1、Supported bythe World oforganic agricultureafrica 1.7 million haSTATISTICS&EMERGING TRENDS 2017 north america 3.0 million haoceania 22.8 million halatin america 6.7 million haasia 4.0 million haeurope 12.7 million haFIBL&IFOAM ORGANICS INTERNATIONALA Global Vision and Strategy for Organic Farming Re

2、searchCondensed VersionTechnology Innovation Platform of IFOAMOrganics International(TIPI)c/o Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL Ackerstrasse 113|P.O.Box 219|CH-5070 Frick|Switzerland tipiifoam.bio|Tel.+41 62 865 72 72www.organic- Vision 2030 for the future development of organic farming

3、:Organic contributes to the resolution of the future challenges of global agriculture.Organic agriculture becomes the preferred land use system in rural areas worldwide.Organic agriculture secures food and ecosystems through eco-functional intensification.Organic agriculture produces healthy food in

4、 a fair way for the well-being of all.A Global Vision and Strategy for Organic Farming ResearchCondensed versionUrs Niggli Christian Andres Helga Willer Brian P.BakerTIPI Vision and StrategyTechnology Innovation Platform of IFOAMOrganics International(TIPI)Research Institute of Organic Agriculture F

5、iBL IFOAM Organics International The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2017 Edited by Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud For PDF version,corrigenda and supplementary material see http:/www.organic- All of the statements and results contained in this book have been compiled by t

6、he authors and are to the best of their knowledge correct and have been checked by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.However,the possibility of mistakes cannot be ruled out entirely.Therefore,the editors,authors,and publishers are not subject to any

7、obligation and make no guarantees whatsoever regarding any of the statements or results in this work;neither do they accept responsibility or liability for any possible mistakes,nor for any consequences of actions taken by readers based on statements or advice contained therein.Authors are responsib

8、le for the content of their own articles.Their opinions do not necessarily express the views FiBL or IFOAM Organics International.This document has been produced with the support of the International Trade Centre(ITC),the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),and NrnbergMesse.The views

9、expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinions of ITC,SECO,or NrnbergMesse.Should corrections and updates become necessary,they will be published at www.organic-.This book is available for download at http:/www.organic- enquiries regarding this book and its contents should

10、be sent to Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,FiBL,Ackerstrasse 113,5070 Frick,Switzerland,e-mail julia.lernoudfibl.org and helga.willerfibl.org.Please quote articles from this book individually with name(s)of author(s)and title of article.The same applies to the tables:Please quote source,title of tabl

11、e and then the overall report.The whole report should be cited as:Willer,Helga and Julia Lernoud(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends 2017.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,and IFOAM Organics International,Bonn.Version 1.3 of February 20,201

12、7.Die Deutsche Bibliothek CIP Cataloguing-in-Publication-Data A catalogue record for this publication is available from Die Deutsche Bibliothek February 2017.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Ackerstrasse11

13、3,5070 Frick,Switzerland,Tel.+41 62 865 72 72,Fax+41 62 865 72 73,e-mail info.suissefibl.org,Internet www.fibl.org IFOAM Organics International,Charles-de-Gaulle-Str.5,53113 Bonn,Germany,Tel.+49 228 926 50-10,Fax+49 228 926 50-99,e-mail headofficeifoam.bio,Internet www.ifoam.bio,Trial Court Bonn,Ass

14、ociation Register no.8726 Language editing support:Simon Moakes,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Cover:Simone Bissig,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Layout:Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Maps:Simone Bissig and Bernhard Schlatter,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Graphs(if not otherwise stated):Julia Lernou

15、d and Helga Willer,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Infographic:Kurt Riedi,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Cover picture:Campo Laguna Blanca in Entre Ros Province,Argentina,is a project of the Tompkins Conservation,comprising almost 3000 hectares.Laguna Blanca is a model of diversified organic agriculture in the regio

16、n.More information is available at http:/www.tompkinsconservation.org/farm_laguna_blanca.htm Printed by Medienhaus Plump,Rolandsecker Weg 33,53619 Rheinbreitbach,Germany Price:25 Euros,IFOAM Organics International affiliates:20 Euros Printed copies of this volume may be ordered directly from IFOAM O

17、rganics International and FiBL(see addresses above)or via the IFOAM Organics International website at www.ifoam.bio or the FiBL shop at shop.fibl.org Printed version ISBN 978-3-03736-040-8 PDF version ISBN 978-3-03736-041-5 Table of Contents Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic A

18、griculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 3 Table of Contents Glossary 13 Foreword from SECO and ITC 15 Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International 16 Foreword from the Editors 17 Acknowledgements 18 Organic Agriculture:Key In

19、dicators and Top Countries 23 The World of Organic Agriculture 2017:Summary 25 Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud ORGANIC AGRICULTURE WORLDWIDE:CURRENT STATISTICS 35 Current Statistics on Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators,and Market 36 Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer Introduction 36 General no

20、tes on the data 38 Organic agricultural land 40 Organic share of total agricultural land by region and country 44 Development of the organic agricultural land 48 All organic areas,including non-agricultural areas 55 Organic producers and other operator types 62 Retail sales and international trade d

21、ata 69 Organic farming in developing countries and emerging markets 74 LAND USE AND COMMODITIES 77 Land use and commodities in organic agriculture 78 Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer Land use 78 Arable land 82 Permanent crops 84 Wild collection and beekeeping areas 86 Beehives 91 Aquaculture 94 Statis

22、tics on selected crops 97 Cereals 98 Citrus fruit 102 Cocoa beans 104 Coffee 106 Dry pulses 108 Fruit:Temperate fruit 110 Fruit:Tropical and subtropical fruit 114 Grapes 118 Oilseeds 120 Olives 124 Table of Contents 4 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics an

23、d Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Vegetables 126 Organic Cotton 129 Liesl Truscott,Evonne Tan,Lisa Emberson and Amish Gosai Trends 129 Geography of production 131 Market value 134 Voluntary organic supply chain standards 134 Challenges and opportunit

24、ies for organic cotton 135 GLOBAL MARKET 137 The Global Market for Organic Food&Drink 138 Amarjit Sahota Introduction 138 North America 138 Europe 139 Other regions 140 Challenges and growth outlook 140 The Organic and Fairtrade Market 2015 143 Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer Highlights and key data

25、144 Table and Graphs 145 STANDARDS,REGULATIONS AND POLICIES 149 Standards and Regulations 150 Beate Huber and Otto Schmid Organic legislation worldwide:current situation 150 The Codex Alimentarius Guidelines:Recent developments 153 Import requirements of major economies 154 Participatory Guarantee S

26、ystems in 2016 157 Joelle Katto-Andrighetto and Cornelia Kirchner Latest Developments in Policy Support for Organic Agriculture 159 Joelle Katto-Andrighetto AFRICA 161 Latest Developments in Organic Agriculture in Africa 162 Jordan Gama The African Organic Network(AfrONet)162 Strategic Plan(2015-202

27、5)for the Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative(EOAI)for Africa 163 New UNCTAD study“Financing Organic Agriculture in Africa:Mapping the Issues”164 Outlook 165 Organic Farming in Kenya:Promising Growth and a Bright Future 167 Richard Ngunjiri Table of Contents Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017)

28、:The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 5 Africa:Current Statistics 169 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Africa:Graphs 171 Organic Agriculture in Africa:Tables 174 ASIA

29、179 Development of the Organic Sector in Asia in 2016 180 IFOAM Asia,Overview of the trends and developments in the organic sector 180 Country reports 181 Major achievements of IFOAM Asia 187 Asia:Current statistics 188 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer,and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Asia:Gr

30、aphs 190 Organic Agriculture in Asia:Tables 192 EUROPE 197 Organic Farming in Europe 198 Helga Willer,Stephen Meredith,Yulia Barabanova,Bram Moeskops,and Matthias Stolze Current trends 198 EU regulatory framework on organic farming 199 EU policy framework on organic farming 200 Research 201 Challeng

31、es and recommendations 203 Outlook 204 Europe and European Union:Key indicators 2015 206 Organic Farming and Market Development in Europe and the European Union 207 Helga Willer,Diana Schaack,and Julia Lernoud 1 Exceptional growth in 2015:Market and production highlights 207 2.Organic agricultural l

32、and 210 2.1 Organic agricultural land 210 2.2 Organic shares of total agricultural land 212 2.3 Growth of the organic land 212 2.4 Conversion status of organic farmland 215 3 Land use in and crops grown organic agriculture 216 3.1 Land use 216 3.2 Crops grown in organic agriculture 219 3.3 Further o

33、rganic areas 220 4 Organic livestock 221 5 Producers,processors and importers 223 5.1 Organic producers 223 5.2 Organic processors and importers 223 6 Domestic market development 226 6.1 Size of the organic market 226 Table of Contents 6 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agric

34、ulture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 6.2 Growth of the organic market 228 6.3 Per capita consumption of organic food 229 6.4 Organic market shares 230 6.5 Comparison of organic products and product groups with the total market 231 6.

35、6 Marketing channels in organic agriculture 233 7 Conclusion 234 8 Acknowledgements 234 Organic Agriculture in Europe:Tables 236 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 245 Latin America and the Caribbean 246 Patricia Flores Public policies 246 Regional markets 247 Organic&Biodynamic Agriculture Movement 24

36、7 Scaling-up experiences in the organic sector 248 Latin America and the Caribbean:Current statistics 250 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Latin America and Caribbean:Graphs 252 Organic Agriculture in Latin America and Caribbean:Tables 254 NORTH AMERICA 257 Or

37、ganic Continues to Set Records in the United States 258 Barbara Fitch Haumann Organic garners more attention 259 Consumer findings 260 Organic hotspots 260 All eyes on organic check-off proposal 261 Other critical issues 261 International trade 263 Canada 264 Marie-Eve Levert and Jill Guerra Organic

38、 sector 264 Organic market 267 Further resources 269 North America:Current statistics 270 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in North America:Graphs 272 Organic Agriculture in North America:Tables 274 Table of Contents Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World

39、of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 7 OCEANIA 275 Australia 276 Andrew Lawson,Andrew Monk and Amy Cosby Introduction 276 Regulatory framework 276 Accredited certifiers 277 Domestic produce 278 Primary producers and a

40、rea of farmland 279 Organic consumer attitudes in Australia 279 Awareness of certification marks 280 The Pacific Islands 282 Karen Mapusua Recent important developments 282 History 283 Key actors 285 Market&trade 287 Legislation 288 Government and international support 288 Outlook 288 Oceania:Curren

41、t statistics 290 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Oceania:Graphs 291 Organic Agriculture in Oceania:Tables 293 BETTER DATA 295 FiBL Survey on Organic Agriculture Worldwide Metadata 296 Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud OUTLOOK 307 Motions and More 308 Markus Arbe

42、nz Organic 3.0 308 New breeding techniques 309 Aquaculture 309 Membership 310 ANNEX 311 Key Indicators by Country and Region 312 Data Providers and Data Sources 316 Table of Contents 8 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Orga

43、nics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Tables Table 1:Countries and territories covered by the global survey on organic agriculture 2015 37 Table 2:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and regions shares of the global organic agricultural land 2015 40 Table 3:Wor

44、ld:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by country 2015(sorted)42 Table 4:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and shares of total agricultural land by region 2015 44 Table 5:World:Organic shares of total agricultural land by country 2015(sorted)46 Table 6

45、:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by region:growth 2014-2015 48 Table 7:World:Development of organic agricultural land by country 2012-2015 51 Table 8:World:Organic areas:Agricultural land(including conversion areas)and further organic areas by region in 2015 56 Table 9:

46、World:All organic areas by country 2015 56 Table 10:World:Development of the numbers of producers by region 2014 to 2015 62 Table 11:World:Organic producers and other operator types by country 2015 64 Table 12:Global market data:Retail sales and per capita consumption by region 2015 70 Table 13:Glob

47、al market data:Retail sales,organic share of all retail sales,per capita consumption,and exports by country 2015 72 Table 14:Countries on the DAC list:Development of organic agricultural land 2010-2015 74 Table 15:World:Land use in organic agriculture by region(including in-conversion areas)2015 79

48、Table 16:World:Land use and crop categories in organic agriculture worldwide 2015 81 Table 17:Use of organic arable land(including in-conversion areas),2014 and 2015 compared 82 Table 18:Use of organic permanent cropland(including in-conversion areas),2014 and 2015 compared 84 Table 19:Wild collecti

49、on and beekeeping areas by region 2014 and 2015 compared 86 Table 20:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by crop group 2015 86 Table 21:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by country 2015 88 Table 22:Number of organic beehives by country 2015 93 Table 23:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by sp

50、ecies 2015 94 Table 24:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by country 2015 96 Table 25:Selected key crop groups and crops in organic agriculture 2015(overview):Land under organic management(including conversion areas)97 Table 26:Cereals:Organic area by country 2015 100 Table 27:Citrus fruit:Organi

51、c area by country 2015 103 Table 28:Cocoa beans:Organic area by country 2015 105 Table 29:Coffee:Organic area by country 2015 107 Table 30:Dry pulses:Organic area by country 2015 109 Table 31:Temperate fruit:Organic area by crop 2015 110 Table 32:Temperate fruit:Organic area by country 2015 112 Tabl

52、e 33:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area by crop 2015 115 Table 34:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area by country 2015 116 Table 35:Grapes:Organic area by country 2015 119 Table 36:Oilseeds:Organic area by crop 2015 120 Table 37:Oilseeds:Organic area by country 2015 122 Table 38:Oliv

53、es:Organic area by country 2015 125 Table 39:Vegetables:Organic area by country 2015 127 Table 40:Organic cotton producers,area and production volume 2014/2015 131 Table 41:Global market data:Organic and Fairtrade retail sales,share of all retail sales,per capita consumption,and market share,2015 14

54、5 Table 42:Countries with regulations on organic agriculture 2016 151 Table 43:Countries in the process of drafting regulations 2016 153 Table 44:Countries with a national standard but without a national legislation 2016 153 Table 45:Crops grown in organic agriculture in Kenya 2015 167 Table 46:Afri

55、ca:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of organic producers 2015 174 Table 47:Africa:All organic areas 2015 175 Table 48:Africa:Land use in organic agriculture 2015 176 Table 49:Africa:Use of wild collection areas 2015 177 Table of Contents Willer,H.and Lern

56、oud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 9 Table 50:Asia:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2015 192 Table 51:Asia:All organic areas 201

57、5 193 Table 52:Asia:Land use in organic agriculture(fully converted and in conversion)2015 194 Table 53:Asia:Use of wild collection areas 2015 195 Table 54:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country group 210 Table 55:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture by country group 2015 216 Table 56:Europe

58、and European Union:Key crops/crop group 2015 219 Table 57:Europe and European Union:Organic livestock 2015 221 Table 58:Europe:Organic operators by country group 2015 223 Table 59:Europe:Organic retail sales by country group 2015 226 Table 60:Europe:Value shares of organic products and product group

59、s of their respective total markets for selected countries 2015 232 Table 61:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2015 236 Table 62:Europe:Conversion status of organic agricultural land 2015 237 Table 63:Europe:Land use and in organic agriculture by country 2015 238 Table 64:Europe:Organic ag

60、ricultural land and wild collection areas by country 2015 239 Table 65:Europe:Organic producers,processors and importers by country 2015 240 Table 66:Europe:The market for organic food 2015 241 Table 67:Europe:Key indicators by country group 2015 242 Table 68:Latin America:Organic agricultural land,

61、organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2015 254 Table 69:Latin America:All organic areas 2015 255 Table 70:Latin America:Land use in organic agriculture 2015 256 Table 71:Latin America:Use of wild collection areas 2015 256 Table 72:Canada:Value and volume of tracked importe

62、d organic products 2012-2015 268 Table 73:North America:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2015 274 Table 74:North America:All organic areas 2015 274 Table 75:North America:Land use in organic agriculture 2015 274 Table 76:Estimated certified o

63、rganic primary production operations and area(ha)in Australia 2002-2016 278 Table 77:Pacific Islands:Organic Products 287 Table 78:Oceania:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2015 293 Table 79:Oceania:All organic areas 2015 293 Table 80:Oceania:

64、Land use in organic agriculture 2015 294 Table 81:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas):Key indicators by region 2015 312 Table 82:Organic agricultural land,share of total agricultural land,number of producers,and retail sales 2015 312 Figures Figure 1:World:Distribution of organi

65、c agricultural land by region 2015 41 Figure 2:World:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2015 41 Figure 3:World:Countries with an organic share of at least 10 percent 2015 45 Figure 4:World:Distribution of the organic shares of the agricultural land 2015 45 Figure 5

66、:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land and organic share 1999-2015 49 Figure 6:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land by continent 2007 to 2015 49 Figure 7:World:The ten countries with the highest increase of organic agricultural land 2015 50 Figure 8:World:Distribution of all organic

67、 areas 2015.Total:90.6 million hectares 55 Figure 9:World:Distribution of organic producers by region 2015(Total:2.4 million producers)63 Figure 10:World:The ten countries with the largest numbers of organic producers 2015 63 Figure 11:Global market for organic food:Distribution of retail sales by c

68、ountry 2015 70 Figure 12:Global market for organic food:Distribution of retail sales by region 2015 70 Figure 13:Global market:The countries with the largest markets for organic food 2015 71 Figure 14:Global market:The ten countries with the highest per capita consumption 2015 71 Figure 15:Countries

69、 on the DAC list:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land in 2015 75 Table of Contents 10 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Figure 16:Count

70、ries on the DAC list:The ten countries with the highest organic shares of the total agricultural land in 2015 75 Figure 17:World:Distribution of main land use types by region 2015 79 Figure 18:World:Distribution of main land use types and crop categories 2015 80 Figure 19:World:Development of organi

71、c arable land,permanent cropland and permanent grassland/grazing areas 2004-2015 80 Figure 20:World:Distribution of organic arable cropland by region 2015 83 Figure 21:World:Use of arable cropland by crop group 2015 83 Figure 22:World:Distribution of permanent cropland by region 2015 85 Figure 23:Wo

72、rld:Use of permanent cropland by crop group 2015 85 Figure 24:World:Distribution of organic wild collection and beekeeping areas by region in 2015 87 Figure 25:World:The ten countries with the largest organic wild collection and beekeeping areas in 2015 87 Figure 26:World:Distribution of organic bee

73、hives by region in 2015 91 Figure 27:Development of the organic beehives 2007-2015 92 Figure 28:The ten countries with the largest number of organic beehives in 2015 92 Figure 29:Organic aquaculture production volume:Distribution by continent and top 10 countries 2015 95 Figure 30:Organic aquacultur

74、e production volume:Distribution by species and key species 2015 95 Figure 31:Cereals:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 99 Figure 32:Cereals:Distribution of global organic area by types 2015 99 Figure 33:Citrus fruit:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 103 Figure 34:Cocoa

75、 beans:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 104 Figure 35:Coffee:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 106 Figure 36:Dry pulses:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 108 Figure 37:Temperate fruit:Use of organic temperate fruit area 2015 111 Figure 38:Temperate fruit

76、:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 111 Figure 39:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Distribution of global organic area by crop 2015 115 Figure 40:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 116 Figure 41:Grapes:Development of the global organic area 20

77、04-2015 118 Figure 42:Oilseeds:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 121 Figure 43:Organic oilseed area:Use of oilseed area 2015 121 Figure 44:Organic olive area:Distribution by region and top 10 producing countries 2015 124 Figure 45:Olives:Development of the global organic area 2004-201

78、5 125 Figure 46:Vegetables:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 126 Figure 47:Organic cotton fibre lint:Production trend since 2004/05 130 Figure 48:Growth of GOTS and OCS certified facilities 2012/13-2014/15 135 Figure 49:Frequency of organic food purchases in France 141 Figure 50:Growt

79、h in organic food and drink sales and farmland,2000-2015 142 Figure 51:Organic and Fairtrade:Distribution of retail sales value by region 2015 147 Figure 52:Organic and Fairtrade:The ten countries with the largest markets for organic food 2015 147 Figure 53:Organic and Fairtrade:The ten countries wi

80、th the highest per capita consumption 2015 148 Figure 54:Africa:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2015 171 Figure 55:Africa:The countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2015 171 Figure 56:Africa:Development of organic agricultural land 2000 to 20

81、15 172 Figure 57:Africa:Use of agricultural land 2015 172 Figure 58:Africa:The ten countries with the largest number of organic producers 2015 173 Figure 59:Asia:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2015 190 Figure 60:Asia:The countries with the highest organic share of total

82、 agricultural land 2015 190 Figure 61:Asia:Development of organic agricultural land 2000 to 2015 191 Figure 62:Asia:Use of organic agricultural land 2015 191 Figure 63:European Union:Funding of organic farming research in the EUs framework programmes(FP)201 Figure 64:Europe:Cumulative growth of orga

83、nic farmland and retail sales compared 1999-2015 208 Figure 65:Europe:Distribution of organic farmland by country 2015 210 Figure 66:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2015 211 Figure 67:Europe:Organic shares of total agricultural land 2015 213 Figure 68:Europe and European Union:Developmen

84、t of organic agricultural land 1985-2015 214 Table of Contents Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 11 Figure 69:Europe:The 10 countries with the highest growth of organic

85、 agricultural land in hectares 2015 214 Figure 70:Europe:The 10 countries with the highest growth of organic agricultural land in percent in 2015 214 Figure 71:Europe and European Union:Conversion status of organic land in Europe and the EU 2015 215 Figure 72:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture 2

86、015 216 Figure 73:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture by top 10 countries 2015 217 Figure 74:Europe:Growth of organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2015 218 Figure 75:European Union:Growth of organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2015 218 Figure 76:Europe:Growth of selected ar

87、able and permanent crop groups in Europe 2006 to 2015 220 Figure 77:Europe and European Union:Development of organic cows milk production 2007-2015 222 Figure 78:Europe and European Union:Development of organic producers in 2000-2015 224 Figure 79:Europe:Distribution of organic producers and process

88、ors by country 2015 224 Figure 80:Europe:Numbers of organic producers by country 2015 225 Figure 81:Europe:Distribution of retail sales by country and by single market worldwide 2015 226 Figure 82:Europe:Retail sales by country 2015 227 Figure 83:Europe:Growth of organic retail sales in Europe and t

89、he European Union,2000-2015 228 Figure 84:Europe:The countries with the highest growth of the organic market 2015 229 Figure 85:Europe:The countries with the highest per capita consumption 2015 229 Figure 86:Europe:Growth of the per capita consumption 2000-2015 230 Figure 87:Europe:The countries wit

90、h the highest shares of the total retail sales 2015 231 Figure 88:Europe:Marketing channels for organic products in selected countries 2015 233 Figure 89:Latin America and Caribbean:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2015 252 Figure 90:Latin America and Caribbean:T

91、he ten countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2015 252 Figure 91:Latin America and Caribbean:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2015 253 Figure 92:Latin America and Caribbean:Use of agricultural organic land 2015 253 Figure 93:United States:Development of the

92、organic market 2002-2015 259 Figure 94:Growth of Canadas organic agricultural lands,2000-2015 266 Figure 95:National organic milk production(hl)and number of producers,2005-2016 267 Figure 96:North America:Organic agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2015 272 Figure 97:North America:Org

93、anic share of total agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2015 272 Figure 98:North America:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2015 273 Figure 99:North America:Land use in organic agriculture 2015 273 Figure 100:Percentage of organic shoppers buying frequently or often in vario

94、us outlets 279 Figure 101:Awareness of organic certification marks as a guarantee(all shoppers),2010-2016 280 Figure 102:Preference for governance and oversight of auditing,certification and labelling(all shoppers)281 Figure 103:Pacific Islands:Development of the organic area 2008-2015 286 Figure 10

95、4:Pacific Islands:Organic agriculture land by country 2015 286 Figure 105:Oceania:Organic agricultural land by country 2015 291 Figure 106:Oceania:Organic share of total agricultural land by country 2015 291 Figure 107:Oceania:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2015 292 Figure 108:Develop

96、ment of the number of countries with data on organic agriculture 1999-2015 296 Maps Map 1:Organic agricultural land and other non-agricultural areas in 2015 35 Map 2:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Africa 2015 161 Map 3:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Asia 2015 179 Map 4:

97、Organic agricultural land in the countries of Europe 2015 197 Map 5:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean 2015 245 Map 6:Organic agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2015 257 Map 7:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Oceania 2015 275 Tab

98、le of Contents 12 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Infographics Infographic 1:Organic agriculture worldwide:Key indicators 2015 14 Infographic 2:Organic farmland 2015

99、39 Infographic 3:Organic producers 2015 61 Infographic 4:Organic retail sales 2015 68 Glossary Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 13 Glossary/person:Per capita consumpti

100、on in euros AMI:Agrarmarkt-Informationsgesellschaft-Agricultural Market Information Company,Germany ASOA:Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)Standard for Organic Agriculture CAP:Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union CIHEAM:Centre international de hautes tudes agronomiques mditerr

101、anennes CNCA:China National Certification and Accreditation Administration COROS:Common Objectives and Requirements of Organic Standards(COROS)are the Standards Requirements of IFOAM Organics International COTA:Canada Organic Trade Association,Canada CPC:Candidates and Potential Candidates for the E

102、uropean Union CTAB:Technical Center of Organic Agriculture,Tunisia DGAB:Direction Gnerale de lAgriculture Biologique,Tunisia EACCE:Etablissement Autonome de Contrle et Coordination et des Exportations EFTA:European Free Trade Association EIP-AGRI:European Innovation Partnership for Agricultural Prod

103、uctivity and Sustainability EOA:Ecological Organic Agriculture;Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative for Africa EU:European Union EU-13:The countries that became a member of the European Union in or after May 1,2004 EU-15:Member countries in the European Union prior to the accession of ten candi

104、date countries on 1 May 2004 EU-28:Member countries of the European Union EU-Med:European Mediterranean Countries Eurostat:Statistical office of the European Union,Luxembourg FAO:Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FAOSTAT:Statistics Division of FAO,the Food and Agriculture Organ

105、isation of the United Nations FiBL:Forschungsinstitut fr biologischen Landbau Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Switzerland FYROM:The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia GATS:USDAs Global Agriculture Trade System,United States of America GMO:Genetically Modified Organisms GOTS:Global Organ

106、ic Textile Standard Ha:Hectares Hivos:Dutch Humanist Institute for Cooperation Horizon 2020:Research and Innovation programme of the European Union,running from 2014 to 2020 HS codes:Harmonized System Codes IAMB:LIstituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari Mediterranean Agronomic Institute Bari,Italy I

107、FAD:International Fund for Agricultural Development IFOAM EU Group:European Union Group of IFOAM Organics International IISD:International Institute of Sustainable Development,Canada ISOFAR:International Society of Organic Agriculture Research,Germany ITC:International Trade Centre,Switzerland MAEP:

108、Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection,Serbia Mio.:Million MOAN:Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network,Italy MT:Metric tons NASAA:National Association for Sustainable Agriculture,Australia NASS:USDAs National Agricultural Statistics Services,United States of America OCS:Organic Cont

109、ent Standard OrganicDataNetwork:Data network for better European organic market information OrMaCode:ORganic market data MAnual and CODE of Practice-Manual and Code of Practice for the initiation and maintenance of good organic market data collection and publication procedures OTA:Organic Trade Asso

110、ciation,United States of America OWC:Organic World Congress of IFOAM Organics International PGS:Participatory Guarantee Systems POETcom:Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade Community SECO:State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Switzerland SL:Stiftung kologie&Landbau Foundation Ecology&Agriculture,Germa

111、ny SPC:Secretariat of the Pacific Community SSI:State of Sustainability Initiatives,Canada SOAAN:Sustainable Organic Agriculture Action Network TIPI:Technology Innovation Platform of IFOAM Organics International TP Organics:European Technology Platform for Organic Food and Farming U.S.:United States

112、 USDA:United States Department of Agriculture VCO:Virgin Coconut Oil VSS:Voluntary Sustainability Standards Infographic 1:Organic agriculture worldwide:Key indicators 2015 Source:FiBL survey 2017 Foreword from SECO and ITC Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statisti

113、cs and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 15 Foreword from SECO and ITC This book provides a clear statement on the resilience of the organic market trend.On the consumer side,organic products with a total value of almost 82 billion US dollars were sold

114、 globally in 2015.High growth rates were recorded in the advanced markets for organic products.A growth rate of 20 percent and more of organic retail sales value was noticed for Spain,Ireland,and Sweden in 2015.In Switzerland,where the market has been evolving over several years with high growth rat

115、es,it grew by 5 percent.The production side is also keeping pace:The latest data show that organic farmland has grown in many countries,and the total organic area increased to 50.9 million hectares,managed by over 2.4 million producers.In particular,for some crops such as coffee,cocoa,cereals,and te

116、mperate fruits,area growth rates of 15 percent and more were reached in 2015.“New”countries have joined the community of organic producers,so there are now 179.One challenge is assessing global organic production compared to the overwhelming majority of“conventional”production.Currently,organic agri

117、culture represents just over 1 percent of the global agricultural land.However,some crops reached far higher shares.For coffee,the organic area represented almost 9 percent,and for olives,6.5 percent of the total world area for these crops was organic.On the other hand,the importance of other sustai

118、nability standards is increasing.Data on the performance of these Voluntary Sustainability Standards(VSS)are still scarce;therefore,collecting timely and accurate market data to facilitate policy and investment decisions is important for policymakers,market actors,and donors.The Research Institute o

119、f Organic Agriculture(FiBL),the State of Sustainability Initiatives(SSI)of the International Institute of Sustainable Development(IISD),and the International Trade Centre(ITC)have partnered with the support of SECO in a joint data publication effort to ensure continuous,accurate,and relevant reporti

120、ng.Since 2014,this partnership has been collecting data from 14 VSS with a special focus on nine selected commodities.The new data will be published in June 2017,in the new edition of The State of Sustainable Markets.It is essential for the organic community to gather relevant information on organic

121、 market trends in order to continue attracting various stakeholders.Transparent information enables credibility and informed decisions on the costs and benefits of organic production for both the producer and the buyer.This book makes a major contribution to such transparency.Considering the latest

122、figures and the continuous and sustainable growth over many years,the organic movement can look confidently to the future.Monica Rubiolo Head of the Division for Trade Promotion Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)Bern,Switzerland Joseph Wozniak Manager of the Trade for Sustainable Dev

123、elopment(T4SD)Programme International Trade Centre(ITC)Geneva,Switzerland Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International 16 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Forew

124、ord from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International Data collection is a major and constant concern of the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.The comprehensive data provided in this publication serve as an important tool for stakeholders,policymakers,authoriti

125、es,and the industry,as well as for researchers and extension professionals.The information provided here has proven useful in development programs and supporting strategies for organic agriculture and markets,and crucial for monitoring the impact of these activities.The data collection on organic fa

126、rming worldwide has become one of the most frequently quoted literature in scientific,technical and descriptive papers and reports on organic agriculture.With this edition,FiBL and IFOAM Organics International are presenting“The World of Organic Agriculture”for the 18th time.The data and information

127、 compiled in this volume document the latest statistics,recent developments,and trends in global organic farming.As in previous editions,regional reports and topic specific articles were also compiled.We would like to express our thanks to all authors and data providers for contributing in-depth inf

128、ormation and figures on their region,their country or their field of expertise.We are grateful to Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)and the International Trade Centre(ITC)for their support.Furthermore,we are happy to count on the continuous support of NrnbergMesse,the organizers of t

129、he BIOFACH,the Worlds leading trade fair for organic food.Frick and Bonn,February 2017 Prof.Dr.Urs Niggli Director Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL Frick,Switzerland Markus Arbenz Executive Director IFOAM Organics International Bonn,Germany Foreword from the Editors Willer,H.and Lernou

130、d,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 17 Foreword from the Editors In the 18th edition of The World of Organic Agriculture,we are presenting,like in the past,the latest available data on orga

131、nic agriculture worldwide data on area,operators,and retail sales.This data is provided by a large number of data suppliers from all over the world,to whom we are very grateful!Knowledgeable authors have contributed articles on their regions,their countries,or their fields of expertise.As in the pas

132、t,we have the global market report from Organic Monitor,regional reports on Africa,Asia,Europe,Latin America and the Caribbean,and the Pacific Region,as well as country reports on Australia,Canada,Kenya,and the United States.Furthermore,we have included an article on organic cotton from the Textile

133、Exchange and a chapter on the global Fairtrade and organic markets.In the“Better Data”section we have included background information on the FiBL survey on organic agriculture.Our section“Standards,Regulations&Policy”,in addition to the annual update on regulations and Participatory Guarantee System

134、s,presents some results from the survey of IFOAM Organics International on policy support for organic agriculture.We maintain our Organic-W website,where key data are available as interactive tables and maps.The news section of the website offers information about major developments in the field of

135、organic agriculture,and via our Twitter account at keep our readers informed about the latest data on organic agriculture.Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL Frick,Switzerland Acknowledgements 18 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agric

136、ulture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Acknowledgements The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International are very grateful to their sponsors for granting financial support for the global data collecti

137、on and for the 2017 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”:the International Trade Centre(ITC),Geneva,Switzerland,the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),Economic Development and Cooperation(within the framework of its support activities for organic production in developing coun

138、tries),Bern,Switzerland,and NrnbergMesse,the organizers of BIOFACH,Nrnberg,Germany.Numerous individuals have contributed to the making of this work.The editors are very grateful to all those listed below,without whom it would not have been possible to produce this yearbook.Mohamed Salih Abdalla,Orga

139、nic Farming Project,Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia;Reeba Abraham,Agricultural&Processed Food Products Export Development Authority(APEDA),New Delhi,India;Gyorgyi Acs Feketene,Control Union Certifications,Zwolle,The Netherlands;Olugbenga O.AdeOluwa

140、,University of Ibadan,Ibadan,Nigeria;Iskenderbek Aidaraliev,BIO-KG Federation of Organic Development,Bishkek,Kyrgyzstan;Lina AL Bitar,Centro Internazionale di Alti Studi Agronomici Mediterranei CIHEAM-IAM Bari,Valenzano,Italy;Mazen Al Madani,Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform,Damascus,Syria

141、;Khurshid Alam,Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute(BARI),Bangladesh;Lisa Allemo,Statistics Sweden SCB,rebro,Sweden;Mohammed Al-Oun,Jordan National Centre for Research and Development,Jordan;Saif Moh Al-Shara,Ministry of Environment and Water,Agricultural Affairs and Animal Sector,Dubai,United

142、 Arab Emirates;Asan Alymkulov,BIO-KG Federation of Organic Development,Kyrgyzstan;Stoilko Apostolov,Bioselena:Foundation for organic agriculture,Karlovo,Bulgaria;Markus Arbenz,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Lidya Ariesusanty,Indonesia Organic Alliance IOA,Bogor,Indonesia;Estevan Assi,Tole

143、do Cacao Growers Association,Belmopan,Belize;Angel Atallah,CCPB/IMC,Beirut,Lebanon;Mustafa Avci,ECOCERT IMO Denetim ve Belgelendirme Ltd.Sti,Izmir,Turkey;Elhag Meki Ali Awouda,Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation,Sudan;Roberto Azofeifa,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadera,La Sabana,San Jos

144、,Costa Rica;Vugar Babayev,Ganja Agribusiness Association(GABA),Ganja City,Azerbaijan;Christian Bez,Agrocalidad,Quito,Ecuador;Yulia Barabanova,IFOAM EU,Brussels,Belgium;Troels Battrup Andersen,Milj-og Fdevareministeriet,Kbenhavn V,Denmark;Andrew Bayliss,Soil Association Certification Limited,Bristol,

145、United Kingdom;Patrick Belisario,Organic Producers and Trade Association,Davao City,Philippines;Milena Belli,Istituto per la Certificazione Etica ed Ambientale(ICEA),Bologna.Italy;Florian Bernardi,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Mauren,Liechtenstein;Eva Berre,Ecocert International,LIsle Jourdain,France,France;P

146、aulina Betancourt,Agrocalidad,Quito,Ecuador;Simone Bissig,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Marian Blom,Bionext,AR Zeist,The Netherlands;Barbara Bck,NrnbergMesse/BIOFACH,Nuremberg,Germany;Nathalie Boes,Certisys,Walhain,Belgium;Saswati Bose,Agricultural and Processed Fo

147、od Products Export Acknowledgements Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 19 Development Authority(APEDA),New Delhi,India;Thavisith Bounyasouk,Department of Agriculture(DOA

148、),Vientiane,Lao PDR;Lorcan Bourke,Bord Bia-Irish Food Board,Dublin 2,Ireland;Elizabeth Bradley,Australian Certified Organic,Australia;Claudius Bredehoeft,Organic Farming Project,Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH,Bonn,Germany;Trevor Brown,Jamaica Organic Agriculture Move

149、ment JOAM,Kingston 6,Jamaica;Marie Reine Bteich,Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari-CIHEAM-IAM Bari,Bari,Italy;Klaus Bchel,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Mauren,Liechtenstein;Andreas Brkert,University of Kassel,Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences,Witzenhausen,Germany;Ana Paula Cardona,LETIS S.A.,Sant

150、a Fe,Argentina;Johan Cejie,KRAV Incorporated Association,Uppsala,Sweden;Jennifer Chang,IFOAM Asia,Seoul,Republic of Korea;Stanley Chidaya,Malawi Organic Growers Association(MOGA),Lilongwe,Malawi;Thomas Cierpka,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Genaro Coronel,Servicio Nacional de Calidad y Sa

151、nidad Vegetal y de Semillas SENAVE,Asuncin,Paraguay;Ruben Cortes,Institute of Market Ecology IMO,Weinfelden,Switzerland;Amy Cosby,Australian Centre for Agriculture and Law,University of New England,Armidale,Australia;Finn Cottle,Soil Association,Bristol,United Kingdom;Catarina Crisostomo,Portugal;Th

152、omas Damm,ABCert GmbH,Esslingen,Germany;Joy Daniel,Institut for Integrated Rural Development(IIRD),Aurangabad,Maharashtra,India;Nune Darbinyan,ECOGLOBE-Organic control and certification body,Yerevan,Republic of Armenia;Mgeta Daud,Tanzania Organic Agriculture Movement,Dar es Salaam,Tanzania;Rika Oish

153、i Delicous,OASISBANK,Tokyo,Japan;Famara Didhiou,Fdration Nationale pour lAgriculture Biologique,This,Senegal;Dra Drexler,Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(MKi),Budapest,Hungary;Pilar M.Eguillor Recabarren,Oficina de Estudios y Politicas Agrarias ODEPA,Santiago Centro,Chile;Zaoui El

154、housseine,AMABIO,Casablanca,Morocco;Lucy Ellis,Department of Agriculture,Stanley,Falkland Islands(Malvinas);Sandra Elvir Sanchez,Secretaria de Agricultura y Ganadera SENASA,Tegucigalpa,Honduras;Lisa Emerson,Textile Exchange,London,United Kindom;Richard Escobar,Ecocert Colombia,Bogota,Colombia;Carlos

155、 Andres Escobar Fernandez,ECONEXOS,Conexion Ecologica,Cali,Colombia;Addisu Alemayehu Ferede,Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research EIAR,Akaki,Ethiopia;Tobias Fischer,BCS ko-Garantie GmbH,Nrnberg,Germany;Torsten Fischer,OASISBank,Tokyo,Japan;Barbara Fitch Haumann,Organic Trade Association(OTA),

156、Brattleboro,United States of America;Patricia Flores Escudero,Latin American Office of IFOAM Organics International,Lima,Peru;Alexandra Forbord,Norwegian Agricultural Authority SLF,Oslo,Norway;Emmeline Foubert,Certisys,Walhain,Belgium;Carlos Galo,SENASA Honduras,Subdireccin Tcnica Sanidad Vegetal,Te

157、gucigalpa,Honduras;Jordan Gama,AfrONet,Dar es Salaam,Tanzania;Salvador Garibay,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Frick,Switzerland;Claudine Gengler,Ministre de lAgriculture,de la Viticulture et de la Protection des consommateurs,Luxembourg;Maheswar Ghimire,Kathmandu,Nepal;Laurent C.Glin,FiBL

158、 Regional Office for West Africa,Benin;Camille Godard,Ecocert International,Office,LIsle Jourdain,France;Denise Godinho,IFOAM Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Richard Goederz,AGRECO R.F.GDERZ GmbH,Witzenhausen-Gertenbach,Germany;Ana Goloborodco,Ecocert,Bucuresti,Romania;Victor Gonzlvez Prez,Socie

159、dad Espaola de Agricultura Ecologica(SEAE),Catarroja,Acknowledgements 20 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Spain;Amish Gosa,Textile Exchange,Bangalore,India;Katharina G

160、ssinger,BIO AUSTRIA,Wien,Austria;David Gould,IFOAM-Organics International,Portland,United States of America;Catherine Greene,Economic Research Service USDA,Washington DC,United States of America;Simone Groh,CERES-CERtification of Environmental Standards-GmbH,Happurg,Germany;Rannveig Guleifsdttir,Vot

161、tunarstofan Tn ehf.,Reykjavik,Iceland;Jill Guerra,Canada Organic Trade Association,Ottawa,Canada;Gunnar Gunnarsson,Vottunarstofan Tn ehf.,Reykjavik,Iceland;Abid Ali Hasan,Zakho Small Villages Projects ZSVP,Dohuk City,Dohuk,Iraq;Sampsa Heinonen,Evira,Helsinki,Finland;Brett Hickson,Ministry of Agricul

162、ture and Rural Development,Plan Protection and Inspection Service(PPIS),Israel;Otto Hofer,Bundesministerium fr Land-und Forstwirtschaft,Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft,Wien,Austria;Tanveer Hossain Shaikh,Friends in Village Development Bangladesh(FIVDB)/Vice-President IFOAM Asia,Dhaka,Bangladesh;Andrea H

163、rabalov,CTPOA,Brno,Czech Republic;Beate Huber,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Frick,Switzerland;Lee Hyejin,Korea Rural Economic Institute KREI,Joellanam-do,Republic of Korea;Basri Hyseni,Initiative for Agricultural Development of Kosovo(IADK),Mitrovica,Republic of Kosovo;Edmundo Janco Mita

164、,Asociacin de Organizaciones de Productores Ecolgicos de Bolivia(AOPEB),La Paz,Bolivia;Jorge Leonardo Jave Nakayo,Ministerio de Agricultura-SENASA-Per,Lima,Peru;Mathew John,Keystone Foundation,Tamil Nadu,India;gnes Juhsz,National Food Chain Safety Office nbih,Budapest,Hungary;Jack Juma,Kenya Organic

165、 Agricultural Network(KOAN),Nairobi,Kenya;Man Chul Jung,Local government of Hongseong County,Chungnam Province Republic of Korea;Edith Kalka,Namibian Organic Association NOA,Okahandja,Namibia;Nurbek Kannazarov,Organic Farming Kyrgyzstan,Kyrgyzstan;Thilak Kariyawasam,Lanka Organic Agriculture Movemen

166、t(LOAM),Nawinna,Maharagama,Sri Lanka;Joelle Katto-Andrighetto,IFOAM Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Andrey Khodus,Eco-control Ltd.,Solnechnogorsk,Russian Federation;Cornelia Kirchner,IFOAM Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Bernisa Klepo,Organska Kontrola(OK),Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina;Evg

167、eniy Klimov,Kazakhstan Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements-KAZFOAM,Kazakhstan;Barbara Kcher-Schulz,AMA-Marketing GesmbH AMA,Wien,Austria;Marja-Riitta Kottila,Pro Luomu,Kauniainen,Finland;Heinz Kuhlmann,ABC Enterprises,Tokio,Japan;Manoj Kumar Menon,International Competence Centre for Organic

168、Agriculture ICCOA,Rajarajeshwarinagar,Bangalore,India;Noel Kwai,Tanzania Organic Agriculture Movement TOAM,Dar es Salaam,Tanzania;Marie-Eve Levert,Canada Organic Trade Association,Ottawa,Canada;Ming Chao Liu,Organics Brazil,Brazil;Pedro Lopez,PROVOTEC,Madrid,Spain;Martin Lund,Food Industries,Copenha

169、gen,Denmark;Samia Maamer Belkhiria,Ministre de lAgriculture,des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pche,Tunis,Tunisia;Marcela Machuca Henao,Ecocert,Bogota D.C,Colombia;Hossein Mahmoudi,Environmental Sciences Research Institute,Evin Shahid Beheshti University SBU,Velenjak,Evin,Tehran,Iran;Fernando Mald

170、onado,Direccin General de Sanidad Vegetal y Animal,El Salvador;Karen Mapusua,Secretariat of the Pacific Community(SPC),Suva,Fiji;Brigitta Maurer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Frick,Switzerland;Cliflyn McKenzie,Ecocert Southern Africa,Gardens,Cape Town,South Africa;Stephen Meredith,IFOAM

171、EU Group,Brussels,Belgium;Dorota Metera,BIOEKSPERT Sp.z o.o.,Warszawa,Poland;Merit Mikk,Centre of Acknowledgements Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 21 Ecological Engin

172、eering-koloogiliste Tehnoloogiate Keskus,Tartu,Estonia;Mwanzo Millinga,AfrONet,Dar es Salaam,Tanzania;Eugene Milovanov,Organic Federation of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Simon Moakes,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Bram Moeskops,IFOAM EU,Brussels,Belgium;Abdalla Mohammed,GIZ

173、 SA,Saudi Arabia;Andrew Monk,Australian Organic,Nundah,Australia;Douglas A.Navarro,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadera Direccin General de Sanidad Vegetal,Coordinador Area de Inocuidad de Alimentos y Agricultura Orgnica,El Salvador;Richard Ngunjiri,Kenya Organic Agricultural Network(KOAN),Nairobi,K

174、enya;T Th Tuyt Nhung,Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association,Hanoi,Vietnam;Urs Niggli,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Frick;Tomas Fibiger Nrfelt,Knowledge Centre for Agriculture VLF,rhus,Denmark;Nick Nwolisa,Regional Extension and Resource Center,Azerbaijan;Fatima Obaid Saeed,Ministry of E

175、nvironment and Water of the United Arab Emirated,Unite Arab Emirates;Kung Wai Ong,Humus Consultancy,Penang,Malaysia;Maximiliano Ortega,Belize Organic Producers Association,Belmopan,Belize;Toshio Oyama,Rikkyo University,College of Economics,Tokyo,Japan;Iuliana Palade,Moldova;Vitoon Panyakul,Green Net

176、,Bangkok,Thailand;Jong Seo Park,Organic Farmers of Korea,Seoul,Korea;Ejvind Pedersen,Landbrug&Fdevarer,Copenhagen,Denmark;Joan Picazos,Biocop Productos Biolgicos,S.A.(BIOCOP),Lli de vall Barcelona,Spain;Diego Pinasco,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria SENASA,Buenos Aires,Argentin

177、a;Roberto Pinton,Pinton Organic Consulting,Padova,Italy;Tovohery Ramahaimandimbisoa,Ecocert,LIsle Jourdain,France;Vonifanja Ramanoelina,Ecocert East Africa,Antananarivo,Madagascar;Juan Carlos Ramirez,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria SENASA,Buenos Aires,Argentina;Wenndy Ramirez,

178、Ecocert Colombia,Bogota D.C.,Colombia;Zo Ranaivomanana,Ecocert East Africa,Antananarivo,Madagascar;Sandra Randrianarisoa,Ecocert East Africa,Antananarivo,Madagascar;Mihaja Rasolondraibe,Ecocert,LIsle Jourdain,France;Michel Reynaud,Ecocert International,Office,LIsle Jourdain,France;Kurt Riedi,Researc

179、h Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Nathalie Rison Alabert,Agence Bio,Montreuil-sous-Bois,France;Fermn Romero,Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario,Panama;Ayman Saad Al-Ghamdi,Organic Agriculture Department,Saudi Arabia;Amarjit Sahota,Organic Monitor Ltd.,London,United Kingdom;

180、Mao Sakaguchi,OASISBank,Tokyo,Japan;Vincent Samborski,Landbouw en Visserij,Brussels,Belgium;Channa Samorn,Organic Farming Project,Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH,Bonn,Germany;Gregory Sampson,International Trade Centre(ITC),Geneva,Switzerland;Giorgia DeSantis,ESS,Stati

181、stics Division(ESS),Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO);Diana Schaack,Agrarmarkt Informations-Gesellschaft mbH,Bonn,Germany;Aender Schanck,OIKOPOLIS Groupe,Munsbach,Luxembourg;Winfried Scheewe,Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH,Sangkat Boeung Ken

182、g Kang III,Khan Chamkar Mon,Phnom Penh,Cambodia;Bernhard Schlatter,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Otto Schmid,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Robin Schrieber,Quality Certification Services,Gainesville,United States of America;Rita Sc

183、hwentesius,Universidad Autnoma Chapingo,Mxico;Hana ejnohov,Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information,Brno,Czech Republic;Elene Shatberashvili,Elkana-Acknowledgements 22 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics I

184、nternational(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Biological Farming Association,Akhaltsikhe,Georgia;Ivana Simic,National Association Serbia Organica,Belgrade,Serbia;Nicolette van der Smissen,Consultant for Organic Production,Feres,Greece;Manjo Smith,Namibian Organic Association NOA,Okahandja,Namibia;Tim

185、o Stadtlander,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Matthias Stolze,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Frick,Switzerland;Erdal Sng,Ministry of Food Agriculture and Animal Husbandry,Ankara,Turkey;Syl Sylanaj,University of Prishtina,Prishtin,Kosovo;Daniel Szalai,Contr

186、ol Union Certifications,Zwolle,The Netherlands;Evonne Tan,Textile Exchange,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia;Gia Gaspard Taylor,Network of Non Governmental Organizations Trinidad and Tobago for the Advancement of Women,Port of Spain,Trinidad and Tobago;Benjamin Tissot,Ecocert,LIsle Jourdain,France;Liesl Truscot

187、t,Textile Exchange,Bath,United Kingdom;Emma Tsessue,ECOCERT SAS,LIsle Jourdain,France;Kesang Tshomo,Ministry of Agriculture MOA,Thimphu,Bhutan;Francesco Nicola Tubiello,Statistics Division(ESS),Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO);Bavo van den Idsert,Bionext,AR Zeist,The Neth

188、erlands;Gilles Weidmann,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Frick,Switzerland;Joseph Wozniak,International Trade Centre(ITC),Geneva,Switzerland;Els Wynen,Eco Landuse Systems,Flynn,Australia;A.K.Yadav,APEDA,August Kranti Marg,New Delhi,India;Abdoul Aziz Yanogo,Ecocert SA West Africa Office,Ouga

189、dougou,Burkina Faso;Weimin Yu,Ecocert China,Beijing,China;Qiao Yuhui,China Agricultural University,Beijing,China;Aisuluu Zamirbekova,Organic Farming Kyrgyzstan,Kyrgyzstan;Raffaele Zanoli,Universit Politecnica delle Marche UNIVPM,Ancona,Italy;Jos Zapata,Oficina de Control Agricultura Organica,Secreta

190、ria de Estado de Agricultura OCO,Santo Domingo,Republica Dominicana;Ulrike Zdralek,Bioinspecta,Frick,Switzerland;Zhejiang Zhou,IFOAM Asia,China;Darko Znaor,Independent Consultant,Zagreb,Croatia.Statistics Key Indicators Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics

191、and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 23 Organic Agriculture:Key Indicators and Top Countries Indicator World Top countries Countries with organic activities1 2015:179 countries New countries:Brunei Darussalam,Cape Verde,Hong Kong,Kuwait,Monaco,Sierra

192、Leone,and Somalia Organic agricultural land 2015:50.9 million hectares (1999:11 million hectares)Australia(22.7 million hectares)Argentina(3.1 million hectares)United States(2 million hectares)Organic share of total agricultural land 2015:1.1%Liechtenstein(30.2%)Austria(21.3%)Sweden(16.9%)Wild colle

193、ction and further non-agricultural areas 2015:39.7 million hectares (1999:4.1 million hectares)Finland(12.2 million hectares)Zambia(6.6 million hectares)India(3.7 million hectares)Producers 2015:2.4 million producers (1999:200000 producers)India(585200)Ethiopia(203602)Mexico(200039)Organic market 20

194、15:81.6 billion US dollars(approx.75 billion euros)(2000:17.9 billion US dollars)US(39.7 billion US dollars;35.8 billion euros)Germany(9.5 billion US dollars;8.6 billion euros)France(6.1 billion US dollars;5.5 billion euros)Per capita consumption 2015:11.1 US dollars(10.3 euros)Switzerland(291 US do

195、llars;262 euros)Denmark(212 US dollars;191 euros)Sweden(196 US dollars;177 euros)Number of countries with organic regulations 2016:87 countries Number of affiliates of IFOAM Organics International 2016:833 affiliates from 121 countries Germany-91 affiliates India-73 affiliates China-55 affiliates Un

196、ited States-49 affiliates Source:FiBL survey 2017,based on national data sources and data from certifiers Global market:Organic Monitor 2017 1 Where the designation country appears in this book,it covers countries and territories see UNSTAT website http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm.

197、Summary Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 25 The World of Organic Agriculture 2017:Summary HELGA WILLER1 AND JULIA LERNOUD2 Key data on organic agriculture According to

198、 the latest FiBL survey on certified organic agriculture worldwide,as of the end of 2015,data on organic agriculture was available from 179 countries(172 in 2014).There were 50.9 million hectares of organic agricultural land in 2015,including in-conversion areas.The regions with the largest areas of

199、 organic agricultural land are Oceania(22.8 million hectares,which is almost 45 percent of the worlds organic agricultural land)and Europe(12.7 million hectares,25 percent).Latin America has 6.7 million hectares(13 percent)followed by Asia(4 million hectares,8 percent),North America(3 million hectar

200、es,6 percent),and Africa(1.7 million hectares,3 percent).The countries with the most organic agricultural land are Australia(22.7 million hectares),Argentina(3.1 million hectares),and the United States(2 million hectares).See page 40 for the detailed results of the FiBL survey.Currently,one percent

201、of the worlds agricultural land is organic.The highest organic shares of the total agricultural land,by region,are in Oceania(5.4 percent)and in Europe(2.5 percent).In the European Union,6.2 percent of the farmland is organic.However,some countries reach far higher shares:Liechtenstein(30.2 percent)

202、and Austria(21.3 percent).In eleven countries,10 percent of the agricultural land or more is organic.It was reported that there were almost 6.5 million hectares more of organic agricultural land in 2015 than in 2014.This is mainly because 4.4 million additional hectares were reported from Australia.

203、However,many other countries reported an important increase thus contributing to the global growth,such as the United States(30 percent increase)and India(64 percent increase),both with an additional 0.5 million hectares,and Spain and France,both with an additional 0.3 million hectares.There has bee

204、n an increase in organic agricultural land in all regions with the exception of Latin America;in Europe,the area grew by almost 1 million hectares(8.2 percent increase).In Africa,the area grew by almost 33.5 percent or an additional 0.4 million hectares;in Asia,the area grew by 11 percent or almost

205、0.4 million hectares,and in North America by more than 21 percent or over 0.5 million additional hectares.Only in Latin America did the area of organic land decrease,mainly due to a decrease of almost 300000 hectares in organic grazing areas in the Falkland Islands(Malvinas).A major relative increas

206、e of organic agricultural land was noted in many African countries,such as Kenya,Madagascar,Zimbabwe,and Cte dIvoire.Apart from land dedicated to organic agriculture,there are further areas of organic land dedicated to other activities,most of these being areas of wild collection and beekeeping.1 Dr

207、.Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 2 Julia Lernoud,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org Summary 26 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.F

208、iBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Other areas include aquaculture,forests,and grazing areas on non-agricultural land.The areas of non-agricultural land constitute more than 39.7 million hectares(see page 55).There were almost 2.4 million producers in 2015.1 Thirty-five

209、 percent of the worlds organic producers are in Asia,followed by Africa(30 percent)and Latin America(19 percent).The countries with the most producers are India(585200),Ethiopia(203602),and Mexico(200039)(see page 62).There has been an increase in the number of producers of over 160000,or over 7 per

210、cent,compared with 2014.A quarter of the worlds organic agricultural land(12.8 million hectares)and more than 89 percent(2.1 million)of the producers were in developing countries and emerging markets in 2015(see page 74).Land use details were available for over 90 percent of the organic agricultural

211、 land.Unfortunately,some countries with very large organic areas,such as Australia,Brazil,and India,had little or no information on their land use(see page 82).Over two-thirds of the agricultural land was grassland/grazing areas(33.1 million hectares,an increase of 17 percent compared to 2014).With

212、a total of almost 10 million hectares,arable land constitutes 20 percent of the organic agricultural land.An increase of almost 13 percent over 2014 was reported.Most of this category of land was used for cereals including rice(3.9 million hectares),followed by green fodder from arable land(2.5 mill

213、ion hectares),oilseeds(1.2 million hectares),textile crops(0.4 million hectares),and dry pulses(0.4 million hectares).Permanent crops account for eight percent of the organic agricultural land,amounting to 4 million hectares.Compared with the previous survey,an increase of more than 640000 hectares,

214、or 18.9 percent,was reported The most important permanent crop is coffee(with almost one million hectares,constituting over 20 percent of the organic permanent cropland),followed by olives(almost 0.7 million hectares),nuts(0.4 million hectares),tropical and subtropical fruits(almost 0.3 million hect

215、ares),and grapes(0.3 million hectares)(see page 78).Detailed information on organic cotton was provided by Textile Exchange,showing that during the 2014/15 growing season,112488 metric tons of organic cotton fibre was produced globally by 193840 farmers on 350033 hectares of land.There are currently

216、 19 countries producing certified organic cotton,but 92 percent of the global supply comes from just five countries.India remains by far the largest producer,accounting for two-thirds of total production,followed by China,Turkey,Kyrgyzstan,and the United States.For more information including the sit

217、uation of cotton production in individual countries and regions,see the chapter by Truscott et al.on page 129.Global market Global retail sales of organic food and drink reached 81.6 billion US dollars2 in 2015 according to Organic Monitor,expanding about ten percent compared to the previous 1 Pleas

218、e note that some countries report only the numbers of companies,projects,or grower groups,which may each comprise a number of individual producers.The number of producers should,therefore,be treated with caution,and it may be assumed that the total number of organic producers is higher than that rep

219、orted here.2 One Euro was 1.1095 US dollars in 2015 according to the Central European Bank(average annual exchange rate).Summary Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 27 ye

220、ar.North America and Europe generate the most organic product sales(90 percent of organic food and drink sales).However,their global share of organic food sales is decreasing slightly as regional markets take root in Asia,Latin America,and Africa.Many of the organic crops grown in those regions are

221、destined for exports.The global market for organic food and drink has expanded over almost four-fold between 2000(18 billion US dollars)and 2015,and Organic Monitor projects growth to continue.However,there are a number of challenges:demand concentration in Europe and North America,the fact that in

222、most countries,only a small consumer base is responsible for most organic food purchases,the challenge of marketing organic food according to consumer preferences in the various countries,and the concern about supply.Looking forward,positive growth in the organic products market is expected to conti

223、nue in the coming years(See the chapter by Amarjit Sahota,page 138).In 2015,the countries with the largest organic markets were the United States(35.8 billion euros),Germany(8.6 billion euros),and France(5.5 billion euros).The largest single market was the United States(approximately 47 percent of t

224、he global market),followed by the European Union(27.1 billion euros,35 percent),and China(4.7 billion euros,6 percent).The highest per-capita consumption with more than 170 euros was found in Switzerland,Denmark,Luxembourg,and Sweden.The highest organic market shares were reached in Denmark(8.4 perc

225、ent),Switzerland(7.7 percent),and Luxembourg(7.5 percent)(See the chapter on the FiBL survey on the global market,page 68).A comparison of the global organic and Fairtrade market is provided by Lernoud and Willer on page 143.According to Fairtrade International,global Fairtrade sales reached 7.3 bil

226、lion euros 2015.About 90 percent of the sales of organic and Fairtrade products are in Europe and North America.For organic,North America is the largest market with over 50 percent of the global organic market,while for Fairtrade products,Europe represents almost 80 percent of Fairtrade retail sales

227、.Africa There were almost 1.7 million hectares of certified organic agricultural land in Africa in 2015,which constitutes three percent of the worlds organic agricultural land.Comparing with 2014,Africa reported an increase of over 400000 hectares,a 33 percent increase and the largest growth since 2

228、008.There were more than 700000 producers.The United Republic of Tanzania was the country with the largest organic area(with almost 270000 hectares),and Ethiopia was the country with the largest number of organic producers(more than 200000).The country with the highest share of organic agricultural

229、land was the island state Sao Tome and Principe,with 13.8 percent of its agricultural area being organic.The majority of certified organic produce in Africa is destined for export markets.Key crops are coffee,olives,nuts,cocoa,oilseeds,and cotton.In Africa,only Morocco and Tunisia have an organic re

230、gulation;seven countries are drafting one,and eleven countries have a national standard but not a national legislation(see page 169).The policy brief of United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD)“Financing Organic Agriculture in Africa:Exploring the Issues”(UNCTAD 2016)was published

231、as a support to elevate financing of the sector in the continent.According to this report,organic agriculture is a rapidly growing sector in Africa,with strong links to Summary 28 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics

232、International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 economic and sociocultural development.Organic conferences in Eastern,Western,Central and Southern Africa have become a success,and the most recent Eastern Africa conference was held in 2016,in Entebbe,Uganda.These conferences marked significant mileston

233、es for mainstreaming organic agriculture in policies,strategies,and programmes.For more information see the article by Gama on page 162).In Kenya,the compilation of organic sector data for 2015 showed an impressive growth compared to the 2011 figures.The demand for organic food has continued to grow

234、 with the urban rich,providing huge market opportunities,as shown by a recent study.If the trend continues towards 2016/2017,the projection is that more farmers are likely to convert to organic farming as the demand for organic products such as coffee and tea will be unmet and on the rise.More infor

235、mation about organic farming in Kenya is available in the article by Ngunjiri on page 165.Asia The total area dedicated to organic agriculture in Asia was almost 4 million hectares in 2015.There were more than 0.8 million producers;most of these were in India.The leading countries by area were China

236、(1.6 million hectares)and India(almost 1.2 million hectares);Timor-Leste had the highest proportion of organic agricultural land(6.6 percent).Nineteen countries have regulations on organic agriculture,and five countries are in the process of drafting one(see page 188).Asias share of organic food sal

237、es continues to rise.China has the largest market in the region.The spate of food scares in Asia has been a major driver of organic food sales(see the chapter by Amarjit Sahota,page 138).India,aside from being an exporter,has a growing domestic market for organic products.The rise in the income of t

238、he urban middle class has fuelled an increase in the demand for organic food,particularly in the cities.Many countries now support organic agriculture such as China,which signed the first bilateral organic certification agreement with New Zealand.Furthermore,the Chinese central government has now al

239、so decided to incorporate the organic industry into its“National Plan for the Construction of Ecological Civilization.”National organic policies have been approved in Bangladesh and Kyrgyzstan in 2016,and in South Korea checkoff funds are now mandatory.Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)reported a

240、steady growth in Asia,and some governments have accepted PGS as an alternative form of certification for organic products.Understanding the importance of the role of local governments in the adoption and implementation of organic agriculture practices,IFOAM Asia initiated the“Asian Local Governments

241、 for Organic Agriculture”.An annual summit brings together representatives from both the public and private sectors to discuss issues related to the development of organic agriculture in Asia.The second Organic Asia Congress will be held in May 2017 in China.For more information including country re

242、ports,see the chapter from IFOAM Asia(page 179).Europe As of the end of 2015,12.7 million hectares of agricultural land in Europe(European Union 11.2 million hectares)were managed organically by almost 350000 producers(European Union almost 270000).In Europe,2.5 percent of the agricultural area was

243、organic(European Union:6.2 percent).Twenty-five percent of the worlds organic land Summary Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 29 is in Europe.Organic farmland has increa

244、sed by approximately one million hectares compared to 2014.The countries with the largest organic agricultural areas were Spain(almost 2 million hectares),Italy(1.5 million hectares),and France(1.4 million hectares).In nine countries at least 10 percent of the farmland is organic:Liechtenstein has t

245、he lead(30.2 percent),followed by Austria(21.3 percent)and Sweden(16.9 percent).Retail sales of organic products totalled approximately 29.8 billion euros in 2015(European Union:27.1 billion euros),an increase of 13 percent over 2014.The largest market for organic products in 2015 was Germany,with r

246、etail sales of 8.6 billion euros,followed by France(5.5 billion euros),and the UK(2.6 billion euros)(see the article by Willer et al.,page 207).Despite the dynamic market growth,current trends indicate that production in Europe is not moving at the same speed,which presents several challenges for th

247、e future development of organic in Europe.In Europe,all countries have an organic regulation or are drafting one.The revision of the European Union(EU)regulation on organic farming,which applies in all EU countries,was an important topic in 2016;twelve months after the start of trilogue negotiations

248、 on the European Commissions legislative proposal between the European Parliament,Agriculture Council,and European Commission,talks remained deadlocked at the end of 2016.Positions amongst the EU Institutions and the member states themselves continue to diverge on key topics.The EU Common Agricultur

249、al Policy(CAP)and similar programmes in other countries remain a key policy for the development of agriculture in Europe,including organic farming.Under the current CAP for the period 2014-2020 organic farming is supported by Pillar 1(direct payments)and Pillar 2(Rural Development Programmes).On the

250、 research end,in 2016,the European Technology Platform for Organic Food and Farming Research(TP Organics)published priority topics for the Work Programme 2018/2020 of Horizon 2020,the current research framework programme of the European Union.For more information see the chapter by Willer et al.on p

251、age 198.Latin America and the Caribbean In Latin America,almost 460000 producers managed 6.7 million hectares of agricultural land organically in 2015.This constituted 13 percent of the worlds organic land and almost one percent of the regions agricultural land.The leading countries were Argentina(3

252、.1 million hectares),Uruguay(1.3 million hectares),and Brazil(0.75 million hectares,2014).The highest shares of organic agricultural land were in the Falkland Islands/Malvinas(12.5 percent),Uruguay(9 percent),and French Guiana(9 percent).Many Latin American countries remain important exporters of or

253、ganic products such as bananas,cocoa,and coffee;in countries such as Argentina and Uruguay,temperate fruit and meat are key export commodities.Twenty-three countries in this region have an organic regulation or are drafting one.In May 2016,the European Union and Chile concluded negotiations of an ag

254、reement on trade in organic products to mutually recognize the equivalence of their organic production rules and control systems(see page 250).Organic production in the region largely depends on cooperation between smallholders,especially in coffee,cacao,banana,mango,Andean grains,and ginger value c

255、hains.The capacity of Latin American countries to develop their organic sectors can be improved with incentives and governmental support,and local governments are taking the lead in Summary 30 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IF

256、OAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 several national and decentralized initiatives(for instance Argentina)including support for Participatory Guarantee Systems PGS(for instance Peru).For more information,see the chapter by Flores on page 246.North America In North America,almo

257、st 3 million hectares of farmland were managed organically in 2015.Of these,2 million were in the United States and 0.9 million in Canada,representing 0.7 percent of the total agricultural area in the region and 6 percent of the worlds organic agricultural land(page 270).The booming organic industry

258、 in the United States continues to set new records,with total organic product sales hitting 43.3 billion US dollars1 by the end of 2015,up 11 percent from the 2014 record level and outstripping the overall food markets growth rate of 3 percent,according to the Organic Trade Association.Of the 43.3 b

259、illion dollars in total organic sales,39.7 billion dollars were organic food sales.The United States Department of Agriculture(USDA)in mid-January 2017 officially proposed a nationwide research and promotion check-off program for the organic industry to comment on and ultimately vote on.The USDA pro

260、posal estimates the organic check-off could raise over 30 million US dollars a year to spend on research to make farmers successful,technical services to accelerate the adoption of organic practices,and consumer education and promotion of the organic brand.In 2016,the Organic Farming Research Founda

261、tion released a report analyzing organic farming and food research in the United States,and the report found that about three-quarters of the funding supported research on organic crop production,with the remainder going to livestock,crop-livestock systems,and general topics.For more information,see

262、 the article by Barbara Haumann,page 258.Organic products continue to enjoy a robust demand in Canada.The domestic consumer demand is estimated at 4.7 billion Canadian dollars2 in retail sales in 2015,a 1.2 billion Canadian dollar increase from 2012.In the past decade,Canadas organic market has been

263、 experiencing a double-digit annual growth rate,and growth is expected to continue.Canada is one of the few countries that tracks imported organic products using Harmonized System(HS)codes(limited mainly to imported fresh fruit and vegetables,coffee and tea,and dairy products).According to this data

264、,in 2015,Canada imported 652 million Canadian dollars worth of the 65 tracked organic products,representing a 37 percent increase from 2012.For more information,see article by Levert and Guerra on page 264.Oceania This region includes Australia,New Zealand,and the Pacific Island states.Altogether,th

265、ere were over 22000 producers,managing 22.8 million hectares.This constituted 5.4 percent of the agricultural land in the region and 45 percent of the worlds organic land.More than 99 percent of the organic land in the region is in Australia(22.7 million hectares,97 percent of which is estimated to

266、be extensive grazing land),followed by 1 The European Central Bank reference exchange rate US dollar/Euro was 1.1069 in 2016.2 One euro corresponded to 1.4186 Canadian dollars(CAD)in 2015(average annual exchange rate according to the European Central Bank).Summary Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017)

267、:The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 31 New Zealand(more than 74000 hectares),and Samoa(almost 28000 hectares).The highest organic shares of all agricultural land were in Samoa(9.8 percent),followed by Tong

268、a(8 percent),Australia(5.6 percent),the Solomon Islands(5.2 percent),and Vanuatu(5.1 percent).Growth in the organic industry in Australia,New Zealand,and the Pacific Islands has been strongly influenced by a rapidly growing overseas demand;domestic sales are also growing.In Australia,the domestic ma

269、rket was valued at 1.3 billion Australian dollars(data from 20141)and in New Zealand at 197 million New Zealand dollars in 20152(page 290).The area of land in Australia under certified organic management continues to grow;the majority of the organic area is used for beef cattle production in the sem

270、i-arid rangelands,where individual pastoral operations typically occupy tens of thousands of hectares each.The regulatory framework for organic certification in Australia has remained stable with little change in 2016.However,the organic industry and Australian Government continue to respond to glob

271、al organic developments through review of the National Standard for Organic and BioDynamic Produce(National Standard),which was revised in 2016.Most Australian shoppers 59 percent of all shoppers in 2016 are aware that certification marks are used on organic products as a guarantee of authenticity.F

272、or more information about Australia,see the report by Lawson et al.on page 276.In 2016,the value of organic agriculture as a development tool was recognized by the Pacific Communities governing body,the Council of Regional Governments and Administrations,which consists of the ministries of foreign a

273、ffairs and trade of the 26 Pacific Community member states.Important developments in 2016 included the Pacific Organic Tourism and Hospitality Standard,which was developed with the assistance of the European Union Pacific Agriculture Policy Project during 2016,and an organic policy toolkit for gover

274、nment policy-and decision-makers.Most of the organically certified products from the region are for export;however,there are indications of growing local markets(see the chapter by Karen Mapusua,page 282).Standards,regulations,and policy support According to the FiBL survey on organic rules and regu

275、lations,the number of countries with organic standards is 87.Seventeen countries are in the process of drafting legislation.In Europe,the dominating topic in 2016 continued to be the European Commissions proposal for a new organic regulation.Despite intensive negotiations between the European Counci

276、l,the European Parliament,and the European Commission,no compromise could be achieved on the most conflicting themes,such as pesticide residues,and cultivation under glass and seeds.At the beginning of December 2016,the negotiations came to a halt,and it was not clear how the process will continue.O

277、n the international level,the governments of the key organic markets,such as the United 1 One euro corresponded to 1.4777 Australian Dollar(AUD)in 2015(average annual exchange rate according to European Central Bank)2 One euro corresponded to 1.5930 New Zealand dollars in 2015(average annual exchang

278、e rate according to European Central Bank)Summary 32 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 States and European Union,have started to explore options for multilateral recogn

279、ition of each others organic control systems realizing that bilateral agreements can be handled well among a few governments but get very complex when more countries are expected to be involved.As regards the work on the Codex Alimentarius,in 2016 it was proposed to either discontinue the work on or

280、ganic aquaculture guidelines or identify a different subsidiary body to continue the work.No compromise could be found on the most controversial issues,such as the use of juveniles,the use or non-use of recirculation or containment systems,breeding techniques,feeding sources,the non-use or limited u

281、se of hormones,and conversion periods(See contribution by Huber and Schmid,page 150).Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)are locally focused quality assurance systems.Acting as a low-cost alternative certification method that is particularly suitable for small-scale farmers and local markets,PGS is

282、an increasingly popular model that is growing on all continents.In 2016,there were more than 250 PGS initiatives in 73 countries worldwide,with a total number of over 130000 producers involved.The highest number of PGS producers can be found in India with 43000,followed by Peru(22000),and Kenya(1200

283、0).For more information,see chapter by Katto and Kirchner,on page 157.In the past few years,there has been a worldwide trend of emergence of diverse policy support for organic agriculture.In 2016,IFOAM-Organics International conducted a global study on policies implemented by various levels of gover

284、nments(local and national governments)to promote organic agriculture.Some examples of the latest pro-organic policy developments of 2016 are presented in the chapter by Katto on page 159.Motions and more In 2017,the Organic World Congress and General Assembly of IFOAM Organics International will be

285、held in in India.Preparations are underway for important decisions that will pave the way for the future.Members of IFOAM Organics International are invited to bring forward motions of strategic importance for the global organic movement.Motions are the most important tools for making far-reaching d

286、ecisions in the General Assembly.The World Board plans to present four strategic motions for the membership to decide on:1)Organic 3.0(Organic 3.0 is about bringing organic out of its current niche into the mainstream),2)aquaculture,3)new breeding techniques,and 4)membership revisions in IFOAM Organ

287、ics International.For more information,see the chapter by Arbenz on page 308.Better data In this years edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”we present the metadata of the annual FiBL survey on organic agriculture,covering topics such as release policy,frequency of dissemination,accessibility

288、and clarity,quality management,relevance,accuracy,timeliness and punctuality,coherence and comparability,data revision,and statistical processing(page 296).Next FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide The next global organic survey will start in mid-2017;data will be published in February 2018

289、and presented at the Biofach Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg,Germany.We Summary Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 33 would be very grateful if data could be sent to us,

290、and we will contact all experts.Should you notice any errors regarding the statistical data in this volume,please let us know;we will then correct the information in our database and provide the corrected data in the 2018 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture.”Corrections will also be posted a

291、t www.organic-.Contact:julia.lernoudfibl.org and helga.willerfibl.org Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 35 Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Current Statistics Map 1:Organi

292、c agricultural land and other non-agricultural areas in 2015 Source:FiBL survey 2017 Statistics Introduction 36 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Current Statistics on

293、Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators,and Market JULIA LERNOUD1 AND HELGA WILLER2 Introduction The 18th survey of certified organic agriculture worldwide was carried out by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)with many partners from around the world.The results are published jo

294、intly with IFOAM Organics International.Data from the Mediterranean countries was supplied by the Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network(MOAN,c/o Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari),and data from the Pacific Islands was provided by the Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade Community(POET.com).

295、In total,data was provided by more than 200 experts.This survey,as were the past surveys,was supported by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the International Trade Centre(ITC),3 and NrnbergMesse.4 As in previous years,governments,private sector organizations,certifiers,and marke

296、t research companies have contributed to the data collection effort.Several international certifiers deserve special mention as they provided data on a number of countries:BCS,CERES,Certisys,Control Union,Ecocert,ICEA,Institute for Marketecology(IMO),LACON,Quality Certification Services(QCS),and the

297、 Soil Association.A list of all contributors is provided in the annex.In total,data from 179 countries/territories was available.Brunei Darussalam,Cape Verde,Hong Kong,Kuwait,Monaco,Sierra Leone,and Somalia,are new to the list of countries with organic data.For Angola,data had been available in the

298、past,but for 2015,data has not been received.Updated data on the organic area was available for 161 countries;however,for some countries,updates were only available for the total organic area and not necessarily for the number of farms,land use,or other indicators.In such cases,data from the previou

299、s survey were used.Furthermore,for those countries for which FiBL compiles the data among certifiers,not all certifiers provided updated data.1 Julia Lernoud,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 2 Dr.Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiB

300、L),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 3 Since 2014,data collection on organic agriculture worldwide has been funded by the International Trade Centre(ITC)and the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)under the project“T4SD Global Platform for Market Data on Organic Agriculture and Sustainabi

301、lity Standards”.For more information on this project,see www.vss.fibl.org 4 The organisers of BIOFACH,the World Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg,Germany(today:NrnbergMesse),have supported data collection on organic agriculture worldwide and the production of the yearbook“The World of Organic Agricult

302、ure”since 2000.Statistics Introduction Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 37 Table 1:Countries and territories covered by the global survey on organic agriculture 2015 R

303、egion Countries*with data on organic agriculture Countries per region1 Share of countries that provided data(%)Africa 41 56 73%Asia 41 49 84%Europe 48 49 98%Latin America and Caribbean 33 46 72%North America 3 5 60%Oceania 13 25 52%World 179 230 78%Source:FiBL survey 2017*Where the designation count

304、ry appears in this book,it covers countries or territories.2 Data on the following indicators was collected:Organic area in hectares,by country and country groups,including breakdown by crop;Livestock numbers;Production data(volumes and values);Producers and further operator types;Domestic market da

305、ta(total retail sales value and volumes,per capita consumption,share of the total market,and breakdown by product);International trade data(total import and export values and volumes,and breakdown by product).Not all data that was collected is published in this book(e.g.production,livestock numbers,

306、breakdown by product for domestic market and international trade data)because it was not possible to draw a complete global picture for these indicators.More information about the data collection and analysis process is available at the Better Data chapter on page 296.More information on www.organic

307、- Tables with more details on crops,markets,and international trade,as well as explanations for certain data can be found on www.organic-.Contact Enquiries related to the data should be sent to Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,e-mail jul

308、ia.lernoudfibl.org and helga.willerfibl.org.1 Number of countries and areas are mostly based on countries as listed in the FAO database at http:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL as well as some additional countries such as Kosovo.2 For more information on countries,territories and regions see the UNS

309、TAT website at http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm.Statistics General Notes 38 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 General notes on the data Organic areas:Data

310、represents certified organic land/areas that are already fully converted as well as land under conversion because many data sources do not separate or include the latter(for instance,Austria,Germany,and Switzerland)and also because land under conversion is under organic management.For a definition o

311、f organic agriculture,see the IFOAM Organics International website.1 Data on conversion status:For some countries,data is collated from several certifiers,some of which provided information on the conversion status while others did not.Therefore,the sum of land under conversion and the fully convert

312、ed land is not necessarily the same as the total land under organic agricultural management.Share of total agricultural land:In some cases,the calculation of the organic share of the total agricultural land or that of individual crops,based on FAOSTAT and in some cases the Eurostat data,might differ

313、 from the organic shares obtained from ministries or local experts.PGS:Since 2011,for some countries,areas certified by Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)have been included.(For more information about PGS,see the article by Joelle Katto-Andrighetto and Cornelia Kirchner on page 157).Countries:For

314、countries and territories,the FAO country list is used.Where the designation country appears in this report,it covers countries or territories.As to the countries grouping by region,the Standard Country and Area Classifications as defined by the United Nations Statistics Division,2 is used in most c

315、ases.Data sources:Data was gathered from organizations of the private sector,governments,and certification bodies.For detailed information on the data sources,please check the annex at the end of this volume(page 316).Direct year-to-year comparison:A direct year-to-year comparison is not possible fo

316、r all data as the data sources may change,data may not be provided on an annual base,data access may become better,or exchange rates might change.Completeness of data:Producers:Some countries report the number of smallholders while others report only the number of companies,projects,or grower groups

317、,which may each comprise a num-ber of producers.This applies in particular to many African countries.The number of producers is,therefore,probably higher than the number communicated in this report.Domestic market data:It should be noted that for market and trade data,comparing country statistics re

318、mains very problematic due to differing methods of data collection.Data revisions:Data revisions and corrections are communicated at www.organic- on the FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide are available on page 296.1 The definition of organic agriculture is available at the website of IFOAM

319、 Organics International www.ifoam.bio/en/organic-landmarks/definition-organic-agriculture 2 For the composition of macro geographical(continental)regions,geographical sub-regions,and selected economic and other groupings,see the UNSTAT website at http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm St

320、atistics Organic Agricultural Land Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 39 Infographic 2:Organic farmland 2015 Source:FiBL survey 2017 Statistics Organic Agricultural Land

321、 40 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Organic agricultural land Currently,50.9 million hectares are under organic agricultural management worldwide(end of 2015 for most

322、 data).1 The region with the most organic agricultural land is Oceania,with 22.8 million hectares followed by Europe with 12.7 million hectares,Latin America(6.7 million hectares),Asia(almost 4 million hectares),North America(almost 3 million hectares),and Africa(1.7 million hectares).Oceania has 45

323、 percent of the global organic agricultural land.Europe,a region that has had a very constant growth of organic land over the years,has a quarter of the worlds organic agricultural land followed by Latin America with 13 percent(Table 2,Figure 1).Australia,which experienced a major growth of organic

324、land in 2015(+4.4 million hectares),is the country with the most organic agricultural land;it is estimated that 97 percent of the farmland are extensive grazing areas.Argentina is second followed by the United States in third place(Table 3,Figure 2).The 10 countries with the largest organic agricult

325、ural areas have a combined total of 37.8 million hectares and constitute almost three-quarters of the worlds organic agricultural land.Apart from the organic agricultural land,there are further organic areas such as wild collection areas.These areas constitute more than 39.7 million hectares.Table 2

326、:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and regions shares of the global organic agricultural land 2015 Region Organic agricultural land hectares Regions shares of the global organic agricultural land Africa 1683482 3%Asia 3965289 8%Europe 12716969 25%Latin America 6744722 13%

327、North America 2973886 6%Oceania 22838513 45%Total*50919006 100%Source:FiBL survey 2017.Note:Agricultural land includes in-conversion areas and excludes wild collection,aquaculture,forest,and non-agricultural grazing areas.*Includes correction value for French overseas departments.1 Data provided on

328、the conversion status were included in this work.However,some countries provided only data on the fully converted area,others only on the total organic agricultural land,and thus the conversion area is not known for many countries.Statistics Organic Agricultural Land Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(20

329、17):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 41 Figure 1:World:Distribution of organic agricultural land by region 2015 Source:FiBL survey 2017,based on information from the private sector,certifiers,and governm

330、ents.For detailed data sources see annex,page 316 Figure 2:World:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2015 Source:FiBL survey 2017,based on information from the private sector,certifiers,and governments.For detailed data sources see annex,page 316 1.091.181.311.381.4

331、91.611.972.033.0722.690510152025GermanyIndiaUruguayFranceItalyChinaSpainUnited States of AmericaArgentinaAustraliaMillion hectaresThe ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2015Source:FiBL survey 2017Statistics Organic Agricultural Land 42 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(201

332、7):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Table 3:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by country 2015(sorted)For an alphabetical country list(including information on data year),see p

333、age 312.Country Hectares Australia 22690000 Argentina 3073412 United States of America 2029327 Spain 1968570 China 1609928 Italy 1492579 France 1375328 Uruguay 1307421 India 1180000 Germany 1088838 Canada 944558 Brazil 750000 Mexico 584093 Poland 580731 Austria 553570 Sweden 518983 United Kingdom 495929 Turkey 486069 Czech Republic 478033 Ukraine 410550 Greece 407069 Russian Federation 385140 Peru