1、The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and RepresentationA State of the Industry View of Management Education Reference Guide.34.5.6A Letter from the CEO .Introduction .Methodology .Key Highlights and Observations Regional Reports .9Target Pipeline Reports .26Race or Ethnicity.26Gender.41Glossary

2、 of Terms .44Appendix 1:Country and Location Reports .48Appendix 2:Regional Classifications .187Appendix 3:Additional Resources .192Diversity Enrollment Resources from GMAC .193Contact Information .193Table of ContentsThe Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Managem

3、ent Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.2If“business is a force for good”,it stands to reason that business education should also be a force for good.This has many dimensions:the values that we seek to inculcate in our students,sensitivity to the important issues like sustainability and

4、inequality and,importantly,the diversity of our classrooms.Diversity is a bedrock because it serves two foundational purposes.By providing equal access to all subgroups gender,race,background a diverse student body lifts us all and by creating a cohort of students from different backgrounds,it creat

5、es a richer student experience and increases sensitivity to the issues that affect others.GMACs vision is a world where every talented individual can benefit from the best business education for them.This means that we seek to ensure access,transparency and a lack of bias in our own services as well

6、 as in the admissions and enrollment processes of our partner schools,with the end goal being student bodies that reflect the communities we serve.There is also a recognition that GME is global and a diverse classroom means different things in different regions gender,race,socio-economic background,

7、national origin are all components of diversity.A foundational part of this effort is an understanding of where we are today.How diverse is Graduate Management Education(GME)compared to our community(demographics)and the potential pipeline(undergraduate degrees granted)?Where do we excel and where d

8、o we have work to do?This report the first global state of the industry view about diversity in Graduate Management Education is intended to serve as information and as a guide.Our intent is to use it to target outreach and advocate for the value of GME to underrepresented populations around the glo

9、be.We trust that you will find it useful and use it to inform your own outreach and decision processes.Sangeet Chowfla,President and CEO Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM)The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).Al

10、l rights reserved.3Researchers assert that“a persons educational attainment is one of the most important determinants of his or her life chances in terms of employment,income,health status,housing,and many other amenities.Unlike other attributes,such as family background and personal characteristics

11、,educational attainment can be chosen by the individual and influenced by public policy.”Belfield and Levin.2016.Brookings.Business schools are well-positioned in this conversation,particularly as they have opportunities to engage those in the talent pipeline from the most vulnerable employment circ

12、umstances(such as women,talent from lower income countries,and young talent who face increasing levels of global unemployment).MBA and other graduate management education programs equip business leaders,owners,and entrepreneurs with tools for socio-economic empowerment.Moreover,the most popular busi

13、ness school curriculum concentrations of leadership and change management,business analytics and data science,strategy,corporate finance,social entrepreneurship/nonprofit,law/ethics,technology management,and leadership/change management are at the crossroads of this discourse.Societies benefit from

14、graduate management education(GME)as well.The fundamental role of education in social,economic,and political developmentas a means of development and a measure of developmentis widely recognized.The knowledge,skills,and abilities that one brings to the labor market following a graduate management ed

15、ucation will be imperative during a time of post-pandemic economic recovery.Strategies to overcome gender pay gaps and other inequalities will unquestionably come from GME classrooms and the talent themselvesmaking the participation and educational attainment of key underrepresented groups critical

16、for creating sustainable global change.In early 2021,GMAC sought to create a lens with the aim of better understanding representation within the diverse pipeline for graduate management education worldwide.A framework to understand diversity and representation in the GME pipeline today provides the

17、necessary uniformity for future decision-making and analysis that will impact all stakeholders.Data examined in this report can serve as a baseline of information,as the conversation advances from short-term adjustments to long-term economic growth and human rights improvements for inclusive policie

18、s.This report can assist with goals toward greater classroom diversity in the following ways:Understanding access and representation inthe pipeline to business masters degrees,Gauging the willingness to study businessamong key talent segments,and Measuring attainment based on study subjectand level

19、of degree.IntroductionEducation systems across the globe experienced disruption due to the coronavirus(COVID-19)pandemic.As universities sought to adapt in the short-term,their innovation has brought forward a renewed attention to issues of student access,equity,as well as diversity and representati

20、on in tertiary educational attainment.The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.4Considering the latest available data for global consistency,2018 data is the base year that draws from across the US Census Bu

21、reau International Database,The World Bank,UNESCO,UNECE,and OECD.Supplemental material of country and regional descriptions as well as available 2020/2021 international rankings indices were included for present context.This data set is designed to improve classroom diversity by offering consistent

22、measurements for global GME attainment.The information is helpful to identify current levels of representation and will help graduate business schools gauge where their organizations efforts stand in reaching talent.From an analytical perspective,the talent pipeline is difficult to compare as change

23、s may occur at different times that generate vastly different opportunities and challenges.For that reason,the data are presented as a snapshot in time and are useful alongside related data analyzing stakeholder attitudes(students,parents,employers),mobility trends,economic development,and other soc

24、ial measurements that can influence access,equity,and inclusion of diverse talent.There is great demand from companies looking to measure talent representation at executive,senior,and managerial levels.Similarly,schools are focused on new efforts to collect and gauge data for diverse talent in their

25、 cohorts.Overall,this effort is aligned with new efforts to collect and evaluate data that can later help influence talent acquisition,talent development,and other factors impacting employees by age groups or aspects that may determine participation and inclusion.This report includes a global overvi

26、ew,seven regional outlooks,and separate reports for 69 locations or countries with an estimated 25,000 or more people within the student-aged population of 20 to 34 who are assumed to have attained a masters degree in the subject of business,administration,or law,all sourced from 2017-18 data set.Ad

27、ditionally,a feature is included for data on women worldwide as well as segments for data displayed by United States race/ethnicity.Educational attainment data at the country level is sourced from UNESCO.However,for a deeper dive of US population educational attainment by race and ethnicity groups,i

28、nformation was sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics(NCES)and the American Community Survey five-year data from the US Census Bureau.The reliability and validity of some statistics may be harder to track,and data estimates should be analyzed with caution for some locations(such a

29、s North Korea,Cuba,and other locations)due to political,social,and economic developments.The data are an important contribution to establish the supply side-diversity measurements and greater transparency sought by companies and schools that GMAC serves globally.MethodologyUsing a consistent methodo

30、logy from international sources,a data set was created to illustrate the diversity of the candidate pipeline for graduate management education(GME).This data set offers a point of reference for GME attainment as well as key measurements by region,country,or location,as well as by age,gender,subject

31、of study,race,and ethnicity.The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.5Key Highlights and ObservationsThe following pages are a rich source of information about diverse pipelines around the world.A few highli

32、ghts and observations are listed below:Worldwide There are an estimated 15 million people aged 20 to 34across the world who are graduate management education(GME)masters degree-holders.The 10 countries with thelargest supply of GME masters degree-holders within thestudent-age populations include Chi

33、na(Mainland),India,the United States,Brazil,Indonesia,Iran,Russia,Japan,the United Kingdom,and Bangladesh.Globally,of the more than 61 million people assumed tohave attained a masters degree,approximately 24 percenthave earned GME degrees.By region,a noticeably higherdistribution of GME masters degr

34、ee-holders is seen forLatin America(33.1%),the Middle East(27.6%),and EastAsia and the Pacific(26.6%).Approximately 26 percent of all bachelors degree-holdersworldwide studied in the fields of business,administration,or law.Not surprisingly,the 10 countries contributing thegreatest number of these b

35、achelors degree-holdersoverlap quite a bit with the largest masters source markets,and include India,China(Mainland),the United States,Russia,Brazil,Iran,the United Kingdom,Indonesia,Pakistan,and Turkey.Pakistan and Turkey are notable inclusions,with grads in these fields accounting for 28 percent a

36、nd40 percent respectively of the countrys total bachelorsdegree-holders.Irrespective of volume,the greatestrepresentation of bachelors degree-holders in business,administration,or law are observed for Cyprus(43.4%)and the United Kingdom(41.4%).The worlds three largestregional sources of bachelors de

37、gree-holders in thesefields come from East Asia and the Pacific(28.3%),Centraland South Asia(25.4%),and Europe(15.9%).Beyond the largest supply-side markets or leading sourcesof GMAT test-takers,online engagement of candidatesis notable from Singapore and Nigeria,suggesting thesemarkets as emerging

38、talent pipelines based on interestand motivation to pursue business school.Regional An estimated 4 million people aged 20 to 34 acrossEast Asia and the Pacific have GME degrees,making it thelargest of the student-age population GME talent pipelinesamong the seven regions studied.The greatest supply

39、ofstudent-age population GME talent for the region are seenfrom China(Mainland),Indonesia,and Japan.Other leadingsources of talent follow,and with slim margins,includingAustralia,South Korea,Vietnam,Thailand,Taiwan China,and Philippines.The economic discrepancies across thesemarkets and throughout t

40、he region will continue to shapethe GME talent pipeline.By age segment,Africa has the largest share of earlytalent(25.6%of the GME degree-holders aged 20-24)in comparison to all other regions.The data suggestconsiderable opportunity for GME as rapid populationgrowth is expected to occur across the c

41、ontinent.Across all seven world regions,when comparing shares ofGME degree-holders to each regions respective student-age populations,the largest difference in the proportionof male and female is observed for Europe(1.3%femalesversus 2.0%males).As a region,38.4 percent of GMEdegrees are held by fema

42、les in Europe,slightly lower thanthe global average(44.8%).Notably,some of Europessmallest markets observe greater than 50 percent femaleGME degree-holders(led by Luxembourg at 58.7%shareof GME degrees by females).In the European region,thegreatest supply of student-age population GME talent areseen

43、 from Russia,UK,and France.Europe has the largestshare of those aged 30-34(41.8%of the GME pipeline)andthe smallest share of early talent(19.8%of the GME pipelineare those aged 20-24)in comparison to all other regions.The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Managem

44、ent Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.6 As a major source of talent for GME,approximately 1 in4 bachelors degree-holders worldwide in the fields ofbusiness,administration,or law comes from the Centraland South Asia region.The largest absolute numberscome from India,Pakistan,and Banglad

45、esh-each seeing28 percent of its bachelors level degree-holders in thesesubject areas.This is a rate higher than the global averageof 26 percent among graduates at the bachelors level.Bhutan and Sri Lanka also observe similarly high rates(28%and 29%respectively),suggesting strong demandfrom even som

46、e of the Central and South Asia regionssmallest nations.Two countries in the Latin America region have greaterthan 60 percent females within the student-age populationof 20 to 34 who are assumed to have attained a mastersdegree in the subject of business,administration,or law:Colombia(65.6%)and Domi

47、nican Republic(64.5%).Countries significant to candidate engagement withinthe region may include Honduras,Nicaragua,El Salvador,and Bolivia,as each observes 28 percent of all bachelorsdegree-holders to have studied business,administration,or law.The field of science shows females over-indexed atthe

48、bachelors degree level,a potential pathway for GMEtalent acquisition.An estimated 2 million people have GME degrees inNorth America(US and Canada).This represents 2.1percent of those aged 20 to 34 in the region,the highestproportion among the seven regions studied.The supplyof student-age GME talent

49、 from the United States isroughly 12 times larger than that of Canada.The share of bachelors degree-holders in the fieldsof business,administration,or law relative to all otherbachelors subjects studied within a region is highest inthe Middle East(33.0%),led by the popularity of businessstudies amon

50、g those from Jordan,Iran,Lebanon,Iraq,and Turkey.Beyond the largest supply-side markets orleading sources of GMAT test-takers,online engagementof candidates is notable in the Middle East region fromthe United Arab Emirates and Lebanon,suggesting thesemarkets as emerging talent pipelines based on int

51、erestand motivation to pursue business school.The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.7Women and GME Worldwide,44.8 percent of GME degrees are held byfemales within the student-aged population of 20 to 34ye

52、ars old.The 10 countries with the greatest supply offemale GME talent within the student-age populationsinclude China(Mainland),India,the United States,Brazil,Indonesia,Japan,the United Kingdom,Iran,Mexico,and Russia.Japan and Mexico are notable inclusionswhen compared with the largest sources of ta

53、lent.The smallest share of female GME degree-holders isseen among the early talent cohort(21.9%of those aged20-24)in comparison to all other ages.This suggestswomen may be able to strengthen their progress foroverall representation by making gains in GMEparticipation within this age group.Five count

54、ries showed greater than 60 percent femaleGME degree-holders,including:Colombia(65.6%),Dominican Republic(64.5%),Australia(63.4%),Djibouti(61.1%),and Tunisia(60.1%).Data suggest there is a blockage in the funnel for womento obtain GME degrees,observed by their decrease inrepresentation from bachelor

55、s to masters level study inthe fields of business,administration,and law.Globally,26.4 percent of bachelors degrees earned by femalesare in BAL,slightly higher than for men(24.6%).At themasters level,however,males(33.7%)are more likely toearn masters degrees in BAL than females(29.4%).Thisis explain

56、ed by greater representation of females in othersubjects,such as Education and Health&Welfare.In most world regions,females earning graduate degreestend to be less likely to pursue the fields of business,administration,and law compared with males.In Europe,however,the proportion of business,administ

57、ration,andlaw graduate degrees is very similar for both sexes(23.8%for females and 24.6%for males).US race/ethnicity groups The GME participation rate(the proportion of GMEdegree-holders relative to the student-aged population)differs in distribution for each of the seven US race/ethnicitygroups stu

58、died and is a key measurement when evaluatingrepresentation of talent for business schools.The highestGME participation rate is seen among Asian Americans,as 4.5 percent of the groups student-aged populationare GME degree-holders.This is not surprising,as it isconsistent with Asian Americans also ha

59、ving the greatestlevels of overall degree attainment at the bachelors level(52.1%)and masters level(16.0%).The next highest rate ofparticipation is among Pacific Islanders,with 3.5 percent oftheir student-aged population holding GME degrees.Thethird highest GME participation rate is seen among Black

60、sor African Americans(3.0%),signaling they are slightlyoverrepresented in GME relative to their population sizewhen compared with other groups,and potentially reflectiveof high rates of enrollment among African Americans atfor-profit institutions.Other GME participation rates forrace/ethnicity group

61、s include Whites(2.5%),HispanicAmericans(1.3%),American Indians or Alaska Natives(1.3%),and Others or Two or more races(0.7%).Compared with masters level degree-holders for allsubjects,the US rate of participation in GME is 23 percent.Even greater percentages are noted by some race/ethnicity groups:

62、those more likely to choose GME includeAsian Americans(28.4%),Blacks or African Americans(27.7%),and Pacific Islanders(27.5%).Other groups withlower rates by comparison include Hispanic Americans(22.4%),American Indian/Alaska Natives(21.9%),Whites(21.8%),and Other or Two or more races(21.6%).Asian A

63、mericans have the highest levels of educationalattainment when compared with all other race/ethnicitygroups studied,echoed in the proportion of degree-holders relative to the student-aged population forbachelors(52.1%),masters(16.0%),and for GME(4.5%)higher than all other groups at each degree level

64、.Onenotable factor is the large proportion of Asian Americansin GME from the oldest age group of 3034-year-olds(43.9%of the segment,the largest share when comparedwith all other race/ethnicities),an age group that typicallycoincides with purchasing power and headway incareer development.In absolute

65、numbers for five of the seven US race/ethnicitygroups studied,females hold the majority of GME degrees,led by Black or African American females(62.8%)andAmerican Indian or Alaska Natives females(52.7%).Only White females(44.1%)and Asian Americans females(49.3%)do not represent the majority within th

66、eir groups.The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.8Regional ReportsSelect a region below to access its summary report.Click here to browse the individual country and location reports.AfricaLatin AmericaCen

67、tral and South AsiaMiddle EastEast Asia and the PacificNorth AmericaEuropeWorldwideThe Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.9AfricaRegional OutlookAfrica is the worlds second largest continent by land mass,w

68、ith vast differencesin politics,economies,and culture.The range in population size illustrates one ofthese enormous contrasts:Egypt,Ethiopia,and Nigeria each have more than 85million inhabitants,compared with tiny countries of fewer than 1 million inhabitants(Comoros,Djibouti,Cabo Verde,Sao Tome and

69、 Principe,and Seychelles).Due toexponential population growth,projections show that by 2100,one in three peopleon Earth will be African.Although northern and southern Africa are often distinctin data,new momentum around shared security concerns,environmental issues,and economic development continue

70、to drive greater cooperation for intra-Africandevelopment.International investment,particularly from China,is a key factor inchanges across the African continent.South Africa has notable recognition,asfour universities located in the country are among the top 500 of global universityrankings,includi

71、ng highest ranked University of Cape Town,South Africa which is220th on the QS World University Rankings 2021.The 55 locations for this Africa summary represent 17 percent of the worlds population and 4.9 percent of globalGDP.Average annual GDP per capita is$2,322 with the following income distribut

72、ions.Low incomeLower middleUpper middleHigh incomeCountries232372%of Countries41.8%41.8%12.7%3.6%of Population40.8%53.7%5.5%0.1%Education SummaryAn estimated 760.7 thousand people aged 20 to 34 across Africa have graduate management education(GME)degrees.40.4 percent of GME degrees are held by femal

73、es in the region,lower than the 44.8 percent figureglobally.The following table highlights the proportion of the student-aged population believed to hold various degrees.Italso shows the proportion of GME degree-holders by age group.Degree EstimatesGME Age DistributionGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME2

74、0-2425-2930-34Total302,188,65517,400,0413,365,891760,692194,752298,247267,693Female152,025,0238,238,8561,574,911307,63276,764120,709110,159Male150,163,6329,161,1851,790,980453,060117,988177,538157,534Degree-Holders Relative to Student PopulationProportion of GME Segment by AgeGenderTotalBachelorsMas

75、tersGME20-2425-2930-34Total100.0%5.8%1.1%0.3%25.6%39.2%35.2%Female100.0%5.4%1.0%0.2%25.0%39.2%35.8%Male100.0%6.1%1.2%0.3%26.0%39.2%34.8%The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.10Africa-Country and Location

76、ComparisonsThe following charts display the top 10 countries or locations within Africa for several graduate managementeducation indicators for their student-aged population.125,338104,51768,61862,16336,05133,85233,82025,85324,25723,303GhanaCongo(DR)EthiopiaKenyaMoroccoTanzaniaAlgeriaSouth AfricaEgy

77、ptNigeriaTotal GME Degrees61.1%60.1%58.0%57.9%57.0%56.4%54.6%53.6%51.3%50.3%GabonLibyaSouth AfricaEquatorial GuineaCape VerdeAlgeriaNamibiaBotswanaTunisiaDjiboutiGME Degrees by Females35,93922,9439,7818,1498,0494,2933,8351,616999798UgandaAlgeriaTunisiaMoroccoEthiopiaKenyaGhanaEgyptSouth AfricaNigeri

78、aOnline Engagement of GME Candidates*Combined visitor counts from and BusinessB26.6%15.8%8.8%8.8%7.7%6.9%3.4%3.1%2.0%1.9%TunisiaUgandaZimbabweCameroonKenyaGhanaEgyptMoroccoSouth AfricaNigeriaShare of Regional GMAT Exams TakenFemale Representation by Subject and Education LevelPeople earn degrees acr

79、oss a variety of subjects at the bachelors and masters levels.This table reveals thedistribution for Africa by subject and level,as well as female representation relative to males for each outcome.For instance,at the masters level,the proportion of degrees held by females in Business,Administration,

80、&Law is4.6 percentage-points lower than it is for males.Bachelors DegreesMasters DegreesSubjectFemaleMaleDiffFemaleMaleDiffAgriculture2.0%5.1%-3.1%1.1%2.0%-0.9%Art&Humanities8.9%4.0%+5.0%7.6%4.9%+2.7%Business,Admin&Law29.7%25.1%+4.5%28.1%32.6%-4.6%Education15.1%4.8%+10.3%17.7%9.0%+8.8%Engineering7.8

81、%24.3%-16.6%5.3%12.4%-7.1%Health&Welfare14.8%7.9%+6.9%19.5%12.7%+6.8%Info&Comms Tech2.4%11.6%-9.2%1.9%5.8%-3.9%Science3.4%2.8%+0.6%4.0%5.8%-1.8%Services5.7%9.7%-3.9%3.1%5.1%-2.0%Social Sciences8.4%3.6%+4.8%11.7%9.7%+2.0%Unknown2.0%1.1%+0.9%0.0%0.0%-The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Repre

82、sentation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.11Central and South AsiaRegional OutlookCentral and South Asia is among the fastest growing regions in the world.Indiaaccounts for most of the regional economy and is the only member of the G20major economies.Promisin

83、g markets in Bangladesh and Pakistan make them partof the Next Eleven rising economies.Yet,significant wealth disparity among thesecountries(especially between rural and urban areas)also makes the region hometo nearly half of the worlds poor.A new development among the former Sovietrepublics(Kazakhs

84、tan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,and Uzbekistan)wasthe June 2021 creation of a unified higher education area.The zone among thestans will allow university students and academic staff to transfer freely,exchangeknowledge and experience,and collaborate on joint research projects.In termsof recog

85、nition,four universities in the region appear among the top 200 of globaluniversity rankings:Al-Farabi Kazakh National University in Almaty,Kazakhstanas 165th,Indian Institute of Technology of Bombay(IITB)as 172nd,the IndianInstitute of Science as 185th,and the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi(I

86、ITD)as 193rd on the QS World University Rankings 2021.The 13 locations for this Central and South Asia summary represent 24.4 percent of the worlds population and 9.2percent of global GDP.Average annual GDP per capita is$3,183 with the following income distributions.Low incomeLower middleUpper middl

87、eHigh incomeCountries2830%of Countries15.4%61.5%23.1%0.0%of Population2.4%96.3%1.3%0.0%Education SummaryAn estimated 3.2 million people aged 20 to 34 across Central and South Asia have graduate management education(GME)degrees.39.3 percent of GME degrees are held by females in the region,lower than

88、the 44.8 percent figureglobally.The following table highlights the proportion of the student-aged population believed to hold various degrees.Italso shows the proportion of GME degree-holders by age group.Degree EstimatesGME Age DistributionGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total457,561,8

89、2668,669,09314,594,4223,232,399808,3911,255,8801,168,128Female220,067,90333,002,9406,761,4361,269,267312,191492,364464,712Male237,493,92335,666,1537,832,9861,963,132496,200763,516703,416Degree-Holders Relative to Student PopulationProportion of GME Segment by AgeGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425

90、-2930-34Total100.0%15.0%3.2%0.7%25.0%38.9%36.1%Female100.0%15.0%3.1%0.6%24.6%38.8%36.6%Male100.0%15.0%3.3%0.8%25.3%38.9%35.8%The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.12Central And South Asia-Country and Loca

91、tion ComparisonsThe following charts display the top 10 countries or locations within Central and South Asia for several graduatemanagement education indicators for their student-aged population.2,346,355315,182295,34463,91559,91040,31234,40129,29921,03813,254Sri LankaTurkmenistanTajikistanAfghanist

92、anNepalUzbekistanKazakhstanPakistanBangladeshIndiaTotal GME Degrees55.9%55.7%50.1%45.7%45.7%45.6%42.3%39.5%39.2%38.9%IndiaBangladeshBhutanNepalUzbekistanMaldivesKyrgyzstanSri LankaKazakhstanTurkmenistanGME Degrees by Females837,45228,09513,1858,9512,8852,4462,196106AfghanistanUzbekistanSri LankaKaza

93、khstanNepalBangladeshPakistanIndiaOnline Engagement of GME Candidates*Combined visitor counts from and BusinessB91.7%3.8%1.4%0.9%0.9%0.4%0.3%0.3%0.1%0.1%TurkmenistanKyrgyzstanAfghanistanSri LankaUzbekistanBangladeshKazakhstanNepalPakistanIndiaShare of Regional GMAT Exams TakenFemale Representation b

94、y Subject and Education LevelPeople earn degrees across a variety of subjects at the bachelors and masters levels.This table reveals thedistribution for Central and South Asia by subject and level,as well as female representation relative to malesfor each outcome.For instance,at the masters level,th

95、e proportion of degrees held by females in Business,Administration,&Law is 4.9 percentage-points lower than it is for males.Bachelors DegreesMasters DegreesSubjectFemaleMaleDiffFemaleMaleDiffAgriculture1.9%5.3%-3.4%1.0%2.0%-1.0%Art&Humanities8.7%3.6%+5.0%7.9%5.0%+2.9%Business,Admin&Law30.9%25.3%+5.6

96、%27.2%32.1%-4.9%Education15.9%4.9%+11.0%17.9%9.0%+8.9%Engineering7.7%24.2%-16.5%5.1%12.1%-7.0%Health&Welfare14.4%7.8%+6.6%19.9%12.9%+7.0%Info&Comms Tech2.3%11.5%-9.2%2.0%6.0%-4.0%Science2.9%2.6%+0.3%4.0%6.0%-2.0%Services5.7%9.8%-4.1%3.0%5.0%-2.0%Social Sciences8.0%3.3%+4.7%11.9%9.9%+2.0%Unknown1.6%1

97、.6%-0.0%0.0%-The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.13East Asia and the PacificRegional OutlookEast Asia and Pacific Islands as a region encompasses some of the richest andpoorest nations in the world.It i

98、ncludes China,the most populous,fastest-growing key economy,with the largest education system in the world as well asother economies with successful developmentknown as“high-performing Asianeconomies”(HPAEs)of Malaysia,the Republic of Korea,Singapore,and Thailandand nations where growth has been fra

99、gile and disrupted by conflict,instability,andnatural disasters,such as Cambodia,Laos,Myanmar,Papua New Guinea,Philip-pines,and Vietnam.Challenges to stability include regional cooperation to assistwith the infrastructure,tax,and formal wage requirements needed to broaden ac-cess to education,health

100、,and financial services to address labor-market dualityand informality.The regions growing wealth gap has potential to worsen exist-ing inequalities and access to education.The East Asia and Pacific Islands regionhas 34 universities among the top 100 global university rankings:Led by NationalUnivers

101、ity of Singapore(NUS)as 11th,Nanyang Technological University,Singapore(NTU)as 13th,and TsinghuaUniversity in Beijing,China Mainland as 15th on the QS World University Rankings 2021.The 41 locations for this East Asia and the Pacific summary represent 30.9 percent of the worlds population and32.8 pe

102、rcent of global GDP.Average annual GDP per capita is$15,562 with the following income distributions.Low incomeLower middleUpper middleHigh incomeCountries1131215%of Countries2.4%31.7%29.3%36.6%of Population1.1%12.8%75.6%10.5%Education SummaryAn estimated 4.5 million people aged 20 to 34 across East

103、Asia and the Pacific have graduate management education(GME)degrees.51.7 percent of GME degrees are held by females in the region,higher than the 44.8 percent figureglobally.The following table highlights the proportion of the student-aged population believed to hold various degrees.Italso shows the

104、 proportion of GME degree-holders by age group.Degree EstimatesGME Age DistributionGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total532,938,28988,594,50316,818,3824,472,360934,2461,798,0781,740,036Female258,868,59447,278,7339,091,8642,313,181469,493933,871909,817Male274,069,69541,315,7707,726,5182,

105、159,179464,753864,207830,219Degree-Holders Relative to Student PopulationProportion of GME Segment by AgeGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total100.0%16.6%3.2%0.8%20.9%40.2%38.9%Female100.0%18.3%3.5%0.9%20.3%40.4%39.3%Male100.0%15.1%2.8%0.8%21.5%40.0%38.5%The Global Diversity of Talent At

106、tainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.14East Asia And The Pacific-Country and Location ComparisonsThe following charts display the top 10 countries or locations within East Asia and the Pacific for several graduatemanagement education in

107、dicators for their student-aged population.2,775,802361,974331,412168,462139,854127,581121,78097,21286,82549,310North KoreaPhilippinesTaiwan ChinaThailandVietnamSouth KoreaAustraliaJapanIndonesiaChina(Mainland)Total GME Degrees63.4%59.6%58.5%58.2%57.9%57.6%56.1%56.1%55.9%55.3%Hong Kong SARNauruTonga

108、Macao SARMalaysiaAmerican SamoaThailandSamoaBruneiAustraliaGME Degrees by Females90,62641,45230,00129,61429,27323,34422,62321,80621,19017,167ThailandJapanSouth KoreaTaiwan ChinaVietnamHong Kong SARIndonesiaAustraliaSingaporeChina(Mainland)Online Engagement of GME Candidates*Combined visitor counts f

109、rom and BusinessB77.2%5.0%3.3%2.3%2.0%2.0%1.8%1.7%1.5%1.2%AustraliaIndonesiaSingaporeHong Kong SARThailandJapanVietnamSouth KoreaTaiwan ChinaChina(Mainland)Share of Regional GMAT Exams TakenFemale Representation by Subject and Education LevelPeople earn degrees across a variety of subjects at the ba

110、chelors and masters levels.This table reveals thedistribution for East Asia and the Pacific by subject and level,as well as female representation relative to malesfor each outcome.For instance,at the masters level,the proportion of degrees held by females in Business,Administration,&Law is 3.2 perce

111、ntage-points lower than it is for males.Bachelors DegreesMasters DegreesSubjectFemaleMaleDiffFemaleMaleDiffAgriculture2.3%3.6%-1.3%1.7%1.9%-0.2%Art&Humanities11.0%6.4%+4.6%5.6%4.4%+1.2%Business,Admin&Law25.6%23.8%+1.8%33.6%36.8%-3.2%Education13.8%5.0%+8.8%16.5%8.7%+7.9%Engineering8.4%24.5%-16.1%7.0%

112、16.5%-9.6%Health&Welfare16.4%8.3%+8.1%16.8%10.1%+6.7%Info&Comms Tech2.8%9.8%-7.0%1.6%5.0%-3.4%Science4.9%3.7%+1.2%4.1%4.6%-0.5%Services4.2%7.3%-3.1%3.2%5.4%-2.2%Social Sciences9.7%6.6%+3.0%9.9%6.6%+3.3%Unknown0.9%1.0%-0.1%0.0%0.0%-The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Gra

113、duate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.15EuropeRegional OutlookEurope is one of the wealthiest regions of the world,with large variations in incomeamong its countries as those in Western Europe tend to be richer when comparedwith those in Eastern Europe still developing fol

114、lowing the collapse of the SovietUnion and the breakup of Yugoslavia.Europes megacities of more than 10 millionresidents include the urban areas of Moscow,Paris,and London.Regional cooper-ation across borders makes for ease of movements of students,freight,and trade.Europe is an attractive higher ed

115、ucation study destination of choice for its citizensand across the global talent pool.This may be further enhanced by EU plans fora European Education Area by 2025,designed to prevent structural barriers tolearning and skills development that may impact citizens employment prospectsand participation

116、 in society.Europe has 34 universities among the top 100 globaluniversity rankings:led by University of Oxford as 1st,ETH Zurich-Swiss FederalInstitute of Technology as 2nd,and University of Cambridge as 3rd on the QS World University Rankings 2021.The 55 locations for this Europe summary represent

117、10.2 percent of the worlds population and 22.4 percent ofglobal GDP.Average annual GDP per capita is$39,510 with the following income distributions.Low incomeLower middleUpper middleHigh incomeCountries021241%of Countries0.0%3.6%21.8%74.5%of Population0.0%6.2%25.6%68.2%Education SummaryAn estimated

118、2.4 million people aged 20 to 34 across Europe have graduate management education(GME)degrees.38.4 percent of GME degrees are held by females in the region,lower than the 44.8 percent figure globally.The following table highlights the proportion of the student-aged population believed to hold variou

119、s degrees.Italso shows the proportion of GME degree-holders by age group.Degree EstimatesGME Age DistributionGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total145,075,30149,228,82811,719,7422,439,564482,360936,5391,020,665Female71,360,08626,766,2676,262,963937,971183,838359,125395,008Male73,715,2152

120、2,462,5615,456,7791,501,593298,522577,414625,657Degree-Holders Relative to Student PopulationProportion of GME Segment by AgeGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total100.0%33.9%8.1%1.7%19.8%38.4%41.8%Female100.0%37.5%8.8%1.3%19.6%38.3%42.1%Male100.0%30.5%7.4%2.0%19.9%38.5%41.7%The Global Di

121、versity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.16Europe-Country and Location ComparisonsThe following charts display the top 10 countries or locations within Europe for several graduate managementeducation indicators for their

122、 student-aged population.337,511320,967258,725235,839184,977160,591136,67170,58968,73057,895RomaniaUkraineNetherlandsSpainItalyGermanyPolandFranceUnited KingdomRussiaTotal GME Degrees58.7%57.0%56.8%56.7%56.4%56.2%54.6%54.5%53.3%53.2%GreenlandGreeceSaint Pierre and MiquelonFaeroe IslandsGuernseyGibra

123、ltarLatviaJerseyIsle of ManLuxembourgGME Degrees by Females73,95143,09741,65733,06216,37916,36215,4048,8196,4395,527PortugalGreeceSwitzerlandRussiaNetherlandsSpainFranceGermanyItalyUnited KingdomOnline Engagement of GME Candidates*Combined visitor counts from and BusinessB20.8%13.9%11.7%6.9%6.2%6.1%

124、4.5%3.5%3.2%2.8%PortugalGreeceSwedenSpainUnited KingdomRussiaNetherlandsFranceItalyGermanyShare of Regional GMAT Exams TakenFemale Representation by Subject and Education LevelPeople earn degrees across a variety of subjects at the bachelors and masters levels.This table reveals thedistribution for

125、Europe by subject and level,as well as female representation relative to males for each outcome.For instance,at the masters level,the proportion of degrees held by females in Business,Administration,&Law is0.8 percentage-points lower than it is for males.Bachelors DegreesMasters DegreesSubjectFemale

126、MaleDiffFemaleMaleDiffAgriculture2.0%2.6%-0.6%2.1%1.6%+0.5%Art&Humanities13.4%8.5%+4.9%10.4%6.5%+3.9%Business,Admin&Law22.7%21.7%+0.9%23.8%24.6%-0.8%Education11.0%3.8%+7.2%13.4%6.0%+7.4%Engineering7.3%23.5%-16.2%9.3%25.5%-16.1%Health&Welfare18.2%8.5%+9.7%17.8%10.2%+7.6%Info&Comms Tech2.3%9.7%-7.4%1.

127、5%5.8%-4.3%Science7.6%7.6%-6.7%7.6%-1.0%Services3.2%5.1%-1.9%2.8%4.2%-1.4%Social Sciences11.1%7.7%+3.4%12.2%8.0%+4.2%Unknown1.2%1.2%-0.0%0.0%-The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.17Latin AmericaRegional

128、OutlookThe Latin America region consists of the entire continent of South America,inaddition to Mexico,Central America,and the islands of the Caribbean.Despite ashared experience of conquest and colonization in the late 15th through the 18thcentury,the region is a huge melting pot of different cultu

129、res.Regional challengesinclude income inequality,social exclusion for vulnerable populations including thepoor,those from rural areas,or those with African or Indigenous ancestry allof which exacerbate access and representation in education.Brazil,Mexico,andArgentina make up more than half of the hi

130、gher education student population inthe region.In terms of recognition,two Latin American universities are foundamong the top 100 of global university rankings:Universidad de Buenos Aires(UBA)as 66th and Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico(UNAM)in MexicoCity as 100th on the QS World University Ran

131、kings 2021.The 47 locations for this Latin America summary represent 8.4 percent of theworlds population and 7.7 percent of global GDP.Average annual GDP per capitais$18,180 with the following income distributions.Low incomeLower middleUpper middleHigh incomeCountries242021%of Countries4.3%8.5%42.6%

132、44.7%of Population1.7%5.1%88.3%4.9%Education SummaryAn estimated 1.6 million people aged 20 to 34 across Latin America have graduate management education(GME)degrees.53.9 percent of GME degrees are held by females in the region,higher than the 44.8 percent figureglobally.The following table highligh

133、ts the proportion of the student-aged population believed to hold various degrees.Italso shows the proportion of GME degree-holders by age group.Degree EstimatesGME Age DistributionGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total155,252,16127,242,4114,821,8611,593,763380,972619,544593,247Female77,

134、324,20215,035,4992,622,186858,312203,135333,074322,103Male77,927,95912,206,9122,199,675735,451177,837286,470271,144Degree-Holders Relative to Student PopulationProportion of GME Segment by AgeGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total100.0%17.5%3.1%1.0%23.9%38.9%37.2%Female100.0%19.4%3.4%1.1

135、%23.7%38.8%37.5%Male100.0%15.7%2.8%0.9%24.2%39.0%36.9%The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.18Latin America-Country and Location ComparisonsThe following charts display the top 10 countries or locations w

136、ithin Latin America for several graduate managementeducation indicators for their student-aged population.494,837253,989210,180165,084130,93171,72756,04136,19229,00727,244CubaDominican RepublicParaguayEcuadorVenezuelaArgentinaColombiaPeruMexicoBrazilTotal GME Degrees65.6%64.5%58.3%57.6%56.7%55.5%55.

137、4%54.5%54.4%54.2%ArubaBrazilJamaicaBelizeSaint LuciaVenezuelaEcuadorCubaDominican RepublicColombiaGME Degrees by Females33,57117,22811,22310,6468,5203,668904758744381GuatemalaEcuadorJamaicaCosta RicaArgentinaChilePeruColombiaMexicoBrazilOnline Engagement of GME Candidates*Combined visitor counts fro

138、m and BusinessB27.8%20.8%10.9%9.9%7.9%5.9%2.2%2.1%1.4%1.1%JamaicaCosta RicaVenezuelaEcuadorArgentinaChilePeruColombiaMexicoBrazilShare of Regional GMAT Exams TakenFemale Representation by Subject and Education LevelPeople earn degrees across a variety of subjects at the bachelors and masters levels.

139、This table reveals thedistribution for Latin America by subject and level,as well as female representation relative to males for eachoutcome.For instance,at the masters level,the proportion of degrees held by females in Business,Administration,&Law is 5.5 percentage-points lower than it is for males

140、.Bachelors DegreesMasters DegreesSubjectFemaleMaleDiffFemaleMaleDiffAgriculture2.4%3.6%-1.2%0.6%0.9%-0.3%Art&Humanities11.2%6.5%+4.7%1.7%2.0%-0.3%Business,Admin&Law25.1%23.6%+1.5%44.9%50.4%-5.5%Education13.9%5.2%+8.7%25.3%15.1%+10.2%Engineering8.6%24.7%-16.1%3.7%8.3%-4.6%Health&Welfare16.3%8.4%+7.9%

141、9.8%7.9%+1.9%Info&Comms Tech3.1%9.6%-6.6%1.3%4.2%-2.9%Science5.1%3.4%+1.7%1.9%2.9%-0.9%Services4.0%7.3%-3.3%1.4%2.2%-0.8%Social Sciences9.5%6.8%+2.7%9.4%6.2%+3.2%Unknown0.7%0.9%-0.2%0.0%0.0%-The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMA

142、CTM).All rights reserved.19Middle EastRegional OutlookThe Middle East is a region spanning the vast majority of Western Asia,with SaudiArabia being the largest country and Iran and Turkey as the most populous coun-tries.The Middle East has one of the youngest and fastest-growing populationsin the wo

143、rld,and correspondingly it has embraced a spirit of innovation,seen inconstruction and development.Challenges to the regions stability include the widerange of economies from poor(Yemen)to extremely wealthy nations(Qatar andUAE).In addition,a reliance on fossil fuels has encouraged a large public se

144、ctorand allowed a weak private sector.Youth unemployment is high,and lack of accessfor women to education,employment,and the business sector hinder developmentand representation.Most countries in the region are Islamic and Arabic speaking,with the exception of Turkey(Turkish),Iran(Persian),and Israe

145、l(Hebrew).TheMiddle East has notable recognition,as nine universities located in the region areamong the top 300 of global university rankings,including top ranked King Abdu-laziz University(KAU)Jeddah,Saudi Arabia as 143rd on the QS World UniversityRankings 2021.The 16 locations for this Middle Eas

146、t summary represent 4.4 percent of the worlds population and 5.7 percent ofglobal GDP.Average annual GDP per capita is$16,467 with the following income distributions.Low incomeLower middleUpper middleHigh incomeCountries2257%of Countries12.5%12.5%31.2%43.8%of Population14.1%0.9%66.4%18.7%Education S

147、ummaryAn estimated 989.8 thousand people aged 20 to 34 across the Middle East have graduate management education(GME)degrees.40.3 percent of GME degrees are held by females in the region,lower than the 44.8 percent figureglobally.The following table highlights the proportion of the student-aged popu

148、lation believed to hold various degrees.Italso shows the proportion of GME degree-holders by age group.Degree EstimatesGME Age DistributionGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total84,435,07018,093,1493,585,170989,815202,119381,532406,164Female40,140,0218,813,3141,651,519398,90583,492155,071

149、160,342Male44,295,0499,279,8351,933,651590,910118,627226,461245,822Degree-Holders Relative to Student PopulationProportion of GME Segment by AgeGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total100.0%21.4%4.2%1.2%20.4%38.5%41.0%Female100.0%22.0%4.1%1.0%20.9%38.9%40.2%Male100.0%21.0%4.4%1.3%20.1%38.3

150、%41.6%The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.20Middle East-Country and Location ComparisonsThe following charts display the top 10 countries or locations within the Middle East for several graduate manage-

151、ment education indicators for their student-aged population.346,369200,940114,384113,37555,58344,06734,31124,21419,66214,441SyriaLebanonYemenJordanIsraelUnited Arab EmiratesIraqSaudi ArabiaTurkeyIranTotal GME Degrees57.5%50.1%48.3%47.1%46.9%45.9%43.3%41.3%40.5%37.8%IranLebanonIraqSaudi ArabiaTurkeyB

152、ahrainQatarKuwaitIsraelOmanGME Degrees by Females23,66515,13013,64210,4814,8124,3202,9562,820974511BahrainOmanIranQatarKuwaitIsraelLebanonTurkeySaudi ArabiaUnited Arab EmiratesOnline Engagement of GME Candidates*Combined visitor counts from and BusinessB19.2%18.5%15.9%15.8%15.4%5.5%2.7%2.0%1.5%1.0%O

153、manPalestineSyriaJordanIranLebanonKuwaitTurkeyIsraelSaudi ArabiaShare of Regional GMAT Exams TakenFemale Representation by Subject and Education LevelPeople earn degrees across a variety of subjects at the bachelors and masters levels.This table reveals thedistribution for the Middle East by subject

154、 and level,as well as female representation relative to males for eachoutcome.For instance,at the masters level,the proportion of degrees held by females in Business,Administration,&Law is 7.0 percentage-points lower than it is for males.Bachelors DegreesMasters DegreesSubjectFemaleMaleDiffFemaleMal

155、eDiffAgriculture1.4%2.0%-0.6%2.5%3.9%-1.4%Art&Humanities13.4%9.1%+4.3%6.8%7.1%-0.3%Business,Admin&Law31.3%34.6%-3.3%27.8%34.8%-7.0%Education13.3%4.5%+8.8%11.2%5.0%+6.2%Engineering7.6%21.7%-14.1%6.6%11.7%-5.1%Health&Welfare11.7%4.9%+6.8%24.6%14.0%+10.6%Info&Comms Tech1.5%4.5%-3.0%0.4%1.5%-1.1%Science

156、3.3%3.8%-0.5%5.8%4.7%+1.0%Services2.6%4.2%-1.5%4.0%8.7%-4.7%Social Sciences13.7%10.7%+3.0%10.3%8.6%+1.7%Unknown0.1%0.0%+0.1%0.0%0.0%-The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.21North AmericaRegional OutlookNo

157、rth America covers about 17 percent of the Earths land area and is the third-largest continent by area,following Asia and Africa.Challenges to the regions sta-bility include wage stagnation,rising income inequality,large government budgetdeficits,inflation,domestic extremist groups,border policies,c

158、ivil unrest and callsagainst systemic racism and discrimination,as well as anxieties around counteringthe influence of China and Russia across the globe.The education landscape is ma-ture and extremely competitive due to the large number of programs and greaterpresence of study options,including for

159、-profit programs,MOOCs,and non-degreelearning programs.The US and Canada are among the top study destinations forthe majority of their home students as well as international students.In terms of recognition,27 universities inthe US and three in Canada are among the top 100 global university rankings

160、:led by Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology(MIT)as 1st,Stanford University as 2nd,and Harvard University as 3rd University of Toronto as 25th,McGill University in Montreal as 31st,and University of British Columbia in Vancouver as 45th on the QS WorldUniversity Rankings 2021.The 2 locations for thi

161、s North America summary represent 4.8 percent of the worlds population and 17.2 percentof global GDP.Average annual GDP per capita is$53,393 with the following income distributions.Low incomeLower middleUpper middleHigh incomeCountries0002%of Countries0.0%0.0%0.0%100.0%of Population0.0%0.0%0.0%100.0

162、%Education SummaryAn estimated 1.5 million people aged 20 to 34 across North America have graduate management education(GME)degrees.42.5 percent of GME degrees are held by females in the region,lower than the 44.8 percent figureglobally.The following table highlights the proportion of the student-ag

163、ed population believed to hold various degrees.Italso shows the proportion of GME degree-holders by age group.Degree EstimatesGME Age DistributionGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total74,192,60124,662,8276,616,1021,529,366351,550601,286576,530Female36,444,01513,398,9853,540,310649,800147

164、,375255,002247,423Male37,748,58611,263,8423,075,792879,566204,175346,284329,107Degree-Holders Relative to Student PopulationProportion of GME Segment by AgeGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total100.0%33.2%8.9%2.1%23.0%39.3%37.7%Female100.0%36.8%9.7%1.8%22.7%39.2%38.1%Male100.0%29.8%8.1%2

165、.3%23.2%39.4%37.4%The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.22North America-Country and Location ComparisonsThe following charts display the countries or locations within North America for several graduate ma

166、nagementeducation indicators for their student-aged population.1,417,066112,300CanadaUnited StatesTotal GME Degrees42.5%42.2%CanadaUnited StatesGME Degrees by Females867,10886,771CanadaUnited StatesOnline Engagement of GME Candidates*Combined visitor counts from and BusinessB92.4%7.6%CanadaUnited St

167、atesShare of Regional GMAT Exams TakenFemale Representation by Subject and Education LevelPeople earn degrees across a variety of subjects at the bachelors and masters levels.This table reveals thedistribution for North America by subject and level,as well as female representation relative to males

168、for eachoutcome.For instance,at the masters level,the proportion of degrees held by females in Business,Administration,&Law is 11.5 percentage-points lower than it is for males.Bachelors DegreesMasters DegreesSubjectFemaleMaleDiffFemaleMaleDiffAgriculture1.8%1.9%-0.1%0.8%0.5%+0.2%Art&Humanities13.8%

169、11.1%+2.7%5.8%7.4%-1.6%Business,Admin&Law22.0%24.3%-2.3%22.4%33.8%-11.5%Education7.1%2.7%+4.4%20.7%8.9%+11.8%Engineering4.5%21.3%-16.8%3.4%12.5%-9.0%Health&Welfare18.7%8.6%+10.1%29.1%14.8%+14.3%Info&Comms Tech1.7%6.3%-4.6%2.8%8.4%-5.6%Science9.1%9.9%-0.8%3.6%5.2%-1.6%Services1.6%2.2%-0.6%3.3%3.5%-0.

170、2%Social Sciences17.7%10.1%+7.6%8.1%4.9%+3.2%Unknown2.0%1.5%+0.5%0.0%0.0%-The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.23WorldwideRegional OutlookOur world is quickly changing and becoming much smaller.We are in

171、creasinglyconnected because of technology,integrated global supply chains,and innovationthat creates new opportunities within borders and beyond.The driving forces ofthese transformations are intellectual capital and key business skills.Innovationand education are linked,and correspondingly,a studen

172、ts access,voice,and par-ticipation in education are critical.But what does the landscape look like today forstudent access and to what extent are opportunities to business school equitable?Looking at BRIC countries for example:these four major emerging economies ofBrazil,Russia,India,and China were

173、anticipated by economists to increasingly dominate in a supply role for man-ufactured goods,services,and raw material by 2050.Correspondingly,they are also among the leaders of totalgraduate management education(GME)degrees seen in the student-aged population today.Yet,none of theseor other largest

174、countries appear among the list of locations where females have leading representation in GMEdegrees.Similarly,nearly half(46%)of the worlds talent pipeline lives in low or lower-middle income countries,and graduate management education(GME)programs draw only 1 percent of the student-aged population

175、 today.The indicators below offer a global overview of a snapshot in time that allows observation of the talent pipelinesfor graduate management education across seven world regions and 229 countries or locations.These have thefollowing income distributions.Low incomeLower middleUpper middleHigh inc

176、omeCountries30525988%of Countries13.1%22.7%25.8%38.4%of Population8.6%37.7%37.5%16.2%Education SummaryAn estimated 15 million people aged 20 to 34 across the world have graduate management education(GME)degrees.44.8 percent of GME degrees are held by females globally.The following table highlights t

177、he proportion of the student-aged population believed to hold various degrees.Italso shows the proportion of GME degree-holders by age group.Degree EstimatesGME Age DistributionGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total1,751,643,903293,890,85261,521,57015,017,9593,354,3905,891,1065,772,463Fe

178、male856,229,844152,534,59431,505,1896,735,0681,476,2882,649,2162,609,564Male895,414,059141,356,25830,016,3818,282,8911,878,1023,241,8903,162,899Degree-Holders Relative to Student PopulationProportion of GME Segment by AgeGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total100.0%16.8%3.5%0.9%22.3%39.2%

179、38.4%Female100.0%17.8%3.7%0.8%21.9%39.3%38.7%Male100.0%15.8%3.4%0.9%22.7%39.1%38.2%The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.24Worldwide-Country and Location ComparisonsThe following charts display the top 10

180、 countries or locations within the world for several graduate managementeducation indicators for their student-aged population.2,775,8022,346,3551,417,066494,837361,974346,369337,511331,412320,967315,182BangladeshUnited KingdomJapanRussiaIranIndonesiaBrazilUnited StatesIndiaChina(Mainland)Total GME

181、Degrees65.6%64.5%63.4%61.1%60.1%59.6%58.7%58.5%58.3%58.2%ThailandCubaSamoaLuxembourgBruneiTunisiaDjiboutiAustraliaDominican RepublicColombiaGME Degrees by Females867,108837,45290,62686,77173,95143,09741,65741,45235,93933,571BrazilNigeriaSingaporeGermanyItalyUnited KingdomCanadaChina(Mainland)IndiaUn

182、ited StatesOnline Engagement of GME Candidates*Combined visitor counts from and BusinessB32.7%22.4%14.3%2.7%2.5%1.7%1.4%1.4%0.9%0.8%BrazilSouth KoreaFranceTaiwan ChinaItalyGermanyCanadaIndiaChina(Mainland)United StatesShare of Global GMAT Exams TakenFemale Representation by Subject and Education Lev

183、elPeople earn degrees across a variety of subjects at the bachelors and masters levels.This table reveals thedistribution for the world by subject and level,as well as female representation relative to males for each outcome.For instance,at the masters level,the proportion of degrees held by females

184、 in Business,Administration,&Law is4.3 percentage-points lower than it is for males.Bachelors DegreesMasters DegreesSubjectFemaleMaleDiffFemaleMaleDiffAgriculture2.1%3.7%-1.6%1.5%1.8%-0.4%Art&Humanities11.3%6.5%+4.8%6.9%5.2%+1.6%Business,Admin&Law26.4%24.6%+1.7%29.4%33.7%-4.3%Education13.2%4.6%+8.6%

185、17.2%8.6%+8.6%Engineering7.6%23.8%-16.2%6.3%15.4%-9.2%Health&Welfare16.2%8.0%+8.2%19.0%11.6%+7.4%Info&Comms Tech2.4%9.7%-7.3%1.7%5.5%-3.8%Science5.2%4.5%+0.7%4.4%5.5%-1.1%Services4.1%7.1%-3.0%3.0%4.9%-1.9%Social Sciences10.4%6.4%+4.1%10.7%7.8%+2.8%Unknown1.2%1.1%-0.0%0.0%-The Global Diversity of Tal

186、ent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.25 Target PipelineReportsSelect a target student pipeline below to access its summary report.SPECIAL REPORTS American Indian or Alaska Native Other or 2+races Asian American Pacific Islander Bl

187、ack or African American White Hispanic American GENDER Women(worldwide)26American Indian or Alaska NativeUnited States-Pipeline SnapshotThe population of American Indians or Alaska Nativesranks six in size among the seven US race/ethnicitygroups studied.Endemic poverty and social barriersunique to t

188、he American Indian and Alaska Native(AI/AN)communities bring a myriad of challenges that makethem less likely than most other groups to be repre-sented in higher education.Students from AI/AN com-munities are more likely to have graduated from under-performing high schools and have large financial n

189、eed.As females tend to be the primary breadwinners in mostAI/AN families,it follows that females are estimated tohave a majority share of GME degrees.Yet,AI/AN stu-dents often experience disenchantment within institu-tions as their history is excluded,ignored,erased,orconfronted with harmful stereot

190、ypes in the use of teammascots,names,and racist imagery.Data often classi-fied as having limited sample sizes means that reportingis frequently curbed for the AI/AN group and widespreadgaps in national data prevent monitoring of educationaltrends,finances,and outcomes.Lack of data and lega-cies of r

191、acism toward AI/AN groups have reportedly leftmany in these communities feeling invisible in society.The population of American Indian and Alaska Na-tives is projected to increase from 4,055 million in2016 to 5,583 million in 2060,and will uptick fromapproximately 1.3 percent to 1.4 percent of the U

192、Spopulation.Median household income:$48,370(ranking 6thamong the seven US Race/Ethnicity groups stud-ied)For bachelors degree programs,percent withloans and average amount borrowed:76.2%(ranking 3rd among the seven US Race/Ethnicitygroups studied)and$26,380Education Summary An estimated 8,233 GME de

193、grees held by 20-34year olds in the American Indian or Alaska Nativesubgroup,the 6th largest GME cohort in the UnitedStates.52.7 percent of GME degrees held by females,higher than the 44.8 percent observed globally.Student-Aged Population(20-34 year olds)and Educational AttainmentThe higher educatio

194、n funnel for the American Indian or Alaska Native population in the United States is estimatedbelow.It includes the total number of people aged between 20 to 34,defined as the student-aged population,andfilters down to the number of bachelors,masters,and graduate management education(GME)degree-hold

195、erswithin that population.Degree EstimatesGME Age DistributionGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total615,346112,68837,6418,2331,3413,6313,261Female301,80269,94925,5854,3397021,8981,739Male313,54442,73912,0563,8946391,7331,522To gain an understanding of the likelihood of educational attain

196、ment,the following table highlights the proportion ofthe student-aged population believed to hold various degrees.It also shows the proportion of GME degree-holdersby age group.Degree-Holders Relative to Student PopulationProportion of GME Segment by AgeGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34T

197、otal100.0%18.3%6.1%1.3%16.3%44.1%39.6%Female100.0%23.2%8.5%1.4%16.2%43.7%40.1%Male100.0%13.6%3.8%1.2%16.4%44.5%39.1%The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.27American Indian or Alaska Native-ComparisonsThe

198、following bar charts display the American Indian or Alaska Native subgroup alongside its domestic peers forseveral indicators of graduate management education for their student-aged population.1,152,487283,153194,080184,14944,4798,2335,371Pacific IslanderAmerican Indian orAlaska NativeOther or 2+rac

199、esHispanic AmericanAsian AmericanBlack or AfricanAmericanWhiteTotal GME Degrees62.8%52.7%51.0%50.8%50.6%49.3%44.1%WhiteAsian AmericanHispanic AmericanPacific IslanderOther or 2+racesAmerican Indian orAlaska NativeBlack or AfricanAmericanGME Degrees By FemalesFemale Representation by Subject and Educ

200、ation LevelAmerican Indian or Alaska Natives earn degrees across a variety of subjects at the bachelors and masters levels.This table reveals the distribution by subject and level,as well as female representation relative to males for eachoutcome.For instance,at the masters level,the proportion of d

201、egrees held by females in Business,Administration,&Law is 14.5 percentage-points lower than it is for males.Bachelors DegreesMasters DegreesSubjectFemaleMaleDiffFemaleMaleDiffAgriculture2.6%3.5%-0.9%1.0%1.5%-0.5%Art&Humanities11.5%13.0%-1.6%4.8%7.3%-2.5%Business,Admin&Law18.3%22.0%-3.7%22.0%36.5%-14

202、.5%Education7.1%2.8%+4.2%23.6%13.2%+10.4%Engineering2.2%11.1%-9.0%1.2%6.7%-5.6%Health&Welfare19.4%9.0%+10.4%22.3%11.6%+10.7%Info&Comms Tech1.4%5.9%-4.5%0.8%3.3%-2.5%Science6.6%8.0%-1.4%1.3%1.7%-0.5%Services3.3%6.1%-2.8%1.6%3.4%-1.7%Social Sciences24.8%15.6%+9.2%20.2%13.6%+6.6%Unknown2.9%2.9%-1.2%1.2

203、%-Note:A difference value of-indicates complete gender parity in terms of academic subject proportion.The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.28Asian AmericanUnited States-Pipeline SnapshotAsian Americans a

204、re the fifth largest among the sevenrace/ethnicity groups studied,and the fastest growingpopulation in the US.The number of Asians in the UShas surpassed 20 million and is projected to more thantriple in size from 2000 levels by 2060.Asians havethe highest levels of bachelors(52.1%)and masters(16.0%

205、)degree attainment when compared with otherstudent-aged populations of race/ethnicity groups stud-ied.And the gender gap is narrowest among femalesversus males for business,administration,and law de-grees.Data is rarely disaggregated for Asian subgroups(there are 19 country origins reported in natio

206、nal pop-ulation data),and variations in culture,language,im-migrant experience,and socioeconomic status may re-veal inconsistencies in this segments education pipeline.For example,those of Indian or Malaysian origin maybe more likely than other Asian subgroups groups tohave at least a bachelors degr

207、ee,often coming to the USon work visas or student visas.By comparison,HmongAmericans,Laotians,and Bhutanese have recently en-tered the US as refugees or immigrants from conflictcountries with low rates of English proficiency.The population of Asians is projected to increasefrom 18,319 million in 201

208、6 to 36,815 million in2060,rising from approximately 5.7 percent to 9.1percent of the US population.Median household income:$85,897(the highestamong the seven US Race/Ethnicity groups stud-ied)Forbachelorsdegreeprograms,percentwithloansandaverageamountborrowed:58.7%(ranking lowest among the seven US

209、Race/Ethnicity groups studied),and$25,510(thelowest amount these groups)Education Summary An estimated 194,080 GME degrees held by 20-34year olds in the Asian American subgroup,the 3rdlargest GME cohort in the United States.49.3 percent of GME degrees held by females,higher than the 44.8 percent obs

210、erved globally.Student-Aged Population(20-34 year olds)and Educational AttainmentThe higher education funnel for the Asian American population in the United States is estimated below.It includesthe total number of people aged between 20 to 34,defined as the student-aged population,and filters downto

211、 the number of bachelors,masters,and graduate management education(GME)degree-holders within thatpopulation.Degree EstimatesGME Age DistributionGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total4,268,9202,226,035682,552194,08025,21483,57685,290Female2,174,8621,267,586406,88095,62111,83140,81942,971M

212、ale2,094,058958,449275,67298,45913,38342,75742,319To gain an understanding of the likelihood of educational attainment,the following table highlights the proportion ofthe student-aged population believed to hold various degrees.It also shows the proportion of GME degree-holdersby age group.Degree-Ho

213、lders Relative to Student PopulationProportion of GME Segment by AgeGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total100.0%52.1%16.0%4.5%13.0%43.1%43.9%Female100.0%58.3%18.7%4.4%12.4%42.7%44.9%Male100.0%45.8%13.2%4.7%13.6%43.4%43.0%The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 G

214、raduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.29Asian American-ComparisonsThe following bar charts display the Asian American subgroup alongside its domestic peers for several indicatorsof graduate management education for their student-aged population.1,152,487283,153194,080184

215、,14944,4798,2335,371Pacific IslanderAmerican Indian orAlaska NativeOther or 2+racesHispanic AmericanAsian AmericanBlack or AfricanAmericanWhiteTotal GME Degrees62.8%52.7%51.0%50.8%50.6%49.3%44.1%WhiteAsian AmericanHispanic AmericanPacific IslanderOther or 2+racesAmerican Indian orAlaska NativeBlack

216、or AfricanAmericanGME Degrees By FemalesFemale Representation by Subject and Education LevelAsian Americans earn degrees across a variety of subjects at the bachelors and masters levels.This table revealsthe distribution by subject and level,as well as female representation relative to males for eac

217、h outcome.Forinstance,at the masters level,the proportion of degrees held by females in Business,Administration,&Law is12.2 percentage-points lower than it is for males.Bachelors DegreesMasters DegreesSubjectFemaleMaleDiffFemaleMaleDiffAgriculture1.1%0.8%+0.4%0.5%0.4%+0.1%Art&Humanities8.9%6.3%+2.6%

218、4.3%5.1%-0.7%Business,Admin&Law18.1%20.4%-2.3%24.8%36.9%-12.2%Education2.2%0.6%+1.6%13.0%4.5%+8.5%Engineering5.4%16.7%-11.2%5.2%14.4%-9.3%Health&Welfare19.3%8.4%+10.9%28.1%12.3%+15.8%Info&Comms Tech4.1%14.2%-10.0%4.3%10.9%-6.6%Science16.8%15.8%+1.0%6.6%7.8%-1.2%Services0.8%1.7%-0.9%0.5%0.8%-0.4%Soci

219、al Sciences20.2%13.2%+7.0%11.4%5.7%+5.6%Unknown3.0%1.9%+1.0%1.5%1.1%+0.4%Note:A difference value of-indicates complete gender parity in terms of academic subject proportion.The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights re

220、served.30Black or African AmericanUnited States-Pipeline SnapshotBlacks or African Americans are the third largest seg-ment among the seven race/ethnicity groups studied.They account for a diverse and growing population co-hort in the US.A signal of the groups vulnerability toexternal disruptions wa

221、s seen in the Spring of 2020 dueto COVID-19 when withdrawal from school for AfricanAmerican undergraduates(7.2%)was greater than with-drawals seen among Hispanics(5.5%),and more thandouble the rate for Whites(3.4%),according to a studyfrom the Institute of Educational Sciences of the U.S.De-partment

222、 of Education.Cost of study and current debtlevel remain top apprehensions to pursuing GME amongthis group,which is not surprising as African Americansare more likely than peers to borrow funds for bachelorsprograms.Additionally,they tend to borrow more on av-erage than nearly every other segment an

223、d correspond-ingly,experience masters level programs with alreadyhigher levels of undergraduate debt versus other groups.The National Center for Education Statistics claims Blackfemales have greater enrollment rates at for-profit col-leges compared with other segments.This fact,and theunderrepresent

224、ation of Black males across the candidatepipeline,may obscure the presence of this segment formany other schools.The population of Blacks or African Americans isprojected to increase from 43,001 million in 2016to 60,690 million in 2060,growing from approxi-mately 13.3 percent to 15.0 percent of the

225、US pop-ulation.Median household income:$41,911(the lowestamong the seven US Race/Ethnicity groups stud-ied)For bachelors degree programs,percent withloans and average amount borrowed:86.4%(ranking 2nd among the seven US Race/Ethnicitygroups studied),and$34,010Education Summary An estimated 283,153 G

226、ME degrees held by 20-34 year olds in the Black or African American sub-group,the 2nd largest GME cohort in the UnitedStates.62.8 percent of GME degrees held by females,higher than the 44.8 percent observed globally.Student-Aged Population(20-34 year olds)and Educational AttainmentThe higher educati

227、on funnel for the Black or African American population in the United States is estimated below.It includes the total number of people aged between 20 to 34,defined as the student-aged population,and filtersdown to the number of bachelors,masters,and graduate management education(GME)degree-holders w

228、ithinthat population.Degree EstimatesGME Age DistributionGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total9,486,7792,399,4351,021,767283,15346,156126,303110,694Female4,792,4291,567,045726,706177,76628,27378,95570,538Male4,694,350832,390295,061105,38717,88347,34840,156To gain an understanding of the

229、 likelihood of educational attainment,the following table highlights the proportion ofthe student-aged population believed to hold various degrees.It also shows the proportion of GME degree-holdersby age group.Degree-Holders Relative to Student PopulationProportion of GME Segment by AgeGenderTotalBa

230、chelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total100.0%25.3%10.8%3.0%16.3%44.6%39.1%Female100.0%32.7%15.2%3.7%15.9%44.4%39.7%Male100.0%17.7%6.3%2.2%17.0%44.9%38.1%The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.31Black or Afri

231、can American-ComparisonsThe following bar charts display the Black or African American subgroup alongside its domestic peers for severalindicators of graduate management education for their student-aged population.1,152,487283,153194,080184,14944,4798,2335,371Pacific IslanderAmerican Indian orAlaska

232、 NativeOther or 2+racesHispanic AmericanAsian AmericanBlack or AfricanAmericanWhiteTotal GME Degrees62.8%52.7%51.0%50.8%50.6%49.3%44.1%WhiteAsian AmericanHispanic AmericanPacific IslanderOther or 2+racesAmerican Indian orAlaska NativeBlack or AfricanAmericanGME Degrees By FemalesFemale Representatio

233、n by Subject and Education LevelBlack or African Americans earn degrees across a variety of subjects at the bachelors and masters levels.This tablereveals the distribution by subject and level,as well as female representation relative to males for each outcome.For instance,at the masters level,the p

234、roportion of degrees held by females in Business,Administration,&Law is11.6 percentage-points lower than it is for males.Bachelors DegreesMasters DegreesSubjectFemaleMaleDiffFemaleMaleDiffAgriculture0.5%0.7%-0.2%0.2%0.4%-0.2%Art&Humanities9.7%11.6%-1.9%4.0%7.4%-3.4%Business,Admin&Law17.5%24.0%-6.5%2

235、6.0%37.6%-11.6%Education3.7%2.1%+1.6%19.2%13.1%+6.1%Engineering1.4%7.3%-5.9%1.0%4.6%-3.6%Health&Welfare21.3%11.0%+10.3%22.5%11.8%+10.7%Info&Comms Tech1.6%7.7%-6.1%1.5%6.1%-4.6%Science6.4%5.7%+0.8%1.6%2.4%-0.7%Services5.2%6.8%-1.6%2.4%3.5%-1.1%Social Sciences29.1%20.0%+9.1%20.6%12.1%+8.5%Unknown3.5%3

236、.1%+0.4%1.0%1.1%-0.1%Note:A difference value of-indicates complete gender parity in terms of academic subject proportion.The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.32Hispanic AmericanUnited States-Pipeline Sna

237、pshotHispanic Americans are the second largest populationsegment in the US.As candidates may be of any race,some trace their roots to Mexico,Puerto Rico,Cuba,Central America,South America,and other Spanish-speaking or Latin American countries.Many haveblended ancestries from Africa,Asia,the Caribbea

238、n,orindigenous groups that reflect different cultures and im-migration experiences.External US Census data showsthe share of Hispanics who have earned at least a bach-elors degree as a segment conceals distributions acrosssubgroups by origin,ranging from Venezuelans(38%)toSalvadorans(8%).An investig

239、ation in 2020 by USA To-day found that Latino students tend to be“intimidated bythe cost,whiteness,and bureaucracy”of colleges.More-over,their susceptibility to external disruptions was seenin the Spring of 2020 impact of COVID-19,as the per-cent of Hispanic undergrads who withdrew(5.5%)wasgreater t

240、han non-Hispanic Whites(3.4%),according toa study from the Institute of Educational Sciences of theU.S.Department of Education.Future debt burden andcurrent uncertainty of the economy are top apprehen-sions among Hispanics about pursuing GME.These con-cerns align with NPSAS reports of Hispanics havi

241、ng the2nd highest levels of combined debt following undergrad-uate and graduate degrees,after African Americans.The population of Hispanics(of any race)is pro-jected to increase from 57,470 million in 2016 to132.8 million in 2060,inflating from approximately17.8 percent to 27.5 percent of the US pop

242、ulation.Median household income:$51,404(4th amongthe seven US Race/Ethnicity groups studied)For bachelors degree programs,percent withloans and average amount borrowed:67.3%(ranking 6th among the seven groups studied),and$25,524(ranking 6th among the seven USRace/Ethnicity groups studied)Education S

243、ummary An estimated 184,149 GME degrees held by 20-34year olds in the Hispanic American subgroup,the4th largest GME cohort in the United States.50.6 percent of GME degrees held by females,higher than the 44.8 percent observed globally.Student-Aged Population(20-34 year olds)and Educational Attainmen

244、tThe higher education funnel for the Hispanic American population in the United States is estimated below.Itincludes the total number of people aged between 20 to 34,defined as the student-aged population,and filtersdown to the number of bachelors,masters,and graduate management education(GME)degree

245、-holders withinthat population.Degree EstimatesGME Age DistributionGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total13,900,2563,342,372823,215184,14929,32678,77676,047Female6,647,9442,015,201532,11493,09814,97839,74838,372Male7,252,3121,327,171291,10191,05114,34839,02837,675To gain an understanding

246、 of the likelihood of educational attainment,the following table highlights the proportion ofthe student-aged population believed to hold various degrees.It also shows the proportion of GME degree-holdersby age group.Degree-Holders Relative to Student PopulationProportion of GME Segment by AgeGender

247、TotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total100.0%24.0%5.9%1.3%15.9%42.8%41.3%Female100.0%30.3%8.0%1.4%16.1%42.7%41.2%Male100.0%18.3%4.0%1.3%15.8%42.9%41.4%The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.33Hispanic

248、 American-ComparisonsThe following bar charts display the Hispanic American subgroup alongside its domestic peers for several indicatorsof graduate management education for their student-aged population.1,152,487283,153194,080184,14944,4798,2335,371Pacific IslanderAmerican Indian orAlaska NativeOthe

249、r or 2+racesHispanic AmericanAsian AmericanBlack or AfricanAmericanWhiteTotal GME Degrees62.8%52.7%51.0%50.8%50.6%49.3%44.1%WhiteAsian AmericanHispanic AmericanPacific IslanderOther or 2+racesAmerican Indian orAlaska NativeBlack or AfricanAmericanGME Degrees By FemalesFemale Representation by Subjec

250、t and Education LevelHispanic Americans earn degrees across a variety of subjects at the bachelors and masters levels.This tablereveals the distribution by subject and level,as well as female representation relative to males for each outcome.For instance,at the masters level,the proportion of degree

251、s held by females in Business,Administration,&Law is14.1 percentage-points lower than it is for males.Bachelors DegreesMasters DegreesSubjectFemaleMaleDiffFemaleMaleDiffAgriculture1.3%1.3%-0.5%0.7%-0.2%Art&Humanities12.4%12.0%+0.4%4.6%7.4%-2.9%Business,Admin&Law16.0%23.1%-7.2%18.9%33.1%-14.1%Educati

252、on4.5%1.3%+3.1%26.7%13.8%+12.8%Engineering2.4%11.6%-9.2%2.1%8.8%-6.6%Health&Welfare16.6%8.0%+8.6%18.9%10.6%+8.3%Info&Comms Tech1.1%6.6%-5.5%0.9%4.4%-3.5%Science7.4%8.8%-1.4%2.4%4.2%-1.8%Services4.1%5.7%-1.6%1.3%2.5%-1.2%Social Sciences30.5%19.2%+11.3%22.4%13.1%+9.3%Unknown3.8%2.4%+1.5%1.2%1.3%-0.1%N

253、ote:A difference value of-indicates complete gender parity in terms of academic subject proportion.The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.34Other or 2+racesUnited States-Pipeline SnapshotMany Americans sel

254、f-identify as multiracial or associatewith an“other”category to describe their racial identity.All combined,this segment ranks fourth in size amongthe seven US race/ethnicity groups studied.Introducedin 2000,the Two or more races group is one of the fastestgrowing populations in the US,accounting fo

255、r 6.2 millionadults,or 2.4 percent of the countrys adult populationin 2018.Of which,the most frequent specific combina-tions of backgrounds include White and American Indian(22%),Black and White(21%),White and Asian Ameri-can(20%),Black and American Indian(4%),and Blackand Asian American(2%).In the

256、Spring of 2020,theimpact of COVID-19 created enrollment disruptions for4.3 percent of multiracial(not Hispanic)undergraduateswho withdrew from school,a slightly higher rate com-pared with Whites(3.4%)according to a study from theInstitute of Educational Sciences of the U.S.Departmentof Education.One

257、s racial identity can be fluid,as familyupbringing,physical appearance,pressure from friends,family,or society may influence self-identification andcan change.Data for the Other or multiracial segmentsis rarely included in research or disaggregated,whichleads to information gaps in relation to educa

258、tion,fi-nances,and outcomes.The population of those in the Other or Two ormore races population is projected to increase from8,480 million in 2016 to 25,255 million in 2060,ex-panding from approximately 2.6 percent to 6.2 per-cent of the US population.Median household income:$49,805(5th amongthe sev

259、en US Race/Ethnicity groups studied)For bachelors degree programs,percent withloans and average amount borrowed:73.7%(ranking 4th among the seven US Race/Ethnicitygroups studied),and$29,906Education Summary An estimated 44,479 GME degrees held by 20-34year olds in the Other or 2+races subgroup,the5t

260、h largest GME cohort in the United States.51.0 percent of GME degrees held by females,higher than the 44.8 percent observed globally.Student-Aged Population(20-34 year olds)and Educational AttainmentThe higher education funnel for the Other or 2+races population in the United States is estimated bel

261、ow.Itincludes the total number of people aged between 20 to 34,defined as the student-aged population,and filtersdown to the number of bachelors,masters,and graduate management education(GME)degree-holders withinthat population.Degree EstimatesGME Age DistributionGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-242

262、5-2930-34Total6,385,792852,003205,47944,4797,35819,33417,787Female3,048,593495,520130,78322,6953,8349,8249,037Male3,337,199356,48374,69621,7843,5249,5108,750To gain an understanding of the likelihood of educational attainment,the following table highlights the proportion ofthe student-aged populatio

263、n believed to hold various degrees.It also shows the proportion of GME degree-holdersby age group.Degree-Holders Relative to Student PopulationProportion of GME Segment by AgeGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total100.0%13.3%3.2%0.7%16.5%43.5%40.0%Female100.0%16.3%4.3%0.7%16.9%43.3%39.8%M

264、ale100.0%10.7%2.2%0.7%16.2%43.7%40.2%The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.35Other or 2+races-ComparisonsThe following bar charts display the Other or 2+races subgroup alongside its domestic peers for sev

265、eral indicatorsof graduate management education for their student-aged population.1,152,487283,153194,080184,14944,4798,2335,371Pacific IslanderAmerican Indian orAlaska NativeOther or 2+racesHispanic AmericanAsian AmericanBlack or AfricanAmericanWhiteTotal GME Degrees62.8%52.7%51.0%50.8%50.6%49.3%44

266、.1%WhiteAsian AmericanHispanic AmericanPacific IslanderOther or 2+racesAmerican Indian orAlaska NativeBlack or AfricanAmericanGME Degrees By FemalesFemale Representation by Subject and Education LevelOther or 2+racess earn degrees across a variety of subjects at the bachelors and masters levels.This

267、 tablereveals the distribution by subject and level,as well as female representation relative to males for each outcome.For instance,at the masters level,the proportion of degrees held by females in Business,Administration,&Law is12.1 percentage-points lower than it is for males.Bachelors DegreesMas

268、ters DegreesSubjectFemaleMaleDiffFemaleMaleDiffAgriculture2.2%1.9%+0.3%1.0%1.0%-Art&Humanities14.8%12.4%+2.5%6.5%8.0%-1.5%Business,Admin&Law14.0%21.0%-7.0%18.7%30.8%-12.1%Education4.2%1.5%+2.7%20.0%11.6%+8.4%Engineering3.3%12.5%-9.3%2.9%10.4%-7.5%Health&Welfare16.4%8.1%+8.3%21.4%10.3%+11.1%Info&Comm

269、s Tech1.8%8.0%-6.2%1.5%6.4%-4.8%Science9.7%10.7%-1.0%3.7%5.6%-2.0%Services2.4%3.4%-1.0%1.5%2.5%-1.0%Social Sciences27.7%18.1%+9.6%21.3%11.8%+9.5%Unknown3.5%2.4%+1.1%1.5%1.6%-Note:A difference value of-indicates complete gender parity in terms of academic subject proportion.The Global Diversity of Ta

270、lent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.36Pacific IslanderUnited States-Pipeline SnapshotNative Hawaiians or Other Pacific Islanders(NHOPI)is the smallest segment in size among the seven USrace/ethnicity groups studied.The cohort in

271、cludes theoriginal peoples of Hawaii,Guam,Samoa,or other Pa-cific Islands.The separate category for NHOPI was cre-ated in 2000,however,it is often omitted,obscuredby totals,or lumped into Asian or within Native Amer-ican in combination with AI/AN groupings.Lack of datarepresentation in educational t

272、rends,finances,and out-comes for students has reportedly left many in thesecommunities feeling invisible in society.As a segment,NHOPI have the smallest pipeline sizes,yet among thehighest rates of educational attainment for bachelors(37.4%)and masters(12.7%)degrees.Additionally,NHOPI have the large

273、st share of students planning touse loans or borrow for bachelors study.The population of NHOPI is projected to increasefrom 771 thousand in 2016 to 1.125 million in 2060,and will uptick from approximately 0.2 percent to0.3 percent of the US population.Median household income:$64,865(3rd amongthe se

274、ven US Race/Ethnicity groups studied)For bachelors degree programs,percent withloans and average amount borrowed:89.6%(ranking 1st among the seven US Race/Ethnicitygroups studied),and$26,515Education Summary An estimated 5,371 GME degrees held by 20-34year olds in the Pacific Islander subgroup,the 7

275、thlargest GME cohort in the United States.50.8 percent of GME degrees held by females,higher than the 44.8 percent observed globally.Student-Aged Population(20-34 year olds)and Educational AttainmentThe higher education funnel for the Pacific Islander population in the United States is estimated bel

276、ow.It includesthe total number of people aged between 20 to 34,defined as the student-aged population,and filters downto the number of bachelors,masters,and graduate management education(GME)degree-holders within thatpopulation.Degree EstimatesGME Age DistributionGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-242

277、5-2930-34Total154,14557,72419,5325,3718042,3562,211Female75,13832,71312,5472,7264031,1901,133Male79,00725,0116,9852,6454011,1661,078To gain an understanding of the likelihood of educational attainment,the following table highlights the proportion ofthe student-aged population believed to hold variou

278、s degrees.It also shows the proportion of GME degree-holdersby age group.Degree-Holders Relative to Student PopulationProportion of GME Segment by AgeGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total100.0%37.4%12.7%3.5%15.0%43.9%41.2%Female100.0%43.5%16.7%3.6%14.8%43.7%41.6%Male100.0%31.7%8.8%3.3%1

279、5.2%44.1%40.8%The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.37Pacific Islander-ComparisonsThe following bar charts display the Pacific Islander subgroup alongside its domestic peers for several indicators ofgradu

280、ate management education for their student-aged population.1,152,487283,153194,080184,14944,4798,2335,371Pacific IslanderAmerican Indian orAlaska NativeOther or 2+racesHispanic AmericanAsian AmericanBlack or AfricanAmericanWhiteTotal GME Degrees62.8%52.7%51.0%50.8%50.6%49.3%44.1%WhiteAsian AmericanH

281、ispanic AmericanPacific IslanderOther or 2+racesAmerican Indian orAlaska NativeBlack or AfricanAmericanGME Degrees By FemalesFemale Representation by Subject and Education LevelPacific Islanders earn degrees across a variety of subjects at the bachelors and masters levels.This table revealsthe distr

282、ibution by subject and level,as well as female representation relative to males for each outcome.Forinstance,at the masters level,the proportion of degrees held by females in Business,Administration,&Law is17.0 percentage-points lower than it is for males.Bachelors DegreesMasters DegreesSubjectFemal

283、eMaleDiffFemaleMaleDiffAgriculture1.6%1.5%-0.6%0.7%-0.1%Art&Humanities8.3%10.3%-2.1%3.2%6.5%-3.3%Business,Admin&Law17.4%23.5%-6.0%22.5%39.6%-17.0%Education3.9%1.7%+2.2%21.5%12.7%+8.8%Engineering1.7%9.5%-7.7%1.5%4.7%-3.3%Health&Welfare27.2%13.1%+14.1%29.2%12.7%+16.5%Info&Comms Tech1.3%7.6%-6.3%1.9%4.

284、3%-2.3%Science8.2%7.0%+1.2%1.7%2.0%-0.3%Services4.1%6.8%-2.7%1.8%4.4%-2.6%Social Sciences23.5%16.6%+6.9%15.0%11.4%+3.6%Unknown2.8%2.4%+0.4%1.0%1.0%-Note:A difference value of-indicates complete gender parity in terms of academic subject proportion.The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Repres

285、entation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.38WhiteUnited States-Pipeline SnapshotWhites(non-Hispanics)are the largest race/ethnicitygroup,and numbers for this segment are declining.Bythe year 2045,Whites will no longer account for amajority share of the US popu

286、lation.As a segment,they have the third highest rate of degree attainmentamong student-aged populations for bachelors(34.2%)and masters(11.5%),after Asian and Pacific Islandergroups.There are signals of less vulnerability of amongWhites to disruptions in education.External data showsthis segment has

287、 greater participation in private schoolsfor elementary and secondary education.Also,Whitesare less likely to have experiences of family poverty andtheir borrowing rates and debt are observed to drop offas education rises from bachelors to masters degrees.These distinctions may be attributed to fact

288、ors like ex-perience with higher education,home ownership,familyincome levels,and access to financing.Ironically,evenas White females outnumber male peers in degree esti-mates,the gender gap is greatest among White femalesversus White males for representation in business,ad-ministration,and law degr

289、ees compared with all othersegments.The population of Whites(non-Hispanics)is pro-jected to decrease from 197,970 million in 2016to 179,162 million in 2060,declining from approxi-mately 61.3 percent to 44.3 percent of the US pop-ulation.Median household income:$65,777(2nd amongthe seven US Race/Ethn

290、icity groups studied)For bachelors degree programs,percent withloans and average amount borrowed:70.3%(ranking 5th among the seven US Race/Ethnicitygroups studied),and$30,119(the 2nd largestamount among these groups)Education Summary An estimated 1,152,487 GME degrees held by 20-34 year olds in the

291、White subgroup,the 1st largestGME cohort in the United States.44.1 percent of GME degrees held by females,higher than the 44.8 percent observed globally.Student-Aged Population(20-34 year olds)and Educational AttainmentThe higher education funnel for the White population in the United States is esti

292、mated below.It includes the totalnumber of people aged between 20 to 34,defined as the student-aged population,and filters down to the numberof bachelors,masters,and graduate management education(GME)degree-holders within that population.Degree EstimatesGME Age DistributionGenderTotalBachelorsMaster

293、sGME20-2425-2930-34Total45,943,96415,705,2185,290,3461,152,487173,646495,974482,867Female22,474,7898,954,5933,325,713508,79375,847218,699214,247Male23,469,1756,750,6251,964,633643,69497,799277,275268,620To gain an understanding of the likelihood of educational attainment,the following table highligh

294、ts the proportion ofthe student-aged population believed to hold various degrees.It also shows the proportion of GME degree-holdersby age group.Degree-Holders Relative to Student PopulationProportion of GME Segment by AgeGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total100.0%34.2%11.5%2.5%15.1%43.0

295、%41.9%Female100.0%39.8%14.8%2.3%14.9%43.0%42.1%Male100.0%28.8%8.4%2.7%15.2%43.1%41.7%The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.39White-ComparisonsThe following bar charts display the White subgroup alongside

296、its domestic peers for several indicators of graduatemanagement education for their student-aged population.1,152,487283,153194,080184,14944,4798,2335,371Pacific IslanderAmerican Indian orAlaska NativeOther or 2+racesHispanic AmericanAsian AmericanBlack or AfricanAmericanWhiteTotal GME Degrees62.8%5

297、2.7%51.0%50.8%50.6%49.3%44.1%WhiteAsian AmericanHispanic AmericanPacific IslanderOther or 2+racesAmerican Indian orAlaska NativeBlack or AfricanAmericanGME Degrees By FemalesFemale Representation by Subject and Education LevelWhites earn degrees across a variety of subjects at the bachelors and mast

298、ers levels.This table reveals thedistribution by subject and level,as well as female representation relative to males for each outcome.For in-stance,at the masters level,the proportion of degrees held by females in Business,Administration,&Law is 18.0percentage-points lower than it is for males.Bach

299、elors DegreesMasters DegreesSubjectFemaleMaleDiffFemaleMaleDiffAgriculture2.3%2.8%-0.5%1.0%1.2%-0.3%Art&Humanities12.9%11.8%+1.1%5.6%9.2%-3.7%Business,Admin&Law15.4%25.1%-9.7%16.1%34.1%-18.0%Education7.5%2.1%+5.4%28.5%13.7%+14.8%Engineering2.8%13.8%-11.0%2.0%9.3%-7.3%Health&Welfare22.7%7.6%+15.1%24.

300、7%10.0%+14.7%Info&Comms Tech1.2%7.1%-5.9%0.9%4.3%-3.5%Science8.0%8.9%-0.9%2.7%5.0%-2.2%Services1.9%4.0%-2.1%0.9%2.2%-1.3%Social Sciences22.7%14.8%+7.9%16.3%9.7%+6.6%Unknown2.8%1.9%+0.8%1.3%1.1%+0.2%Note:A difference value of-indicates complete gender parity in terms of academic subject proportion.Th

301、e Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.40WomenSpecial ReportThe economic progress for a country is boosted by education of females,whichthen acts as a catalyst for gender equality on multiple levels.The Unit

302、ed Nationsasserts that gender inequality(especially in the classroom)is a major cause andeffect of poverty,especially noticeable in rural areas.Provided with an education,females are more likely to earn a higher income later in life,increasing their familysoverall quality of life.While graduate scho

303、ols of medicine and law have had genderparity for many years,graduate management programs worldwide have struggledto enroll at consistent levels above 35-40 percent women.The representation offemales relative to male peers in graduate management education programs will bekey to empowering and suppor

304、ting gender parity in business leadership roles.Inaddition,this representation may be critical to overcoming cyclical challenges suchas creating wider awareness of female role models and normalizing flexible work structures that enable greaterwork-life balance.The indicators below offer a global ove

305、rview of a snapshot in time that allows observation of the talent pipelinesfor graduate management education across seven world regions and 229 countries or locations.These have thefollowing income distributions.Low incomeLower middleUpper middleHigh incomeCountries30525988%of Countries13.1%22.7%25.

306、8%38.4%of Population8.6%37.7%37.5%16.2%of GME Degreesby Females27.9%41.6%50.8%46.2%Education SummaryAn estimated 15 million people aged 20 to 34 across the world have graduate management education(GME)degrees.44.8 percent of GME degrees are held by females globally.The following table highlights the

307、 proportion of the student-aged population believed to hold various degrees.Italso shows the proportion of GME degree-holders by age group.Degree EstimatesGME Age DistributionGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total1,751,643,903293,890,85261,521,57015,017,9593,354,3905,891,1065,772,463Fema

308、le856,229,844152,534,59431,505,1896,735,0681,476,2882,649,2162,609,564Male895,414,059141,356,25830,016,3818,282,8911,878,1023,241,8903,162,899Degree-Holders Relative to Student PopulationProportion of GME Segment by AgeGenderTotalBachelorsMastersGME20-2425-2930-34Total100.0%16.8%3.5%0.9%22.3%39.2%38

309、.4%Female100.0%17.8%3.7%0.8%21.9%39.3%38.7%Male100.0%15.8%3.4%0.9%22.7%39.1%38.2%The Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.41Women-Country and Location ComparisonsThe following charts display the top 10 count

310、ries or locations within the world for several graduate managementeducation indicators for their student-aged population.1,485,487913,719602,404269,337197,018169,772145,945130,961126,122124,807RussiaMexicoIranUnited KingdomJapanIndonesiaBrazilUnited StatesIndiaChina(Mainland)Total GME Degrees by Fem

311、ales65.6%64.5%63.4%61.1%60.1%59.6%58.7%58.5%58.3%58.2%ThailandCubaSamoaLuxembourgBruneiTunisiaDjiboutiAustraliaDominican RepublicColombiaGME Degrees by Females1,106,468810,347165,80598,01566,96748,26845,23543,08740,18139,132BrazilTaiwan ChinaGermanyNigeriaSingaporeUnited KingdomCanadaChina(Mainland)

312、IndiaUnited StatesOnline Engagement of Female GME Candidates*Combined visitor counts from and BusinessB69.4%67.7%66.7%62.1%60.2%58.4%55.6%54.2%53.6%53.0%PhilippinesRussiaFinlandKazakhstanThailandTaiwan ChinaAlbaniaVietnamChina(Mainland)MongoliaGMAT Exams Taken by FemalesFemale Representation by Subj

313、ect and Education LevelPeople earn degrees across a variety of subjects at the bachelors and masters levels.This table reveals thedistribution for the world by subject and level,as well as female representation relative to males for each outcome.For instance,at the masters level,the proportion of de

314、grees held by females in Business,Administration,&Law is4.3 percentage-points lower than it is for males.Bachelors DegreesMasters DegreesSubjectFemaleMaleDiffFemaleMaleDiffAgriculture2.1%3.7%-1.6%1.5%1.8%-0.4%Art&Humanities11.3%6.5%+4.8%6.9%5.2%+1.6%Business,Admin&Law26.4%24.6%+1.7%29.4%33.7%-4.3%Ed

315、ucation13.2%4.6%+8.6%17.2%8.6%+8.6%Engineering7.6%23.8%-16.2%6.3%15.4%-9.2%Health&Welfare16.2%8.0%+8.2%19.0%11.6%+7.4%Info&Comms Tech2.4%9.7%-7.3%1.7%5.5%-3.8%Science5.2%4.5%+0.7%4.4%5.5%-1.1%Services4.1%7.1%-3.0%3.0%4.9%-1.9%Social Sciences10.4%6.4%+4.1%10.7%7.8%+2.8%Unknown1.2%1.1%-0.0%0.0%-The Gl

316、obal Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.42Women-Overall Key Findings Worldwide,44.8 percent of GME degrees are held by females.Two of the seven regions studied see greatershares of GME degrees held by females whe

317、n compared with the global figure,including Latin America(53.9%)and East Asia and the Pacific(51.7%).Notably larger percentages of GME degrees held by females are seen within the Africa region,for Djibouti(61.1%)and Tunisia(60.1%).Similarly,notably larger percentages of GME degrees held by females a

318、re seenwithin the Middle East region,for Oman(57.5%)and Israel(50.1%).By region,females are proportionally over indexed in the regions of Central and South Asia and Africa(+5.6and+4.5 percentage points respectively),as there is greater female representation relative to males forbachelors degrees in

319、the fields of business,administration,and law.The opposite phenomenon showingnegative relative female representation compared with males is seen for the Middle East and North Americaregions(-3.3 and-2.3 percentage points respectively)at the bachelors degree level in the fields of business,administra

320、tion,and law.For the United States,across all subjects of study,females account for a majority of bachelors level degree-holders(54.2%)and masters level degree-holders(53.6%),however,females only make up 42.5 percent ofGME degree-holders.Tendencies in studying certain degree outcomes by gender at th

321、e bachelors level impact the worldwidepipeline for GME.Proportional deficits in the bachelors degree pipeline for female talent are greatest inthe fields of Engineering and Information and Communication Technology(backgrounds often seen amongbusiness school students).The representation of females re

322、lative to males for these bachelors degreesare-16.2 percentage points(Engineering)and-7.3 percentage points(Info&Comms Tech),respectively.By contrast,fields in which females are overrepresented relative to males for bachelors degrees includeEducation(+8.6%),Health and Welfare(+8.2%),and Arts and Hum

323、anities(+4.8%),reflecting backgroundsthat are currently less represented in most business school cohorts.By study subject,female representation holds in relative terms for Europe in most subjects at the bachelorsand masters degree levels.The field of science shows gender parity at bachelors degree l

324、evel,a potentialpathway for GME talent acquisition across a further developing European Higher Education Area consideringnew initiatives involving virtual and in-person mobility experiences as well as inclusion.Regional Comparisons307,6321,269,2672,313,181937,971858,312398,905649,800AfricaMiddle Eas

325、tNorth AmericaLatin AmericaEuropeCentral and South AsiaEast Asia and the PacificTotal GME Degrees by Females40.4%39.3%51.7%38.4%53.9%40.3%42.5%EuropeCentral and South AsiaMiddle EastAfricaNorth AmericaEast Asia and the PacificLatin AmericaGME Degrees by Females118,222867,941507,860336,70390,56383,19

326、51,204,483Middle EastLatin AmericaAfricaEuropeEast Asia and the PacificCentral and South AsiaNorth AmericaOnline Engagement of Female GME Candidates*Combined visitor counts from and BusinessB42.7%35.3%63.5%37.4%36.7%40.0%39.2%Central and South AsiaLatin AmericaEuropeNorth AmericaMiddle EastAfricaEas

327、t Asia and the PacificGMAT Exams Taken by FemalesThe Global Diversity of Talent Attainment and Representation.2021 Graduate Management Admission CouncilTM(GMACTM).All rights reserved.43Glossary of Terms(listed in alphabetical order)Bachelors degree:an undergraduate degree awarded by a college or uni

328、versity,where course of study is typically three to six years across the globe.It signals the successful completion of a baccalaureate program of studies.Country classifications by income level:the worlds economies are assigned by The World Bank into four income groups high,upper-middle,lower-middle

329、,and low.The assignment is based on GNI per capita calculated using the Atlas method.Classifications are made for World Bank member countries,and all other economies with populations of more than 30,000.Some classifications were extrapolated in the data set for countries not officially available on

330、World Bank list to allow for comparison.The units for the measure are US Dollars,and classifications are used to aggregate data for groups of similar countries.As of July 2018,GNI per capita thresholds include low-income,$995 and/or less;lower-middle income$996-3,895;upper-middle income$3,896-12,055

331、;high-income$12,055 or more.Classifications remain fixed for 12 months and updated each fiscal year based on any adjustment for income growth,inflation,exchange rates,and population change.The term country is used interchangeably with economy,does not imply political independence but refers to any t

332、erritory for which authorities report separate social or economic statistics.Retrieved from World Bank https:/blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications-income-level-2018-2019 Educational Attainment:a term commonly used to refer to the highest degree of education an individual has comp

333、leted.In this data set,educational attainment is focused on the percentage of the student age population with a bachelors degree and a masters degree.Flags:appear by country or location using the April 2021 version with correspondence of ISO 3166-1,the standard defining country codes.The flag images are in the public domain and the source website has been actively updated for more than 13 years.Re