1、WIND ENERGYAccomplishments&Midyear Performance Report:FISCAL YEAR 2022 Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 2 Notice This work was authored by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory,operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy,LLC,for the U.S.Department of Energy(DOE)unde

2、r Contract No.DE-AC36-08GO28308.Funding provided by the U.S.Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Wind Energy Technologies Office.The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S.Government.This report is available at no cost fro

3、m the National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)at www.nrel.gov/publications.U.S.Department of Energy(DOE)reports produced after 1991 and a growing number of pre-1991 documents are available free via www.OSTI.gov.Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 3 Foreword 2022 marks 4

4、3 years of innovation through the National Wind Technology Center at the U.S.Department of Energys(DOEs)National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)Flatirons Campus.Scientists,engineers,analysts,and researchers continue to build on NRELs legacy of innovation at this world-class hub for wind energy tec

5、hnology research and development.Today,the nations goals to tackle climate change and revitalize the U.S.economy through increased investment in clean energyparticularly in land-based,offshore,and distributed wind energyare more ambitious than ever.From advancing wind energy science,technologies,and

6、 materials to demonstrating thought leadership on a worldwide scale,NRELs Wind Energy Program played a powerful role in maximizing the impact of wind energy in the first half of Fiscal Year 2022.NRELs technical expertise,research capabilities,and industry understanding continued to support DOEs effo

7、rts to champion clean energy,addressing market and deployment barriers and driving down costs with more efficient,reliable,and predictable wind energy systems.This report provides an overview of the achievements NREL made on behalf of DOEs Wind Energy Technologies Office and other partners between O

8、ctober 1,2021,and March 31,2022.A few of these many accomplishments are highlighted here:NREL published The Demand for a Domestic Offshore Wind Supply Chain coauthored by members of the Business Network for Offshore Wind and DNV.The study examines the components,ports,vessels,and workforce required

9、to achieve the nations goal of reaching 30 gigawatts of offshore wind energy by 2030.In a milestone for renewable energy integration,NREL partnered with General Electric to demonstrate how the companys popular type-3 wind turbine can help stabilize the bulk power grid,significantly reducing the need

10、 for conventional sources of grid stability,such as coal-or natural-gas-fired generators.Researchers at NRELs Composites Manufacturing Education and Technology Facility explored a revolutionary combination of thermoplastics and three-dimensional printing that can be used to produce easier-to-recycle

11、 wind turbine blades that require fewer heavy and expensive adhesives.An analysis-based study showed that uniting the eastern and western U.S.electric grids could significantly strengthen the power systems ability to share generation resources and flexibility across regions,as well as deliver up to$

12、2.50 in benefits for every$1 in related costs.The laboratory released Version 3.0 of FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady State,an optimization tool designed to increase wind energy facilities productivity.Researchers are preparing to launch the WETO-funded American WAKE experimeNt wind energy f

13、ield campaign,which will amass the worlds most comprehensive set of high-resolution data on wind energy atmospheric phenomenon to help wind power plants produce more energy and become more competitive in the marketplace.The following provides a roundup of NRELs National Wind Technology Center accomp

14、lishments.They set the stage for wind energy research and development efforts for the next 30 years of the National Wind Technology Centers history.Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 4 Table of Contents Notice.2 Foreword.3 Testing Infrastructure,Standards Development,and

15、 International Engagement.6 Construction Begins on Second Controllable Grid Interface.7 WETO Projects Soar With NRELs Eagle.8 NREL Experts Are a Driving Force Behind Standards Development.8 Distributed Wind Research and Development.9 Evaluation of Obstacle Modeling Approaches for Resource Assessment

16、.10 Flatirons Campus Power Grid Simulations Will Drive U.S.Distributed Wind Energy Capabilities.11 NREL Holds Competitiveness Improvement Project Workshop for Industry.11 NREL Hosts Workshop To Advance Aeroelastic Modeling of Distributed Wind Energy Technology.12 NREL Provides Overview of New ACP 10

17、1-1 Standard,Collects Stakeholder Input on How To Implement.12 Atmosphere to Electrons.13 Multilab Team Creates Repository of Well-Documented Wind Flow Simulation Setups.14 High-Fidelity Modeling Team Adds Complex Terrain to ExaWind.15 Historic Partnership To Characterize Turbine Loading With Unprec

18、edented Detail.15 Final Preparations Underway for the International American WAKE experimeNt.16 Offshore Wind Specific Research and Development.17 SpiderFLOAT Innovation To Improve Floating Offshore Wind Energy Performance.18 Shared Moorings Project Delivers a Cost-Effective Mooring Solution.19 NREL

19、 Hosts Workshop Discussion of Air-Sea Interaction Research and Applications in Offshore Wind Energy.19 Multilab Team Surveys Wind Energy Mesoscale Modelers on Best Practices.20 ExaWind Numerical Wave Tank Provides Validation Platform for Floating Offshore Wind Energy.20 FLORIS Release Results in Hig

20、her-Performing Code,Faster Speeds,New Features.21 Finding a New Way To Estimate Wind Turbine Loads for Optimized Power Production.21 New Engineering Model Developed for Assessing Structural Loads Impact From Wake Steering.22 Modeling the Aerodynamics of Floating Offshore Wind Energy Systems.23 Futur

21、e Offshore Wind Energy Development Will Rely on NRELs Offshore Wind Resource Data.24 Mooring Dynamics Model Expands To Include Contoured,Three-Dimensional Seabed Surfaces.24 Materials,Manufacturing,and Design Innovation.25 Adapting Blade Design Methods To Weight Reduction in Wind Turbine Generators.

22、26 Integration of PlanetOS Toolkit in OpenOA Software Allows Analysts To Easily Access Historical Weather Data.27 NREL Partners With GE Global Research To Fast-Track Commercial Readiness of Hybrid Power Plant Technologies.28 Joint Research Effort Helps Wind Energy Industry Improve Gearbox Failure Pr

23、edictions,Optimize Operations and Maintenance.29 Improved Modeling Tools for Large,Flexible Rotors Ensure Accuracy,Reliability.30 Open-Access,Low-Temperature,Superconducting Wind Turbine Generator Model Supports the Next Generation of Offshore Wind Turbines.31 Grid Integration.32 New Platform Facili

24、tates Supply of Grid Services by Wind Power Plants.33 NRELs Impedance Scan Tool Studies the Grid Stability Impacts of Wind Energy.37 NREL-Developed Impedance Measurement System Evaluates Dynamic Stability Problems in Wind Power Plants.34 Demonstration Completed of 2.5-MW Type-3 Wind Turbine Drivetra

25、in in Grid-Forming Mode.38 NREL Teams Study Potential for Cyberattacks on Wind Energy Infrastructureand How To Mitigate Them.35 Multiple Pathways to Offshore Wind Energy Goals Along U.S.Atlantic Coast.36 Environmental Research.37 Modeling Flight Behavior of Eagles May Predict Collision Risk.38 NREL

26、Engages With Offshore Wind Energy Community.38 Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 5 NREL Team Completes Field Testing With Custom Launcher and Projectiles To Minimize Wind Energys Impact on Birds and Bats.39 Validation Study Performed of Improved Wind Turbine-Bird Collis

27、ion-Detection System.39 STEM and Siting Research and Development.40 New Collegiate Wind Competition Registration Process Fosters Reach and Accessibility.41 WINDExchange Publishes Additional 100-meter Wind Energy Resource Maps.42 Modeling and Analysis.43 Deep-Dive Report Assesses State of U.S.Wind En

28、ergy Supply Chain.44 NREL Team Identifies Sources of Wind Plant Energy Prediction Errors.44 NREL and International Collaborators Identify Grand Challenges in Wind Energy.45 Database of Wind Energy Ordinances Increases by 400%in 4 Years.46 NREL Researchers Estimate Cost of Wind Energy in 2020 Annual

29、Report.47 Programmatic Support.48 Wind Research Impact Cultivated Through Sound Programmatic Support.49 NREL Advisors Provide Guidance and Support to Help Execution of Research.50 Content Optimization Amplifies Key Impacts of WETO-Funded Research.50 Non-AOP.51 FLORIS Wake Model Shows Improved Accura

30、cy for Large Offshore Wind Farms.52 ATLANTIS FOCAL Project Completes Design and Testing of Scaled Wind Turbine With Active Control.52 BOEM-Funded Work Analyzes the Power Grid Value of Oregon Offshore Wind Energy.53 Analysis Characterizes the Demand for a Domestic Offshore Wind Supply Chain.54 NREL C

31、onducts Cost and Feasibility Study for Offshore Wind Energy in the Hawaii Region With Promising Results.55 NREL Leads Effort To Define Wind Energy“Grand Challenges”Roadmap.56 Publications Overview.57 Publications Overview.58 Fiscal Year 2022 NREL Wind Energy Publications as of March 31,2022.58 Notab

32、le Publications.59 Standards Support and International EngagementTesting Infrastructure,Standards Development,and International Engagement Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 7 Construction Begins on Second Controllable Grid Interface The construction phase of the 20-mega

33、watt(MW)Controllable Grid Interface(CGI-2)at the Flatirons Campus has started.This is the final phase of the CGI-2 project,with construction scheduled to be substantially complete by the end of 2022.Once complete,CGI-2 will allow for experiments at higher power levels(up to 20 MW)and different volta

34、ges.By increasing capacity for research and development on the National Renewable Energy Laboratorys(NRELs)Flatirons Campus,CGI-2 will help the U.S.electrical grid evolve by allowing a greater contribution from variable power generators,increased levels of energy storage,and smarter grid devices.Fla

35、tirons Campus Expansion and Capability Enhancements WETO.1.1.0.403 Point of Contact:Jeroen van Dam,Jeroen.van.Damnrel.gov The 20-MW CGI-2 will operate alongside the existing 7-MW CGI and will also be able to connect to different integrated energy systems at scalesuch as wind turbines,photovoltaic ar

36、rays,and battery storageat the Flatirons Campus in support of NRELs Advanced Research on Integrated Energy Systems(ARIES)research platform.Graphic by Josh Bauer,NREL Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 8 WETO Projects Soar With NRELs Eagle NRELs high-performance computing

37、(HPC)system,Eagle,is the worlds largest supercomputer dedicated to energy efficiency and renewable energy.Supercomputers,or HPCs,have the capability to simulate complicated scenarios prior to investing in wind energy infrastructure.Demand for HPC computing using Eagle has consistently increased in r

38、ecent years among the U.S.Department of Energys(DOEs)Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy(EERE)program offices.In Fiscal Year(FY)2020,to ensure program success and continuity of research,DOEs Wind Energy Technologies Office(WETO)entered a lease-to-own procurement and installation agreeme

39、nt for additional Eagle HPC hardware and services.This agreement gave WETO projects the largest priority access to the HPC within the EERE portfolio(with 288 computing nodes).In FY 2022,NREL has managed lease payments and periodic maintenance for WETO on Eagle and ensured that WETO-funded priority r

40、esearch projects use allocated time with Eagle efficiently.The WETO hardware has ensured that nearly 50%of the year-to-date WETO workload has run at the highest priority.NREL Experts Are a Driving Force Behind Standards Development On March 29 and 30,2022,NREL,in collaboration with the American Rene

41、wable Energy Standards and Certification Association,organized the 2022 U.S.Wind Energy Standards Summit.The objective of the summit was to educate industry stakeholders on ongoing standards developments efforts and solicit their participation and input.130 people registered,and 91 people attended s

42、ome part of the meeting(of which many were first-time attendees).Next years summit is intended to be both in person and virtual to maximize potential audience participation OSW Testing Facilities and Capabilities at NWTCHPC WETO.1.1.0.404 Point of Contact:Kristen Munch,Kristen.Munchnrel.gov NRELs hi

43、gh-performance computing data center,housing Eagle,an 8-petaflop supercomputer.Photo by Dennis Schroeder Wind Standards Development WETO.1.6.1.401 Point of Contact:Jeroen van Dam,Jeroen.van.Damnrel.gov Standards Support and International EngagementDistributed Wind Research and Development Fiscal Yea

44、r 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 10 Evaluation of Obstacle Modeling Approaches for Resource Assessment NREL researchers evaluated wind resource assessment and obstacle models against performance data from approximately 300 wind turbines deployed in the Netherlands.This study eva

45、luated classical and commonly used methods along with new state-of-the-art lower-order models derived from computational fluid dynamics simulations and machine-learning approaches.The team found that data-driven(e.g.,machine-learning and statistical-modeling)methods are most effective at predicting

46、wind turbine production at real sites with an average error in annual energy production of 2.5%.When sufficient data may not be available to support these data-driven approaches,models derived from high-fidelity simulations show promise and reliably outperform classical methods.Results were recently

47、 published in Wind Energy Science.Tools Assessing Performance WETO.1.2.1.401 Point of Contact:Heidi Tinnesand,Heidi.Tinnesandnrel.gov Mean error of seven wind turbine performance modeling approaches alongside the raw reanalysis results for 300 distributed wind turbines in relatively consistent terra

48、in,showing relatively large variations in model outputs,with some quite close to actual performance.Graphic by NREL Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 11 Flatirons Campus Power Grid Simulations Will Drive U.S.Distributed Wind Energy Capabilities NRELs Microgrids,Infrastr

49、ucture Resilience,and Advanced Controls Launchpad(MIRACL)team,in collaboration with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory(PNNL),the Idaho National Laboratory,and Sandia National Laboratories,implemented new power grid simulation models for the Flatirons Campus that provide insight into how power

50、 systems behave when they are connected to the grid and“islanded,”or operating without connection to the grid.This work represents a key first step in developing control approaches,valuation,and eventually hardware-in-the-loop validation of these approaches using the Advanced Research on Integrated

51、Energy Systems(ARIES)research platform at the Flatirons Campus.The implementation of these models places ARIES at the forefront of microgrid modeling capabilities and will help to drive the development of new and innovative distributed wind energy capabilities in the United States.NREL Holds Competi

52、tiveness Improvement Project Workshop for Industry NREL hosted a 4-day virtual workshop for wind energy manufacturers interested in applying to Competitiveness Improvement Project(CIP)solicitations.Speakers provided an overview of the CIP process,evaluation criteria,certification requirements,and NR

53、ELs technical support opportunities.As a result of industry feedback provided during the workshop,a new topic area focused on wind turbine commercialization and market development was initiated within the 2022 CIP solicitation.This new topic continues to demonstrate how CIP helps distributed wind en

54、ergy companies develop low-cost,certified technology to meet the growing need of distributed renewable energy.Microgrids,Infrastructure Resilience and Advance Controls Launchpad(MIRACL)WETO.1.2.3.401 Point of Contact:Aaron Barker,Aaron.Barkernrel.gov A graphical representation of MIRACLs four distri

55、buted wind energy use cases.Graphic by Josh Bauer,NREL Distributed Wind Research,Development,and Testing WETO.1.2.1.401 Point of Contact:Brent Summerville,Brent.Summervillenrel.gov Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 12 NREL Hosts Workshop To Advance Aeroelastic Modeling

56、of Distributed Wind Energy Technology NREL,in partnership with RRD Engineering and Windward Engineering,led a virtual workshop on distributed wind aeroelastic modeling.With stakeholder participation,the workshop identified gaps and needs in aeroelastic modeling of distributed wind energy technology

57、and detailed actions to advance this critical design tool.More than 45 industry participants,representing the global distributed wind energy industry,provided real-time feedback via an online survey tool.NREL Provides Overview of New ACP 101-1 Standard,Collects Stakeholder Input on How To Implement

58、At the 2021 CIP informational workshop,NREL provided an overview of the new Small Wind Turbine Standard from the American National Standards Institute(ANSI)and American Clean Power(ACP),ANSI/ACP 101-1-2021,including changes from the previous edition.ACP 101-1 includes optimized technical requirement

59、s and an increased scope of application,enabling a more cost-effective route to distributed wind turbine certification.Further stakeholder engagement was facilitated in a meeting following the Distributed Wind Energy Associations conference in March 2022.Participants provided input via real-time pol

60、ling questions focused on what is needed to support successful implementation of the standard.Distributed Wind Research,Development,and Testing WETO.1.2.5.401 Point of Contact:Brent Summerville,Brent.Summervillenrel.gov Windward Engineering performs model validation at their test site in Spanish For

61、k,Utah.Workshop participants identified the lack of guidance for code verification and model validation as a weakness in distributed wind energy aeroelastic modeling.Photo by Brent Summerville,NREL Distributed Wind Strategic and Technical Engagement WETO.1.2.5.401 Point of Contact:Brent Summerville,

62、Brent.Summervillenrel.gov Star Wind Turbines in East Dorset,Vermont,is in the process of testing and certifying their six-bladed Star72 turbine(like this one on a monopole tower at the RenewTest facility in Pampa,Texas)to the new Amercian Clean Power 101-1 standard.Photo from David Carr,RenewTest St

63、andards Support and International EngagementAtmosphere to Electrons Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 14 Multilab Team Creates Repository of Well-Documented Wind Flow Simulation Setups A multilaboratory atmospheric flow modeling team consisting of NREL,PNNL,the Lawrence

64、 Livermore National Laboratory(LLNL),and the National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCAR)created a repository of highly detailed land-based and offshore wind flow simulation examples to share with the wind energy community.These example simulations are of the level of detail required to design win

65、d turbines with the gusts and eddies of real wind.The well-documented examples will provide other researchers and engineers the directions and inputs required to simulate a variety of highly detailed atmospheric flow situations,enabling them to use advanced techniques and practices created by this m

66、ultilaboratory team.Example cases include weather and wind flow modeling of the wind-power-plant-laden Columbia River area at the Washington-Oregon border in the U.S.Pacific Northwest region,which is characterized by complex terrain,and the U.S.Atlantic Coast,an important test case for large offshor

67、e wind turbines.Wind simulations like this can be used to develop improved wind turbine and wind plant designs.MMC-Model Development&Validation WETO.1.3.2.401 Point of Contact:Matt Churchfield,Matt.Churchfieldnrel.gov The Biglow Canyon area of the Columbia River region at the Washington-Oregon borde

68、r is provided as a case in a new publicly available repository of wind-flow modeling.Behind the terrain are two vertical planes comprising a mesh of black lines indicating the computational mesh used to solve the equations that govern the wind flow.Illustration by Matt Churchfield,NREL Fiscal Year 2

69、022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 15 High-Fidelity Modeling Team Adds Complex Terrain to ExaWind Researchers at NREL and Sandia National Laboratories implemented the capability to simulate complex terrain in ExaWind:AMR-Wind through the immersed boundary method.Efforts included gene

70、rating immersed-boundary-method representations of canonical cases and formulating a new large-eddy simulation wall model that can be applied along the immersed boundary method surface.Implementation of the wall model is nearing completion and will be followed by verification and validation of the m

71、ethod by comparing large-eddy simulation results against established literature for the canonical cases.The addition of complex terrain to AMR-Wind represents the completion of requirements for the code to serve as the background solver for blade-resolved simulations and as a stand-alone tool for ac

72、tuator-line simulations for land-based wind power plant studies.Industry Partnership To Characterize Turbine Loading With Unprecedented Detail NREL and Sandia National Laboratories have partnered with GE Renewable Energy on a 3-year project that includes a comprehensive field campaign and an array o

73、f modeling activities.The Rotor Aerodynamics,Aeroelastics,and Wake(RAAW)project seeks to determine whether computer simulation tools can accurately describe the behavior of ever-larger and ever-taller modern wind turbines as they respond to turbulent inflow.The team will collect detailed measurement

74、s of a 2.8-megawatt wind turbine in Texas and illuminate the inflow and loads in detail never attempted before.The wind around the rotor will be measured with 18 different sensors,and a high-resolution camera system will capture photos of the bending motions of the 200-foot-long blades.Ultimately,th

75、is comprehensive and unique data set will lead to improved computer models and more efficient designs,helping the United States reach its renewable energy goals.High-Fidelity Modeling WETO.1.3.3.401 Point of Contact:Michael A.Sprague,Michael.a.Spraguenrel.gov Visualization of cell velocities for a s

76、imulation of flow over a canonical-hill problem performed in ExaWind:AMR-Wind with the immersed boundary method.Screenshot captured by NREL Rotor Wake Measurements&Predictions for Validation WETO.1.3.4.401 Point of Contact:Paula Doubrawa,Paula.Doubrawanrel.gov The instrumentation layout and measurem

77、ent design for the Rotor Aerodynamics,Aeroelastics and Wake project in Lubbock,Texas.The shape on the left side of the image represents turbulent wind entering the measurement site.The ground-based instruments include a microwave radiometer,a meteorological mast,a flux station,profiling lidars,and a

78、 camera system for photogrammetry.The turbine-mounted instrumentation includes a hub-placed spinner lidar,nacelle-placed scanning lidars,and a tower-blade laser clearance measurement.The spiral behind the turbine represents the wind turbine wake.The dots on the turbine represent stickers that will b

79、e placed on the blades for the photogrammetry measurements that will estimate blade bending and torsion.Illustration by Besiki Kazaishvili,NREL Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 16 Final Preparations Underway for the International American WAKE experimeNt Researchers ac

80、ross DOE-funded national laboratories NREL,PNNL,LLNL,and Sandia National Laboratories,in partnership with multiple universities and industry partners,completed the experimental design and acquired a majority of the hardware required for the long-term field campaign to better understand wind farm int

81、eractions with the atmosphere.Final preparations for the American WAKE experimeNt(AWAKEN)are nearly complete.Deployment will begin soon for this unique international wind farm observation campaign.In the coming months,advanced instrumentation will gather data to provide researchers with a better fun

82、damental understanding of complex physical processes around wind farms.This understanding will translate into more accurate modeling tools used to predict wind farm performance and more optimal wind farm design and operation strategies.American Wake Experiment(AWAKEN)WETO.1.3.4.404 Point of Contact:

83、Patrick Moriarty,Patrick.Moriartynrel.gov Turbines at the King Plains wind farm in northern Oklahoma where much of the American WAKE experimeNt project will take place.Photo by Patrick Moriarty,NREL Offshore Wind SpecificResearch and Development Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performan

84、ce Report 18 SpiderFLOAT Innovation To Improve Floating Offshore Wind Energy Performance SpiderFLOAT is a scalable offshore floating wind turbine system developed in partnership with Equinor to improve performance by introducing flexibility to substructure design.The flexibility minimizes wave impac

85、t and maximizes power capture,challenging an existing paradigm of offshore wind energy production.The 1:52.5-scale model,based on a 10-MW offshore floating wind turbine system design,is being built,and the hybrid testing systemwhich generates wind loads via a smaller-scale set of fans from a compute

86、r simulation rather than a large physical fan system is being developed at the University of Iowa to verify the designs performance.Most wave basins do not have the capability to simulate wind,and with this hybrid testing system,any kind of turbulent wind can be simulated in any wave basin.SpiderFLO

87、ATs modular design and flexibility can significantly lower the levelized cost of energy for floating offshore wind energy technology.Model Test of an Innovative Offshore Floating Wind System(TCF)WETO.1.4.0.401 Point of Contact:Senu Sirnivas,Senu.Sirnivasnrel.gov A 1:52.5-scale hybrid model test conf

88、iguration(left)that uses fans to apply computer-simulated wind in the wave basin(right)that can generate waves to be applied to the hybrid model.Graphic by Senu Sirnivas,photo from the University of Iowa Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 19 Shared Moorings Project Deliv

89、ers a Cost-Effective Mooring Solution The Shared Mooring Systems for Deep-Water Floating Wind Farms project team,in partnership with the National Offshore Wind Research&Development Consortium(NOWRDC),designed a first-of-its-kind floating wind farm with shared moorings.The 100-MW wind farm with 10 in

90、dividual 10-MW wind turbines was designed for the Californian Humboldt Bay Call Area at a water depth of 600 meters.The design reduces the mooring cost by 25%compared to an individually moored system and is more robust against mooring line failures.This design demonstrates the potential for shared m

91、ooring systems and enables the offshore wind energy industry to lower the levelized cost of energy of offshore floating wind farms in deep waters.NREL Hosts Workshop Discussion of Air-Sea Interaction Research and Applications in Offshore Wind Energy NREL led a workshop on air-sea interactions and im

92、plications for offshore wind energy together with PNNL,Argonne National Laboratory,and LLNL.The workshop convened experts from across disciplines and countries as well as industry and academia.With major developments of the U.S.-based wind energy industry moving offshore,opening a dialogue among eng

93、ineers,atmospheric scientists,and oceanographers based on the practical use of the science of air-sea interaction is key to informing and optimizing offshore wind energy technologies.Participants discussed future pathways for computational modeling,the possibility of improved on-site measurements,an

94、d future steps needed for integrating these tools to optimize offshore wind power plants.Model Test of an Innovative Offshore Floating Wind System(TCF)WETO.1.4.0.401 Point of Contact:Senu Sirnivas,Senu.Sirnivasnrel.gov A simulation of a 100-MW,shared-mooring,floating wind farm configuration for the

95、Humboldt Bay Call Area with a water depth of 600 meters.The 10 floating wind turbines are connected via shared mooring lines(darker straight lines)and power cables(lighter bent lines).Graphic by Matthew Hall,NREL Offshore Wind Resource Science WETO.1.3.4.401 Point of Contact:Georgios Deskos,Georgios

96、.Deskosnrel.gov Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 20 Multilab Team Surveys Wind Energy Mesoscale Modelers on Best Practices A multilaboratory atmospheric-flow-modeling team comprised of NREL,PNNL,LLNL,and NCAR created and administered a survey to gather information abou

97、t best practices for performing weather modeling and prediction for wind energy applications.This type of weather modeling uses high-performance supercomputers to simulate and predict regional-scale weather,a capability crucial to wind energy planning and operations.The team surveyed weather modeler

98、s from various national laboratories and academia.Survey responses were analyzed and included in a report to DOE,which will be released to the public.The aggregation of wind energy weather modeling practices into one place will better inform weather modelers and highlights where further research is

99、required.ExaWind Numerical Wave Tank Provides Validation Platform for Floating Offshore Wind Energy NRELs high-fidelity modeling team implemented a conceptual,numerical wave tank in AMR-Winda computational fluid dynamics solver in the ExaWind code suite.The numerical wave tank must resolve fluid dyn

100、amics at the air-water interface and provide a wavy environment,like a physical wave tank.This environment is key to validating models relevant to floating offshore wind energy,wherein the vast majority of validation data is from physical wave tankslike that at the Maritime Research Institute Nether

101、lands and used in the International Energy Agency Wind Technology Collaboration Programme(IEA Wind)Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration,Continued,with Correlation,and unCertainty project.Validation is key to establishing the predictive capabilities of the ExaWind code suite.Offshore Wind Atmospher

102、ic Coupling WETO.1.4.1.402 Point of Contact:Matt Churchfield,Matt.Churchfieldnrel.gov Typical output from a mesoscale weather model.This plot shows a cross section of the atmosphere above the land(land surface is indicated with the black line near the bottom).The colors indicate wind speed in meters

103、 per second(m s-1),the barbed-shaped symbols indicate wind direction and magnitude,and the thin black lines and black numbers on the plot indicate temperature in Kelvin at different heights in kilometers above sea level(km ASL)and north-south location(km N,S)above the land.Graphic by Caroline Draxl,

104、NREL Floating Turbine HFM Simulation WETO.1.4.2.402 Point of Contact:Michael A Sprague,Michael.a.Spraguenrel.gov Demonstration of wave generation within the AMR-Wind numerical wave tank.Linear long waves are generated on the left side of the domain and absorbed on the right side,which prevents incor

105、rect wave reflections.Graphic by Georgios Deskos Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 21 FLORIS Release Results in Higher-Performing Code,Faster Speeds,New Features The FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady State(FLORIS)software framework,which provides models and tools

106、 for the design and analysis of wind farms and wind farm controllers,released Version 3.0 in collaboration with NOWRDC.The release involved major improvements,including a complete redesign of the software architecture,yielding much higher performance of the code.For example,computing the annual ener

107、gy production for a 25-turbine wind farm is now 30 times faster than in the previous version.This release also includes new wake models calibrated for large offshore wind farms,which has shown more accurate prediction of power after comparing with data from three offshore wind farms.FLORIS continues

108、 to be updated;a future release will include such features as additional wake models,hybrid wind farm simulations,and three-dimensional visualizations.Finding a New Way To Estimate Wind Turbine Loads for Optimized Power Production NREL researchers developed a novel method to estimate wind turbine lo

109、ads without having to run complex simulations.The approach uses wind velocity profiles,such as the changes in velocity speed and direction from one part of the rotor blades to another,to capture many turbine load summary statistics.This method could also potentially be applied to any turbine in any

110、position within an array under a wide variety of wind characteristics,such as different levels of shear or turbulence.If so,then combining this method with simple wake models,such as those used in the wind power plant optimization tool FLORIS,could lead to better understanding of extreme and fatigue

111、 load implications and turbine control and array layout for optimized power production.Offshore Wind Plant Control WETO.1.4.2.403 Point of Contact:Paul Fleming,Paul.Flemingnrel.gov FLORIS is a software framework that provides models and tools to help stakeholders design and analyze wind farms and wi

112、nd farm controllers.Version 3.0 included major improvements.A future release will include three-dimensional visualizations of FLORIS simulations,such as the one shown here.Screenshot by P.J.Stanley,NREL Offshore Integrated Systems Engineering WETO.1.4.2.404 Point of Contact:Garrett Barter,Garrett.Ba

113、rternrel.gov Velocity contours ahead of a wind turbine and the slices NREL researchers use to sample the inflow profile to generate turbine load estimates.Graphic by NREL Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 22 New Engineering Model Developed for Assessing Structural Loads

114、 Impact From Wake Steering Wake steering is an innovative wind power plant controls strategy to increase its energy yield by redirecting wakes away from downstream turbines by intentionally misaligning the rotor with the wind.Wind farm controls design typically relies on steady-state models with wak

115、e steering captured through a curled wake model,a model that captures the deformed shape of a wake resulting from skewed flow.However,steady-state models cannot predict the impact of such controls on wind turbine structural loads,which is an important consideration when implementing wake steering in

116、 real life.Now,this limitation has been solved by the development of a new time-varying formulation of the curled wake model,which has been introduced into an upgraded version of FAST.Farm,a midfidelity,physics-based engineering modeling tool(and offshoot of OpenFAST)that predicts the power performa

117、nce and structural loads of wind turbines within a wind farm,including inflow,wakes,and turbine dynamic response.This new implementation of the curled wake model was validated against high-fidelity large-eddy simulation.The upgraded FAST.Farm model will enable the wind energy community to calculate

118、the structural loads impact of wake-steering-based wind farm controls.OSW System Design&Tool Validation WETO.1.4.2.405 Points of Contact:Jason Jonkman,Jason.Jonkmannrel.gov;Amy Robertson,Amy.Robertsonnrel.gov A comparison of FAST.Farm(left)and large-eddy simulation(right)of the curled wake 5 rotor d

119、iameters behind a wind turbine.The curled wakes capture the deformation of the wake resulting from skewed flow.The structural loading of downwind wind turbines is sensitive to this wake shape deformation.The upgraded FAST.Farm model enables wind energy stakeholders to calculate the structural loads

120、impact of wake-steering-based wind farm controls.Graphic by Emmanuel Branlard and Tony Martinez,NREL Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 23 Modeling the Aerodynamics of Floating Offshore Wind Energy Systems Researchers working on Phase III of the NREL-led Offshore Code Co

121、mparison Collaboration,Continued,with Correlation and unCertainty project concluded an investigation into the accuracy of various modeling approaches to predict the wind loads on floating offshore wind turbines,which are impacted by the large motion that floating wind energy systems encounter due to

122、 wind and wave excitation.High-fidelity and mid-fidelity models were validated against measurements performed at Politecnico di Milanos wind tunnel using a robotic system that moves a wind turbine independently in both the surge(forward/backward translational)and pitch(forward/backward rotational)di

123、rections.Results provide a better understanding of how to model the aerodynamics(wind loading)of floating wind energy systems,enabling the development of innovative,reliable,and optimized designs.Experiments are conducted on a scaled version of a 10-MW reference wind turbine in Politecnico di Milano

124、s wind tunnel using a robotic system to mimic the motion of the wind turbine in the open ocean.This research provides a better understanding of how to model the aerodynamics of floating wind energy systems,enabling the development of more reliable and optimized designs.Photo from Alessandro Fontanel

125、la,Politecnico di Milano Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 24 Future Offshore Wind Energy Development Will Rely on NRELs Offshore Wind Resource Data In collaboration with NOWRDC,NREL released new offshore wind data sets to provide wind energy stakeholders with accurate

126、characterization of U.S.offshore wind resources on a geospatial basis.Additionally,NREL researchers partnered with the University of Colorado Boulder to analyze the impact that wakes from future wind power plants in the mid-Atlantic will have on expected power production.This reference data set will

127、 assist planners in the recently sold offshore lease areas in the U.S.mid-Atlantic region.Two publications summarizing the results of this analysis are in review in Wind Energy Science and Nature Energy.Mooring Dynamics Model Expands To Include Contoured,Three-Dimensional Seabed Surfaces NREL resear

128、chers expanded the mooring dynamics model,MoorDyn,to simulate mooring lines interacting with contoured,three-dimensional seabed surfaces,done in partnership with NOWRDC.Forces on mooring lines from friction with the seabed and from water currents were also included.These new capabilities enable more

129、 realistic prediction of anchor forces,increasing the accuracy needed for sizing floating wind turbine anchors to be both cost effective and reliable.A Validated National Offshore Wind Resource Dataset with uncertainty Quantification(NOWRDC)WETO.1.4.91.404 Point of Contact:Nicola Bodini,Nicola.Bodin

130、inrel.gov New offshore wind data sets from NREL will help offshore wind power plant planners accurately characterize offshore wind resources.Image by Brent Rice,NREL Innovative Deepwater Mooring Systems for Floating Wind Farms(DeepFarm)(NOWRDC-Principle Power)WETO.1.4.91.402 Point of Contact:Matt Ha

131、ll,Matthew.Hallnrel.gov A mooring line moving over a three-dimensional seabed surface as simulated by the mooring dynamics model,MoorDyn.Graphic by NREL Standards Support and International EngagementMaterials,Manufacturing,and Design Innovation Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performanc

132、e Report 26 Adapting Blade Design Methods To Weight Reduction in Wind Turbine Generators Topology optimization is a mathematical technique for optimizing material distribution within a design space.Traditional methods for weight reduction by using topology optimization for wind turbine generators re

133、quire a grid-based solution that result in porous structures that require removing extraneous material even when using the most advanced techniques,such as three-dimensional printing.To overcome this design drawback and inspired by computer-aided geometric design of wind turbine blades,the NREL team

134、 implemented a novel,free-form boundary optimization technique wherein the outer shape of the magnets in the IEA Wind 15-MW direct-drive wind turbine generator was optimized.This research helped identify smooth and concise shapes that can be easily,additively manufactured with up to a 20-ton reducti

135、on in electrical steel mass.It also opens up a new opportunity for realizing multilayered designs with multiple materials whose distribution can be accurately controlled.The work was presented at the 2022 MMM-Intermag Conference in January 2022.MADE3D WETO.1.5.0.405.1 Point of Contact:Latha Sethuram

136、an,Latha.Sethuramannrel.gov The dimensions in rotor design and new opportunities for realizing low-loss,light-weight generator design;for example,a shape-optimized rotor core section realized using two different types of electrical steel resulting in less material for manufacturing without the need

137、to remove extraneous material.Graphic by Latha Sethuraman,NREL Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 27 Integration of PlanetOS Toolkit in OpenOA Software Allows Analysts To Easily Access Historical Weather Data NREL,in partnership with the ENergy TRansition(ENTR)Alliance,a

138、 wind energy data standardization community,is developing an efficient wind power plant data analytics software environment combining the standard ENTR data model and reference operational data analysis methods from NRELs Open Operational Assessment(OpenOA)software.Many wind power plant operational

139、assessment methods require historical weather data to estimate the long-term energy production of a wind plant during its expected lifetime.To help automate operational assessments in the ENTR/OpenOA software environment,NREL integrated Intertrusts PlanetOS weather data application programming inter

140、face in the latest release of OpenOA.This toolkit allows users to quickly download historical weather data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA5 and the National Aeronautics and Space Administrations Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications,Version 2

141、 global climate retrospective analysis(reanalysis)models,improving the efficiency of operational data analytics in the wind energy industry.OpenOA WETO.1.5.0.405.1 Point of Contact:Eric Simley,Eric.Simleynrel.gov Historical wind speed data from global climate reanalysis models for an example wind po

142、wer plant obtained using Intertrusts PlanetOS toolkit in NRELs OpenOA software.The historical wind data can be used to estimate the long-term energy production of a wind plant based on the measured energy production during a short operational period of record.Graphic by NREL Fiscal Year 2022 Accompl

143、ishments and Midyear Performance Report 28 NREL Partners With GE Global Research To Fast-Track Commercial Readiness of Hybrid Power Plant Technologies NREL and GE Research are validating NRELs premier toolHybrid Optimization and Performance Platform(HOPP)for designing and analyzing next-generation h

144、ybrid(wind-solar-storage)energy systems.The team developed a detailed,from-the-ground-up hydrogen electrolyzer model and integrated it into HOPP;the concentrated solar power technology is being added.Under GE Global Researchs guidance and expertise,NREL is validating and field testing the models in

145、HOPP and using HOPP to design wind-based hybrid power plants that are optimized for the highest-impact energy markets.This project will allow industry to use HOPP to design and develop bankable hybrid power plants,enabling higher renewable energy penetration in the grid while providing reliable powe

146、r at a competitive cost.TCF-21-24795 Field Testing and Validation of HOPP WETO.1.5.0.408 Point of Contact:Parangat Bhaskar,Parangat.Bhaskarnrel.gov A high-level schematic of NRELs HOPP model.This snapshot shows an overview of the workflow a user of the HOPP model follows,starting on the left with th

147、e icons of the various renewable energy generation technologies available for design and analysis in HOPP(wind energy,hydropower,geothermal,storage batteries and hydrogen,and solar power photovoltaic and concentrating solar-thermal power).The plus sign in the middle of the icons shows that they can

148、be mixed and matched together in any combination,after which the computer-based HOPP simulation software optimizes the design,performance,and economics of the user-defined hybrid energy system.The bullets to the right of the computer list the benefits of using HOPP to design a hybrid renewable energ

149、y system.Graphic by NREL Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 29 Joint Research Effort Helps Wind Energy Industry Improve Gearbox Failure Predictions,Optimize Operations and Maintenance The wind energy industry is challenged by a lack of standardized reliability data colle

150、ction and analysis practices as well as publicly available and up-to-date reliability statistics based on a meaningful sample size.A joint effort by NREL and the Electric Power Research Institute is helping the wind energy industry standardize data specifications and collection practices.Updated gea

151、rbox reliability statistics were released based on a larger population of failure records collected by NREL and the Electric Power Research Institute,reflecting more recent and accurate field experience by the U.S.wind energy industry.This project helps improve failure rate predictions and optimize

152、operations and maintenance.Wind Turbine Drivetrain Reliability WETO.1.5.2.401 Point of Contact:Shawn Sheng,Shawn.Shengnrel.gov NREL and the Electric Power Research Institute are helping the wind energy industry standardize data specifications and collection practices that will improve gearbox failur

153、e-rate predictions and optimize operations and maintenance.Shown here is part of a 750-kilowatt wind turbine gearbox.Photo by Dennis Schroeder Big Adaptive Rotor WETO.1.5.4.401 Point of Contact:Pietro Bortolotti,Pietro.Bortolottinrel.gov Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Repor

154、t 30 Improved Modeling Tools for Large,Flexible Rotors Ensure Accuracy,Reliability Large rotors can increase a wind turbines average capacity factor by 10%or more.The Big Adaptive Rotor project aims to reduce technological and scientific barriers to the adoption of large,flexible rotors.One major ba

155、rrier is the inability to accurately predict the aeroelastic stability of these types of rotors.Recently,this multilab team from NREL,Sandia National Laboratories,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory fixed several bugs in the modeling tools and completed a comprehe

156、nsive code-to-code comparison.The modeling suite now yields accurate and reliable aeroelastic stability results.A large downwind turbine with active aerodynamic devices.Illustration by Besiki Kazaishvili,NREL Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 31 Open-Access,Low-Temperat

157、ure,Superconducting Wind Turbine Generator Model Supports the Next Generation of Offshore Wind Turbines An NREL team is working with researchers at GE Research to optimize the design of low-temperature superconducting generators.This technology is a promising gateway to support the next generation o

158、f offshore wind turbines at nameplate powers between 15 and 25 MW.NREL developed an innovative magnetic and structural model to analyze and optimize superconducting generators.The open-source model is now available to the public within the NREL-developed systems engineering framework,Wind-Plant Inte

159、grated Systems Design&Engineering Model(WISDEM).High Efficiency Ultra-Light Superconducting Generator(SCG)for Offshore Wind WETO.1.5.91.401 Point of Contact:Pietro Bortolotti,Pietro.Bortolottinrel.gov Illustration of a low-temperature superconducting generator model for offshore wind turbines.The te

160、chnology is a promising gateway to support the next generation of offshore turbines due to its high efficiency and reduced mass.NREL researchers are optimizing the design of the generator by varying the parameters of the armature and the superconducting coils,the structure of the iron core,and macro

161、parameters,such as the size of the rotor disc.Graphic by Latha Sethuraman,NREL Grid Integration Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 33 New Platform Facilitates Supply of Grid Services by Wind Power Plants In future power systems,wind power plants will need to provide grid

162、 services similar to conventional generators.The Atmosphere to Electrons to Grid platform integrates forecasting tools to account for weather uncertainty with aerodynamic models to account for wake dynamics and decision analysis models to account for delivery of grid services.Operators of wind power

163、 plants can use the platform to support their participation in markets for grid services and control their wind power plant in real time to deliver those services.Using the Atmosphere to Electrons to Grid platform,wind power plants can identify when it is economically viable to reliably provide grid

164、 services,thereby increasing their value streams.Atmosphere to Electrons to Grid(A2e2g)WETO.3.1.0.417 Point of Contact:David Corbus,David.Corbusnrel.gov The Atmosphere to Electrons to Grid framework takes wind power plant operators from forecasting day-ahead wind power plant behavior to receiving a

165、real-time signal from the transmission system operator and responding to that signal.Implemented in Python,a programming language,the framework is modular,making it easy to exchange software components or run parametric studies to inform wind power plant operators.It also provides a control layer fo

166、r real-time power estimation of the wind power plant.Graphic by Misha Sinner,NREL Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 34 NREL-Developed Impedance Measurement System Evaluates Dynamic Stability of Wind Power Plants NREL developed an impedance scan software tool for wind po

167、wer plants using power system simulation models to evaluate the plants impact on grid stability.The software tool can scan the impedance response of vendor-supplied black-box simulation models without requiring internal proprietary information,enabling detailed stability analysis of power systems wi

168、th high levels of wind energy generation.The tool was presented to several industry groups,including the North American Electric Reliability Corporations Inverter-Based Resource Performance Working Group,International Wind Integration Workshop,and IEA Wind Task 25 Design and Operation of Power Syste

169、ms with Large Amounts of Wind Power workshop.NREL received two requests from international transmission system operators to use the tool for evaluating the stability of their power grids during operation with high levels of wind energy and solar power generation.NREL-Developed Impedance Measurement

170、System Evaluates Dynamic Stability Problems in Wind Power Plants An NREL team is developing impedance-based testing,modeling,and analysis tools to evaluate all types of dynamic stability problems involving wind power plants.Dynamic stability is a major concern in maintaining the security of power gr

171、ids during operation with high levels of wind energy generation.The team developed a system for measuring the impedance responses of multimegawatt wind turbines and inverters.The system is being used by several DOE and industry-sponsored projects to evaluate stability impacts of wind turbine and inv

172、erter products.A journal article was published in IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.Advanced Modeling,Dynamic Stability Analysis,and Mitigation of Control Interactions in Wind Power Plants WETO.3.1.0.420 Point of Contact:Shahil Shah,Shahil.Shahnrel.gov Advanced Modeling,Dynamic Stability Analys

173、is,and Mitigation of Control Interactions in Wind Power Plants WETO.3.1.0.420 Point of Contact:Shahil Shah,Shahil.Shahnrel.gov A first-of-its-kind impedance measurement system for multimegawatt wind turbines and inverters developed at NREL.Graphic by Shahil Shah,NREL Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments

174、 and Midyear Performance Report 35 NREL Demonstrates the Ability of a Typical Wind Turbine Generator to Form the Grid A team from NREL and General Electric completed testing of a 2.5-MW type-3 wind turbine drive operating in grid-forming mode(i.e.,establishing the voltage and frequency of the grid,a

175、 job usually done by conventional large thermal generation plants).The drivetrain is installed at NRELs 5-MW dynamometer facility.The experiment was conducted using NRELs 7-megavolt-ampere(MVA)controllable grid interface equipped with a power-hardware-in-the-loop capability(the portion of the system

176、 under test uses real hardware and the other portion uses virtual real-time setup)to emulate strong and weak grid conditions and with a 3-MVA load bank to test islanded operation.The 2.5-MW wind turbine demonstrated stable grid-forming operation under all scenarios.The transient model of the system

177、was validated through testing as well.This testing demonstrates that Type-3 wind turbine generators can stably operate in grid-forming mode,thereby helping stabilize electric grids with high shares of inverter-based resources.NREL Teams Study Potential for Cyberattacks on Wind Energy Infrastructurea

178、nd How To Mitigate Them NRELs wind energy and cybersecurity teams are collaborating with wind energy industry partners in NRELs Wind Cybersecurity Consortium to identify and mitigate potential cyber risks on wind energy infrastructure.The team identified two cyberattacks and developed mitigation str

179、ategies to understand cyber risks and prevent future attacks from affecting wind turbine infrastructure.In addition,NREL hosted a virtual,half-day wind cybersecurity seminar to increase collaboration in this field.Participants,such as original equipment manufacturers and owner operators in the wind

180、energy industry,national labs,DOE,and other wind energy stakeholders focused on wind power plant architectures,risk management,and cyber insurance.These topics provide more security to wind energy infrastructure.Future opportunities were presented,such as research to support standards(National Insti

181、tute of Standards and Technology,International Society of Automation/International Electrotechnical Commission 62443),analyzing third-party device security,and understanding how a cloud environment could integrate into wind power plant architecture.WindVSG WETO.3.1.0.420 Point of Contact:Vahan Gevor

182、gian,Vahan.Gevorgiannrel.gov Wind Consortium Cyber Threat Model WETO.3.1.0.420 Point of Contact:Zoe Dormuth,Zoe.Dormuthnrel.gov Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 36 Multiple Pathways to Offshore Wind Energy Goals Along U.S.Atlantic Coast The Atlantic Offshore Wind Trans

183、mission Study was formed in 2021 to evaluate multiple pathways to offshore wind energy goals through coordinated transmission solutions along the U.S.Atlantic Coastin the near term(by 2030)and long term(by 2050)under various combinations of electricity supply and demand while supporting grid reliabi

184、lity,resilience,and ocean co-use.NREL and PNNL are conducting the 2-year study to evaluate coordinated transmission solutions and addressing gaps in previous analyses.Researchers will compare different transmission technologies and topologies,quantify costs,assess reliability and resilience,and eval

185、uate key environmental and ocean co-use issues.A technical review committee of more than 100 members is focusing on three areas:generation and transmission planning,technology,and environmental impacts and siting.The study will consider transmission topologiesincluding radial lines,backbones,and mes

186、hed networksto inform decision making and offer feasible solutions,data,and models that will benefit offshore wind energy stakeholders in their planning processes.Atlantic Offshore Wind Transmission Study WETO.3.1.0.425 Point of Contact:Melinda Marquis,Melinda.Marquisnrel.gov Seven tasks comprise th

187、e Atlantic Offshore Wind Transmission Study,which will evaluate multiple pathways to offshore wind energy goals through coordinated transmission solutions along the U.S.Atlantic Coast in the near term(by 2030)and long term(by 2050).Figure by John Frenzl,NREL Environmental Research Fiscal Year 2022 A

188、ccomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 38 Modeling Flight Behavior of Eagles May Predict Collision Risk NRELs atmospheric scientists published the Stochastic Soaring Raptor Simulator to model eagle flight behavior during migration in relation to updrafts.The predictive model simulates thousan

189、ds of soaring eagles to produce a density map that quantifies the relative probability of eagle presence.During development,the model was validated using actual flight data from Global-Positioning-System-tagged eagles.The model offers a predictive tool to assist wind energy developers,ecologists,and

190、 wildlife managers in estimating the potential for conflict between soaring birds and wind turbines.NREL Engages With Offshore Wind Energy Community Concerning Key Environmental Effects Topics NREL,in partnership with PNNL,organized and hosted four webinars on key environmental topics related to off

191、shore wind energy as part of the U.S.Offshore Wind Synthesis of Environmental Effects Research project.Each of the four webinars included two topics:1)noise and entanglement,2)benthic disturbance and fish ecology,3)bat and bird interactions with wind farms,and 4)vessel collision and electromagnetic

192、fields.Live attendance ranged from 168 to 298 people and included stakeholders from state and federal agencies,the wind industry,academia,research organizations,and nongovernmental organizations.Webinar recordings can be accessed on PNNLs Tethys website.Wind Operational Issue Mitigation WETO.3.3.0.4

193、01 Point of Contact:Eliot Quon,Eliot.Quonnrel.gov The Stochastic Soaring Raptor Simulator models eagle flight behavior during migration in relation to updrafts.These four outputs show the relative density of eagles(in red)during migration at four wind energy facilities in the United States.Darker sh

194、ading represents a higher-density presence.Wind turbine locations are marked with blue icons.Screenshots by NREL WREN WETO.3.3.0.403 Point of Contact:Cris Hein,Cris.Heinnrel.gov Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 39 NREL Team Completes Field Testing With Custom Launcher

195、and Projectiles To Minimize Wind Energys Impact on Birds and Bats NREL completed a field campaign in partnership with a team from Oregon State University in which they tested bird and bat strikes on a wind turbine.Oregon State University developed a sensor network that could be installed on the wind

196、 turbine blades and used to detect collisions.NREL developed a custom simulated wildlife launcher to shoot projectiles that realistically simulate birds and bats in terms of mass and makeup.In validating a system that can accurately detect these strikes,the team produced technology that is one step

197、closer to helping determine the timing and conditions of collision events.Validation Study Performed of Improved Wind Turbine-Bird Collision-Detection System NREL performed a validation study of the wind turbine-bird collision-detection(WT-Bird)system using the DOE 1.5-MW turbine at NRELs Flatirons

198、Campus.The project team simulated bird and bat collisions on the wind turbine blades using a custom-made wildlife launcher and projectiles.Collisions of 8-gram(g),25-g,and 250-g projectiles were recorded by the NREL team and validated by project partners,Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientif

199、ic Research and Western EcoSystems Technology,Inc.,to assess the accuracy of the system in detecting bird and bat collisions with a wind turbine blade.The data collected from this project will be used to further refine the WT-Bird system and to better quantify and understand the timing and condition

200、s when bird and bat collisions might occur.FOA 1924-OSW Autonomous Monitoring System(OSU)WETO.3.3.0.409 Point of Contact:Jason Roadman,Jason.Roadmannrel.gov NREL completed a field campaign in partnership with a team from Oregon State University in which they tested bird and bat strikes on a wind tur

201、bine.These tests simulated bird and bat strikes on a wind turbine using a custom launcher and projectile.Photo by Werner Slocum,NREL FOA 1924-Advanced Bat and Bird Collision Detection System(WEST)WETO.3.3.0.410 Point of Contact:Sam Rooney,Samantha.Rooneynrel.gov NREL engineers launch a small project

202、ile at moving wind turbine blades to validate a collision-detection system.The purpose of the study was to assess whether the detection system could register collision events of projectiles that resemble small birds or bats,helping advance species protection.Photo by Werner Slocum,NREL STEM and Siti

203、ng Research and Development Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 41 New Collegiate Wind Competition Registration Process Fosters Reach and Accessibility Organizers of the Collegiate Wind Competition(CWC)increased accessibility to schools that have not participated in the p

204、ast and thus broadened the competitions reach and impact.For the 2023 competition,organizers developed a simple application process for teams interested in participating in the CWC.This process allowed teams to participate in the culminating event based on assessment of midyear deliverables,thereby

205、choosing teams based on performance as well as passion.In the past,organizers released a request for proposals in the fall inviting interested teams to apply to participate in the competition.This new CWC application process was amplified broadly,including to Minority Serving Institutions(MSI)throug

206、h the MSI STEM Research and Development Consortium and other similar avenues.The competition itself hosted the largest group of collegiate teams in its history,with 12 officially competing and four learn-along teams.This competition also featured the establishment of the first-ever panel of industry

207、 experts and CWC alumni.Collegiate Wind Competition WETO.3.6.0.401 Point of Contact:Elise DeGeorge,Elise.DeGeorgenrel.gov Undergraduate students from the University of Maryland assisted KidWind students with the building of their own miniature wind turbine as part of the Collegiate Wind Competition.

208、Photo by Dennis Schroeder,NREL Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 42 WINDExchange Publishes Additional 100-meter Wind Energy Resource Maps NREL continued producing and publishing 100-meter wind energy resource maps across the country.Offshore wind maps were produced for

209、Texas,Louisiana,and Mississippi;North and South Carolina;and Alabama,Florida,and Georgia.Land-based wind maps were produced for Missouri,Tennessee,Arkansas,Wyoming,Iowa,Kansas,Utah,and Arizona.These maps provide wind energy developers and community leaders with tools to help assess and characterize

210、a regions available wind resources,which will support the development,siting,and operation of wind energy projects around the United States.Wind resource maps and other information are available through the WINDExchange platform.WINDExchange Stakeholder Engagement and Outreach WETO.3.5.0.40 Point of

211、 Contact:Chloe Constant,Chloe.Constantnrel.gov Through the WINDExchange program,NREL engaged stakeholders by creating 100-meter wind resource maps,including the offshore wind speed map of North and South Carolina.These maps give wind energy developers and community leaders tools to help assess and c

212、haracterize a regions available resources.Map by NREL.Modeling and Analysis Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 44 Deep-Dive Report Assesses State of U.S.Wind Energy Supply Chain In close coordination with WETO staff,NREL researchers delivered a report highlighting streng

213、ths,weaknesses,opportunities,and vulnerabilities of the U.S.wind energy sector supply chain.The work explored critical vulnerabilities today and in the future as the industry scales to serve the Biden Administrations goals and technology evolves.The report was used to inform the WETO deliverable in

214、response to Executive Order 14017:Americas Supply Chains.Along with 12 other deep-dive assessments conducted by DOE and its national laboratories on specific technologies and crosscutting topics,the report identifies strategies and recommendations that could help the United States move toward a secu

215、re and equitable clean energy future.NREL Team Identifies Sources of Wind Plant Energy Prediction Errors The Wind Plant Performance Prediction project is a multistakeholder,data-sharing and benchmarking initiative focused on improving the industrys ability to predict and quantify wind power plant pe

216、rformance.The Performance Risk,Uncertainty and Finance(PRUF)Focus Area team developed an approach for understanding the difference in predicted energy versus measured energy from a wind power plant.It also analyzed data from the Wind Plant Performance Prediction benchmark project,which suggests that

217、 the wind energy resource is broadly overestimated but compensated by a corresponding overestimation of energy losses.The article is currently in peer review in the open-access journal Wind Energy.Wind Analysis for Priority Needs WETO.4.1.0.402 Point of Contact:Eric Lantz,Eric.Lantznrel.gov Trucks t

218、ransport wind turbine blades to their final destination.Photo by Lee Fingersh,NREL.Wind Plant Performance Benchmarking(PRUF)WETO.4.1.0.406 Point of Contact:Jason Fields,Jason.Fieldsnrel.gov The distribution of prediction errors(in density)for each step of the energy yield assessment(EYA)process base

219、d on 68 submissions from wind power plants in Phase 1 of the Wind Plant Performance Prediction benchmark project(obtained using Gaussian kernels).Percentages indicate the mean and standard deviations of the prediction bias relative to the corresponding metric calculated from the operational data.Thi

220、s demonstrates a tendency for wind resource overprediction that is countered by a countervailing overprediction of wind energy losses.Graphic by NREL Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 45 NREL and International Collaborators Identify Digitalization as a Grand Challenge i

221、n Wind Energy Wind energy digitalization represents a unique opportunity to accelerate wind energy deployment,reduce costs,and improve industry collaboration.As part of IEA Wind Task 43,the PRUF project team published a discussion article in Wind Energy Science that details the three grand challenge

222、s of wind energy digitalizationdata,culture,and“coopetition.”Data refers to the need for findable,accessible,interoperable,and reusable data.Culture is the need to address organizational,people-centric approaches for adopting digital technologies and data-driven decision making.Lastly,“coopetition”r

223、efers to collaboration among competitors,with the goal of realizing mutually beneficial outcomes.In the article,the authors recommend potential solutions and research needed to achieve a new digital wind energy industry,with expected gains in plant performance,reductions in costs,and shorter innovat

224、ion and deployment timelines.Digitalization in action.In this future floating wind energy plant,digitalization enables a plant manager to make data-based decisions in real time,increasing safety and reducing the cost of energy.The image also demonstrates the concepts of robotic inspections and trans

225、portation as part of a fully autonomous wind power plant.Graphic by NREL.Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 46 Database of Wind Energy Ordinances Increases by 400%in 4 Years In the United States,ordinances pertaining to wind energy are typically established and regulated

226、 at the county level.In 2018,the NREL spatial analysis team sought to collect and spatially model all existing wind energy ordinances across the contiguous United States.At that time,the team collected roughly 300 ordinances and demonstrated the potential implications for wind energy deployment.This

227、 year,the team executed another data-collection drive,amassing more than 1,500 ordinancesa 400%growth in 4 years.This soon-to-be-published database provides critical insight into the growth,types,and scale of local regulationspertinent information for developers,policymakers,decision makers,land man

228、agers,and energy modelers.Next,the team will spatially model these local regulations to quantify national wind potential impacts.Spatial Analysis for Wind Technology Development WETO.4.1.0.407 Point of Contact:Anthony Lopez,Anthony.Lopeznrel.gov The spatial distribution of existing county wind energ

229、y regulations as captured in the ordinance database.Users can hover over a county to display the details of an ordinance.Screenshot by Anthony Lopez,NREL Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 47 NREL Researchers Estimate Cost of Wind Energy in 2020 Annual Report The 2020 Co

230、st of Wind Energy Review provides estimates by NREL researchers on the levelized cost of energy for representative land-based and offshore wind power plants and residential-and commercial-scale distributed wind energy projects in the United States.Levelized costs of energy estimates are based on U.S

231、.commissioned wind power plants and wind resource information from 2020,along with the aid of state-of-the-art modeling capabilities and data accumulated throughout the global wind energy industry.Results of this report provide cost data to DOE to meet the annual reporting requirements set by the Go

232、vernment Performance and Results Act and offer component-level costs that aid researchers,developers,investors,and utilities.Data Collection and Annual Reporting WETO.4.1.0.408 Point of Contact:Tyler Stehly,Tyler.Stehlynrel.gov The component-level cost breakdown shown as levelized cost of energy(LCO

233、E;in$/megawatt-hour MWh)for the land-based wind reference project based on U.S.-commissioned wind power plants and wind resource information from 2020,with the support of state-of-the-art cost models.Starting from left to right,the green bars(rotor,nacelle,and tower)represent the wind turbine compon

234、ents,the lighter blue bars(development,engineering and management,foundation,site access and staging,assembly and installation,and electrical infrastructure)signify balance of systems components,the purple bars(contingency and construction finance)denote financial components,the yellow bar represent

235、 operations and maintenance,and lastly,the darker blue bar reports the total system levelized cost of energy.Image by NREL Programmatic Support Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 49 Wind Research Impact Cultivated Through Sound Programmatic Support NRELs Wind Program act

236、ively manages a diverse wind portfolio that advances technologies for offshore,land-based,and distributed wind energy,as well as its integration with the electric grid.NREL supports WETOs main objectives of aggressive cost reduction,scaling and light-weighting,environmental and siting challenges,gri

237、d services,cybersecurity,and hybrid systems.To meet the significant acceleration and scale up of wind deployment needed to achieve carbon emissions-free electricity by 2035 and net-zero greenhouse gas emissions across the economy by 2050,NREL wind research includes workforce development and educatio

238、n,social science and acceptance,analysis and modeling,and energy equity and environmental justice.Achievements include:Increasing the impact of WETOs mission through strategic engagement,fostering innovative and integrative programs,and ensuring a unique,portfolio-wide perspective is established.Lea

239、ding high-level executive outreach and engagement to amplify the offices research and development portfolio.Leading technology-to-market initiatives that create pathways for market readiness and resource access.This includes supporting the growth of projects with a high potential of impact funded th

240、rough the Technology Commercialization Fund and providing researchers opportunities to prioritize latest needs of the market through the Energy I-Corps program.Serving in a strategic leadership role of the IEA Wind Technology Collaboration Programme.Providing support to NRELs Flatirons Campus and NR

241、ELs ARIES program,promoting the development of state-of-the-art equipment and facilities that support fundamental wind energy research and forward-thinking,integrated renewable energy solutions.NREL Technology Management and Support WETO.5.1.0.401 Point of Contact:Brian Smith,Brian.Smithnrel.gov Fis

242、cal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 50 NREL Advisors Provide Guidance and Support to Help Execution of Research NRELs Ian Baring-Gould,Alexsandra Lemke,Mike Robinson,and Rich Tusing provided strategic guidance,subject matter expertise,and technical assistance in developing n

243、ew strategic initiatives and opportunities in support of amplifying the WETOs research,contributing to program collaboratives consisting of multiple national laboratories,universities,and industry players.This support consisted of strategic guidance to WETO through management and operations detail a

244、ssignments designed to define,develop,shape,and support the implementation of WETOs research and development portfolio.These advisors played a crucial role in contributing to high-quality,industry-leading long-term wind energy research development and deployment strategies,and supported wind-hybrid

245、technologies,wind-storage technologies,wind-circular economy technologies,and Small Business Innovation Research and Small Business Technology Transfer programs.Content Optimization Amplifies Key Impacts of WETO-Funded Research NREL Wind Programs communications team delivers comprehensive communicat

246、ions products across a variety of platformsfrom social media and websites to online newsletters and news articlesto inform thousands of stakeholders and members of the general public about the impact of NRELs WETO-funded research.Informed by audience metrics,the communications team continues to refi

247、ne its strategies,resulting in increased readership and audience engagement.For example,as managing editor of WETOs Wind Research and Development Newsletter,NREL worked with WETO staff to repackage the publication to improve audience engagement,increase opportunities for article amplification by rel

248、easing articles throughout the year,and reduce costs.M&O Support WETO.5.1.0.403,WETO.5.1.0.404,WETO.5.1.0.410,WETO.5.1.0.412,WETO.5.1.0.413 Point of Contact:Alexsandra Lemke,Alexsandra.Lemkenrel.gov Communications Support WETO.5.1.0.402 Point of Contact:Amy Howerton,Amy.Howertonnrel.gov WETOs Wind R

249、esearch and Development Newsletter is one of the many ways the NREL Wind Programs communications team harnessed audience metrics and expert communications strategy counsel to foster improved audience engagement,providing key updates to stakeholders and members of the general public about the impact

250、of NRELs WETO-funded research.Screenshot by NREL Non-AOP Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 52 FLORIS Wake Model Shows Improved Accuracy for Large Offshore Wind Farms In collaboration with NOWRDC,NREL engineers developed and validated a new model of wind turbine wakes an

251、d wake steering.The Cumulative Curl model,implemented in the updated version of FLORIS Version 3.0,improves the accuracy of the model when compared to large offshore wind farms,wherein a turbine can be in the wake of many others upstream.This improvement was demonstrated in a recent paper that compa

252、red this new model to data collected from three offshore wind farms.The paper shows that the model,compared to previous ones,greatly improves the prediction of reduced power production of turbines located in the wake of many upstream turbines.The model improvements will enable the design of wind far

253、m controllers for U.S.offshore wind farms to enhance electricity generation at no additional capital cost.ATLANTIS FOCAL Project Completes Design and Testing of Scaled Wind Turbine With Active Control The Floating Offshore wind and Controls Advanced Laboratory(FOCAL)project,run under the Advanced Re

254、search Projects Agency-Energy Aerodynamic Turbines Lighter and Afloat with Nautical Technologies and Integrated Servo-control(ATLANTIS)program,completed a model experiment focused on controlling the aerodynamic response of wind turbines through active blade pitch and torque control.This is the first

255、 of four experimental campaigns demonstrating the impact that controls can have on steadying dynamic floating offshore wind turbine behavior.The data set will be shared publicly through the Data Archive and Portal to validate several offshore wind modeling tools that aim to capture the impact of adv

256、anced controls on reducing the motions and loading on floating wind turbines.The FOCAL project showed that the controller can be used to dampen the motion of the floating wind system and lessen the loading on the structure,allowing for cheaper,lighter-weight floating support structures to be designe

257、d.Wind Farm Control and Layout Optimization for U.S.Offshore Wind Farms Point of Contact:Paul Fleming,Paul.Flemingnrel.gov In collaboration with the National Offshore Wind Research&Development Consortium,NREL engineers developed and analyzed a new model of wind turbine wakes and wake steering throug

258、h FLOw Redireciton and Induction in Steady State(FLORIS)software(Version 3.0),improving accuracy of the model when compared to large offshore wind farms.Photo by Dennis Schroeder,NREL ARPA-E ATLANTIS FOCAL Project Point of Contact:Amy Robertson,Amy.Robertsonnrel.gov A 1:70-scale model of the Interna

259、tional Energy Agencys 15-MW wind turbine undergoes validation of aerodynamic loading while under active turbine control in a water tank.Photo by Matt Fowler,University of Maine Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 53 BOEM-Funded Work Analyzes the Power Grid Value of Oregon

260、 Offshore Wind Energy NREL used a production cost model of the full Western Interconnection to analyze the impact of integrating up to 5 GW of offshore wind energy along the Oregon coast.The study,executed in partnership with the U.S.Department of the Interiors Bureau of Ocean Energy Management(BOEM

261、),determined the existing coastal transmission system could accommodate about 2.6 GW,if spread across the five major points of interconnection,without leading to significant congestion or curtailment.It also found the total system value to be greater than the estimated cost of offshore wind energy i

262、n 2032 on a megawatt-hour(MWh)basis in all scenarios studied.Since it was published in October 2021,the work has directly helped the Oregon Department of Energy strategize its grid planning and several other government agencies move forward to identify call areas for possible offshore wind energy de

263、velopment.Evaluating the Grid Impact of Oregon Offshore Wind(funded by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management(BOEM)Point of Contact:Marty Schwarz,Marty.Schwarznrel.gov The curtailment of offshore wind energy(in terawatt-hours TWh)at each point of the five(left to right representing northern to southe

264、rn)points of interconnection along the Oregon Coast for the four high offshore wind penetration scenarios.HighOffshore-FG and HighOffshore-FG-Storage refer to scenarios without any coastal transmission expansion and without or with,respectively,storage deployment;HighOffshore-FG-Tx and HighOffshore-

265、FG-Tx-Storage refer to scenarios with coastal transmission and without or with storage deployment,respectively.Coastal transmission upgrades mostly eliminate curtailment,whereas small energy storage systems only reduce curtailment by about 15%.Graphic by Marty Schwarz,NREL Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplis

266、hments and Midyear Performance Report 54 Analysis Characterizes the Demand for a Domestic Offshore Wind Supply Chain The offshore wind energy industry in the United States aims to develop a domestic supply chain to help achieve a target deployment of 30 GW installed by 2030 while also creating local

267、 jobs and economic benefits.NREL is leading a study funded by NOWRDC to characterize what the supply chain could look like in 2030 to realize this achievement.The first report from the study was published in March 2022,outlining the high-level demands the supply chain will need to support,including

268、over 2,100 wind turbines and foundations,6,800 miles of cable,56 wind turbine installation vessels,and 12,30049,000 manufacturing jobs.Understanding these resource demands will inform the studys next phase and help the industry develop a domestic supply chain by 2030.30 GW by 2030:A Supply Chain Roa

269、dmap for Offshore Wind in the United States Point of Contact:Matt Shields,Matt.Shieldsnrel.gov Annual deployment of offshore wind turbines required to reach a cumulative deployment of 30 GW by 2030.Image by Matt Shields,NREL Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 55 NREL Con

270、ducts Cost and Feasibility Study for Offshore Wind Energy in the Hawaii Region With Promising Results Offshore wind energy has the potential to be deployed in Hawaii to address the states current high electricity prices,heavy reliance on imported fossil fuels,and favorable wind resources.NREL conduc

271、ted a feasibility study for BOEM to evaluate how costs,infrastructure,logistics,and public perception may evolve for offshore wind energy in the region surrounding Oahu.NREL determined that,by the early 2030s,the levelized cost of energy could be as low as$56/MWh to$66/MWh in likely deployment zones

272、 surrounding the island.Despite Hawaiis remote location,these costs can be similar to those of global offshore wind energy projects,if sufficient investments in infrastructure(e.g.,ports,workforce,and grid connections on Oahu are developed in time.Scientific and Technical Services for the Pacific Ou

273、ter Continental Shelf Region Point of Contact:Matt Shields,Matt.Shieldsnrel.gov Heat maps of offshore wind energys potential levelized cost of energy(LCOE in$/MWh)in the Oahu region in Hawaii for commercial operation dates in 2032.Costs are lower in the southern and eastern regions of the analysis d

274、omain because of favorable wind resources,benign wave and current conditions,and close proximities to ports and grid infrastructure.Map by Donna Heimiller,NREL Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 56 NREL Leads Effort To Define Wind Energy“Grand Challenges”Roadmap NREL is

275、leading an international effort to describe the critical research needed to meet wind energys“Grand Challenges,”initially introduced in a 2019 Science article outlining the progress,potential,and high-level scientific gaps in wind energy.With the support of the European Academy of Wind Energy and IE

276、A Wind,a series of 10 papers is being published in Wind Energy Science.The series,written by wind energy researchers worldwide,reviews the breadth of wind energy research needs and proposes actions to help reach global decarbonization goals.Although wind energy has grown from virtually nothing to su

277、pplying 9.2%of total U.S.electricity in just 20 years,there remains crucial work to be done for wind energy to become a significant contributor to the future carbon-free energy system.Wind Energys“Grand Challenges”Point of Contact:Paul Veers,Paul.Veersnrel.gov NREL is collaborating with internationa

278、l partners to develop a series of journal articles that define the wind energy research needed to reach a carbon-free energy future.Image by Paul Veers,NREL Publications Overview Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 58 Publications Overview Publications produced by NREL Wi

279、nd Energy Program staff provide information about the many areas of wind energy research conducted at the lab.As of the midyear point in FY 2022,NREL researchers published their latest scientific findings and breakthroughs in 180 technical reports,peer-reviewed journal articles,conference papers,fac

280、t sheets,and other materials.Fiscal Year 2022 NREL Wind Energy Publications as of March 31,2022 These publications provide reliable,unbiased information that researchers from academia,other national laboratories,government agencies,and private industry organizations can use to advance wind energy sc

281、ience.In Fiscal Year 2022,as of March 31,2022,the National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)Wind Energy Program published 180 publications processed through the Communications Office Publication Tracker.Fiscal Year 2022 Accomplishments and Midyear Performance Report 59 Notable Publications Abbas,Nik

282、har J.;Zalkind,Daniel S.;Pao,Lucy;Wright,Alan.2022.“A Reference Open-Source Controller for Fixed and Floating Offshore Wind Turbines.”Wind Energy Science.https:/dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-53-2022.Allen,Jeffery;Young,Ethan;Bortolotti,Pietro;King,Ryan;Barter,Garrett.2022.“Blade Planform Design Optimizat

283、ion To Enhance Turbine Wake Control.”Wind Energy.https:/dx.doi.org/10.1002/we.2699.Bodini,Nicola;Lundquist,Julie K.;Moriarty,Patrick.2021.“Wind Plants Can Impact Long-Term Local Atmospheric Conditions.”Scientific Reports.https:/dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02089-2.Harrison-Atlas,Dylan;King,Ryan N.;

284、Glaws,Andrew.2021.“Machine Learning Enables National Assessment of Wind Plant Controls With Implications for Land Use.”Wind Energy.https:/dx.doi.org/10.1002/we.2689.Nejad,Amir R.;Keller,Jonathan;Guo,Yi;Sheng,Shawn;Polinder,Henk;Watson,Simon;Dong,Jianning;et al.2022.“Wind Turbine Drivetrains:State-of

285、-the-Art Technologies and Future Development Trends.”Wind Energy Science.https:/dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-387-2022.Sandhu,Rimple;Tripp,Charles;Quon,Eliot;Thedin,Regis;Lawson,Michael;Brandes,David;Farmer,Christopher J.;et al.2022.“Stochastic Agent-Based Model for Predicting Turbine-Scale Raptor Moveme

286、nts During Updraft-Subsidized Directional Flights.”Ecological Modelling.https:/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.109876.Shaw,William;Berg,Larry;Debnath,Mithu;Deskos,Georgios;Draxl,Caroline;Ghate,Virendra;Hasager,Charlotte;et al.2022.“Scientific Challenges to Characterizing the Wind Resource in the

287、 Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer.”Wind Energy Science Discussions preprint.https:/doi.org/10.5194/wes-2021-156.Stanley,Andrew P.J.;Roberts,Owen;Lopez,Anthony;Williams,Travis;Barker,Aaron.2022.“Turbine Scale and Siting Considerations in Wind Plant Layout Optimization and Implications for Capacity D

288、ensity.”Energy Reports.https:/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.02.226.Wang,Lu;Robertson,Amy;Jonkman,Jason;Yu,Yi-Hsiang.2022.“OC6 Phase I:Improvements to the OpenFAST Predictions of Nonlinear,Low-Frequency Responses of a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Platform.”Renewable Energy.https:/dx.doi.org/10.101

289、6/j.renene.2022.01.053.Wilson,Samuel;Hall,Matthew;Housner,Stein;Sirnivas,Senu.2021.“Linearized Modeling and Optimization of Shared Mooring Systems.”Ocean Engineering.https:/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110009.View all journal articles and technical reports published in FY 2022 as of March 31,2

290、022.NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S.Department of Energy,Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy,LLC.NREL/MP-5000-83261 June 2022Photo Credits:Front cover photos by Werner Slocum/NREL(65539)Back cover photo by Werner Slocum/NREL(66537)National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West ParkwayGolden,CO 80401303-275-3000 www.nrel.gov