1、Next Generation Government Disbursement Programs The information provided in this Whitepaper is for information purposes only and should not be relied on by third parties.This Whitepaper does not in any way represent advice,recommendations or otherwise.All case studies,comparisons,statistics,researc

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8、ded for informational purposes only and should not be relied upon for marketing,legal,regulatory,or other advice.Recommended marketing materials should be independently evaluated in light of your specific business needs,operations,and policies as well as any applicable laws and regulations.Visa/AT K

9、earney are not responsible for your use of the marketing materials,best practice recommendations,or other information,including errors of any kind,or conclusions you might draw from their use.Table of contentsExecutive summary 2About the study 31.Introduction 42.The critical role of government disbu

10、rsement programs 62.1.A sizable portion of government spend before the pandemic 62.2.COVID-19 magnified the demands on government disbursement 72.3.Crises exacerbate longstanding financial inequality 83.Challenges for government disbursement programs 93.1.Challenges faced by governments 103.2.Challe

11、nges faced by recipients 144.Government disbursement and the COVID-19 pandemic 185.Designing citizen-centric digital government disbursement 225.1.Mobile information and application process 235.2.Digital identification 245.3.Scalable digital payment infrastructure 256.Government disbursement case st

12、udies 277.Takeaways 36Appendix:Advantages of different payment methods 38Bibliography 401Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsExecutive summary Public disbursement programs are a vital instrument in governments policy toolkit.In times of economic stability,they empower governments to tack

13、le poverty and inequality,while fostering financial inclusion and cohesion among citizens.They also enable governments to deliver vital fiscal stimulus to business,including grants and loans to support small and medium-sized companies.Disbursement programs use taxpayers money,so governments must wor

14、k hard to maximize their impact.Funds must be distributed efficiently and cost-effectivelyonly to those who need them,and only in line with social welfare and policy objectives.Governments are increasingly realizing disbursement programs can not only be used for effective social protection but,also

15、in some cases,to amplify the benefit of that support to specific areas of the economy.When disbursed funds are spent in the formal economy,part of this money returns to the state in the form of sales or value-added tax.Still,there have been challenges on both sides.Well-defined eligibility criteria,

16、quick identification of those in need while limiting fraud,and ability to reach eligible recipients in a timely manner are top of mind for the public sector.Beneficiaries face challenges of their own:many are unaware of available social aid and their ability to qualify in the first place,and the app

17、lication process can be onerous.Public disbursement programs play an even more important role in times of crisis.With the COVID-19 pandemic,the public administrations came under pressure to deliver timely,targeted financial support to an unprecedented number of people and businesses in need.Agreeing

18、 on eligibility criteria and generating a clear list of eligible beneficiaries was the first stumbling block.But this was nothing compared to the challenge of onboarding a large number of new constituents based on a new set of eligibility criteriasome of them unbanked,and many of them spread across

19、rural and remote locations.COVID-19 shone a spotlight on the vital importance of effective digital government disbursement.The learnings can be used to shape the next generation of programs,harnessing modern payments technology to help better prepare for the next emergency disbursement event.Digital

20、 identification,mobile communications,and digital payments are the three critical building blocks for digitalizing government disbursement and expanding financial inclusion.When successfully combined,these three elements have the power to make disbursement programs better targeted,more efficient,sca

21、lable,resilient,and citizen-centric.Going forward,social protection and government disbursement programs have to adapt to meet recipients needs and capitalize on digital and technological advancements.Governments need to act now to develop a robust,citizen-first disbursements playbook that is well p

22、laced to support the social protection obligations to citizens and sharper in fostering growth and resilience funding to businessboth in times of crisis and beyond.2Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsAbout the studyThis study has been commissioned and developed in collaboration between

23、Visaa global payments organizationand Kearneya global management consulting firm.Our mutual goal is to engage with government officials and policymakersinspiring them to collaborate and leverage the opportunities provided by digital payments to enhance public-sector services and maximize value for s

24、ociety and the economy.The study was conducted between June and September 2022.All insights,recommendations,and conclusions featured in this study are based on data and information sourced both before the COVID-19 pandemic and during the last two years of the pandemic.Primary research20governm+ent o

25、fficials and leaders of public-private partnerships10Kearney+Financial Services experts,with experience at the intersection of payments and public sector9Visa subject matter experts across different geographies and functionsSecondary research7data s5ou+rces referenced in the white paper30research a+

26、nd content pieces by international organizations,e.g.,the World Bank,the OECD,the UN,the EU,the Asian Development Bank,and the Better Than Cash Alliance20reports o+f programs and studies published by public sector entitiesGlobal examples60programs+deploying digital payments in public disbursement in

27、cluding focus area,description,and results4in-de pth case studies of flagship disbursement programs across different geographiesThe case studies span several themes permanent social protection,emergency relief disbursement,financial inclusion,and digital ID3Next Generation Government Disbursement Pr

28、ograms1.IntroductionGovernments around the world use disbursement programs to make regular payments to their citizens and businesses,from unemployment benefits and social benefit transfers to small business grants.Disbursement programs provide vital financial support for people and companies in econ

29、omically and socially vulnerable situations,but their remit goes much further.They are also designed to drive prosperity by reducing poverty and inequality,and to enhance financial access and inclusion across society as a whole.Crucially,they are a powerful tool for governments in their drive to del

30、iver economic stimulus and achieve fiscal policy goals.For decades now,many governments around the world have actively pursued financial inclusion as a way to alleviate poverty and economic vulnerability.The 2018 World Bank ASPIRE report1 puts the average global spending on social safety nets at 1.5

31、 percent of GDPcovering a global average of 45 percent of the poorest quintile.Many countries have worked tirelessly to improve their social assistance policies.In Brazil,the Programa Bolsa Famliaa nationwide conditional cash transfer program,allowed low-income families to receive social benefits on

32、 the condition that they,for example,send their children to school.The program reached 14.28mn families(about 20%of Brazils population)in 2020,making it the largest such program in the world.In India,financial inclusion became a government policy initiative based on recommendations of the Rangarajan

33、 Committee in 2008.However,the biggest change came with the rollout of Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana(PMJDY)in 2014,generating more than 260mn new operative accounts and more than 245mn new debit cards in just four years.1 The 2018 World Bank report based on the Atlas of Social Protection Indicators

34、 of Resilience and Equity(ASPIRE)database covers 124 developing and transitioning countries and 80 percent of the world population,using data collected from 2009 to 2016.As the COVID-19 pandemic(referred to as“the pandemic”,“COVID-19”or“the COVID-19 crisis”hereafter)unfolded,governments launched fis

35、cal and monetary initiatives designed to alleviate the financial impact of the crisis.They provided financial support for vulnerable and low-income households,including those disproportionately affected through loss of employment and income,and introduced packages to support small businesses hit by

36、tight liquidity and a significant drop in turnover.The series of lockdowns and social distancing measures provided a compelling demonstration of the vital importance of social protection systems that are well-functioning,efficient,inclusive,scalable,resilient,and remote.Technology and innovation sup

37、ercharged national disbursement programs,with the most impressive solutions being those designed to combat specific national challenges and adapt to the needs of citizens.This paper explores the digitalization of public disbursement programs,taking a closer look at the challenges facing governments

38、and beneficiaries and analyzing the opportunities that lie ahead.The pandemic exposed existing issues with public disbursement systems and triggered new oneshighlighting gaps in the power of governments to deliver emergency aid to their citizens in a fast,efficient manner.This paper demonstrates the

39、 critical role that well-developed digital infrastructure and digital payments can play in delivering more effective government aid and in scaling up programs and payments.It is here that the“digital trinity”of digital ID,mobile communications,and digital payments infrastructure can act as the key b

40、uilding blocks for a new type of digital and fit-for-purpose government disbursement.The paper draws conclusions based on global government disbursement programs targeting individuals and businessesboth as emergency relief and during non-crisis times.It takes stock of some of the critical learnings

41、derived from this unprecedented global situation and explores further opportunities for development moving forward.4Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsWhat are government disbursement programs?Government disbursement programs are programs funded by governments as part of their social pr

42、otection systems to support,among others:1.private individuals and families,especiallyvulnerable individuals and families or thoseexperiencing temporary difficulties.Governments disburse funds to citizens for theprovision of social benefits,emergencypayments,pensions,social security benefits,etc.2.s

43、mall businesses,usually with the goal ofincreasing employment,promoting investmentand entrepreneurship,or bolstering economicgrowth.Government support here includesgrants,subsidized or guaranteed loans,andsponsored worker training programs.In this paper,we refer to supported citizens and businesses

44、as the“recipients”or“beneficiaries”of government disbursement programs.For the purposes of this paper,we focus on in-cash social assistance schemes(also called social safety nets)non-contributory and mostly non-conditional interventions designed to help individuals and businesses cope with poverty a

45、nd vulnerability.As part of their social protection systems,besides social assistance,governments also run social insurance programs(contributory interventions)and labor market programs(designed to improve chances of employment and to smooth income during unemployment).The latter are occasionally re

46、ferenced,but not covered in detail,in the current paper.IndividualsSocial assistance benefitsPensionsTax refundsSocial security paymentsothersBusinessesCorporate grantsG2PG2BSubsidiesTax refundsSpecial conditions loansothers5Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsGovernment disbursement2.Th

47、e critical role of government disbursement programsIn most countries around the world,governments play a central role in supporting economic health and providing aid to economically vulnerable citizens and businesses.In crisis situations,governments must be able to rapidly increase both the scale an

48、d speed of the distribution of state-disbursed funds.With many experts anticipating feeble growth and elevated inflation for a considerable amount of time,government disbursements are likely to remain a policy instrument of first resort.2.1.A sizable portion of government spend before the pandemicGo

49、vernment disbursement programs have played an important role in the global economy for decades.Globally,the median country spends around USD66 annually per person2 on social safety nets.In the period between 2010-2014,spending on social safety nets totaled USD329bn in 120 developing countries explor

50、ed3 by the World Bank.42 Considering total population,not just beneficiaries.Amount in purchasing power parity terms.Excluding health fee waivers.3 The study includes countries defined as“developing”by the World Bank.The World Bank uses income classifications to group countries(based on gross nation

51、al income per capita),referring to the low-and middle-income groups taken together as the“developing world.”(Source:What are emerging markets?World Bank Data Help Desk).4 The objective of The State of Social Nets is to compile,analyze,and disseminate data and developments at the forefront of the soc

52、ial safety net agenda.This series of periodic reports is part of broader efforts to monitor progress in the implementation of the World Bank 201222 Social Protection and Labor Strategy.This second edition examines trends in coverage,spending,and program performance based on the World Bank Atlas of S

53、ocial Protection:Indicators of Resilience and Equity(ASPIRE)updated database.Publication date:2015.Support to businesses before the pandemic mostly took the form of subsidies at the national level and grants from supranational entities.The European Union,for example,supports more than 200,000 busine

54、sses every year through grants,business loans,microfinance,guarantees,and venture capital.The Canadian government allocated USD6.2bn(CAD8.4bn)in loans and USD1.3bn(CAD1.8bn)in loan guarantees for small businesses,and an additional USD333mn(CAD450mn)in late-stage venture capital to Canadian entrepren

55、eurs in 2018.6Next Generation Government Disbursement Programs2.2.COVID-19 magnified the demands on government disbursement The rapid spread of COVID-19 was a game-changer for government disbursement programs.As jobs were decimated and income was eroded,many citizens were left struggling under unpre

56、cedented financial strain.In Latin America and the Caribbean(LAC),the impact of COVID-19 was devastating.Income dropped for 60 to 70 percent of all households.Nearly half of workersstopped working,while 16 percent lost their jobs.Meanwhile,in Southeast Asia,there were 10.6mn fewer employed workers i

57、n 2020 compared to a non-pandemic scenario,according to the International Labor Organization.In other countries too,the repercussions were profound.In April 2020 the unemployment rate in the U.S.hit 14.8 percentthe highest level since records began in 1948equal to 22.1mn jobs lost in just four month

58、s.In July 2021,aggregate employment was still languishing at 5.4mn jobs below its pre-pandemic level,according to the U.S.Congressional Research Service.In a bid to address these dramatic losses,governments moved swiftly to ramp up their social protection programs.By January 2022,almost 4,000 social

59、 protection and labor measures had been planned or implemented by 223 economies in response to the pandemic.The financial fallout also triggered a spike in the number of recipients of government support.By 2020,28.9 percent of the global vulnerable population was receiving social assistance.Between

60、2020 and 2021,over 1.3bn peopleor 17 percent of the worlds populationwere receiving at least one COVID-19-related disbursement payment.Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy55 World Bank,2021;ILO,2021;Congressional Research Service,2021;ILO and OECD,2020;OECD,2022.2/3households in LAC suffe

61、ring a drop in income10.6mnfewer employed in Southeast Asia14.8%highest unemployment rate in the U.S.since 194870%informal workers in G20 suffering income drop50%SMBs reported a strong drop in revenueEffects of the COVID-19 pandemic on government disbursement programs66 OECD,2022;World Bank,2021 and

62、 2022(“living paper”).4,000social protection and labor measures globally223economies providing COVID-19 support1.3bnpeople receiving at least one COVID-19 aid$800bnin social protection in the first 9 months of the pandemic$3.9tnspent on rescue packages for SMBs in OECD countries7Next Generation Gove

63、rnment Disbursement ProgramsAs the number of social protection programs increased,so too did the budgets involved.In the last nine months of 2020 alone,at least USD800bn was invested in social protection.Between March 2020 and May 2021,global fiscal support amounted to USD13.8tn.Government spending

64、on social assistance to private individuals surged from 4.4 percent of GDP to 8.9 percent of GDP in Spain;from 5.3 percent of GDP to 8.4 percent of GDP in France;and from 4.1 percent of GDP to 4.7 percent of GDP in Australia.7The World Banks Map of SME-Support Measures in Response to COVID-19 shows

65、that 22 out of 135 countries offered grants to businesses affected by the pandemic in April 2020.OECD countries spent USD3.86tn on rescue packages for small businesses.In the U.K.,small and medium-sized businesses(SMBs)in the retail,hospitality,and leisure sectors received cash grants of between USD

66、12,800(GBP10,000)and USD32,000(GBP25,000)during the first few months of the pandemic.Germany rolled out a USD11.4bn(EUR10bn)program of direct subsidies to sole entrepreneurs and micro-enterprises.These measures were part of a fiscal stimulus estimated to reach up to 11.2 percent of G20 countries GDP

67、 in 2020.7 Kearney calculations,taking as baseline OECD data from 2017 to 2019(latest year available)on income support to the working age population(excluding pensions,health,and all other social services included in public social expenditure),and estimating the increase based on the 2019-2020 diffe

68、rence in data on in-cash social benefits to households,also from the OECD.8 The informal economy includes largely legal income-generating activities conducted beyond the visibility and reach of public authorities.2.3.Crises exacerbate longstanding financial inequalityCOVID-19 has demonstrated the po

69、tential of global crises to disrupt the lives of people and businesses globallyand the pandemic will certainly not be the last crisis the world will face.The looming global recession,growing energy prices and inflation,food shortages and hunger in parts of the world,and climate change will dominate

70、the global agenda in the coming years.At the same time,those people that are already vulnerable tend to be the hardest hit in times of crisis.Low-paid,often low-skilled,workers were particularly affected during the initial phase of the COVID-19 crisis.Workers employed in the informal economy8 were a

71、lso dealt a heavy blow.According to the World Bank,the pandemic has magnified income inequality across emerging markets and developing economiesas measured by the Gini coefficientpushing it back to levels last seen in the early 2010s.The pandemic has provided a crucial lesson for governments.Future

72、crises have the power to aggravate poverty,widen the income inequality gap,and erode the social policy gains made in recent decades.As the number of individuals and businesses in need grows,government disbursement programs will remain a critically important policy instrumentand the ability to effici

73、ently and effectively distribute funds will become more vital than ever.8Next Generation Government Disbursement Programs3.Challenges for government disbursement programsGovernment disbursement programs come with some common challengesboth for the government agencies themselves and for the recipient

74、s.Disbursement programs use taxpayers money,so governments must work hard to maximize their impact.Funds must be distributed efficiently and cost-effectivelyonly to those who need them,and only in line with social welfare and policy objectives.Meanwhile,beneficiaries face some challenges of their ow

75、n.Many are unaware that they are eligible for social aid in the first place,and the application process can be onerous.9Next Generation Government Disbursement Programs3.1.Challenges faced by governments IDENTIFICATIONLack of formal identificationWhen it comes to ensuring that social aid reaches onl

76、y the intended recipients,lack of formal identification is a tough challenge.Estimates suggest that at least 1bn people have no formal identification.Without an effective identity(ID)systemideally based on digital ID or device authenticationbeneficiary lists are often littered with nonexistent indiv

77、iduals or“ghosts.”This not only opens up the potential for abuse,but can also lead to people who are eligible for support being overlooked or impossible to identify if they have no formal ID.In disbursement programs involving business loans,governments also have to identify the beneficial owner of t

78、he legal person as part of the loan onboarding process.When more than one individual has controlling ownership and qualifies for the role,the identification process can pose significant delays.India reduced internal fraud and leakage from pension payments by 47 percent when the country transitioned

79、from cash to payments via biometric smart cards.The government saved millions of dollars annually in administrative costsmore than enough to cover the cost of the new system.Complex constraints on eligibilityELIGIBILITYDetermining eligibility for government disbursement programs quickly and with min

80、imal requirement for face-to-face contact is complicated,as existing government social assistance databases often lack data on a large segment of the population.When there is pressure to distribute economic aid as swiftly as possible,eligibility can sometimes be compromised.When the U.S.government p

81、assed the Coronavirus Aid,Relief,and Economic Security(CARES)Act in 2020,it excluded household liquidity from the eligibility criteria.But research found that households with more than USD3,000 in the bank spent none of their CARES payments,while families with USD500 or less spent almost half of eve

82、ry CARES dollar within 10 days.As a result,this fiscal stimulus designed to boost the countrys economy became“something of a blunt instrument”according to University of Chicagos Constantine Yannelis.10Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsHard-to-reach segments of the populationREACHPerhap

83、s unsurprisingly,those people who are in the greatest need of government support are often the hardest to reach.This includes individuals with low levels of literacy,limited access to technology,and those who live in remote rural areas or regions of conflict.It also includes children(who might not q

84、ualify for government support on their own),women,the elderly,disabled people,and members of minority or indigenous groups.For governments,finding effective ways to reach these communitiesand enhance their access to financial aid and to the financial systemis a top priority.When the conflict in Ukra

85、ine displaced millions of Ukrainian citizens,the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR)used security codes to distribute assistance.Unique codes sent via text message directly to the Ukrainian refugees enabled them to withdraw the money from any ATM in Poland.This approach enabled the

86、UNHCR to overcome the issue of both limited access to the formal banking system among displaced populations and the inefficiencies associated with traditional paper-based payment methods.Spending disbursements in undesirable areasIMPACTAgainst a global backdrop of widespread financial vulnerability,

87、governments are keen to ensure that social assistance disbursements are spent as intendedto support the wellbeing of their citizens and to achieve policy objectives when granted to small businesses.Governments can utilize controls to prevent certain types of spending,directing consumption instead to

88、 sectors of the economy that will benefit from the fiscal stimulus.The Greek government used such an approach when it implemented the Freedom Pass,which made digital payments of USD180(EUR150)only to citizens who had been vaccinated against COVID-19.The Pass delivered two important benefits for the

89、government:first,it encouraged beneficiaries to take part in vaccination programs;second,it ensured that funds were spent in vulnerable sectors of the economy,as the Pass could only be used for purchases within Greece,and specifically in the sectors of tourism,culture,and transportation.11Next Gener

90、ation Government Disbursement ProgramsCombating eligibility fraud among small businessesOne of the biggest challenges of the pandemic showed up in government-to-business grants and support.Aid was dispensed with a“firefighter hose,”designed for rapid impact.Errors began to emerge,sparking nationwide

91、 scandals over misuse and interception fraud (for example,funds provided to companies that were inexistent,not in need,or otherwise ineligible).In late 2021,Australian Service New South Wales(NSW)and NSW Police established Strike Force Sainsbery to investigate fraudulent applications for COVID-19 bu

92、siness support payments.By that point,Service NSW had identified suspected fraudulent COVID-19 micro-business grant applications worth USD11.9mn(AUD15.9mn)or 2.6 percent of all paid applications.In the U.K.,the Bounce Back scheme was set up to help businesses survive the pandemic,with the government

93、 guaranteeing loans of up to USD67,500(GBP50,000).Government estimates suggest that as much as USD4.7bn(GBP3.6bn)to USD8.3bn(GBP6.3bn)of the USD61bn(GBP46bn)provided was lost to fraud or error.Several European countries used digital solutions to identify and combat fraud in support schemes for busin

94、esses.Norway used data mining to identify fraudulent claims for ghost employees from the wage compensation scheme administered by the Social and Welfare Administration agency,which by mid-2021 paid in total USD852.8mn(NOK8bn).Data was collated from public company information,the agencys own database

95、s,bank statements,and the Norwegian tax administration,estimating fraud to be USD2.98mn(NOK28mn).12Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsFinancial benefits of digital paymentsKeeping costs under controlThe scale of government disbursement programs dramatically amplifies even small differen

96、ces in the costs between payment instruments.Concerted efforts to digitalize government payments have delivered significant savings.USD7bn of savings were generated by Indias government payments digitization program over 2.5 years.USD1.27bn were saved by Mexico per year due to its government payment

97、s modernization program.38%according to data of the government of South Africa,this is how much lower the cost of digital payments for social transfers is,compared to that for payments made in cash or by check.USD651mn(PLN3.1bn)is the estimated savings between 2022-2023 of Polands largest social dis

98、bursement program,by moving from cash to digital payments,along with other optimization initiatives.13Next Generation Government Disbursement Programs3.2.Challenges faced by recipientsLow awareness of disbursement programsAWARENESSIf people are unaware of government disbursement programs,they cannot

99、 apply for themand cannot benefit from them.Members of marginalized communities may face serious difficulties when it comes to finding out about programs and determining their eligibility.In addition,frequent changes to programs and requirements may deter many potentially eligible recipients from ap

100、plying in the first place.“I found out about the benefit for the mentally disabled by chance.The Chairman of the Committee knew that my kid was disabled.He asked if we had received any support or not.I replied that we hadnt received any.”Nguyen Xuan Chung,a 57-year-old father of a disabled child,Vie

101、tnam99 Ethnographic research commissioned by Visa in Vietnam,2022.“The application method wasnt very clear to me,but I tried anyway and it worked out.There was also an intermediate step:my request had to be validated by my ex-partner as if he had to allow me to receive the check.”Cristina,a 40-year-

102、old single mother of two,Italy1010 Ethnographic research commissioned by Visa in Italy,2022.14Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsTime-consuming,inconvenient application processesAPPLICATIONParticipation levels are also hampered by the time and inconvenience associated with filling out a

103、pplications and complying with program requirements.Before COVID-19,face-to-face applications were the normas were the reams of paperwork and complicated eligibility criteria that came with them.The shift to digital,app-based applications may have significantly streamlined these processes,but it has

104、 also left less digitally savvy applicants struggling to complete online-only application processes.The social protection response in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic is unique among the countries that responded rapidly to the crisis for its reliance on manual processes,including using p

105、aper forms distributed by local government officials to expand coverage,rather than leveraging its social registry or cross-checking against other administrative databases.The pace of payments was uneven,reaching existing beneficiaries of social protection programs much faster than new ones,thus giv

106、ing the impression of a rapid response,while masking the significant delays faced by many beneficiaries.“The public official knew we were going to be approved for the housing benefit because of our income.She knew by experience,essentially,and she told us as much.But she had to send in the papers,so

107、 that the government would approve the application.The government took two months to approve them.This whole delay was pointless.”Marina,mother of two and a long-time recipient of Greeces housing benefits1111 Ethnographic research commissioned by Visa in Greece,2022.15Next Generation Government Disb

108、ursement ProgramsLack of certainty on payment transfersRELIABILITYOnce they have successfully applied for funds,recipients need to understand exactly when the first transfer will take place.For the financially vulnerable,it is vital to have the certainty that these regular payments will arrive on ti

109、me.Where recipients have recently changed their chosen method of disbursement to digital,reliability becomes even more important.Recipients often need reassurance that the government will not withhold the benefit transfer or limit the use of funds in any way.Lack of trust and lack of knowledge often

110、 lie at the heart of these concerns.In the U.S.,the IRS and Treasury Department were able to start distributing COVID-19 relief packages within two weeks of passing the CARES Act,as they could rely on tax returns on file for many eligible recipients.To accelerate the disbursement process,the“Get My

111、Payment”tool was up and running within two-and-a-half weeks after the act was signed.It allowed the 30 million individuals and families eligible to receive aid who do not normally file a tax return,as well as those who do file tax returns but may never have connected a bank account to the IRS,to pro

112、vide account details,and thus receive their payment more quickly by direct deposit.12 Ethnographic research commissioned by Visa in Greece,2022.“Having waited 14 months for the benefit,I would like the approval to take a month,then receive money within the next 30 days rather than having to stress a

113、nd be put in a difficult position where I dont have the funds to pay food and bills.We had some money saved,I also had to borrow some from my parents-it was a difficult phase.”Giorgos,a 59-year-old recipient of basic income benefits,Greece1216Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsDifficult

114、 access to fundsCONVENIENCEThe success of disbursement programs depends on the recipients having easy,convenient access to their funds.This means that the method chosen by the government needs to be aligned with the penetration and accessibility of different payment methods in that particular geogra

115、phy.In the U.S.,for example,around 5 percent of the adult population does not have a financial services account.For these individuals,it is important that alternative payment methods,such as prepaid cards,are available.Prepaid cards can also provide a good alternative for banked recipients reluctant

116、 to share their bank account details with the government.To spur the adoption of digital payments,governments should also explore the opportunity to create digital training programssupporting individuals and SMBs in building their skills and overcoming challenges related to applying for,receiving,or

117、 accessing payments.17Next Generation Government Disbursement Programs4.Government disbursement and the COVID-19 pandemic When the COVID-19 pandemic gained pace and the magnitude of its effect started to become apparent,many governments were confronted with a pressing need to support a significantly

118、 larger group of citizens and businesses with public disbursement programs.Agreeing on eligibility criteria and generating a clear list of eligible beneficiaries was just the first step and it was already a stumbling block.Onboarding a large number of new constituents based on a new set of eligibili

119、ty criteriasome of them unbanked and many of them spread across rural and remote locationsand ensuring the funds reach them in a timely manner proved significantly more trying.The COVID-19 pandemic provided a compelling demonstration of the critical role that well-developed digital infrastructure an

120、d digital payments can play,especially in delivering and scaling up more effective government aid delivery.Many governments became convinced of their advantages based on first-hand experience and innovative solutions implemented during the pandemic.But some still face challenges in sustaining progra

121、ms that were designed and launched during this time.As the pandemic starts losing strength,previous practices could creep back infor several reasons.18Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsThe end of special conditions During the pandemic,special conditions were agreed to and granted for a

122、 limited period of time to ensure that financial support could be delivered to those in need as quickly as possible.But as the pandemic recedes and the world learns to live with COVID-19,agreements signed in the uncertain days of lockdown are being revisited and revised.The digitalization of disburs

123、ement programs cannot happen without digital payments infrastructurebut this can be out of reach for governments with limited funds.In Togo,the government worked with two national mobile payment operators to deliver social benefits during the pandemic.When the program was launched,all parties agreed

124、 to eliminate transfer tariffs so that applicants could receive their money without paying fees.Nevertheless,the provision of favorable conditions for the adoption of digital payments should go beyond the scope and timeline of a disbursement program,in order to ensure habit formation and long-term c

125、ontinuation.Lack of awareness of temporary programsIn the Philippines,the deposit accounts provided to beneficiaries during the COVID-19 Social Amelioration Program were temporary and restricted.They could be converted to a full account within 12 months if they met Know-Your-Customer(KYC)requirement

126、s,but beneficiaries had to actively take steps to convert,and awareness of the possibility of conversion was very low.In such situations,governments can play a supporting role by providing targeted financial education,and by launching far-reaching communication campaigns on how to retain access to b

127、enefits beyond the pandemic.Parallel structures and multiple stakeholdersIn many countries,disbursement programs involve different government entitieseven in non-crisis times.For example,social protection agencies often oversee the definition of disbursement objectives,strategies,and criteria,while

128、the Ministry of Finance handles the effective distribution of funds and the payments infrastructure.This can lead to a separation of design and execution.With governments under pressure to find emergency solutions and prioritize speed over procedures,the responsibility for running emergency disburse

129、ment programs often fell to different administrative entities than those normally in charge,often requiring multiple stakeholders to work together.In Namibia,the government introduced the Emergency Income Grant(EIG)at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to cushion the impact of the pande

130、mic and help households who experienced reduced or no income.Under this first-of-its-kind initiative,the Finance Ministry processed payments in collaboration with the Social Security Commission and other financial sector and information communication technology stakeholders,committing to make EIG pa

131、yments no later than seven days from the day of application.While the COVID-19 crisis has demonstrated the ability of governments to react swiftly,permanent structures and partnerships have not matched the speed of this response.For digitalization to become a permanent part of government disbursemen

132、t,the structures and responsibilities for the new process must be formalized as successors of the pandemic programs,with digital methods and capabilities carried over at program end.The clear,formal allocation of responsibilities,and the extensive information interchange are both essential to contin

133、uous improvement.Ad hoc regulatory modificationsIn some cases,the COVID-19 pandemic found governance systems and processes unprepared to scale up social protection programs.The health crisis exposed many social protection systems as fragmented and patchy,and prone to structural setbacks.As a result,

134、many programs were based on ad hoc agreements and legal modifications.For example,for Colombias Ingreso Solidario disbursement program,a regulatory change allowed for the exchange of information between mobile network operators,banks,and the governmentfor the duration of the program only.Permanent s

135、tructures must be put in place to ensure their sustainability over time.19Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsThe risk of returning to old habitsOnce government and private sector incentives recede and physical restrictions are no longer in place,some recipients might go back to previous

136、 payment practices.Often,this means reverting to cash paymentseither because recipients have not had time to become familiar with the digital instruments,or because they feel the costswith transaction fees now includedhave become too high.In Jordan,the government distributed emergency aid to vulnera

137、ble households during the COVID-19 pandemic through mobile wallets,with self-onboarding simplified and heavily promoted across the different mobile wallet providers.While the number of mobile money transactions experienced a large jump for two months,a large drop was observed after July,possibly ind

138、icating that a significant portion of beneficiaries only used the system to receive aid payments and will likely not become active users of the mobile wallets once aid payments are reduced or halted.Sustaining the gains made during the COVID-19 pandemic relies heavily on government action.There are

139、two important imperatives ahead of responsible government agencies:one,sustaining and further digitizing government disbursement programs;and two,making programs simpler and more citizen-centric in order to encourage and drive adoption.Governments that act on these two imperatives have the opportuni

140、ty to significantly increase financial access and inclusion,and advance digitalization of society and the economy.There are two important imperatives ahead:one,sustaining and further digitizing government disbursement programs;and two,making programs simpler and more citizen-centric in order to enco

141、urage and drive adoption.20Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsBoosting financial inclusionDigital payments are typically the first entry point into the financial system for recipients who had previously relied on cash alone.A convenient and reliable digital disbursement not only proves

142、its benefits but also encourages future usage of electronic financial products.Governments can contribute to the financial education of their citizens in a way that private financial institutions are unable and unlikely to pursue.Incorporating financial enablement into digital disbursement programs

143、has powerful long-term benefits for the most economically vulnerable citizens.According to the Global Findex Database,an estimated 25mn of people aged above 15 years in Brazil entered the financial system for the first time to receive money from the government.In total,15 percent of adults in LAC ma

144、de their first utility bill payment directly from their account for the first time during the pandemic.For customers to gain confidence in digital tools,they need to become familiar with those tools and repeatedly use them.In Tanzania,customers had the option to receive digital payments through the

145、provider of their choice or stick with cash payments.Over a year,the number of recipients opting for digital payments gradually rose from 17 to 44 percent as their awareness of and confidence in using the digital option grew.Financial inclusion also emerged as a driver for Central Bank Digital Curre

146、ncies(CBDCs)the digital form of a countrys fiat currency.Some countries are at least conducting research on CBDCs.In the Bahamas,the Sand Dollar was introduced to help facilitate financial inclusion across 390,000 people spread across 30 inhabited islandsmany of them remote.CBDCs can also overcome p

147、rohibitive banking requirements;a case in point is the e-naira in Nigeria.The Central Bank of Nigeria has ensured that socially and financially disadvantaged persons are not being precluded from opening accounts for lack of acceptable identification,and has established a three-tiered KYC regime with

148、 flexible requirements for low-and medium-value account holders.21Next Generation Government Disbursement Programs5.Designing citizen-centric digital government disbursementThe COVID-19 pandemic has provided a valuable opportunity for many governments to observe first-hand the benefits of digital di

149、sbursement.Some of the digital solutions implemented during the pandemic will not be sustained beyond it.But the learnings can be used to shape next-generation programs that use technology to raise awareness and provide access to more citizens and businesses in need of the public safety net,to reduc

150、e fraud and better target public funds,and to boost adoption through convenience and simplicity of designthus preparing governments for the next emergency disbursement event.13 The“digital trinity”is sometimes referred to as the JAM Trinity(Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile)the key enabler at the center of In

151、dias transformed digital payment landscape.The role of digital technology in social disbursement programs extends through the entire value chain of activities,from informing potential beneficiaries about programs,to onboarding and identifying them,screening them for eligibility,helping them to bette

152、r manage their money and save,and using nudges to making the payments.Digital identification,mobile communications,and digital payment infrastructure(as a gateway to digital financial services)represent the so-called“digital trinity”13the three key building blocks for digitalizing government disburs

153、ement and growing financial inclusion(see Figure 1).Together,these building blocks address the majority of pain points for both public officials and social aid recipients.They also make disbursement programs better targeted;more efficient,scalable,resilient;and increasingly customer-centric.Figure 1

154、Pain points of government disbursement programs and ways of addressing themIdentificationEligibilityReachImpactAwarenessApplicationReliabilityConvenienceGovernmentsRecipients22Next Generation Government Disbursement Programs5.1.Mobile information and application processA growing number of people hav

155、e access to smartphones and mobile devices.While internet connectivity might still be lagging behind in some countries,almost everyone can connect online via 3G-or 4G-enabled devices.53 percent of the world population is now using mobile internet,with only 6 percent(450mn people)not covered by mobil

156、e broadband.The high degree of connectivity and penetration of mobile technology in the developing world gave governments a significant advantage during the COVID-19 pandemic,enabling them to communicate information on social disbursement programs to large numbers of potential beneficiaries.Moving c

157、ommunication to digital channels increased awareness and made the process easier for potential recipients.During the crisis,a number of countries launched digital applications for emergency relief through mobile devices,WhatsApp,or websites.Large volumes of applications were collected in a short per

158、iod.After traditionally having required applications in person at Social Security Agency offices,in 2020 South Africa implemented applications for its COVID-19 Social Relief of Distress grants through a self-service portal accessible from computers and mobile phones.45 minutes after the applications

159、 first opened on the website,utilization of the hosting server was above 95 percent.The government of Pakistan launched its primary social protection response to COVID-19,the Ehsaas Emergency Cash Programme,within the first 10 days of the nationwide lockdown,and started to pay beneficiaries only day

160、s later.The program required new beneficiaries to nominate themselves through SMS,web-based,or district registration services.Around 11.9mn new beneficiaries enrolled in addition to the 5mn beneficiaries of an existing social protection scheme.Access to mobile services increased awareness of social

161、disbursement programs and citizen engagement.The ability to apply remotely boosted participation by encouraging applications from a wider cross-section of the population than ever before.23Next Generation Government Disbursement Programs5.2.Digital identificationDigital ID can open up the financial

162、ecosystem to at least 1bn people that are currently excluded from it,enabling them to access financial products and actively participate in economic life.The Indian government did exactly that when it introduced the Aadhaar identification card,which assigns a unique,12-digit number to every resident

163、 and draws on broad information captured on every individual covered(mobile phone number,biometrics,photograph,and demographic details).Aadhaar penetration had reached over 99 percent of the adult population as of 2018 and is now increasingly being used across other government services.Bangladesh al

164、so has a digital IDwith a biometric national identity cardand digital payment program,which has made significant strides in the last decade.During the COVID-19 pandemic,the recipients were not required to pay cash-out fees,and the National Identity Card verificationa biometric,microchip-embedded,sma

165、rt identity card carried by two-thirds of the populationensured the benefits reached the right people.(See Case Study:Responsible digital payments in Bangladesh on page 32).Other digital ID solutions have proven their success across borders.The Ukrainian DIIA e-government platform and app gained tra

166、ction during the pandemic through the introduction of ePidtrimka(eSupport)a one-off payment of roughly USD37(UAH1,000)to fully vaccinated Ukrainians linked to a digital bank card.In the first two months,the government issued 9.5mn ePidtrimka cards.At the same time,the Ukrainian government is using D

167、iia to send financial assistance to those displaced by the Russian invasion.Digital ID can help governments to more accurately assess beneficiaries eligibility for social programs.Connecting a digital ID with other government records,such as tax records or social benefit registry,gives governments t

168、he power to verify the identity of applicants and to fine-tune requirements as disbursement programs evolve.Such initiatives have been attempted,albeit mostly using traditional,rather than digital,national IDs.For example,South Africa,Namibia,Trkiye,Pakistan,and Brazil used databases linked by the n

169、ational ID number to screen applications against multiple criteria.In Brazil,the government enrolled beneficiaries from the Cadastro nicothe shared registry for the countrys vulnerable populationinto the COVID-19 Emergency Aid program.At the same time,self-employed or informal workers who were not i

170、n the single registry but were impacted by COVID-19 could apply to the program via cell phone.Brazils public IT company,Dataprev,then cross-checked benefit claims against some 20 continually updated databases,including tax,social security,and public employment.Further innovations can strengthen iden

171、tification and allow more targeted eligibility checks;for example,by using“ambient authentication”data such as device serial number,URL14 fingerprinting,geolocation,or biometric log-in for validation.These can be used to verify the identity of a mobile device user either on their own,or as an additi

172、onal layer of identification to one-time passwordshelping governments to detect duplicate applications for benefits.Crucially,the ability of the public sector to minimize fraud in recipient identification and target the funds to eligible recipients goes a long way toward increasing the trust of citi

173、zens and business in government integrity and fair practices.24Next Generation Government Disbursement Programs14 Uniform Resource Locators(URLs).5.3.Scalable digital payment infrastructureBefore the pandemic,just over half of countries around the world had the ability to make emergency monetary ass

174、istance transfers to individuals via electronic payments,according to the 2018 Government E-Payments Adoption Ranking compiled by the Economist Intelligence Unit and sponsored by Visa.As per the World Bank Global Financial Inclusion Database,22.4 percent of the recipients of government disbursements

175、 in the lower-middle-income countries15as defined by the World Bankreceived them in cash in 2017.This was the starting point of many countries when the COVID-19 pandemic started to unfold.Countries used a variety of payment methods to deliver scaled-up benefits to their citizens.Some governments opt

176、ed to use solutions that they were already familiar with and perceived as being scalable to meet rapidly increasing demand.(See Case Study:MoneyToPay prepaid cards,Spain on page 28).In other countries,governments turned to technology for new and innovative ways to distribute emergency aid as quickly

177、 as possible.This was particularly true for countries with a high share of unbanked population,largely cash-based payments,and face-to-face disbursement of funds.Both Nepal and Guatemala started utilizing tokens to distribute aid to the most vulnerable and difficult-to-reach communities.In Nepal,the

178、 Rahat tokenized aid distribution management system,based on blockchain technology,is used to distribute funds to individuals affected by crises by sending the recipient a unique token through SMS.Recipients can redeem these tokens for cash or when making purchases,either through a digital wallet,a

179、QR code,or even a merchants mobile app.In its own attempt to reach unbanked citizens,Guatemala launched the Bono Familia COVID-19 relief program,which utilized SMS to provide all eligible individuals with a unique token:a 16-digit code that they could use to make purchases and withdraw cash.(See Cas

180、e Study:Bono Familia,Guatemala on page 30).15 The 2018 World Bank report based on the ASPIRE database covers 124 developing and transitioning countries and 80 percent of the world population,using data collected from 2009 to 2016.The World Bank uses income classifications to group countries(based on

181、 gross national income per capita),referring to the low-and middle-income groups taken together as the“developing world.”(Source:What are emerging markets?World Bank Data Help Desk).Colombias innovative Ingreso Solidario program played its own part in disbursing emergency funds to hard-to-reach indi

182、viduals in need.The unconditional emergency transfer program reached nearly 3mn householdsof which 63 percent are headed by women and one-third are first-time users of mobile money accountsby subscribing not only the banking system but also several large fintechs in the country to reach beneficiarie

183、s,including Venezuelan refugees.When choosing payment methods for a social benefit program,it is important for governments first and foremost to communicate to beneficiaries that digital payments are cheaper and more convenient to receive than cash or checks.In Liberia,for example,by receiving their

184、 salaries as digital deposits,teachers saw the cost of collecting their money(including bus fares)fall by 92 percent,from USD25 per paycheck to USD2.Cash represents a financial risk to the recipient,increases the risk of poor financial management,and often requires the beneficiary to travel long dis

185、tances at their own expense to collect it.Digital distribution mitigates these issues and many others.When exploring digital payment alternatives,governments need to consider the most common and easily accessible payment methods for citizensand the most widely available acceptance method.It is impor

186、tant to determine the best way to reach all eligible recipientseven those that are remote,unbanked,or otherwise difficult to reachand the speed both in crisis and non-crisis situations.In some countries,an SMS or USSD code might be the easiest and most widespread way to reach potential beneficiaries

187、;in countries with wider penetration of smart phones,QR codes and mobile wallets might provide the required reach and convenience.In countries with a high proportion of unbanked citizenssome of whom have no official IDalias directories,based for example on utility bill payments,could provide unique

188、identification and open up access to public funds to marginalized individuals by linking their alias to a virtual account.Governments can better harness these different options to provide fast,easy access to funds for target beneficiaries.25Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsWhile there

189、 is no“one size fits all”solution,governments that offer multiple payment methods stand to create a better overall experience for beneficiaries,making government services more user-friendly and accessible.Even payment methods that are relatively safe,fast,and reliable may not be a suitable solution

190、for some recipients.Bank transfers,for example,would not be the preferred method of choice for beneficiaries that are particularly concerned about data privacy,those who would like to avoid joint account access,or those who would prefer disbursed funds to go into a separate pot in order to not be au

191、tomatically deducted for overdraft repayment.Choice ensures inclusiveness and access and over time fosters adoption.Well-developed digital infrastructure and digital payments play a critical role in delivering and scaling up effective government aid.The post-pandemic times can be an opportunity to i

192、nvest in more comprehensive,coherent,and universal systems for government-to-consumer and government-to-business payments.This would require increased collaboration and interoperability between government offices,as well as a move away from individual“programs”to“systems”that combine a range of soci

193、al assistance measures.Each element of the“digital trinity”plays an important part in optimizing government disbursement programs,but countries that can successfully combine all three are still few and far between.One positive exception is Singapore,which used all three elements in combination to de

194、liver COVID-19 relief aid that was quick and convenient for beneficiaries.The government was also able to minimize fraud and fine-tune the program based on changing imperatives during the pandemic and evolving policy objectives.(See Case Study:COVID-19 Support Grant and COVID-19 Recovery Grant,Singa

195、pore on page 34).While there is no“one size fits all”solution,governments that offer multiple payment methods stand to create a better overall experience for beneficiaries,making government services more user-friendly and accessible.26Next Generation Government Disbursement Programs6.Government disb

196、ursement case studies27Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsCase study#1MoneyToPay prepaid cards CountrySpainInitiative timelineLaunched:2020Status:Varies by statein some,still ongoingSize of disbursement program#Recipients:Almost 400,000 as of 2022Spain was one of the first European coun

197、tries to see a spike in COVID-19 cases.To mitigate the impact on its health care system,the government imposed a nationwide mobility ban.This severely restricted access to basic necessities for an estimated 7 percent of the Spanish populationor an estimated 3.3mn people suffering from severe poverty

198、 or material deprivation.According to Juan Vicente Peral,the previous president of the Spanish Federation of Food Banks,demand for in-kind donations has increased between 30 and 40 percent compared to before the pandemic.MoneyToPayCaixaBanks subsidiary and joint venture with Global Paymentsjoined fo

199、rces with Visa to distribute social aid to the most vulnerable populations through prepaid cards.The cards reduced the need for social interaction in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic and national lockdowns.They could be used to purchase predetermined types of goods such as food,basic hygiene prod

200、ucts,and medicines at supermarkets and pharmacies.The cards were designed to be rechargeable to minimize paperwork and social contact.MoneyToPay then partnered with more than 100 local government agencies and NGOs to quickly identify vulnerable families and efficiently disburse the aid.The approach

201、was tailored to meet the specific capabilities of different cities.For example,in the municipality of Madrid,the cards were distributed through existing systems provided by the Department of Families,Equality and Social Welfare(rea de Gobierno de Familias,Igualdad y Bienestar Social),while the gover

202、nment of Andalusia reached recipients through the Red Cross.The prepaid cards presented several benefits for the Spanish government:The use of prepaid cards accelerated the distribution of aid,as beneficiaries did not need to be formally included in the banking system to receive funds.In Madrid,gove

203、rnment officials announced that 2,000 families would be reached within the first week of Apriljust 14 days after the nationwide lockdown began.Prepaid cards could be safely delivered,reducing the risk of theft associated with cash and eliminating the need for social contact.Public funds were distrib

204、uted to consumers to spend exclusively at neighborhood merchants that had been hardest hit by lockdowns.On the recipient side,the authorities ability to recharge prepaid cards gave beneficiaries the security of a reliable monthly transfer of funds.It also made it easy for them to access their funds

205、and use them straight away.Based on the success of the prepaid cards,Spanish authorities continue to use them in other social programs such as Madrids Tarjeta Familias.The ease of use and the quick setup make prepaid cards an excellent solution to reach those in need rapidly and reliably.28Next Gene

206、ration Government Disbursement ProgramsResults Funds distributed to most vulnerable populations within two weeks to one month Gradual expansion of the programs scope:initially,2,000 families in Madrid were targeted with a monthly payment of USD114(EUR100);by 2021,more than 7,000 were receiving benef

207、its of up to USD745 per month(EUR630)Challenges overcome IdentificationEligibilityReachImpactAwarenessApplicationReliabilityConvenience29Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsCase study#2Bono Familia CountryGuatemalaInitiative timelineLaunched:2020Status:Ongoing throughout COVID-19 pandemi

208、c,ended in January 2021Size of disbursement program$:USD780mn#Recipients:2.7mn recipientsUnder the Bono Familia initiative,the Guatemalan government supported almost 2.7mn poor and vulnerable families in the countryalmost 80 percent of all householdsthrough an emergency fund disbursement program tha

209、t provided a maximum grant of USD130(GTQ1,000)per beneficiary in three separate cash transfers.The government developed a solution that enabled funds to be paid in just 15 days.In partnership with the World Bank and UNICEF,the Ministry of Social Development worked with commercial banks,telecommunica

210、tion companies,and VisaNet Guatemala,among others,to create an innovative platform to identify,register,and pay benefits to affected families.With no Social Household Registry in place,families were deemed eligible if their electricity consumption was less than or equal to 200kWh in February 2020.Th

211、ey were notified through their electricity bill stating,“Eligible for Bono Familia.”These pre-screened beneficiaries were then required to register with their personal ID card and their phone number.Once the Ministry of Social Development(Ministerio de Desarrollo Social)had confirmed beneficiaries i

212、dentities,it sent a 16-digit code to their mobile phones.This code gave beneficiaries access to a virtual bank account via which they could make essential purchases at merchants,gas stations,and convenience stores,and/or withdraw cash(by also showing their national ID card).Leveraging Visa Direct te

213、chnology,the program enabled the government to make real-time transfers for the Bono Familia program.This effectively gave recipients instant access to the funds.In turn,VisaNet Guatemala created tokens that linked the virtual accounts,thus enabling beneficiaries to spend those funds at any location

214、 accepting Visa card payment.Bono Familia marked the creation of an unprecedented private-public sector alliance in Guatemala,which played a critical role in ensuring the successful scale-up of the governments cash transfer response.30Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsResults The emerg

215、ency fund disbursement solution was created in only 15 days The government of Guatemala assigned several banks with expanding the number of virtual accounts,leading to the issuance of thousands of new electronic Visa payment credentialsChallenges overcome IdentificationEligibilityReachImpactAwarenes

216、sApplicationReliabilityConvenience31Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsCase study#3Responsible digital payments in Bangladesh CountryBangladeshInitiative timelineLaunched:2020Status:Throughout the COVID-19 pandemicSize of disbursement program$:USD147mn(BTD12.5bn)in social security funds

217、;USD588mn(BDT50bn)stimulus to RMG workers#Actual recipients:5mn vulnerable families;4mn exporting industry workersSince 2015,the Bangladeshi government has been digitalizing all social safety payments to its citizens as part of its Digital Bangladesh Vision strategy,which aims to drive economic deve

218、lopment through digitalization.The Department of Social Services,which runs 52 social safety net programs with 20mn beneficiaries,pays all its benefits digitally.The administrations efforts have also increased financial inclusion,with 79 percent of the population now part of the financial ecosysteml

219、argely driven by the mobile financial services providers.During the countrys first nationwide lockdown in Aprilthrough May 2020,the government launched a stimulus package of USD588mn(BDT50bn)for companies in the RMG sector and other exporting industries.Factories had to disburse wages digitally,thro

220、ugh either mobile money accounts or bank accounts,to be eligible for the benefits,which led to a significant increase in mobile financial services(MFS)accounts.At the same time,the government used mobile financial servicessuch as bKash,Rocket,and Nagadto distribute another package of USD147.05mn(BDT

221、12.5bn)in social security funds to 5mn low-income families.The families were chosen as the poorest among the 12.5mn who were already receiving relief assistance from the government.The recipients were not required to pay cash-out fees,and the National Identity Card verificationa biometric,microchip-

222、embedded,smart identity card carried by two-thirds of the populationensured the benefits reached the right people.This increased user numbers and helped build trust in digital payments in the process.Bangladesh also implemented partnerships involving both private and public sector institutions durin

223、g program rollout.As of June 2020,1.14mn digital bank accounts had been opened for the Department of Social Services cash transfer recipients64 percent of which belonged to women.Thus,the COVID-19 pandemic empowered the government of Bangladesh to get financial aid to these previously hard-to-reach

224、population segments as seamlessly as possible.32Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsResults Partially driven by the disbursement programs,merchant payments using MFS accounts increased in value by 15 times between April 2020 and May 2021 As government disbursement programs targeted women

225、,in particular in the RMG sector,the number of female-owned MFS accounts increased 21.5 percent between 2019 and 2020 and by 11 percent between March 2020 and May 2021 The government stimulus package to the RMG sector drove the opening of 3mn new MFS accounts in the eight months from April to Novemb

226、er 2020,out of which 1.92mn were opened in the first 15 days of April 2020Challenges overcome IdentificationEligibilityReachImpactAwarenessApplicationReliabilityConvenience33Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsCase study#4COVID-19 Support Grant and COVID-19 Recovery Grant16 16 The initia

227、tive timeline and other information included in this case study were provided directly by the Ministry of Social and Family Development in Singapore,Comcare and Social Support Division.CountrySingaporeInitiative timelineLaunched:CSG:May 4th,2020;CRG:January 18th,2021Status:CSG:ended December 31st,20

228、20;CRG:up to December 31st,2022 Each CRG recipient can receive up to a total of three tranches between the start of the scheme on January 18th,2021,and the end of 2022.Size of disbursement program as of Dec,2021$:USD198mn(SGD272mn)(combined CSG in 2020 and CRG in 2021#Actual recipients:125,000 indiv

229、iduals(98,000 for CSG in 2020 and 27,000 for CRG in 2021)#Key target:Individuals who had experienced involuntary job loss,no-pay leave(NPL),or significant income loss.CSG:employees only;CRG:employees and self-employed persons In the first month of the pandemic,15 percent of the working population of

230、 Singapore reported a reduction in their wages.By the third quarter of 2021,the total number of people employed in the country had fallen by nearly 200,00014 times more than the number of jobs lost during the Global Financial Crisis.In May 2020,the government launched a COVID-19 Support Grant(CSG)to

231、 provide financial assistance to lower-to-middle-income individuals as they sought new employment opportunities.Applicants were eligible if they had a gross monthly household income SGD10,000,or per capita monthly household income SGD3,100 prior to job loss,involuntary no-pay leave(NPL),or income lo

232、ss.In the case of job loss or NPL,recipients were granted up to SGD800 per month for three months.In the case of monthly salary loss of at least 30 percent for at least three consecutive months,recipients received up to SGD500.In 2021,the program was relaunched as the temporary COVID-19 Recovery Gra

233、nt(CRG).CSG recipients that were still experiencing difficulties due to the pandemic could also apply,alongside new applicants.The program targeted individuals who had experienced income loss of at least 50 percent on average for at least three consecutive months,and whose gross household income was

234、 SGD7,800,or whose gross per capita household income was SGD2,600,prior to their income loss,job loss,or involuntary NPL.Compared to CSG,the assistance for those who had experienced job loss or NPL was decreased to SGD700.To benefit from CRG assistance,applicants need to submit proof of job search o

235、r training prior to application for CRG,as well as demonstrate they had been economically active;that is,in employment for at least six months in the two years prior to the application year.This allows the government to ensure that public funds reach individuals who,by rejoining the labor force,will

236、 help the economy recover from the crisisrather than those who simply want additional cash.Singapores digital ID also carried several benefits both for the government and for recipients.The technology empowered the government to expand the programs eligibility criteria with no significant increase i

237、n the application processing time.It also enabled funds to be disbursed quickly and efficiently to the intended recipients,while reducing the risk of fraud.The implementation of digital ID provided both convenience and reliability for recipients,enabling them to apply from the safety of their own ho

238、me via the platform.And once approved,the funds were credited directly into the applicants bank account every month for three months,with no further action required.To make disbursement easier and more convenient,the Singapore government and its Government Technology Agency launched GovWallet a modu

239、le integration that allows eligible citizens to receive and spend payouts in one place.While different governmental agencies are still in control of their distribution programs,recipients can track all their pay-outs and spending history via the SingPass or LifeSG apps,and use the LifeSG app to make

240、 digital payments powered by GovWallet to merchants via commercially available payment channels,such as PayNow and NETS.With every scan-and-pay,funds are transferred automatically from the government agency to the merchant.GovWallet can also be used to give users reminders on unspent credits,or to o

241、nly allow spending at a specific selection of merchants.Moreover,GovWallet allows unbanked users to withdraw their payouts as cash from ATMs without an ATM card or spend them as e-credits through the app.34Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsResults The government utilized the e-governme

242、nt platform,SingPass,to facilitate application,assessment,and communication of enrollment.Recipients used the platform to submit their application and supporting evidence digitally The CRG Application portal was set up specifically for the program and enables applications 24 hours a day,seven days a

243、 week Through the Employment and Employability Institute and Workforce Singapore,the government also provides job search assistance to selected recipients1717 Third-time CRG beneficiaries are contacted by NTUCs Employment and Employability Institute and offered support for their job search efforts.E

244、ligible applicants may receive up to a total of three tranches of CRG support over 2021 and 2022.Each tranche comprises three months of financial assistance.Challenges overcome IdentificationEligibilityReachImpactAwarenessApplicationReliabilityConvenience35Next Generation Government Disbursement Pro

245、grams7.TakeawaysAs governments strive to get financial support to their citizens as efficiently as possible,disbursement programs have to adapt to meet recipients needs and capitalize on digital and technological advancements.Smarter public disbursement programs have compelling benefits.They have pr

246、oven to provide vulnerable individuals with access to the financial system and help them better manage their lives;they boost transparency and trust in government spending and strengthen confidence in government integrity;and finally,they support the digitalization of society through the adoption of

247、 digital payments and contribute to a more prosperous economy.Taking all of this into account,the pandemic provided public sector officials with some clear action points.36Next Generation Government Disbursement Programs01Implement long-term structural changes in social protectionThe lessons learned

248、 from the social protection responses to the COVID-19 pandemic globally must be translated into long-term structural changes to social protection systems.Success will depend on the ability to properly document the impact of COVID-19 on poverty,inequality,and the lives of vulnerable and marginalized

249、groups of society.It will also rely on the effectiveness of social protection systems in mitigating these effects.02Sustain and further digitalize disbursement programsThe pandemic highlighted a clear need to redesign the government disbursement system,and create fit-for-purpose processes that are f

250、aster,better targeted,more scalable,transparent and efficient,and end-to-end digital.The disbursement programs of the future need to include digital identification,easy remote onboarding,mobile-driven engagement and communication,instant digital credentials,and adequate payment options for beneficia

251、ries.Laying the groundwork now can mitigate the trade-off between speed,scalability,and eligibility,which has emerged as the most significant design fault of current models.Governments that act now have the chance to avoid being caught up in a crisis situation when the next large-scale disbursement

252、event inevitably comes.03Make programs simpler and more citizen-centricUser-centric design is becoming a critical determinant of the success of government disbursement programs.Minimizing the effort involved in the application process and managing beneficiaries expectations around availability and a

253、ccess to funds are key challenges today.A disbursement experience that is simple,quick,and seamless is key for future acceptance and adoption.Given not all recipients will be online,consistent service delivery across touchpoints would require the public sector to orchestrate delivery across the chan

254、nels.Citizen-centricity translates also in providing optionshow to apply,how to get the funds,etc.in order to meet people where they are and bring everyone onboard.04Ensure interoperability in the public-private ecosystemCollaboration and interoperability across the public and private sectors are cr

255、itical to maximizing the power of social benefit programs.Innovations generated in the private sector can enhance government efforts,making them more cost-efficient and more effective in reaching their target audience.Interoperability must also extend to government agencies themselves:if they can wo

256、rk successfully together,they can design disbursement programs that can better identify people in need,perform faster eligibility checks,reduce fraud rates,and ultimately deliver on government policy objectives.Public authorities stand to benefit from discussions with payment service providers that

257、play a critical role in funds delivery,as well as with the non-profit national and international ecosystem that can contribute to the best understanding of the citizens.05Support constituents with targeted financial educationThe pandemic accelerated the widespread adoption of digital payments.Yet in

258、 many countries,digital payments may fall back out of favor once emergency programs are phased out,due to factors like limited acceptance of digital payments at merchants,or high transaction costs.For many individuals,the shift to digital payments is about confidenceand for people who are joining th

259、e banking system for the first time,the transition takes time.To reduce the adjustment time and to make the change last,governments must support end-users through ongoing financial education programs.Beyond making and receiving digital payments,education about broader personal money managementsuch a

260、s regularly saving a small portion of disbursements until an event triggers its releaseis essential for individuals long-term financial health.It is here that the government has a real opportunity to act as a standard-setter,flying the flag for digital payments as a powerful vehicle for financial in

261、clusion.37Next Generation Government Disbursement ProgramsAppendix:Advantages of different payment methodsWhere do network credentials make more sense for government disbursements?Benefits that support payment network credentials(for example,physical or virtual prepaid cards,or tokenized credentials

262、 linked to a virtual account)over other instruments used by governments for funds delivery.Network credentials Where there is a financial inclusion or financial enablement objective to help citizens become more financially independent.Network credentials encourage savings goals and responsible cash

263、managementdisbursed funds are kept in a“separate pocket”Network credentials help beneficiaries control their expenses and could avoid the consumer entering into an overdraft via overspending Where the government would benefit from aggregate spend data on beneficiary consumption behavior,enabling the

264、 identification and application of additional benefits to beneficiaries(for example,discounted travel)Where governments seek to incentivize positive consumption behavior(for example,vaccine rewards,purchasing in specific areas of the economy to boost economic support)or steer beneficiaries away from

265、 financially hazardous behavior(for example,gambling).versus:Transfer to bank account Where a large part of the population is unbanked and does not meet credit or identification requirements to open a bank account Where the government seeks to facilitate basic banking in daily usage and transactions

266、 Where the government is looking for an off-ramp to CBDC disbursementsChecks Where the goal is to give beneficiaries access to the digital economy Where timeliness and efficiency are important,with fast onboarding and instant access to funds Where governments want beneficiaries to maximize the benef

267、it value by eliminating expensive check-cashingTransfer to MFS account Where mobile penetration or the network of mobile money agents is limited Where ATM network is mostly designed around card usage Where the government wants to give beneficiaries access to digital bankings multitude of value-add s

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306、on Challenge by the Numbers.Available at:License:Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License(CC BY 4.0)Accessed 22 November 2022.44Next Generation Government Disbursement Programs About VisaVisa Inc.is a global payments technology company that connects consumers,businesses,financial insti

307、tutions,and governments in more than 200 countries and territories to fast,secure,and reliable digital payments.At Visa Government Solutions,our mission is to help governments as they seek to advance their economies.We seek to make public disbursement programs more inclusive and impactful;help gover

308、nment employees execute payments in their daily roles more conveniently and with greater transparency;simplify government revenue collection for payers through better customer experience and provide payment data insight and measurement to governments to help inform and shape their About KearneyKearn

309、ey is a leading global management consulting firm with more than 4,200 people working in more than 40 countries.We work with more than three-quarters of the Fortune Global 500,as well as with the most influential governmental and non-profit organizations.Driven to be the difference between a big idea and making it happen,we help our clients break through with curiosity,boldness,generosity,solidarity,passion,and genuine commitment to client