselves within their neighborhood(ICLEI,2016).According to a pilot research measuring social cohesion,when the attitudes,institutions and 3 These include the Special Climate Change Fund,the Least D

99、eveloped Countries Fund,the Adaptation Strategic Priorities managed by the Global Environment Facility,the Adaptation Fund,the Climate and Resilience Pilot Programme,and the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund.structures which sustain peace are in place and operating properly,cities may be

100、come more resilient to societal shocks,more ecologically sound and may face less violent protests,riots and civil unrest(ICLEI,2018).c.Multi-level risk governance and multi-stakeholder cooperation To achieve a resilient and sustainable city,a paradigm shift in governance models is imperative so that

101、 the management work in the governance structure is not only limited between the national and local governments,but also includes communities and private enterprises(ICLEI,2016).Multi-level governance mechanisms and multi-stakeholder cooperation mechanisms need to be built among national,regional,lo

102、cal governments,communities and private enterprises.The private sector is a major stakeholder in urban sustainable development.However,its potential in urban resilience building is still largely untapped.Despite the interest of both public and private parties,public-private partnerships often face b

103、arriers such as differing objectives,resource allocation,and information plex bidding procedures and government structures(ICLEI,2015).Communication barriers between local governments,donors,the private sector and community members are also a difficulty that needs to be overcome.Local governments ma

104、y focus on environmental hazards and social impacts,for example,without addressing important questions about financial feasibility and risks(ICLEI,2016).In addition,cities need to strengthen cooperation so that cities and network members can learn from each other and jointly explore innovative ways

105、to build city resilience.d.Climate resilience financing and city insurance innovation It is estimated that by 2025,the annual cost of global climate change adaptation will reach$150 billion,for which the available funds can only meet one sixth of total.Cities,especially in developing countries,lack

106、sufficient funds and income sources to meet the climate change challenges in the context of rapid urbanization(ICLEI,2015).Existing financing and financing instruments in developing countries are no longer sufficient to meet their high demand for energy-saving and climate-adaptative housing and infr

107、astructure(ICLEI,2016).In the field of international cooperation,for developing parties agreed on the Convention on Climate Change,Special Climate Change Fund(SCCF)and Least Developed Countries Found(LDCF)operated by Global environment Facility(GEF).Green Climate Fund(GCF)and Adaptation Fund(AF)prov

108、ide targeted support.It is urgent to increase the availability of urban adaptation funds to reduce the gap between the current investment level and the required investment level.Although institutional investors,national governments and local communities have gradually begun to promote investment in

109、climate action and sustainable development,there is still a gap between the project investment that can benefit and the current actual investment(ICLEI,2019).Emerging markets have a climate investment potential of up to$29.4 trillion,according to IFC estimates(International Finance Corporation,2018)

110、.Risk transfer and financial instruments such as climate risk insurance play an important role in addressing catastrophes.However,many local governments are having difficulty proposing attractive projects to investors and insurers(ICLEI,2017;ICLEI，2019).One of the challenges is that most cities espe

111、cially in the Global South-tend to perceive insurance as an unnecessary luxury.After a catastrophe occurs,however,municipalities spend large amounts for reconstruction 9 2.What Resilient Cities are and future risk-reduction measures(ICLEI,2018).Therefore,how to establish effective communication and

112、cooperation mechanisms between local governments and investors and explore the investment potential of climate resilience has become a crucial issue in building city resilience.Suggested by World Bank(2021)in its research on urban climate finance,for most cities in developing countries,building city

113、 finance fundamentals is vital for more climate-smart activities and attract investment from private sector;meanwhile,it would be possible for cities still in urbanisation process they can enhance their adaptive capacity,to leapfrog energy and carbon intensive phases.Financial sector and other priva

114、te actors are also developing financial product,navigating transformative paths in the era of climate change.e.Data based resilience planning To ensure science-based and rational planning of resilient cities,it is needed to build foundation of informed decision-making process and adhere to the princ

115、iple of evidence-based.New technologies such as artificial intelligence,remote sensing,big data,UAV have the potential to play an active role in urban development,such as optimizing traffic system,collecting spatial data,visualizing important information,improving urban planning,etc.(UN Habitat,2021

116、).Resilient city planning requires methods and systems that can transform data into information that is easy for decision makers to understand,and then develop replicable cases based on empirical evidence,and programs that are easy to convey and communicate the resilience planning process(Langenheim

117、 et al.,2017).Especially comprehensive information of all dimensions of disaster risk,including hazards,exposure,vulnerability and capacity(UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction,2017)To achieve this goal,local and regional governments,academia and the private sector have gradually strengthened coope

118、ration and partnership to establish environmental analysis,forecasting models and planning systems through data collected through official channels and outsourcing by social organizations.Some of these systems not only provide information about planning process,but also send important instant messag

119、es to the public in emergency times(ICLEI,2019).It is worth noting that resilience planning is often experimental,and the establishment of an open digital information platform can facilitate information flow,enable cities to share success,lesson learned and best practices,and accelerate effective re

120、silience actions(ICLEI,2019).From the above review and analysis,in the previous decade,the global cities have taken building resilient cities as an important way to address climate change risks and improve urban competitiveness.However,from the practical perspectives of resilience design of urban hu

121、man settlements,comprehensive risk management of cities,and multi-stakeholder resilience planning,there are still many common problems in the construction of resilient cities,such as lack of funds,imperfect cooperation mechanism at regional level,lack of recognition at local governance level,insuffi

122、cient social participation and climate equality.The problems and risks faced by developing countries are more prominent than those in developed countries,and the construction and planning of climate resilient cities are also relatively lagging.Therefore,it is urgent to strengthen the top-level desig

123、n of urban resilience building,from concept to action,and to strengthen the experience and case sharing of global cities.2.3 Improving city resilience from the perspective of sustainable development:a multi-dimensional climate resilience development path Cities are highly complex coupled systems tha

124、t integrate natural ecology,infrastructure systems,and social and economic activities.Preventing potential systemic risks in the development process is an important path to improve city resilience.By combining the characteristics of the social-ecological compound system of the urban human settlement

125、 environment,this report focuses on the five dimensions including ecological resilience,infrastructure resilience,social resilience,economic resilience and institutional resilience,and how cities can achieve climate resilience development goals(Figure 2.3).Figure 2.3 Urban human settlement environme

126、nt compound system&resilient city building（Adapted from Zheng et al.,2020）2.3.1 Ecological resilience:nature-based solutions Urban ecological resilience plays a vital role in the urban ecological service system.It is the basic carrier of planning,construction,and management of a resilient city,and i

127、s closely related to the healthy development of the city in the future.Urban ecosystem services provide key links for bridging planning,management,and governance practices seeking transitions to more sustainable cities and serve an important role in building resilience in urban systems.Cities need t

128、o prioritize safeguarding of a resilient supply of ecosystem services to ensure liveable,sustainable cities(McPhearson et al,2015).Improving urban ecological resilience is an inevitable measure to promote the healthy development of cities and build an ecological security pattern.At present,an import

129、ant path to improve ecological resilience is Nature-based Solutions(NbS).Nature-based Solutions are actions to protect,sustainably manage and restore natural and modified ecosystems that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively,simultaneously benefiting people and nature(IUCN,2020).11

130、2.What Resilient Cities are Nature-based Solutions advocate relying on the power of nature to address risks,focus on long-term sustainable development goals,and provide new ideas for coordinated economic development and ecological environmental protection,and promotion of harmonious coexistence betw

131、een man and nature.ICLEI encourages decision-makers to give priority to ensuring local environmental health,protecting air,water,soil,and all natural resources that can sustain life and ensure health.However,current decision-makers still have knowledge gaps about the interrelationships between natur

132、al systems and their long-term evolution,for example,planting too many trees to solve the heat island effect may increase allergic reactions or hinder transportation,therefore,when planning Nature-based Solutions,all stakeholders should be widely invited to participate,and their professional capabil

133、ities should be used as department representatives to fill in the knowledge gaps(ICLEI,2019).Eco-based Disaster Risk Reduction(Eco-DRR)is a tangible perspective to review the progress of sustainable management,conservation and restoration of ecosystems,and gain better understanding of their function

134、s to reduce disaster risk.Integrated action on biodiversity，INTERACT-Bio INTERACT-Bio,led by ICLEI,is designed to improve the utilization and management of nature within fast-growing cities and the regions surrounding them.It aims to provide expanding urban communities in the Global South with natur

135、e-based solutions and associated long-term benefits.The project enables governments at all levels to integrate their efforts for mainstreaming biodiversity and ecosystem services into core subnational government functions such as spatial planning,land-use management,local economic development and in

136、frastructure design.The project supports city-regions to understand and unlock,within their specific local context,the potential of nature to provide essential services and new or enhanced economic opportunities,while simultaneously protecting and enhancing the biodiversity and ecosystems on which t

137、hese series and opportunities depend.In doing so,these actions will place the participating city-regions on a more resilient and sustainable development path.Activities carried out in the INTERACT-Bio urban area:Cooperate with other subnational and national governments,including biodiversity into ur

138、ban regional planning and decision-making;Incorporate biodiversity and Nature-based Solutions into land use,infrastructure and development planning,and formulate supporting policy tools;Mainstream cross-sectional biodiversity;Promote Nature-based Solutions as economic,reasonable and sustainable inve

139、stment options;Demonstrate the effectiveness of nature-based development through pilot projects;Combine nature-based methods with point-to-point communication,and improve peoples awareness of the value of nature in the urban environment 2.3.2 Infrastructure resilience:urban network infrastructure su

140、ch as sustainable mobility The resilience of infrastructure is the ability of infrastructure to provide the service which users need during and after a natural shock.Strengthening infrastructure such as electricity,water,environmental sanitation,transportation,and communications makes the systems re

141、silience vital,not only to avoid costly repairs,but also to minimize the widespread impact of disasters on peoples livelihoods and well-being(Hallegatte et al.,2019).Choosing the right financing at the right time is key,for example,compared with the billions of dollars required for post-disaster res

142、toration and recovery,a small number of resources can support the regulator and be used in the early stages of infrastructure design(Hallegatte et al.,2019).ICLEI pays attention to the improvement of the resilience of the transportation sector and believes that cities should first increase public tr

143、ansportation services by providing frequent,reasonably priced buses,subways and trams etc.with well-distributed stations and routes,and supplement and improve it by underutilized modes of mobility such as bicycles,electric scooters,shared fleet and dedicated sidewalks.On the other hand,urban suburbs

144、 or residential areas can improve the transportation network by building sidewalks,bicycle lanes,public and shared transportation,etc.,to provide more equitable and convenient travel methods(ICLEI,2019).Putting people rather than cars in the core of urban planning may cause various services to shrin

145、k and be scattered throughout the urban area.Such fragmented services are contrary to the concept of economic efficiency,but when some areas fail to function,they are a manifestation of necessary redundancy to maintain the overall system,as well as a core pillar of resilience(ICLEI,2019).13 2.What R

146、esilient Cities are 2.3.3 Economic resilience:potential for green economy,new industries/employments in cities,enhanced competitiveness A resilient economic system can not only withstand the losses caused by external shocks to the regional economy,but also adjust the economic operation mode promptly

147、 in the complex and changeable development environment,eliminate the interference caused by external shocks,and realize industrial transformation and upgrading,and turn to a new economic growth model.Enhancing urban resilience requires targeted financing on key areas like disaster reduction and clim

148、ate actions,and incorporate into risk management system(UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction,2023).One of the main ways to build economic resilience is to promote economic transformation and upgrading and develop a green economy.Among them,the circular economy is a green production and consumption

149、model involving sharing,leasing,reuse,repair,renovation,and recycling.In a(near)closed loop system,products and the materials they contain have high value(European Union,2016).Circular economy combined with resilience can ensure the efficient use of materials,give priority to renewable resources,and

150、 maintain the value of materials and products as much as possible through the hierarchical structure of Reduce,Reuse,Recycle,and Recover.Cities can create employment opportunities,improve resource use efficiency,enhance urban environmental resilience and boost local economies through circular econom

151、y;and the diversity of circular economy(including modularity,multifunction,and adaptability)can also help strengthen resilience.The circular development concept redesigns urban material flow and provides cities with opportunities to rethink resource acquisition and increase inclusiveness,making the

152、circular economy framework a multifunctional means to improve urban resilience(ICLEI,2019).2.3.4 Institutional resilience:risk governance and mechanism innovation Disaster risks and climate change exhibits characteristics of transboundary,unpredictability,interconnectedness,and complexity with neigh

153、boring urban areas frequently encountering similar challenges.Addressing climate change and reducing disaster risk require breaking through administrative boundaries and promoting inter-regional cooperation to enhance urban resilience.Building resilient cities involves early risk warning,comprehensi

154、ve disaster reduction,resilient financing,and cross-departmental and multi-level governance(Making Cities Resilient 2030,2024).A scientific and reasonable mechanism design and institutional environment are conducive to improving the ability of cities to address and prepare for respond to risks.Actor

155、s of urban risk governance are becoming increasingly diversified:joint participation and effective communication of multiple subjects such as the state,government,enterprises,non-governmental organizations,and the public can form a unified understanding of risk governance and resilient city construc

156、tion and clarify the interests and responsibilities of all parties.The CDKN and ICLEI urban cases found that when each actor can and is willing to benefit from cooperation,multi-stakeholder alliances are more durable and effective(ICLEI,2016).For example,in terms of resilience financing,it is necess

157、ary to strengthen exchanges and cooperation between the government,the private sector,and the insurance industry,clarify the needs of both parties,and narrow the investment gap;the government needs to strengthen its understanding of various financial instruments and their requirements,enhance the go

158、vernments ability to acquire and manage adaptive funds,formulate attractive financing projects,use risk analysis tools to provide reliable climate risk data,and clearly prove the value and feasibility of projects to potential investors,donors,insurance companies,and stakeholders.At the same time,inv

159、estors should also pay attention to the specific needs and characteristics of local governments,promote cooperation between the two parties,and invest in more resilient infrastructure,services,and risk reduction strategies(ICLEI,2016).Brasilia Climate Finance Facility In 2019,Brasilia raised over$45

160、0 million in climate funds for the 2021 climate strategy.Four focuses of the fund are:Incorporate sustainable development goals into urban development strategy planning.Brasilia incorporated the Sustainable Development Goals into the Federal District Strategic Plan(2019-2060),providing strong suppor

161、t for accessing national or international adaptation funding.Based financing on data collection and analysis.The data collection and analysis underpinning the CITinova project in Brasilia4 can not only support local and regional governments in developing comprehensive climate change strategies and m

162、onitoring outcomes for communities,but also support building trust and increasing investor confidence.Mobilize social and public participation.Brasilia encourages various audiences(such as schools,private and social sectors)to engage in topics such as waste management,renewable energy,water conserva

163、tion,climate governance,gender equality,poverty alleviation,etc.,and raises societys awareness of the need for sustainable urban development.These factors reinforce the transformative impact of a project and are also requested and measured by most investors.Improve the scalability and replicability

164、of investment projects.The scalability and replicability of projects are usually very popular with potential investors,and the resulting technology of the CITinova project has also been replicated in other projects,such as the watershed mechanized agroforestry system in the CITinova project,which ca

165、n also be used in one watershed restoration and biodiversity conservation project in Brazil.4 https:/citinova.mcti.gov.br/projeto/15 2.What Resilient Cities are Brasilia,photo by Richard Chiang on Unsplash 2.3.5 Social resilience:adaptive social security,public participation and community autonomy,e

166、tc.Resilient cities must ensure that all residents,including marginalized and vulnerable groups,have equal access to basic services(World Bank,2018).The adaptive social protection system(ASP)through the design of formal mechanisms provided by the government,such as deposits,flexible financial instru

167、ments,reinsurance,and international aid,etc.,makes up for the weak and lacking adaptability of poor groups in saving,borrowing,and insurance,and plays a social safety net in the face of climate disasters(IPCC,2022).This also applies to other non-climate disasters.Social protection builds the resilie

168、nce of the vulnerable through insuring against the impact of drops in well-being from a range of shocks.Safety nets can provide cash,food,insurance,and other means.Resilience is promoted through programs that minimize the negative effect of economic shocks and disasters on individuals and families.(

169、World Bank,2018).On the other hand,building social resilience requires inclusive governance and related fiscal budgets to ensure that the urban poor enjoy basic living conditions and public services.Therefore,local and regional governments should ensure that urban planning effectively incorporates t

170、he needs of marginalized groups(ICLEI,2019).The grass-roots community is the basic unit of urban risk response,and it is also the connecting link of the resilient city network.Informal settlements and marginal communities in risk-prone areas usually have experience in responding to climate change an

171、d disasters and can provide local solutions to adapt to these changes and reduce risks(international institute for environment and development,2016).Studies have shown that with the support of local governments,communities with strong cohesion and participation are more able to face unforeseen shock

172、s and pressures together,without social turmoil and conflict(ARUP,2014).2.4 Framing resilient city strategies 2.4.1 Develop resilient city plans based on local context Resilience city planning involves various fields such as nature,economy,and society.It combines the concept of resilience with compr

173、ehensive disaster risk reduction,climate change response,and sustainable development,and incorporates it into the urban development strategy plan,and formulates a comprehensive and effective action plan addressing the citys risks and challenges.At present,ICLEI summarized the Climate Resilient CITIE

174、S Methodology,and some or all of it was practiced in several cities in India(ICLEI South Asia,2017).5Specifically,the climate action plan process is divided into three stages:analysis,formulation and implementation,and improvement.First,in the analysis stage,the local government should establish a m

175、echanism for formulating and implementing plans,mobilize local stakeholders such as government departments and communities;understand the actual social,economic,and environmental conditions of the city,and assess the impact of climate change on various areas of the city;compile a comprehensive urban

176、 report and assess the vulnerability of urban systems to identify vulnerable areas and vulnerable populations.In the formulation and implementation stage,according to the possibility(cost and financing perspective)and applicability(for specific priority areas such as poverty alleviation and climate

177、resilience)of the implementation of adaptation measures,the priority measures are determined,and the Climate Resilient City Action Plan is formulated(City Action Plan,CRCAP);Determine the financial plan based on priority projects;Train staff to ensure the implementation of the plan,establish a monit

178、oring and evaluation mechanism,and so on.In the stage of improvement and revision,local governments need to achieve multi-level and cross-departmental cooperation,evaluate goals and results,improve and revise action plans;strengthen cooperation and exchanges with international cities,and share pract

179、ical experience(ICLEI South Asia,2017).The Resilient City Strategy of Montral,Canada In 2017,the City of Montreal,Canada,based on its own risks and socio-economic conditions,formulated the 2018-2022 Resilience City Strategy,which identified four main directions:building a safe community,protecting t

180、he living environment of residents,creating a diversified and innovative economy,comprehensively improving the governance structure and formulating corresponding specific measures.First,in order to build a safe community,it is necessary to strengthen the communitys ability to respond to risks,such a

181、s holding emergency or community resilience workshops,promoting citizen participation and volunteer training;strengthening the housing stock and emergency services for vulnerable groups,and improving the resilience of the food system;establish mutual assistance and inclusive mechanisms to promote un

182、ity among citizens.Second,to protect the living environment of residents,we must ensure that risks are better considered in land use and infrastructure planning,such as improving the standards and 5 This methodology will be explained more in later chapter for the context of China.17 2.What Resilient

183、 Cities are regulations related to resilient buildings and green infrastructure,regulating the management of hazardous materials in fixed locations,analyzing disaster reduction cost-effectiveness of measures.Third,to create a diversified and innovative economy,promote the well-prepared state of comp

184、anies and commercial institutions to deal with interference;ensure the effective and safe flow of people and goods;and use knowledge and creativity to meet challenges.Fourth,to comprehensively improve the governance structure,it is necessary to ensure that cities are fully prepared to deal with risk

185、s,such as training municipal employees,establishing multi-risk monitoring,assessing social and economic vulnerabilities,developing resilience indicators,sharing knowledge of urban resilience,and establishing an effective common way between the government and citizens.Montreal,photo by Jackie Hutchin

186、son on Unsplash 2.4.2 Resilience development pathway with multi-goal synergy Building resilient cities should strengthen its connection and synergy with multiple goals such as comprehensive disaster prevention,climate change adaptation,and sustainable development.The typology of Comprehensive Risk M

187、anagement(CRM)calls for integration of disaster risk reduction,adaptation,and humanitarian responses,which can be enhanced through climate adaptation plans and DRR strategies(Qi et al.,2023;UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction,2023).Aiming at the long-term challenges of climate change to developmen

188、t goals,the IPCC Sixth Scientific Assessment Report puts forward the solution of Climate Resilient Development6 which combines strategies to deal with climate risks(adaptation)with actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions(mitigation)to reduce poverty and hunger,improve health and livelihoods,provi

189、de more people with clean energy and water and safeguard ecosystems on land,in lakes and rivers and in the ocean and ultimately achieve sustainable development(IPCC,2022).Besides,when formulating adaptation strategies or plans,cities not only pay attention to extreme weather and climate events and t

190、heir disaster risks,but also expand their horizons to areas closely related to industrial economy,food security,residents lives,and city operations.Taking the COVID-19 pandemic as transformative lessons,one of them is that people are affected differently by disasters,thus there is a necessary call f

191、or a participatory and human-rights-based approach,more investments in youth and young professionals,as well as community-driven and child-centric engagement at community level(UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction,2022).Multi-target resilience development case Enhancing community resilience:Thailan

192、ds Pakkret city in in Nonthaburi province has comprehensive pre-disaster preparation work and community participation experience.Flood control infrastructure has been established before the crisis,and there is also a flood control assistance center and plan to encourage community members to particip

193、ate in disaster risk reduction activities,such as building temporary embankments with sandbags.The strong community resilience allowed Pakkret City to basically maintain urban safety during the historic flood in 2011.The municipalitys plan is to continue to strengthen introducing social capital and

194、draw a flood risk map.Inclusive Planning:The success of projects such as the Participatory Development Program in Urban Areas in Cairo,Egypt,shows that inclusive planning is possible.More than 60%of people in the Greater Cairo area live in informal settlements and are highly vulnerable to worsening

195、heat waves.The participatory development program aims to improve conditions through participatory projects such as rooftop gardening and green infrastructure measures,therefore connects marginalized groups in informal settlement with local authorities to provide training courses,community workshops

196、and advisory services to promote wider socio-economic change within the city.Developing a green economy:Amsterdam,the Netherlands,is the first city in the world to evaluate the number,types and skills required for local circular economy jobs to further promote the circular economy model.11%of the jo

197、bs(140,000)in the whole city of Amsterdam are related to circular economy,and circular design,maintenance services and digital technology are the main areas of circular economy work.6 Climate resilient development:in IPCC the Sixth Assessment Report prepared by Working Group Two,climate resilient de

198、velopment is referred as the process of implementing greenhouse gas mitigation and adaptation measures to support sustainable development for all(IPCC,2022).19 2.What Resilient Cities are 2.4.3 New opportunities and challenges:resilient cities in the era of digitization and post-pandemic The develop

199、ment of digitalization has brought both opportunities and challenges to cities.Through data infrastructure and analysis tools,digital transformation has considerable potential to assist cities in improving planning efficiency.Solutions based on digital technology and information and communication te

200、chnology(ICT)can promote cities to improve infrastructure and cope with challenges such as reducing waste and improving energy efficiency,and disaster preparedness,including to support early warning.For example,the mobile phone application EXREMA provides citizens and local authorities in Europe wit

201、h a platform to ensure effective management of extreme temperature events.Athens,Paris,Rotterdam,Milan,Lisbon and Mallorca have all used this tool program(ICLEI,2019).The German Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance(BBK)designed the early warning application NINA,which uses digi

202、tal technology for disaster preparedness.Its main function is to notify citizens of such things as the spread of hazardous materials or major fires,and various hazardous events that may occur in the city(ICLEI,2019).On the other hand,the threats of network security and data privacy may also reduce t

203、he resilience of local and regional governments.This requires ICT systems to maintain their services even in the face of cyber-attacks,natural or man-made destruction(McKinsey&Company,2018).Thus,it is vital to consider responsive strategies when digital solutions are not available.Better cooperation

204、 between traditional and digital solutions is needed.In the post-pandemic era when urban risks and uncertainties are becoming more and more normalized,cities need to build a resilient governance system that combines normality and emergency,enhance the robustness and reflection of the urban governanc

205、e system,integrate urban resilience construction into various urban governance tasks such as plan preparation and drills,risk monitoring and early warning,emergency response,post-disaster recovery and reconstruction.(Zhu et al,2021).2.4.4 Building a global network of resilient cities Urban areas inc

206、reasingly become laboratories and pioneers of resilient city construction.Lioubimtseva&da Cunha(2020)selected 36 small and medium-sized cities in the United States and France,starting with 24 indicators such as planning structure and elements,content and scientific basis,design and coordination proc

207、ess,evaluated the progress and shortcomings of these cities,and suggested the importance of tool use,bringing in additional stakeholders,focusing on issues of equity and synergy across sectors and regions in the future planning process.Heikkinen et al.(2020)pointed out that climate adaptation networ

208、ks such as the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group,the Global Covenant of Mayors,and ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability and others are helpful to promote climate action.To verify the participation effects of these member cities,377 global cities were selected for evaluation.Model analysis sh

209、owed that cities participating in the international network started adaptation planning earlier than non-member cities,and the more developed cities that participate in multiple international networks have a higher level of adaptation planning.In this regard,it is recommended that international orga

210、nizations should actively encourage cities in low-income countries to participate in global adaptation networks.To address urban disaster resilience,the Make Cities Resilient 2030 campaign was launched by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction(UNDRR)together with global partners,to en

211、courage local governments to build resilient cities in the process of sustainable urbanization and put forward ten elements of urban disaster resilience to guide the construction of resilient cities(Ten Essentials-for detail see Chapter 3).At present,the participation of Chinese cities in the global

212、 city networks is still quite limited.One of the purposes of this report is to respond to the urgent needs of local cities in China to address climate change and improve city resilience,and to provide reference for Chinese city decision-makers and relevant stakeholders by reviewing ICLEIs ten-year g

213、lobal resilient city building experience.21 3.Chinas Resilient City Construction Process:Policies,Actors and Progress Photo:Rodney Truitt Jr_Unsplash 3.Chinas Resilient City Construction Process:Policies,Actors and Progress 3.1 Progress of Chinas resilient city policy In October 2020,the Fifth Plena

214、ry Session of the Nineteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China officially proposed building a resilient city for the first time.The 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of Long-term Goals for 2035 clearly stated build liveable,innovative,sm

215、art,green,humanistic,and resilient cities,enhance urban flood control and drainage capabilities,build sponge cities and resilient cities,improve urban governance,and strengthen risk prevention and control in megacity governance.This marks that Chinas resilient city construction has officially entere

216、d the initial stage.In The 14th Five-Year Plan for National Integrative Disaster Risk Reduction Plan released in 2022,resilience is also emphasised to be incorporated with national territorial spatial planning,together with disaster risks assessment.For international cooperation,it will continue to

217、implement of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030,and pragmatically fulfil bilateral and multilateral cooperation agreements on disaster prevention,mitigation and rescue7.Prior to this,China has been using pilot pol

218、icies from the state to the local level to launch several projects to improve urban disaster risk reduction capabilities,water system safety,human settlements,and climate adaptability.For example,the sponge city pilot project launched in 2015 and the climate change adaptive city pilot project launch

219、ed in 2017 are resilient city construction plans that embodies the concept of resilience at the national level.In addition,many developed cities have realized the potential challenges that climate change and urbanization have brought to the sustainable development of cities.They have formulated resi

220、lient city plans proactively and proposed the goal of resilient city construction.For example,the government work reports,and urban master plans of Beijing,Shanghai,Chengdu,and other cities all have expressions involving resilient cities.For example,the Beijing City Master Plan(2016-2035)proposes th

221、e requirement of strengthening urban resilience,mitigating and adapting to climate change;the Regulatory Detailed Plan for the Functional Core Area of the Capital(Block Level)(2018-2035)released in August 2020 proposes that the functional core area of the capital will be built as a resilient city;th

222、e Shanghai City Master Plan(2017-2035)proposed the goal of building a sustainable and resilient ecological city;Deyang in Sichuan and Huangshi in Hubei explored the use of new theories and methods to formulate a resilient city strategic plan.Since the construction of resilient cities was included in

223、 the national development strategy,some provinces and cities have included building a safe and resilient city into the goals of the 14th Five-7 National Disaster Risk Reduction Commission of PR.China 家災委.(2022,June 19).家災委于印”十四五“家合防災災的通知 Report of the National Disaster Reduction Commission on the is

224、suance of the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan.https:/ 23 3.Chinas Resilient City Construction Process:Policies,Actors and Progress Year Plan.In November of 2021,Beijing released the Guidelines for Accelerating Building Resilient City,covering aspects of spatial,engineering,management,and social resilience

225、.Beijing Specialized Planning of Resilient City(2022-2035)is also under development.3.2 Progress in Chinas climate resilience city practice Besides the exploration of cities,the current practice of resilient cities in China at the national level is mainly through government-led pilot and participati

226、on in international projects,including typical types of pilot projects:international resilient cities,sponge cities,climate-adaptive cities,safety demonstration cities,and comprehensive pilot projects for underground pipe corridors.Among them,three categories mainly deal with climate change.For exam

227、ple,resilient cities focus on the ability of urban systems to respond to various internal and external risk shocks such as economic risks and disaster risks;sponge cities mainly target the single risk factor of heavy rain and water resources;climate-adaptive cities mainly target a variety of short-t

228、erm and long-term disasters caused by climate change risk.From the perspective of construction concepts,the essence of global resilient cities,sponge cities,climate-adaptive cities,and safety demonstration cities is interconnected and aim to improve the ability of cities to address various disaster

229、risks.The newly released the National Safe Development Demonstration Cities Evaluation Rules(2023 Edition)is to guide the evaluation from six categories of source management,risks monitoring and early warning,management and supervision,rescue and social capacity,as well as the current status.Another

230、 12 items with 27 indicators are specified8.3.2.1 International cooperation on Resilient City Pilot Project In March 2010,Chengdu of China was selected as one of the model cities for post-disaster reconstruction and development.In 2013,the Rockefeller Foundation established the 100 Resilient Cities

231、in the World project to support global cities in formulating resilience plans and responding to various disasters and socio-economic challenges.Four cities in Yiwu(Zhejiang),Deyang(Sichuan),Haiyan(Zhejiang),and Huangshi(Hubei)have been successfully selected.Among them,Huangshi City received funding

232、and technical support worth$5 million,focusing on the construction of resilient water systems,economic systems,and liveable systems(Lu et al.,2016).3.2.2 Pilot work on domestic resilient cities From 2015 to 2016,Chinas Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development,Ministry of Water Resources,and M

233、inistry of Finance jointly supported and released two batches of 30 national-level 8 院安全生委公室 Work Safety Committee of the State Council，PR.China.(2023,October 23).院安委公室于印家安全展示范城市價（2023 版）的通知 Office of the State Council Security Committee on the issuance of the National Safe Development Demonstration

234、 Cities Evaluation Rules(2023 Edition).https:/ sponge city pilot projects.In June 2021,the three ministries and commissions issued the Notice on Carrying out the Demonstration Work of Promoting the Construction of Sponge City in Whole Region Systematically,and the first batch of 20 demonstration cit

235、ies was selected through joint review.The second batch of 25 cities was selected in 2022,and the third batch of 15 cities was selected in 2023.The three batches comprised a total of 60 demonstration cities for sponge city construction.In February 2016,the National Development and Reform Commission a

236、nd the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued the Action Plan for Urban Adaptation to Climate Change and announced 28 climate-adaptive pilot urban areas in early 2017.Both pilot projects have attracted active applications from many cities,and local governments look forward to obtaini

237、ng financial funds or policy support to promote urban renewal and indirectly improve the value of urban land,fiscal revenue,and urban image.Among them,the sponge city pilot has strong support from national financial funds,strong policies,high social attention,and high enthusiasm for local cities to

238、apply,attracting the participation of many developed cities including Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,and Guangzhou.Due to insufficient understanding of the pilot concept,lack of special funding support,only a small number of applications applied for the climate-adaptive city,and most of the selected are s

239、mall and medium-sized cities(or urban areas)(Zheng et al.,2018).The whole region sponge city pilot project promoted in 2021 focused more on incorporating pilot cities of different regions,scales,development stages,and climate characteristics(for example,Guangzhou,Hangzhou,Yueyang,Tongchuan,Urumqi an

240、d other distinctive cities in eastern,central and western regions).Sponge City key areas and main actions:The Ministry of Water Resources Guiding Opinions on Promoting Sponge City Construction Water Conservancy Work puts forward that the goal of sponge city construction is to ensure water safety,man

241、age water environment,conserve water resources,improve water ecology,and comprehensively treat water problems.Sponge city construction involves many departments and fields and requires systematic governance measures such as a combination of nature and man-made,a combination of blue,green,and gray me

242、asures,and coordination of large,medium,and small sponges.The blue sponge technology includes the protection,connection,and regulation of rivers,and lakes.The green sponge technology includes the construction of rain gardens,sunken green spaces,and grass ditches,and the grey sponge technology includ

243、es rainwater pipe networks and pumping stations.Big sponge refers to the systematic planning of the urban ecological pattern of mountains,rivers,forests,fields,lakes,and grasses.Small sponge refers to green roofs and permeable paving,as well as the upgrading and transformation of rainwater pipe netw

244、orks,and the construction of water storage facilities.Chinas sponge city pilot experience Cities such as Sanya,Hainan,and Jiande,Hunan have used the sponge city project to transform coastal beaches and suburban shanty towns and use mangroves and reed swamp artificial wetlands to build a water ecolog

245、ical purification cycle system and build a beautiful new human settlement that integrates wetlands,woodlands,green corridors,drainage canals,25 3.Chinas Resilient City Construction Process:Policies,Actors and Progress community parks,and residential areas.Changde,Hunan Sponge City Construction was s

246、elected as the sample city in the report of the Asian Development Bank.Beijing has greatly enhanced its resilience toward rainstorms by measures such as strengthening the coverage and transmission channels of flood prevention warnings and forecasts,renovating the drainage and flood prevention of old

247、 communities,improving the urban drainage system,strengthening the investigation of major waterlogging points and hidden dangers,and implementing smart monitoring of the traffic operation system.Wuhans flood control plan focuses on strengthening lake water level control,construction of backbone drai

248、nage projects,rain and sewage diversion,and vertical planning of urban land use.As a sponge city pilot,Shenzhen has delineated 24 key areas and formulated 18 sponge city indicators in 6 categories,including 6 aspects of water ecology,water environment,water resources,water safety,system construction

249、,and visibility.Based on the basic ecological control line,the sponge spatial structure was further optimized and formed,including the landscape mechanism,blue-green corridors,and multi-point distribution of wetlands.Climate-adaptive City:More than half of the Climate-adaptive pilot cities in China

250、are also low-carbon cities,sponge cities,ecological garden cities,smart cities,and other national-level pilots,with good pilot experience and work foundation;2/3 of the pilot cities are in the central and western regions.The climate change risks and development challenges faced by pilot cities are c

251、omplex and diverse,making the pilot work more difficult.Key pilot areas include urban planning,urban infrastructure,urban architecture,urban ecological greening systems,urban water safety,urban disaster management systems,etc.Through the three-year trial,the climate adaptation concepts and capacity

252、building of these cities have been greatly improved.In 2024,another 39 cities are selected for piloting.Case Study of Chinas Resilient Cities Jinan,Shandong has been named Spring City since ancient times.Rapid urban development has brought about many problems such as water resource depletion,water p

253、ollution,and floods.Taking the opportunity of pilot construction of climate-adaptive cities and sponge cities,Jinan will effectively enhance the citys comprehensive capabilities in flood control,drainage,and disaster reduction,enhance climate adaptability,and improve the water resilience of the spri

254、ng city.In 2021,at the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity(COP15),it was awarded and named a National Ecological Civilization Construction Demonstration Zone and a practice and innovation base of Lucid waters and lush mountains are i

255、nvaluable assets.In the pilot construction,prepare action plans to adapt to climate change,establish an urban adaptive planning system,strengthen the adaptability in the fields of construction,transportation,energy,water resources,etc.,improve the adaptation work management system,improve the abilit

256、y of meteorological monitoring and early warning,and improve the ability to adapt to climate change in the field of population health.Build an urban water ecosystem integrating mountains,springs,lakes,rivers,and cities.More than 40 sponge city policies and systems have been issued,391 construction p

257、rojects have been completed,and a cumulative investment of 7.233 billion CNY has been built.Sponge City covers an area of 52.91 square kilometers.3.2.3 Characteristics of three types of resilient cities in China Characteristics of the three types of resilient cities in China are presented from the s

258、ix aspects of leading departments,funding channels,paths,policy objectives,effectiveness,and existing challenges(Table 3.2.3).Table 3.2.3 Characteristics of 3 types of resilient cities in China Sponge city pilot Climate-adaptive city pilot(the first batch)International resilient city pilot Leading d

259、epartments Ministry of Finance Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development Ministry of Water Resources National Development and Reform Commission Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development International organizations(Rockefeller Foundation)Quantity/scale 3 batches have been launched,a total

260、 of 60 national-level pilot cities 1 batch of pilot projects 28 cities(urban areas)4 Funding channels In the National Sponge City pilot project,the Ministry of Finance provides a total of 86.5 billion CNY of special Encourage local governments to give full play to their initiative,select typical are

261、as with a certain The Global 100 Resilient Cities Project provided$164 million in free 27 3.Chinas Resilient City Construction Process:Policies,Actors and Progress financial subsidies for a period of 3 years according to the size of the city,including 600 million CNY per year for municipalities,500

262、million CNY per year for provincial capitals and 400 million CNY per year for other cities working foundation,and raise funds for pilot projects on their own.funding for 100 cities around the world.Paths Top-down Top-down Third party and multiple stakeholder participation Policy objectives Through t

263、he construction of sponge cities,comprehensive measures such as seepage,retention,storage,purification,utilization,and drainage are adopted to minimize the impact of urban development and construction on the ecological environment,and 70%of the rainfall is absorbed and utilized on the spot.By 2020,m

264、ore than 20%of the urban built-up area should meet the target requirements;by 2030,more than 80%of the urban built-up area will meet the target requirements.By 2020,it should be generally achieved to incorporate climate change-related indicators into the urban and rural planning system,construction

265、standards,and industrial development plans.By 2030,the ability of cities to address waterlogging,drought and water shortage,high temperature and heat waves,strong winds,and freezing disasters will be significantly enhanced,and their ability to adapt to climate change will be comprehensively improved

266、.Promote the implementation of resilience strategies in resilient cities,promote cities with greater resilience to respond to the challenges of urbanization,globalization and climate change,and enhance the ability of individuals,communities,enterprises and systems in cities to survive,adapt and grow

267、 in the face of shocks and pressures.Challenges The construction goal of sponge cities might be difficult to achieve it through short-term pilot projects for several years;some pilot projects of sponge city are small,scattered,and fragmented,failing to fully consider the overall resilience and long-

268、term planning of the city;the typicality and representativeness of the pilot selection is not prominent enough,high-risk cities are under-selected,and low-risk cities are over-represented.Moderately resilient cities and low-risk cities account for 33%of the sponge city pilots,which is icing on the c

269、ake.Climate-adaptive cities lack standardized construction standards and assessment indicators for different fields,and it is difficult to summarize and refine the experience that can be used for reference by different regions and types of cities.Although climate-adaptive cities emphasize the role o

270、f urban planning and enhancing the ability of cities to adapt to climate change in an all-round way,specific implementation plans,and evaluation tools are required.Vulnerable cities and high-risk cities account for 92%of the total number of climate-adaptive pilots and need to offer fuel in snowing w

271、eather.The normalized resilient city building lacks a strong connection with emergency response under crisis conditions.For example,resilience strategy mainly focuses on its own resilience action plans in different areas such as urban transportation,construction,industry,water resources,infrastructu

272、re,etc.under daily conditions.Among them,the City Emergency Management is only included in the Urban water supply guarantee and emergency response action plan.28 3.Chinas Resilient City Construction Process:Policies,Actors and Progress Photo:Kelly Dai_ICLEI 4.Building Urban Resilience in China:Colla

273、boration among ICLEI,UNDRR,Local Governments and beyond 29 4.Building Urban Resilience in China:Collaboration among ICLEI,UNDRR,Local Governments and beyond 4.Building Urban Resilience in China:Collaboration among ICLEI,UNDRR,Local Governments and beyond 4.1 Resilient Cities Pathway and MCR2030 Init

274、iative Resilience connects many sustainable strategies in the urban context.In ICLEIs 2021 report,we regard resilience as the core part of ICLEIs sustainability strategies,preparing for new risks and impacts,while taking the rights and needs of vulnerable sections of society into account(ICLEI,2021)

275、.Enhancing the resilience of cities can pave the way for other development paths:for instance,an initiative on urban agriculture can strengthen a citys capability of ensuring food security and establishing a sustainable food system,which also provides opportunities to introduce other urban developme

276、nt elements integrating Nature-based Solutions.In return,other development pathways can also foster resilience.Circular development in an urban context can enhance the flexibility of the economy and sufficiency of resource use,and create potential employment opportunities.Moreover,resilience is also

277、 a concept integrating possible solutions.Programs like Sponge Cities try to introduce Nature-based Solutions in the resilience design for urban planning,for example by using soil and appropriate limestone to filter rainwater and enrich above-ground greens and underground reservoirs(ICLEI,2019).ICLE

278、I is one of the forerunners exploring solutions for urban resilience.Since 2010,ICLEI has been hosting the Resilient Cities Congress annually(now Daring Cities).Through gathering local governments from all over the world,the congress is the platform for sharing urban resilience practice experiences,

279、learning localised knowledge from a global perspective,as well as formulating approaches for building urban resilience.ICLEI initiated urban resilience as a cluster of concepts,emphasizing the holistic nature,complexity,and systematicity of cities(Otto-Zimmermann,2011;Otto-Zimmermann&Balbo,2012).Res

280、ilient development is an active and adaptive process,which reflects the present and urgent needs,and maps out scenarios to guide long-term development plans.Making Cities Resilient 2030(MCR2030)9 is a unique cross-stakeholder initiative for improving local resilience through advocacy,sharing knowled

281、ge and experiences,establishing mutually reinforcing city-to-city learning networks,injecting technical expertise,connecting multiple layers of government and building partnerships.MCR2030 is built upon the success of the previous decade of advocacy work under the Making Cities Resilient(MCR)Campaig

282、n10 which was launched in 2010 and concluded at the end of 2020.9 https:/mcr2030.undrr.org/10 https:/mcr2030.undrr.org/who-we-are/history One of the tools proposed by UNDRR and its partners for local governments to support capacity building and assessment of disaster resilience at local level is the

283、 Disaster Resilience Scorecard11(preliminary level and detailed assessment),structured around the UNDRRs Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient12.The tool provides a set of assessments for local governments and stakeholders from other sectors,to assess resilience across key sectors of city gover

284、nance,support the baseline analysis for preparation of the disaster risk reduction and resilience strategies,and help to monitor and review progress and challenges in the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction:2015-2030.The Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient(see f

285、igure 4.1)were developed to accelerate implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction(2015-2030)at local level.The Ten Essentials map directly against the Sendai priorities of action and its indicators for monitoring actions on disaster risk reduction.They are the critical and in

286、dependent steps that need to be undertaken to build and maintain resilience.The following provides the rationale for each Essential,pointing out strategic areas of intervention and identifying key actions.The actions identified under each Essential should be part of the overall disaster risk reducti

287、on and resilient planning process and influence urban development planning and design(Making Cities Resilient 2030,2024).Figure 4.1 The Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient(Making Cities Resilient 2030,2024)11 https:/mcr2030.undrr.org/disaster-resilience-scorecard-cities 12 https:/mcr2030.undr

288、r.org/ten-essentials-making-cities-resilient 31 4.Building Urban Resilience in China:Collaboration among ICLEI,UNDRR,Local Governments and beyond The Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient are(UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction,2017,p.32):1.Organize for disaster resilience.Put in place an org

289、anizational structure with strong leadership and clarity of coordination and responsibilities.Establish Disaster Risk Reduction as a key consideration throughout the City Vision or Strategic Plan.2.Identify,understand,and use current and future risk scenarios.Maintain up-to-date data on hazards and

290、vulnerabilities.Prepare risk assessments based on participatory processes and use these as the basis for urban development of the city and its long-term goals.3.Strengthen financial capacity for resilience.Prepare a financial plan by understanding and assessing the significant economic impacts of di

291、sasters.Identify and develop financial mechanisms to support resilience activities.4.Pursue resilient urban development and design.Carry out risk-informed urban planning and development based on up-to-date risk assessments with particular focus on vulnerable populations.Apply and enforce realistic,r

292、isk compliant building regulations.5.Safeguard natural buffers to enhance the protective functions offered by natural ecosystems.Identify,protect and monitor natural ecosystems within and outside the city geography and enhance their use for risk reduction.6.Strengthen institutional capacity for resi

293、lience.Understand institutional capacity for risk reduction including those of governmental organizations;private sector;academia,professional and civil society organizations,to help detect and strengthen gaps in resilience capacity.7.Understand and strengthen societal capacity for resilience.Identi

294、fy and strengthen social connectedness and culture of mutual help through community and government initiatives and multimedia channels of communication.8.Increase infrastructure resilience.Develop a strategy for the protection,and update the maintenance of critical infrastructure.Develop risk mitiga

295、ting infrastructure where needed.9.Ensure effective preparedness and disaster response.Create and regularly update preparedness plans,connect with early warning systems and increase emergency and management capacities.10.Expedite recovery and build back better.Establish post-disaster recovery,rehabi

296、litation,and reconstruction strategies that are aligned with long-term planning and providing an improved city environment.Starting in 2018,ICLEI and UNDRR have been working with Chinese local governments on organizing urban resilience and DRR workshops.By 2024,seven workshops were hosted with parti

297、cipants from Zhuhai,Ningbo,Chengdu,Changning District of Shanghai,Beijing,Guangzhou,Foshan,Shenzhen,and China-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City.Participants are from different departments,including the Ecological and Environmental Bureau(Environmental Law Enforcement,Climate Action),the Emergency Managemen

298、t Bureau,the Housing and Urban-Rural Construction Bureau,the Planning and Natural Resources Bureau,the Civil Affairs Bureau,and the Water Affairs Bureau,among others.There was also active participation from sub-district offices,community committees,local research institutes.All workshops organised p

299、rovide sharing on advance research findings and global,national,and local good practice.Topics covered include disaster risk management,spatial planning,climate mitigation and adaptation,climate finance,Nature-based Solutions and beyond.The application of Disaster Resilience Scorecard tool helped re

300、presentatives from cities on cross-sectoral communication and collaboration.These unique opportunities brought various stakeholders to discuss multiple disaster risk and resilience dimensions in an urban context,to enhance their capability and comprehensive understanding of building resilient cities

301、,and to gain insights from other cities on how to plan for long-term resilience planning and governance technically and institutionally.In following section unique findings from four cities through workshops will be presented.In total,six Chinese cities officially joined the MCR2030 initiative,namel

302、y Chengdu,Guangyuan,Lishui,Shanghai Changning District,China-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City,and Zhuji City,representing a population of more than 28 million(based on the national resident population census data in 2021)committed to reduce disaster risk and build resilience.4.2 Analysis of workshops with

303、 local governments:the status quo and challenges In the vast country,cities in China have diverse differences in the physical(e.g.,geological,climatological)and social-ecological dimensions.The four cities participated in the Strengthening Capacities for Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Cities

304、Workshops,are very different from one another:Beijing,the capital,is experiencing dynamic changes in the transformative era.On the one hand,it is under stress due to the continuously rapid rise of population and density,as well as traffic stress and infrastructure improvement needs.On the other hand

305、,it is also the hotspot of vibrant political,institutional,technological,and social innovations gathering stakeholders and participants from diverse backgrounds to navigate pathways for long-term city sustainability and resilience Chengdu,situated in South-western China,is emerging to be another meg

306、a city in China,which is making innovative progress in sustainable and nature-based planning Ningbo,a sub-tropical coastal city,is highly industrialized with active commercial and trading activities.It has shown experience and confidence in Public-Private Partnership(PPP)Shanghai,the core of the Yan

307、gtze River delta,Changning District has been actively exploring sustainable solutions during the transformative era-from a transportation centre of Shanghai to a liveable,resilient,and well-connected area with international economic sectors.33 4.Building Urban Resilience in China:Collaboration among

308、 ICLEI,UNDRR,Local Governments and beyond Shanghai and Beijing provide distinct experiences of practising resilience innovations.For Shanghai,its open and advanced administration and governance helped to form some specialised functional zone offices,with a focus on different trans-department/transdi

309、sciplinary work.For instance,the Hongqiao and Zhongshan Park District Function Development Office was organized with special attention to the transportation,mobility,recreational,and commercial functions of two main functional zones in Changning District,Shanghai.This Office ensures the integration

310、of cross-departmental work and enhances administration efficiency.The application of STIs to continuously build urban resilience is remarkable in Beijing.Located in the core area,Olympic Forest Park serves as an important site for observing the potential of urban forestry as a carbon sink.With sever

311、al observation and monitoring towers,years of data is gathered and could be used for the development of the carbon market and spatial planning considering nature-based solutions.Supported by advanced research from universities,institutes,and national agencies,Beijing is also the pioneer in consideri

312、ng resilience concepts and DRR elements during urban planning and policymaking.4.2.1 Beijing The capital city of China has a complex and lively urban system.Combining multiple functions,Beijing is packed with national government and ministries,higher education institutions,big traditional companies,

313、emerging ICT,and a variety of public service settings.These features attract a large number of incomers and high mobility,which are challenging for its service of resources,environment,housing,transportation,and medical health.Flood control emergency rapid response system For disaster risk reduction

314、,flood control is always a key task for Beijing.The governments capacity for management and risk control has been improving for several decades.With mountains half-surrounding the North-Western part of Beijing,the main urban areas are in the centre.Based on its geographical features,flood control in

315、 Beijing consists of three different types:floods and mudslides control in mountainous areas;hardening and monitoring of key hydro engineer infrastructures on the rivers;and maintaining the transportation and commute system in the core urban areas.Five rivers/creeks flowing through the main urban ar

316、ea are extremely important for flood control and storage,especially during the periodically heavy precipitation from June to August.Recently,Beijing has developed a city-wide engineering system for flood control coordinating functions provided across districts.The representative from the Flood Contr

317、ol Division of Beijing Emergency Management Bureau briefly introduced the 1+7+5+16 flood control command system in Beijing today(ICLEI East Asia Secretariat Beijing Office,2021a,p.6):1 is one command by the municipal flood control command centre;7 is 7 special specifications,which are closely relate

318、d to flood control,including publicity,water affairs,construction,roads,ground hazards,pipelines and tourism.5 is 5 creek basins,and 16 is 16 districts.This mechanism ensures that different departments can provide quick emergency response when needed.As the core functional institution,the control co

319、mmand centre can make early warning and in-time information sharing.Urban planning for building disaster resilience The vivid academic environment sets a strong foundation for policymaking on urban resilience and DRR in Beijing.As a city with diverse features,Beijing is an important sample for resea

320、rchers to study its resilient development from a variety of perspectives.As one of the pioneer research projects on resilience planning in China,the work of Resilience Planning under the Beijing city master plan(2016-2035)has been completed by the Beijing Municipal Institute of City Planning&Design(

321、BICP),including the existing data,information,and action plans for future reference(ICLEI East Asia Secretariat,2021a).A comprehensive disaster database was developed through this program specifically maps out four categories of existing and potential disasters in Beijing city,including 37 types.Lat

322、er,the database contributes coupling analysis on a variety of hazards,degrees of exposure and sensitivity.For instance,the geological,geographical and climatic features of Beijing contain a high potential for geological hazards and floods,which are exacerbated by extreme meteorological and climatic

323、events.Via analysing the causalities and correlations of different disasters,it presents the status quo of current disaster risks and reduction approaches.Synergised information can directly provide action points to policymaking.Similar to the other three cities,Beijing is well-prepared for risk con

324、trol and resiliency building,in terms of organization and integration,understanding of hazards and risks,financial supports,land-zoning and formulation of new building standards,and the institutions themselves.However,since China,and particularly mega cities like Beijing are experiencing rapid chang

325、es like high mobility,rapid land-use shifts,and increasing pressures on transportation systems,participants are very conservative on whether current infrastructure can provide adequate service for all residents.In cases like resilience planning and capability building,there are very few non-governme

326、ntal participants.It might lead to a knowledge gap for broader stakeholders on city resilience action.The development of Beijings urban resilience becoming to be an imperative part of the city.At the end of 2021,Beijing released a comprehensive design of The Guidelines for Accelerating the Developme

327、nt of Resilient Cities(2021),with a timeline of building 50 resilience demonstrative communities by 2025,achieving significant performance by 2035 on preventing catastrophic disasters,and developing adaptive and rapid recovering capacities.This is to be institutionally ensured through developing lea

328、derships,assessments,and consultations,and mainstreaming resilient indicators in city development.Four dimensions are addressed with precise targets,including resilience of urban spaces,infrastructures and engineering projects,administration,and management,as well as social resilience.BICP also lead

329、s the development of Beijing Specialized Planning of Resilient City(2022-2035).4.2.2 Chengdu Based in the basin of the mountainous area in Southwestern China,Sichuan Province especially its capital city Chengdu has been known as the heavenly province/the land of plenty(天府之)for its 35 4.Building Urba

330、n Resilience in China:Collaboration among ICLEI,UNDRR,Local Governments and beyond extraordinary environment that is near the mountains and by the rivers,grand arable land,and mild climate since the fourth century.When China entered the international society and started its market reform,Chengdu gra

331、dually developed as the centre of South-western China politically,economically,and culturally.People-oriented social resilience building The high frequency of severe earthquakes invoked Chengdus resilience in coping with disasters,both institutionally and collaboratively.The outbreak of the Wenchuan

332、 Earthquake in 2008,which measured 8.0 Ms,marked the starting year of civic philanthropy in China.A huge number of volunteer groups flooded into Sichuan Province with tons of food and clothes soon after the earthquake happened.It was problematic during the rescue time since most people were not trai

333、ned for emergency response.Many civil grassroots organizations were established afterwards in Sichuan,working on a cluster of developmental projects,like empowering communities through diversifying income sources and refreshing education systems with advanced educational resources and expertise,which also contribute to NGO engagement in risk management,and a mature emergency response network.Besid