1、Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL IFOAM Organics International The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2019 Edited by Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud For PDF version,corrigenda and supplementary material see http:/www.organic- All of the statements and results con

2、tained in this book have been compiled by the authors and are to the best of their knowledge correct and have been checked by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.However,the possibility of mistakes cannot be ruled out entirely.Therefore,the editors,aut

3、hors,and publishers are not subject to any obligation and make no guarantees whatsoever regarding any of the statements or results in this work;neither do they accept responsibility or liability for any possible mistakes,nor for any consequences of actions taken by readers based on statements or adv

4、ice contained therein.Authors are responsible for the content of their articles.Their opinions do not necessarily express the views of FiBL or IFOAM Organics International.This document has been produced with the support of the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the International Tra

5、de Centre(ITC),the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland(Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit),and NrnbergMesse.The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinions of SECO,ITC,Coop Switzerland,or NrnbergMesse.Should corrections and updates become necessary,they will be publi

6、shed at www.organic-.This book is available for download at http:/www.organic- inquiries regarding this book and its contents should be sent to Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,FiBL,Ackerstrasse 113,5070 Frick,Switzerland,e-mail julia.lernoudfibl.org and helga.willerfibl.org.Please quote articles from

7、 this book individually with name(s)of author(s)and title of article.The same applies to the tables:Please quote source,title of table and then the overall report.The whole report should be cited as:Willer,Helga and Julia Lernoud(Eds.)(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging T

8、rends 2019.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,and IFOAM Organics International,Bonn.Die Deutsche Bibliothek CIP Cataloguing-in-Publication-Data A catalogue record for this publication is available from Die Deutsche Bibliothek February 2019.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture

9、(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Ackerstrasse113,5070 Frick,Switzerland,Tel.+41 62 865 72 72,Fax+41 62 865 72 73,e-mail info.suissefibl.org,Internet www.fibl.org IFOAM Organics International,Charles-de-Gaulle-Str.5,53113 Bonn,Germany,Tel.+49 228

10、926 50-10,Fax+49 228 926 50-99,e-mail headofficeifoam.bio,Internet www.ifoam.bio,Trial Court Bonn,Association Register no.8726 Language editing:Laura Kemper,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Cover:Simone Bissig,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Layout:Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Maps:Julia Lerno

11、ud,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Graphs(if not otherwise stated):Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Infographics:Kurt Riedi and Julia Lernoud,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Cover picture:Vegetable field at the Kiltsime farm,Estonia.Photo:Elen Peetsmann,Research Centre of Organic Farming,Estonian

12、 University of Life Sciences.The picture was originally published in the booklet“Organic Farming in Estonia 2017”,available at http:/www.maheklubi.ee/mison/eestis/Printed by Medienhaus Plump,Rolandsecker Weg 33,53619 Rheinbreitbach,Germany Price:30 Euros,IFOAM Organics International affiliates:20 Eu

13、ros Printed copies of this volume may be ordered directly from IFOAM Organics International and FiBL(see addresses above)or via the FiBL shop at shop.fibl.org ISBN Printed version 978-3-03736-118-4 ISBN PDF version 978-3-03736-119-1 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World

14、 of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 3 Table of Contents Glossary 14 Foreword from SECO and ITC 15 Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International 16 Foreword from the Editors 17 Milestones of“The World of Organic Agriculture”19 Acknowledgements 20 Organic Agriculture:Key Indicators and Top Co

15、untries 24 The World of Organic Agriculture 2019:Summary 25 Helga Willer,Julia Lernoud,and Laura Kemper ORGANIC AGRICULTURE WORLDWIDE:CURRENT STATISTICS 35 Current Statistics on Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators,and Market 36 Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer General notes on the data 38 Org

16、anic land 40 Organic agricultural land 40 Organic share of total agricultural land 44 Growth of the organic agricultural land 48 Further organic areas 55 Organic producers and other operator types 62 Retail sales and international trade data 69 Organic farming in developing countries and emerging ma

17、rkets 74 Land use and key commodities in organic agriculture 76 Land use 76 Arable land 80 Permanent crops 82 Wild collection and beekeeping areas 84 Beehives 88 Aquaculture 91 Statistics on selected crops 94 Cereals 95 Citrus fruit 99 Cocoa beans 102 Coffee 104 Dry pulses 106 Fruit:Temperate fruit

18、109 Fruit:Tropical and subtropical fruit 113 Grapes 117 Oilseeds 119 Olives 123 Vegetables 125 Table of Contents 4 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn COMMODITY CASE STUDIES 129 The State of Sustainable Markets:Statistics and Emerging Trends 130 Ju

19、lia Lernoud,Jason Potts,Gregory Sampson,Bernhard Schlatter,Gabriel Huppe,Vivek Voora,Helga Willer,and Joseph Wozniak Organic Cotton 138 Liesl Truscott,Evonne Tan,Lisa Emberson,and Amish Gosai Global trends 138 Outlook 138 Geography of production 139 Organic and textile standards 142 Milestones of th

20、e Organic Cotton Sector 144 GLOBAL MARKET 145 The Global Market for Organic Food&Drink 146 Amarjit Sahota 1 Introduction 146 2 North America 146 3 Europe 147 4 Other regions 147 5 Challenges&outlook 148 Milestones of the Global Organic Market 150 STANDARDS,LEGISLATION,POLICIES 151 Public Standards a

21、nd Legislation 152 Beate Huber,Otto Schmid,Verena Batlogg,and Flvia Moura e Castro Organic legislation worldwide:current situation 152 The Codex Alimentarius Guidelines:Recent developments 156 Import requirements of major economies 157 Milestones of Public Standards and Legislation 160 Participatory

22、 Guarantee Systems in 2018 161 Joelle Katto-Andrighetto,Cornelia Kirchner,Flvia Moura e Castro,and Federica Varini Milestones of the Work of IFOAM Organics International to Promote and Support PGS 166 Policies supporting the organic sector 167 Federica Varini and Joelle Katto-Andrighetto From privat

23、e sector to the political arena:the rise of organic regulations 167 Public money for public good 167 Europe 167 Asia 168 North America 168 Latin America and the Caribbean 169 Africa 170 Oceania 170 Municipalities in support of organic farming 170 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2

24、019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 5 Milestones of Policies Supporting the Organic Sector 172 AFRICA 173 Latest Developments in Organic Agriculture in Africa 174 Jordan Gama and Mwanzo Lawrence Millinga The African Organic Network(AfrONet)174 The Fourth African Organic Conference i

25、n 2018 in Senegal 176 Outlook 177 Milestones of Organic Agriculture in Africa 178 Africa:Current Statistics 179 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Africa:Graphs 181 Organic Agriculture in Africa:Tables 184 ASIA 187 Developments in the Organic Sector in Asia in 2

26、018 188 Compiled by IFOAM Asia Bangladesh 188 Cambodia 189 China 190 India 191 Indonesia 192 Japan 192 Korea 193 Myanmar 193 Philippines 194 Thailand 195 Vietnam 196 IFOAM Asia in 2018 197 Milestones of Organic Agriculture in Asia 198 Asia:Current statistics 199 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer,and Bernha

27、rd Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Asia:Graphs 201 Organic Agriculture in Asia:Tables 203 EUROPE 207 Organic in Europe:Recent Developments 208 Helga Willer,Bram Moeskops,Emanuele Busacca,Nicolas de la Vega New EU organic rules adopted 209 Organic regulations for Russia and Ukraine 209 Proposal for

28、the Common Agricultural Policy for 2021 to 2027 launched 209 Research 210 Table of Contents 6 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Milestones of Organic Agriculture in Europe 214 Europe and the European Union:Key indicators 2017 216 Organic Farming

29、and Market Development in Europe and the European Union 217 Helga Willer,Diana Schaack,and Julia Lernoud 1 Key facts and figures:Production and market highlights 218 2 Organic agricultural land:Area,organic shares,growth 220 3 Land use and crops grown in organic agriculture 226 4 Organic livestock 2

30、32 5 Producers,processors,importers,and exporters 234 6 Organic retail sales 237 7 Conclusion 246 8 Acknowledgments 246 Organic Agriculture in Europe:Tables 248 MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES 255 Organic Agriculture in the Mediterranean Region:Outline and Milestones of the Last 20 Years 256 Marie Reine Bte

31、ich,Patrizia Pugliese,Lina Al-Bitar,and Suzana Madari Milestones of organic agriculture in the Mediterranean 259 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 261 The History of Organic Agriculture and Agroecology in Latin America and the Caribbean 262 Patricia Flores Milestones of Organic Agriculture and Agroeco

32、logy in Latin America and the Caribbean 265 Latin America and the Caribbean:Current statistics 267 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer,and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Latin America and Caribbean:Graphs 269 Organic Agriculture in Latin America and Caribbean:Tables 271 NORTH AMERICA 275 United St

33、ates:New Sales Records 276 Barbara Fitch Haumann United States organic agricultural sector continues to grow 276 Organic Livestock and Poultry Practices rule 277 Animal Welfare 277 Farm Bill a major policy win 277 Mandatory organic check-off thwarted 278 Voluntary check-off 278 Addressing fraud in o

34、rganic trade 279 Addressing organic grain shortages 279 International trade 280 Milestones of the Organic Sector in the United States 281 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 7 Canada 282 Tia Loftsgard Organic farms thriving 282 Or

35、ganic processing 282 Market updates 282 COTAs State of Organic Performance Report 283 New regulatory framework for organics 284 Advocating for organic 284 Research 284 Milestones of the Organic Sector in Canada 285 North America:Current statistics 287 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer,and Bernhard Schlatte

36、r Organic Agriculture in North America:Graphs 289 Organic Agriculture in North America:Tables 291 OCEANIA 293 Australia 294 Andrew Lawson,Amy Cosby,Derek Baker,Shawn Leu,Ed Lefley,Amarjit Sahota,and Nick Bez Introduction 294 Primary producers and area of farmland 294 Exports 295 Market value 296 Pos

37、t-farm gate outlook 297 The Australian organic consumer 298 Regulatory framework 298 Research 299 Milestones of the History of Organics in Australia 301 Australia:Organic Agriculture in 2010/11 and 2015/16 302 Els Wynen Organic farmland and land use 302 Production volumes 303 Value of Agricultural C

38、ommodity Production(VACP)304 The Pacific Islands 307 Karen Mapusua Recent developments 307 The Pacific Organic Tourism and Hospitality Standard 307 Participatory Guarantee Systems 308 Third party certification 308 Market and trade 309 Legislation 310 Government and international support 310 Outlook

39、311 Table of Contents 8 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Milestones of the Development of Organics in the Pacific Islands 312 Oceania:Current statistics 313 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer,and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Oceania:Graphs

40、314 Organic Agriculture in Oceania:Tables 316 ACHIEVEMENTS AND OUTLOOK 319 Milestones on the global organic path 320 Louise Luttikholt Milestones of IFOAM Organics International 322 The IFOAM Organic World Congresses 323 ANNEX 325 Key Indicators by Country and Region 326 Data Providers and Data Sour

41、ces 331 FiBL Survey on Organic Agriculture Worldwide Metadata 346 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 9 Tables Table 1:Countries and territories covered by the global survey on organic agriculture 2017 37 Table 2:World:Organic agr

42、icultural land(including in-conversion areas)and regions shares of the global organic agricultural land 2017 40 Table 3:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by country 2017(sorted)42 Table 4:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and organic share of t

43、otal agricultural land by region 2017 44 Table 5:World:Organic shares of total agricultural land by country 2017(sorted)46 Table 6:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by region:growth 2016-2017 and 10 years growth 48 Table 7:World:Development of organic agricultural land by

44、 country 2014-2017 50 Table 8:World:Organic areas:Agricultural land(including conversion areas)and further organic areas by region in 2017 56 Table 9:World:Organic areas:Agricultural land(including conversion areas)and further organic areas by country 2017 56 Table 10:World:Development of the number

45、s of producers by region 2016 to 2017 62 Table 11:World:Organic producers and other operator types by country 2017 64 Table 12:Global market data:Retail sales and per capita consumption by region 2017 70 Table 13:Global market data:Retail sales,organic share of all retail sales,per capita consumptio

46、n,and exports by country 2017 72 Table 14:Countries on the DAC list:Development of organic agricultural land 2012-2017 75 Table 15:World:Land use in organic agriculture by region(including in-conversion areas)2017 79 Table 16:World:Land use and crop categories in organic agriculture worldwide 2017 7

47、9 Table 17:Use of organic arable land(including in-conversion areas),2016 and 2017 compared 80 Table 18:Use of organic permanent cropland(including in-conversion areas),2016 and 2017 compared 82 Table 19:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by region 2016 and 2017 compared 84 Table 20:Wild collectio

48、n and beekeeping areas by crop group 2017 84 Table 21:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by country 2017 86 Table 22:Number of organic beehives by country 2017 90 Table 23:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by species 2017 91 Table 24:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by country 2017 93 Tab

49、le 25:World:Selected key crop groups and crops area in organic agriculture 2017 (overview including conversion areas)94 Table 26:Cereals:Organic area by country 2017 97 Table 27:Citrus fruit:Organic area by country 2017 101 Table 28:Cocoa beans:Organic area by country 2017 103 Table 29:Coffee:Organi

50、c area by country 2017 105 Table 30:Dry pulses:Organic area by country 2017 107 Table 31:Temperate fruit:Organic area by crop 2017 109 Table 32:Temperate fruit:Organic area by country 2017 111 Table 33:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area by crop 2017 114 Table 34:Tropical and subtropical fru

51、it:Organic area by country 2017 115 Table 35:Grapes:Organic area by country 2017 118 Table 36:Oilseeds:Organic area by crop 2017 119 Table 37:Oilseeds:Organic area by country 2017 121 Table 38:Olives:Organic area by country 2017 124 Table 39:Vegetables:Organic area by country 2017 126 Table 40:Organ

52、ic cotton farmers,area and production 2016/2017 143 Table 41:Countries with legislation on organic agriculture 2018 153 Table 42:Countries in the process of drafting legislation 2018 155 Table 43:Countries with a national or regional standard but without a national legislation 2018 155 Table 44:Part

53、icipatory Guarantee Systems 2018 165 Table 45:Africa:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land and number of organic producers 2017 184 Table 46:Africa:All organic areas 2017 185 Table of Contents 10 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Fr

54、ick and Bonn Table 47:Africa:Land use in organic agriculture 2017 186 Table 48:Africa:Use of wild collection areas 2017 186 Table 49:Asia:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2017 203 Table 50:Asia:All organic areas 2017 204 Table 51:Asia:Land us

55、e in organic agriculture(fully converted and in conversion)2017 205 Table 52:Asia:Use of wild collection areas 2017 205 Table 53:Europe and the European Union:Key indicators 2017 216 Table 54:Europe:Organic agricultural land in Europe and the European Union 2017 220 Table 55:Europe and the European

56、Union:Land use 2017 226 Table 56:Europe and the European Union:Key crops/crop group 2017 229 Table 57:Europe and the European Union:Organic livestock 2017 232 Table 58:Europe:Organic operators by country group 2017 234 Table 59:Europe and the European Union:Organic retail sales 2017:Key data 237 Tab

57、le 60:Organic shares for retail sales values(euros)for selected products 2017 243 Table 61:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2017 248 Table 62:Europe:Conversion status of organic agricultural land 2017 249 Table 63:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture by country 2017 250 Table 64:Europe:

58、Organic agricultural land and wild collection areas by country 2017 251 Table 65:Europe:Organic livestock by country 2017 252 Table 66:Europe:Organic producers,processors,and importers by country 2017 252 Table 67:Europe:The organic food market 2017 254 Table 68:Organic statistics in EU Mediterranea

59、n(EU Med),Candidate and Potential Candidate(CPC)and Southern and Eastern Mediterranean(SEM)countries,2017 258 Table 69:Latin America:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2017 271 Table 70:Latin America:All organic areas 2017 272 Table 71:Latin Am

60、erica:Land use in organic agriculture 2017 273 Table 72:Latin America:Use of wild collection areas 2017 273 Table 73:North America:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2017 291 Table 74:North America:All organic areas 2017 291 Table 75:North Amer

61、ica:Land use in organic agriculture 2017 291 Table 76:Estimated certified organic primary production operations and area in Australia 2002-2017 295 Table 77:Australia:Land use in organic agriculture in different years 302 Table 78:Australia:Crop area in different years 303 Table 79:Australia:Product

62、ion of selected commodities in different years 303 Table 80:Australia:Farm-gate value and growth rate in different years:main organic sectors 305 Table 81:Pacific region:main organic certified products 309 Table 82:Oceania:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number

63、 of producers 2017 316 Table 83:Oceania:All organic areas 2017 316 Table 84:Oceania:Land use in organic agriculture 2017 317 Table 85:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas):Key indicators by region 2017 326 Table 86:Organic agricultural land,share of total agricultural land,number

64、of producers,and retail sales by country 2017 326 Figures Figure 1:World:Distribution of organic agricultural land by region 2017 41 Figure 2:World:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2017 41 Figure 3:World:Countries with an organic share of the total agricultural l

65、and of at least 10 percent 2017 45 Figure 4:World:Distribution of the organic shares of the agricultural land 2017 45 Figure 5:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land and organic share 1999-2017 49 Figure 6:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land by continent 2009 to 2017 49 Table of Con

66、tents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 11 Figure 7:World:The ten countries with the highest increase of organic agricultural land 2017 50 Figure 8:World:Distribution of all organic areas 2017.Total:112.3 million hectares 55 Figure 9:World:Distri

67、bution of organic producers by region 2017(Total:2.9 million producers)63 Figure 10:World:The ten countries with the largest numbers of organic producers 2017 63 Figure 11:Global market for organic food:Distribution of retail sales by country 2017 70 Figure 12:Global market for organic food:Distribu

68、tion of retail sales by region 2017 70 Figure 13:Global market:The countries with the largest markets for organic food 2017 71 Figure 14:Global market:The ten countries with the highest per capita consumption 2017 71 Figure 15(left):Countries on the DAC list:The ten countries with the largest areas

69、of organic agricultural land in 2017 75 Figure 16(right):Countries on the DAC list:The ten countries with the highest organic shares of the total agricultural land in 2017 75 Figure 17:World:Distribution of main land use types by region 2017 77 Figure 18:World:Distribution of main land use types and

70、 key crop categories 2017 78 Figure 19:World:Development of organic arable land,permanent cropland and permanent grassland/grazing areas 2004-2017 78 Figure 20:World:Distribution of organic arable cropland by region 2017 81 Figure 21:World:Use of arable cropland by crop group 2017 81 Figure 22:World

71、:Distribution of permanent cropland by region 2017 83 Figure 23:World:Use of permanent cropland by crop group 2017 83 Figure 24:World:Distribution of organic wild collection and beekeeping areas by region in 2017 85 Figure 25:World:The ten countries with the largest organic wild collection and beeke

72、eping areas in 2017 85 Figure 26:World:Distribution of organic beehives by region in 2017 89 Figure 27:World:Development of the organic beehives 2007-2017 89 Figure 28:World:Organic aquaculture production volume:Distribution by continent and top 10 countries 2017 92 Figure 29:World:Organic aquacultu

73、re production volume:Distribution by species and key species 2017 92 Figure 30:Cereals:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 96 Figure 31:Cereals:Distribution of global organic area by cereal type 2017 96 Figure 32:Citrus fruit:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 100 Figure 3

74、3:Cocoa beans:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 102 Figure 34:Coffee:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 104 Figure 35:Dry pulses:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 107 Figure 36:Temperate fruit:Use of organic temperate fruit area 2017 110 Figure 37:Temperat

75、e fruit:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 110 Figure 38:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Distribution of global organic area by crop 2017 114 Figure 39:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 115 Figure 40:Grapes:Development of the global organic

76、area 2004-2017 117 Figure 41:Oilseeds:Development of the global organic oilseed area 2004-2017 120 Figure 42:Oilseeds:Use of organic oilseed area by crop 2017 120 Figure 43:Organic olive area:Distribution by region and top 10 producing countries 2017 123 Figure 44:Olives:Development of the global or

77、ganic area 2004-2017 124 Figure 45:Vegetables:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 126 Figure 46:Development of the VSS compliant area worldwide,2008-2016(eight selected commodities,minimum possible)131 Figure 47:Total certified area per VSS,2016(only agriculture)132 Figure 48:Bananas:De

78、velopment of the area by VSS,20082016 134 Figure 49:Cocoa:Development of the area by VSS 20082016 134 Figure 50:Coffee:Development of the area by VSS,20082016 135 Figure 51:Cotton:Development of the area by VSS,20082016 135 Figure 52:Oil palm:Development of the area by VSS,20082016 136 Figure 53:Soy

79、beans:Development of the area by VSS,20082016 136 Figure 54:Sugarcane:Development of the area by VSS,20082016 137 Figure 55:Tea:Development of the area by VSS,20082016 137 Table of Contents 12 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Figure 56:Developme

80、nt of organic cotton fibre production 139 Figure 57:Sales breakdown of organic foods by major regions,2017 149 Figure 58:Development of PGS-certified producers worldwide 161 Figure 59:Africa:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2017 181 Figure 60:Africa:The countries with the

81、 highest organic share of total agricultural land 2017 181 Figure 61:Africa:Development of organic agricultural land 2000 to 2017 182 Figure 62:Africa:Use of organic agricultural land 2017 182 Figure 63:Africa:The ten countries with the largest number of organic producers 2017 183 Figure 64:Asia:The

82、 ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2017 201 Figure 65:Asia:The countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2017 201 Figure 66:Asia:Development of organic agricultural land 2000 to 2017 202 Figure 67:Asia:Use of organic agricultural land 2017 202 Figure

83、68:Europe and the European Union:Growth of organic farmland and retail sales compared,2000-2017 208 Figure 69:Europe:Distribution of organic farmland by country 2017 220 Figure 70:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2017 221 Figure 71:Europe:Organic shares of total agricultural land 2017 223

84、 Figure 72:Europe and the European Union:Development of organic agricultural land 1985-2017 224 Figure 73:Europe:Growth rates for organic agricultural land in Europe and the European Union 1985-2017 224 Figure 74:Europe:The ten countries with the highest growth in organic agricultural land in hectar

85、es and percentage in 2017 225 Figure 75:Europe and the European Union:Conversion status of organic land in Europe and the European Union 2017 225 Figure 76:Europe:Distribution of land use in organic agriculture 2017 226 Figure 77:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture by top 10 countries 2017 227 Fi

86、gure 78:Europe:Growth in organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2017 228 Figure 79:European Union:Growth in organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2017 228 Figure 80:Europe and the European Union:Development of organic cows milk production 2007-2017 233 Figure 81:Europe and the Eur

87、opean Union:Development of the number of organic producers in 2000-2017 235 Figure 82:Europe:Distribution of organic producers and processors by country 2017 235 Figure 83:Europe:Number of organic producers by country 2017 236 Figure 84:Europe:Distribution of retail sales by country and by single ma

88、rket worldwide 2017 237 Figure 85:Europe:Retail sales by country 2017 238 Figure 86:Europe:Growth of organic retail sales in Europe and the European Union,2000-2017 239 Figure 87:Europe:The countries with the highest organic market growth 2017 240 Figure 88:Europe:The countries with the highest per

89、capita consumption 2017 241 Figure 89:Europe:Growth of the per capita consumption 2000-2017 241 Figure 90:Europe:The countries with the highest shares of the total retail sales 2017 242 Figure 91:Europe:Marketing channels for organic products in selected countries 2017 245 Figure 92:Europe:Growth of

90、 marketing channels for organic products 2015-2017 in selected countries 245 Figure 93:Latin America and Caribbean:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2017 269 Figure 94:Latin America and Caribbean:The ten countries with the highest organic share of total agricultur

91、al land 2017 269 Figure 95:Latin America and Caribbean:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2017 270 Figure 96:Latin America and Caribbean:Use of agricultural organic land 2017 270 Figure 97:North America:Organic agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2017 289 Figure 98:North Ame

92、rica:Organic share of total agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2017 289 Figure 99:North America:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2017 290 Figure 100:North America:Land use in organic agriculture 2017 290 Figure 101:Oceania:Organic agricultural land by country 2017 314 Fig

93、ure 102:Oceania:Organic share of total agricultural land by country 2017 314 Figure 103:Oceania:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2017 315 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 13 Maps Map 1:Organic agricultural land and

94、 non-agricultural areas in 2017(in hectares)35 Map 2:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Africa 2017(in hectares)173 Map 3:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Asia 2017 187 Map 4:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Europe 2017(in hectares)207 Map 5:Organic agricultural

95、land in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean 2017(in hectares)261 Map 6:Organic agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2017 275 Map 7:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Oceania 2017 293 Infographics Infographic 1:Organic agriculture worldwide:Key indicators 2017 34

96、Infographic 2:Organic farmland 2017 39 Infographic 3:Organic producers 2017 61 Infographic 4:Organic retail sales 2017 68 Infographic 5:Organic agriculture in Europe:Key indicators 2017 206 Milestones Milestones of“The World of Organic Agriculture”19 Milestones of the Organic Cotton Sector 144 Miles

97、tones of the Global Organic Market 150 Milestones of Public Standards and Legislation 160 Milestones of the Work of IFOAM Organics International to Promote and Support PGS 166 Milestones of Policies Supporting the Organic Sector 172 Milestones of Organic Agriculture in Africa 178 Milestones of Organ

98、ic Agriculture in Asia 198 Milestones of Organic Agriculture in Europe 214 Milestones of Organic Agriculture in the Mediterranean 259 Milestones of Organic Agriculture and Agroecology in Latin America and the Caribbean 165 Milestones of the Organic Sector in the United States 281 Milestones of the O

99、rganic Sector in Canada 285 Milestones of the History of Organics in Australia 301 Milestones of the Development of Organics in the Pacific Islands 312 Milestones of IFOAM Organics International 322 The IFOAM Organic World Congresses 323 Glossary 14 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World

100、of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Glossary/person:Per capita consumption in euros AMI:Agrarmarkt-Informationsgesellschaft-Agricultural Market Information Company,Germany CAP:Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union CIHEAM:Centre international de hautes tudes agronomiques mditerranennes C

101、NCA:China National Certification and Accreditation Administration COTA:Canada Organic Trade Association,Canada CPC:Candidates and Potential Candidates for the European Union EFTA:European Free Trade Association EOA:Ecological Organic Agriculture;Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative for Africa E

102、U:European Union EU-28:Member countries of the European Union EU-Med:European Mediterranean Countries Eurostat:Statistical office of the European Union,Luxembourg FAO:Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FAOSTAT:Statistics Division of FAO,the Food and Agriculture Organisation of t

103、he United Nations FiBL:Forschungsinstitut fr biologischen Landbau Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Switzerland FYROM:The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia GMO:Genetically Modified Organisms GOTS:Global Organic Textile Standard Ha:Hectares Horizon 2020:Research and Innovation programme o

104、f the European Union,running from 2014 to 2020 HS codes:Harmonized System Codes IAMB:LIstituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari Mediterranean Agronomic Institute Bari,Italy IFAD:International Fund for Agricultural Development IFOAM EU Group:European Union Group of IFOAM Organics International IISD:In

105、ternational Institute of Sustainable Development,Canada ISOFAR:International Society of Organic Agriculture Research,Germany ITC:International Trade Centre,Switzerland Mio.:Million MOAN:Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network,Italy MT:Metric tons NASAA:National Association for Sustainable Agricult

106、ure,Australia NASS:USDAs National Agricultural Statistics Services,United States of America OCS:Organic Content Standard OrganicDataNetwork:Data network for better European organic market information OTA:Organic Trade Association,United States of America PGS:Participatory Guarantee Systems POETcom:P

107、acific Organic and Ethical Trade Community SECO:State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Switzerland SEM:Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries SL:Stiftung kologie&Landbau Foundation Ecology&Agriculture,Germany SSI:State of Sustainability Initiatives,Canada SOAAN:Sustainable Organic Agriculture

108、Action Network TIPI:Technology Innovation Platform of IFOAM Organics International TP Organics:European Technology Platform for Organic Food and Farming U.S.:United States USDA:United States Department of Agriculture VSS:Voluntary Sustainability StandardsForeword from SECO&ITC FiBL&IFOAM Organics In

109、ternational(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 15 Foreword from SECO and ITC Once again,organic products found their way into consumers shopping baskets.Organic products with a total value of 97 billion US dollars were sold globally in 2017.Double-digit rates were recorded in many

110、 advanced markets for organic products.The production side is also keeping pace:The latest data shows that organic farmland has grown in many countries,and the total organic area increased to almost 70 million hectares,managed by almost 2.9 million producers.In particular,for some crops such as dry

111、pulses,vegetables,olives,area growth rates of over 15 percent were reached in 2017.Organic agriculture is a way of farming sustainably and has proven to be a means to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),especially SDG 2(Zero Hunger)and 12(Responsible Consumption and Production).Global da

112、ta on organic production and markets are therefore of high relevance for policy makers and contribute to understanding the importance of organic farming in the different countries.A favourable policy environment,reliable regulations and standards,as well as transparency remain key factors for future

113、 success,and this publication contributes to that end.By providing dynamic and easy access to organic market and production data,the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)and International Trade Centre(ITC)aim to support decision-makers in governmental administrations,development agencie

114、s,NGOs,and other actors of the international organic industry.Considering the latest figures and the continuous and sustainable growth over many years,the organic movement can look confidently to the future.Dr.Monica Rubiolo Head of the Division for Trade Promotion Swiss State Secretariat for Econom

115、ic Affairs(SECO)Bern,Switzerland Joseph Wozniak Manager of the Trade for Sustainable Development(T4SD)Programme International Trade Centre(ITC)Geneva,Switzerland Foreword from FiBL&IFOAM Organics International 16 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn

116、 Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International With this 20th edition,FiBL and IFOAM Organics International proudly present an anniversary edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture.”We not only celebrate major landmarks from the past but also reveal the new figures.Data collection as such is

117、 a major and constant concern of the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.The comprehensive data provided over the past two decades in this publication serve as an important tool for stakeholders,policymakers,authorities,and the industry,as well as for rese

118、archers and extension professionals.It has also proven useful for development programs and supporting strategies for organic agriculture and markets,and crucial for monitoring the impact of these activities.The publication also shows our ongoing engagement with transparency in the organic sector;the

119、 method of collecting the data has been refined over time to reflect the global status of organic as much as possible.“The World of Organic Agriculture”has become one of the most frequently quoted pieces of literature in scientific,technical,and descriptive papers and reports on organic agriculture.

120、This publication also demonstrates the contribution of organic agriculture to the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations.Given that organic agriculture touches on almost all of the goals,this book not only shows the land area,number of producers,and market figures;it also highlights

121、 the contribution of organic agriculture to tackling climate change,ensuring food and nutrition security,halting biodiversity loss,and promoting sustainable consumption,to name a few.Overall,“The World of Organic Agriculture”shows the potential organic farming has to contribute to a sustainable futu

122、re!We are grateful to the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the International Trade Centre(ITC),the Coop Sustainability Fund,and NrnbergMesse for supporting this publication.We would like to express our thanks to all authors and data providers for contributing in-depth information a

123、nd figures on their region,their country,or their field of expertise.Lastly,we would like to wholeheartedly thank Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud for their tremendous dedication and engagement,which has made it possible for all of us to witness the development of organic agriculture based on reliable

124、 figures.Of course,we would also like to express our thanks to the other members of the FiBL team,who support the activities surrounding the data collection.We are proud of 20 years of“The World of Organic Agriculture”publications!Frick and Bonn,February 2019 Prof.Dr.Urs Niggli Director Research Ins

125、titute of Organic Agriculture FiBL Frick,Switzerland Louise Luttikholt Executive Director IFOAM Organics International Bonn,Germany Foreword from the Editors FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 17 Foreword from the Editors In the 20th edition of“Th

126、e World of Organic Agriculture”we present the latest available data on organic agriculture.This edition marks a milestone in the history of the data collection on organic agriculture worldwide.To celebrate this anniversary,we asked all authors to compile a milestone list for their region or theme of

127、 expertise,and we have also created a list showing the history of our data collection.We hope that with this edition we have contributed to improving the insight into the history of organic agriculture.In the course of the past twenty years,many people have provided valuable information and data,and

128、 some of them have even supported us right from the beginning.We are very grateful to all of our authors and data and information suppliers from all over the world!Furthermore,we would like to take the opportunity to thank those who provided know-how,tools,and technical and financial support.In part

129、icular,we would like to mention:Hubert Rottner and Hagen Sunder,the initiators and organizers of the first Biofach fairs,who asked the Foundation Ecology&Agriculture(SL)in 1999,if they could provide annual data on organic agriculture worldwide for Biofach,which was the birth of what is now an annual

130、 update on the state of organic agriculture worldwide.Minou Yussefi-Menzler of SL,who carried out the first global surveys on organic agriculture and acted as a co-editor of the yearbook until 2008.Immo Lnzer,former SL director,and SL director Dr.Uli Zerger,who strongly supported the set-up of the d

131、ata collection activities.Bernward Geier,former IFOAM director,a strong promoter of the yearbook,as well as Neil Sorensen,formerly IFOAM,who was in charge of the technical editing and the production of the yearbook in the beginings.FiBL director Prof.Dr.Urs Niggli,who has always encouraged us to dev

132、elop the data collection further and ensured continual funding for the activities.Maren Rohwedder and Dirk Sthamer,who carried out the survey for several years and helped strengthen our network.Dr.Barbara Baraibar,formerly University of Barcelona,who developed the first area classification and quest

133、ionnaire and carried out the first survey on organic land use and crop data in 2005.Hellmuth von Koerber of flexinfo,who set up our database and programmed the questionnaire in 2008,thus helping us immensely to professionalize our data collection and processing.Hans-Peter Egler,formerly SECO,and Dr.

134、Alex Kasterine of ITC,who facilitated the initial SECO/ITC funding.Dr.Els Wynen of Ecolanduse Systems,who helped us set up the first plausibility checks in 2008.Foreword from the Editors 18 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Lukas Kilcher,formerly

135、 FiBL,who was co-editor of“The World of Organic Agriculture”for several years.Herv Bouagnimbeck,formerly IFOAM,who substantially contributed to better access to data from Africa,as well as Dr.Marie Reine Bteich and Dr.Lina Al Bitar of CIHEAM Bari,who,through their extensive network,have provided dat

136、a for the Mediterranean countries for more than a decade.Diana Schaack of the Agricultural Information Company,who has been a tremendous support in providing background information on the data for many years.Prof.Dr.Nic Lampkin,director of the Organic Research Centre,a pioneer in organic data collec

137、tion and leader of the European Union-funded project“European Information System for Organic Market Data”(2003-2006),which was crucial in setting up the European network of data collectors.Prof.Dr.Raffaele Zanoli,of the Universit Politecnica delle Marche(UNIVPM),who led the European Union-funded Org

138、anicDataNetwork project(2012-2014),which substantially helped further develop the data collection.FiBL team members Natalie Kleine-Herzbruch and Bernhard Schlatter,without whom our online database statistics.fibl.org would not exist,and Kurt Riedi and Simone Bissig,who developed our popular infograp

139、hics.Our contacts at our funding organisations,Dr.Monica Rubiolo,Dr.Christian Robin,and Dr.Babara Jaeggin of the Swiss State Secretariat of Economic Affairs (SECO),Joseph Wozniak and Gregory Sampson of the International Trade Centre ITC,Bruno Cabernard and Jan Heusser of the Coop Sustainability Depa

140、rtment,and Danila Brunner and Barbara Bck of NrnbergMesse.The team of our partner,IFOAM Organics International,which has supported us for all these years,and all IFOAM networks and members,who help us reach every corner of the globe.And many,many others without whom we would not be where we are toda

141、y.For this edition,knowledgeable authors contributed articles on their regions,their countries,or their fields of expertise.As in the past,we have the global market report from Ecovia Intelligence,reports on public standards and legislation,Participatory Guarantee Systems,policy support as well as r

142、egional reports and country reports on Australia,Canada,and the United States.We are very proud that the Chinese edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”will be published for the 8th time by the Organic and Beyond company.We would also like to announce that a Persian version of the World of Orga

143、nic Agriculture will be available soon,translated by the Shiraz Chamber of Commerce,Industries,Mines and Agriculture.We would like to express our warm gratitude to everyone who makes this report possible!Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland

144、Milestones of“The World of Organic Agriculture”FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 19 Milestones of“The World of Organic Agriculture”Year Milestone 1999 The organizers of the Biofach organic trade fair ask the German Foundation Ecology&Agriculture(

145、SL)to compile basic data on organic agriculture worldwide.11 million hectares of organic farmland;0.2 million producers,15.2 billion US dollars of retail sales.2000 The first edition of the yearbook with global organic farming statistics(“Organic Agriculture World-wide”)is published by SL in collabo

146、ration with Biofach and IFOAM Organics International and presented at the Biofach Fair,then in Frankfurt,Germany.Since then,the data have been published annually and are presented at Biofach every year.2001 The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL joins as a partner.2006 For the first time

147、,land use and crop data on organic agriculture are collected.2007 The World of Organic Agriculture,2007 edition,is translated into Chinese.2008 Funding by the Swiss State Secretariat of Economic Affairs(SECO)and the International Trade Centre(ITC)enables FiBL to set up a professional database to imp

148、rove data collection,processing,storage,and analysis.FiBL sets up the Organic-W website.34.5 million hectares of organic farmland,1.4 million producers,50.2 billion US dollars in retail sales(data published in 2010).2011 The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nation(FAO)includes the FiB

149、L data into its FAOSTAT online database.2012 The OrganicDataNetwork project starts,funded under the 7th Framework Progamme for Research and Technological Development of the European Union.Under this project,the data collection and processing methods are improved and an interactive online database is

150、 set up.Organic and Beyond(China)translates and publishes an excerpt of“The World of Organic Agriculture”(annually since that year).2013 The“The World of Organic Agriculture”is translated into Korean(also the 2014 edition).2014 The follow-up project of the SECO-ITC-funded project“Global Information

151、System for Organic Market and Production Data”includes data collection on Voluntary Sustainability Standards.2015 The first edition of“The State of Sustainable Markets”with data on 14 Voluntary Sustainability Standards is published by FiBL,ITC and the International Institute of Sustainable Developme

152、nt(IISD).2017 69.8 million hectares of organic farmland,2.9 million producers,97 billion US dollars in retail sales(data published in 2019).2018 FiBL launches a dedicated website for the interactive online database Statistics.FiBL.org.2019 20th edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”is launched

153、 at Biofach.Funding by the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland(Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit).The 2018 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”is translated into Persian.Compiled by Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL Acknowledgements 20 FiBL&IFOAM Organics Internation

154、al(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Acknowledgements The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International are very grateful to their supporters for granting financial support for the global data collection and for the 2019 edition of“The World of O

155、rganic Agriculture”:the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),Economic Development and Cooperation(within the framework of its support activities for organic production in developing countries),Bern,Switzerland,the International Trade Centre(ITC),Geneva,Switzerland,the Sustainability Fu

156、nd of Coop Switzerland(Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit),Basel,Switzerland,and NrnbergMesse,the organizers of BIOFACH,Nrnberg,Germany.Numerous individuals have contributed to the making of this work.The editors are very grateful to all those listed below,without whom it would not have been possible to p

157、roduce this yearbook.Gyorgyi Acs Feketene,Control Union Certifications,The Netherlands;Olugbenga O.AdeOluwa,University of Ibadan,Nigeria;Marcel Agius,Ministry for the environment,sustainable development and climate chan,Malta;Florence Aillery,Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Forestry,France;Lina Al

158、Bitar,Centro Internazionale di Alti Studi Agronomici Mediterranei-Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari-CIHEAM-IAM Bari,Italy;Mazen Al Madani,Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform,Damascus,Syria;Khurshid Alam,Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute(BARI),Bangladesh;Jane Albert,Tanzania O

159、rganic Agriculture Movement TOAM,Tanzania;Saif Moh Al-Shara,Ministry of Environment and Water,Agricultural Affairs and Animal Sector,United Arab Emirates;Mirit Amrani,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Plan Protection and Inspection Service(PPIS),Israel;Stoilko Apostolov,Bioselena:Foundat

160、ion for organic agriculture,Bulgaria;Lidya Ariesusanty,Indonesia;Angel Atallah,CCPB/IMC,Lebanon;Mustafa Avci,ECOCERT IMO Denetim ve Belgelendirme Ltd.Sti,Turkey;Valdete Avdiu,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Rural Development,Kosovo;Elhag Meki Ali Awouda,Federal Ministry of Agriculture&Irrigatio

161、n,Sudan;Roberto Azofeifa,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadera,La Sabana,Costa Rica;Atef Abdel Azziz,Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation,Egypt;Vugar Babayev,Ganja Agribusiness Association(GABA),Azerbaijan;Derek Baker,University of New England,Centre for Agribusiness,Australia;Ebba Barany,Eur

162、ostat,Luxembourg;Verena Batlogg,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Switzerland;Andrew Bayliss,Soil Association Certification Limited,United Kingdom;Elif Bayraktar ktem,Ministry of Food,Agriculture and Livestock,MOAN Delegate,Turkey;Milena Belli,Istituto per la Certificazione Etica ed Amb

163、ientale(ICEA),Italy;Olena Berezovska,Reform Support Team at the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Ukraine;Florian Bernardi,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Liechtenstein;Eva Berre,Ecocert International,France;Dino Beirevi,Organska Kontrola(OK),Bosnia&Herzegovina;Nic Bez,Mobium Group,Australia;Dang

164、Thi Bich Huong,Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association,Vietnam;Olivera Bicikliski,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Management,Macedonia FYROM;Simone Bissig,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Switzerland;Marian Blom,Bionext,The Netherlands;Barbara Bck,NrnbergMesse,Germany;Natha

165、lie Boes,Certisys,Belgium;Thavisith Bounyasouk,Department of Agriculture(DOA),Lao PDR;Lorcan Bourke,Bord Bia-Irish Food Board,Ireland;Claudius Bredehoeft,Organic Farming Project,Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH,Germany;Trevor G.Brown,Jamaica Organic Agriculture Movemen

166、t JOAM,Jamaica;Danila Brunner,Nrnberg Messe,Germany;Marie Reine Bteich,CIHEAM Bari,Italy;Klaus Bchel,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Liechtenstein;Andreas Brkert,University of Kassel,Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences,Germany;Emanuele Busacca,IFOAM EU,Belgium;Bruno Cabernard,Coop Sustainability Department

167、,Switzerland;Roberta Cafiero,Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Policies,MOAN Delegate,Italy;Rudina Cakraj,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Albania;Cyrille Carayon,Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Forestry,France;Geisel Carvalho de Menezes,Ministry of Finance,Commerce and Blue Economy

168、,Sao Tom and Prncipe;Jennifer Chang,IFOAM Asia,Republic of Korea;Tichaona Charova,Zimbabwe Organic Producers and Promoters Association ZOPPA,Marlborough,Zimbabwe;Eugene Chebotariov,Reform Support Team at the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Ukraine;Stanley Chidaya,Malawi Organic Growe

169、rs Association(MOGA),Malawi;Acknowledgements FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 21 Dong-geun Choi,Korea Institute of Rural Social Affairs,Republic of Korea;Thomas Cierpka,IFOAM-Organics International,Germany;Genaro Coronel,Servicio Nacional de Cal

170、idad y Sanidad Vegetal y de Semillas SENAVE,Paraguay;Amy Cosby,Australian Centre for Agriculture and Law,University of New England,Australia;Finn Cottle,Soil Association,United Kingdom;Catarina Crisostomo,Portugal;Huong Dang,Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association,Vietnam;Joy Daniel,Institut for Int

171、egrated Rural Development(IIRD),Aurangabad,India;Nune Darbinyan,ECOGLOBE,Republic of Armenia;Levent Denizer,Ecocert IMO Denetim ve Belgelendirme Ltd.Sti,Turkey;Giorgia DeSantis,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),Italy;Famara Didhiou,Fdration Nationale pour lAgriculture Biol

172、ogique,Senegal;Dra Drexler,Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(MKi),Hungary;Gita urkovi,Ministry of Agriculture Croatia,Croatia;Pilar M.Eguillor Recabarren,Oficina de Estudios y Politicas Agrarias ODEPA,Chile;Pauline Eid Saad,Ministry of Agriculture,Lebanon;Brun Zaoui Elhousseine,AMA

173、BIO,Morocco;Lucy Ellis,Department of Agriculture,Falkland Islands(Malvinas);Lisa Emerson,Textile Exchange,United Kingdom;Richard Escobar,Ecocert Colombia,Colombia;Carlos Andres Escobar Fernandez,ECONEXOS,Conexion Ecologica,Colombia;Nawal Farkacha,Ministry of Agriculture,Fisheries,Rural development a

174、nd Forests,Morocco;Addisu Alemayehu Ferede,Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research EIAR,Ethiopia;Tobias Fischer,BCS ko-Garantie GmbH,Germany;Barbara Fitch Haumann,Organic Trade Association(OTA),United States of America;Dorian Flchet,Agence Bio,Montreuil-sous-Bois,France;Patricia Flores Escudero

175、,Latin American Office of IFOAM-Organics International,Peru;Alexandra Forbord,Norwegian Agriculture Agency Landbruksdirektoratet,Norway;Emmeline Foubert,Certisys,Belgium;Sergiy Galashevskyy,Organic Standard,Ukraine;Carlos Galo,SENASA Honduras,Subdireccin Tcnica Sanidad Vegetal,Tegucigalpa,Honduras;J

176、ordan Gama,AfrONet c/o Tanzanian Organic Network(TOAM),Tanzania;Oliver Gardiner,Regeneration International,Myanmar;Salvador Garibay,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Switzerland;Maheswar Ghimire,Nepal;Vasko Gjorgjievski,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Management,Macedonia FYR

177、OM;Athanasios Gkagiogiakis,Ministry of Rural Development and Food,Greece;Laurent C.Glin,FiBL Regional Office for West Africa,Benin;Camille Godard,Ecocert International,France;Denise Godinho,IFOAM-Organics International,Germany;Jos Miguel Gonzlez,Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Environment,Spain;Ami

178、sh Gosai,Textile Exchange,India;Katharina Gssinger,BIO AUSTRIA,Austria;Diana Granada,Agrocalidad,Ecuador;Catherine Greene,Economic Research Service USDA,United States of Americas;Iulia Grosulescu,Ministry Of Agriculture and Rural Development,Romania;Rannveig Guleifsdttir,Vottunarstofan Tn ehf.,Icela

179、nd;Jill Guerra,Canada Organic Trade Association,Canada;Gunnar Gunnarsson,Vottunarstofan Tn ehf.,Iceland;Arnaud Guyou,Ecocert International,France;Cristina Hagatong,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Rural Development,Portugal;Anna Haidekker-Nobilis,Hungarian Research Institue of Organic Agricultur

180、e MKI,Hungary;Alexandre Harkaly,Instituto Biodinmico,Brasil;Abid Ali Hasan,Zakho Small Villages Projects ZSVP,Iraq;Stephen Hazelmann,Pacific Community SPC,Pacific Islands;Jan Heusser,Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit,Switzerland;Brendan J.Hoare,Organic Agriculture New Zealand OANZ,New Zealand;Elda Hodi-I

181、sovi,Ministry of Agriculture,Water-Management and Forestry,Bosnia and Herzegovina;Hadjira Houria Abdellaoui,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Algeria;Otto Hofer,Bundesministerium fr Land-und Forstwirtschaft,Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft,Austria;Tanveer Hossain Shaikh,Friends in Village Dev

182、elopment Bangladesh(FIVDB)/Vice-President IFOAM Asia,Bangladesh;Andrea Hrabalov,CTPOA,Czech Republic;Beate Huber,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Switzerland;Ibrahim Abdalhamid,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Palestine National Authority;Barbara Jggin,Swiss State Secretar

183、iat for Economic Affairs SECO,Switzerland;Edmundo Janco Mita,Asociacin de Organizaciones de Productores Ecolgicos de Bolivia(AOPEB),Bolivia;Jorge Leonardo Jave Nakayo,Ministerio de Agricultura-SENASA-Per,Peru;Hakkyun Jeong,Korea Institute of Rural Social Affairs,Republic of Korea;gnes Juhsz,National

184、 Food Chain Safety Office nbih,Hungary;Jack Juma,Kenya Organic Agricultural Network(KOAN),Kenya;ManChul Jung,Korea Institute of Rural Social Affairs,Republic of Korea;Nurbek Kannazarov,Organic Farming Kyrgyzstan,Kyrgyzstan;Joelle Kappeler,Bioinspecta,Switzerland;Thilak Kariyawasam,Lanka Organic Agri

185、culture Movement(LOAM),Sri Lanka;Lani Katimbang-Limpin,Organic Certification Center of the Philippines OCCP,Philippines;Joelle Katto-Andrighetto,IFOAM-Organics International,Germany;Laura Kemper,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Switzerland;Pravin Khare,Ecocert International,France;Tamam Kha

186、walda,Ministry of Agriculture,Jordan;Ludmilla Khomichak,Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Ukraine;Cornelia Kirchner,International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements IFOAM,Germany;Bernisa Klepo,Organska Kontrola(OK),Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina;Evgeniy Klimov,Kazakhstan fede

187、ration Acknowledgements 22 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn of Organic Agriculture Movements-KAZFOAM,Kazakhstan;Barbara Kcher-Schulz,AMA-Marketing GesmbH AMA,Austria;Marja-Riitta Kottila,Pro Luomu,Kauniainen,Finland;Olena Kovalova,Ministry of Ag

188、rarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Ukraine;Irene Kugonza,National Organic Agricultural Movement of Uganda NOGAMU,Uganda;Heinz Kuhlmann,ABC Enterprises,Japan;Manoj Kumar Menon,International Competence Centre for Organic Agriculture ICCOA,Rajarajeshwarinagar,India;Hla Myint Kyaw,Golden Ground;Tshetrim

189、La,Ministry of Agriculture MOA,Bhutan;Andrew Lawson,Australian Centre for Agriculture and Law,University of New England,Australia;Lauren le Roux,Ecocert Southern Africa,South Africa;Ed Lefley,University of New England,Centre for Agribusiness,Australia;Shawn Leu,University of New England,Centre for A

190、gribusiness,Australia;Ming Chao Liu,Organics Brazil,Brazil;Tia Loftsgard,Canada Organic Trade Association,Canada;Pedro Lopez,PROVOTEC,Spain;Virginija Luksiene,Ekoagros,Lithuania;Martin Lund,Food Industries,Denmark;Louise Luttikholt,IFOAM-Organics International,Germany;Samia Maamer Belkhiria,Ministre

191、 de lAgriculture,des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pche,Tunisia;Suzana Madari,Centro Internazionale di Alti Studi Agronomici Mediterranei-Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari-CIHEAM-IAM Bari,Italy;Hossein Mahmoudi,Environmental Sciences Research Institute,Evin Shahid Beheshti University SBU,I

192、ran;Fernando Maldonado,Direccin General de Sanidad Vegetal y Animal,El Salvador;Mithona Mao,Cambodian Organic Agriculture Association(COrAA),Cambodia;Karen Mapusua,Pacific Community,SPC,Fiji;Ayumi Matsuura,Cambodian Organic Agriculture Association(COrAA),Cambodia;Cliflyn McKenzie,Ecocert Southern Af

193、rica,South Africa;Dorota Metera,BIOEKSPERT Sp.z o.o.,Poland;Merit Mikk,Centre of Ecological Engineering-koloogiliste Tehnoloogiate Keskus,Estonia;Jelena Milic,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Economy,Republic of Serbia;Mwanzo Millinga,AfrONet,Tanzania;Eugene Milovanov,Organic Federation of

194、 Ukraine,Ukraine;Satoko Miyoshi,Global Organic Textile Standard(GOTS)Japan,Japan;Julie Kilde Mjelva,Norwegian Agriculture Agency,Norway;Bram Moeskops,IFOAM EU,Belgium;Andrew Monk,Australian Organic,Australia;Mykola Moroz,Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Ukraine;Flvia Moura e Castro,IF

195、OAM-Organics International,Germany;Arijana Mui,Organska Kontrola(OK),Bosnia&Herzegovina;Darija Musulin,Ministry of Agriculture,Croatia;Mohammed Mutarad Aloun,Ministry of Climate Change and Environment of the United Arab Emirates,United Arab Emirates;Richard Ngunjiri,Kenya Organic Agricultural Networ

196、k(KOAN),Kenya;T Th Tuyt Nhung,Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association,Vietnam;Urs Niggli,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Switzerland;Tomas Fibiger Nrfelt,Knowledge Centre for Agriculture VLF,Denmark;Minna Nurro,Pro Luomu,Finland;Nick Nwolisa,Regional Extension and Resource Center,Azer

197、baijan;Fortunate Nyakanda,Zimbabwe Organic Producers and Promoters Association ZOPPA,Zimbabwe;Fatima Obaid Saeed,Ministry of Environment and Water of the United Arab Emirates,United Arab Emirates;Maximiliano Ortega,Belize Organic Producers Association,Belize;Vitoon Panyakul,Green Net,Thailand;Ejvind

198、 Pedersen,Landbrug&Fdevarer,Denmark;Elen Peetsmann,Estonian University of Life Sciences,Estonia;Eliza Petrosyan-Sudzilovskaya,ECOGLOBE,Republic of Armenia;Diego Pinasco,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria SENASA,Argentina;Anton Pinschoff,Fdration Nationale dAgriculture Biologique

199、FNAB,France;Roberto Pinton,Pinton Organic Consulting,Italy;Natalie Prokopchuk,Swiss-Ukrainian project“Organic Certification and Market Development in Ukraine”,Ukraine;Patrizia Pugliese,Centro Internazionale di Alti Studi Agronomici Mediterranei-Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari-CIHEAM-IAM Bar

200、i,Italy;Bartosz Pytlak,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development-Organic Farming Division,Poland;Atef Abdel-Azziz Ragab,Central Laboratory for Organic Agriculture,Egpyt;Andrijana Rakoevi,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Montenegro;Dimbihary Alex Denis Ralaivao,Ecocert International,

201、Office,France;Camilo Ramirez,Ecocert Colombia,Colombia;Hans Ramseier,Bio Suisse,Switzerland;Sandra Randrianarisoa,Ecocert East Africa,Madagascar;Pia Reindl,AMA-Marketing GesmbH AMA,Austria;Michel Reynaud,Ecocert International,France;Kurt Riedi,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Switzerla

202、nd;Nathalie Rison Alabert,Agence Bio,France;Christian Robin,Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Switzerland;Fermn Romero,Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario,Panama;Monica Rubiolo,Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Switzerland;Cecilia Ryegrd,Ekoweb,Sweden;Olle Ryegrd,Ekoweb,Swede

203、n;Ayman Saad Al-Ghamdi,Organic Agriculture Department,Saudi Arabia;Amarjit Sahota,Ecovia Intelligence,United Kingdom;Channa Samorn,Organic Farming Project,Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH,GIZ International Services,Germany;Gregory Sampson,International Trade Centre(ITC

204、),Switzerland;Vernica Natali Santilln Nez,Agrocalidad,Ecuador;Diana Schaack,Agrarmarkt Informations-Gesellschaft mbH,Germany;Aender Schanck,OIKOPOLIS Groupe,Luxembourg;Winfried Scheewe,Deutsche Gesellschaft Acknowledgements FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Fri

205、ck and Bonn 23 fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH,Cambodia;Bernhard Schlatter,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture Switzerland;Juliana Schlosserov,Central and Testing Institute in Agriculture/stredn kontroln a skobn stav ponohospodrsky,Slovakia;Otto Schmid,Research Institute of Organic A

206、griculture FiBL,Switzerland;Robin Schrieber,Quality Certification Services,United States of America;Rita Schwentesius,Universidad Autnoma Chapingo,Mxico;Ibrahima Seck,Fdration Nationale pour lAgriculture Biologique,Sngal;Than Sein,Myanmar Organic Grower and Producer Association(MOGPA),Myanmar;Hana e

207、jnohov,Institute of agricultural economics and information,Czech Republic;Filippos Sekkas,Ministry of Rural Development and Food,Greece;Andreas Selearis,Department of Agriculture(MOA),Cyprus;Elene Shatberashvili,Elkana-Biological Farming Association,Akhaltsikhe,Georgia;Ivana Simic,National Associati

208、on Serbia Organica,Serbia;Anamarija Slabe,Institut za trajnostni razvoj,Slovenia;Nicolette van der Smissen,Consultant for Organic Production,Greece;Manjo Smith,Namibian Organic Association NOA,Namibia;Marianna Smith,Ecocert Southern Africa,South Africa;Marcela Stahil,Ministry of Agriculture,Regional

209、 Development and Environment,Moldova;Mathias Stolze,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture Switzerland;Indro Surono,Indonesia Organic Alliance,Indonesia;Syl Sylanaj,University of Prishtina,Kosovo;Vic Tagupa,League of Organic Agriculture Municipalities&Cities(LOAMC),Philippines;Evonne Tan,Textile

210、Exchange,Malaysia;Gia Gaspard Taylor,Network of Non Governmental Organizations Trinidad and Tobago for the Advancement of Women,Trinidad and Tobago;Ilse Timmermann,Departement Landbouw en Visserij,Belgium;Olga Trofimtseva,Deputy Minister,Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Ukraine;Liesl

211、Truscott,Textile Exchange,United Kingdom;Emma Tsessue,Ecocert SAS,France;Kesang Tshomo,Ministry of Agriculture MOA,Bhutan;Francesco Tubiello,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Italy;Hedwig Tushemerirwe,National Organic Agricultural Movement of Uganda NOGAMU,Uganda;Bavo van den I

212、dsert,Bionext,AR Zeist,The Netherlands;Frederica Varini,IFOAM-Organics International,germany;Jelena Vasiljevic,Ministry of Agriculture Serbia,Serbia;Airi Vetemaa,Estonian Organic Farming Foundation EOFF,Estonia;Matty Vink,Control Union Certifications,Netherlands;Anna Voitiuk,Ministry of Agrarian Pol

213、icy and Food of Ukraine,Ukraine;Maohua Wang,Certification and Accreditation Administration of the Peoples Republic of China CNCA,China;Julian Wirth,Prfinstitut LACON GmbH,Germany;Helena Wistrand,Moreganic Sourcing,Sweden;Jonathan Wong,Hong Kong Organic Resource Centre,Hong Kong;Joseph Wozniak,Intern

214、ational Trade Centre(ITC),Switzerland;Els Wynen,Eco Landuse Systems,Australia;Abdoul Aziz Yanogo,Ecocert SA West Africa Office,Burkina Faso;Qiao Yuhui,China Agricultural University,China;Valentina Zaets,Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Ukraine;Raffaele Zanoli,Universit Politecnica del

215、le Marche UNIVPM,Italy;Jos Zapata,Oficina de Control Agricultura Organica,Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura OCO,Republica Dominicana;Ulrike Zdralek,Bioinspecta,Switzerland;Lisha Zheng,Ecocert China,China;Zejiang Zhou,IFOAM Asia,China;Maja ibert,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Food,Slovenia;Da

216、rko Znaor,Independent Consultant,Croatia;Silvia Zucconi,Nomisma-Economic Research Institute,Italy.Statistics Key Indicators 24 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Organic Agriculture:Key Indicators and Top Countries Indicator World Top countries Co

217、untries with organic activities1 2017:181 countries Organic agricultural land 2017:69.8 million hectares (1999:11 million hectares)Australia(35.6 million hectares)Argentina(3.4 million hectares)China(3.0 million hectares)Organic share of total agricultural land 2017:1.4%Liechtenstein(37.9%)Samoa(37.

218、6%)Austria(24.0%)Wild collection and further non-agricultural areas 2017:42.4 million hectares (1999:4.1 million hectares)Finland(11.6 million hectares)Zambia(6.0 million hectares)Tanzania(2.4 million hectares)Producers 2017:2.9 million producers (1999:200000 producers)India(835000)Uganda(210352)Mex

219、ico(210000)Organic market 2017:97 billion US dollars*2(approx.90 billion euros)(2000:17.9 billion US dollars)US(45.2 billion US dollars;40 billion euros)Germany(11.3 billion US dollars;10 billion euros)France(8.9 billion US dollars;7.9 billion euros)Per capita consumption 2017:12.8 US dollars(10.8 e

220、uros)Switzerland(325 US dollars;288 euros)Denmark(315 US dollars;278 euros)Sweden(268 US dollars;237 euros)Number of countries with organic regulations 2017:93 countries Number of affiliates of IFOAM Organics International 2018:726 affiliates from 110 countries Germany-76 affiliates India-47 affilia

221、tes China-45 affiliates United States-43 affiliates Source:FiBL survey 2019,based on national data sources and data from certifiers *Global market:Ecovia Intelligence(formerly Organic Monitor)2019 1 Where the designation country appears in this book,it covers countries and territories,see UNSTAT web

222、site http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm.2 According to the Central European Bank,1 euro corresponded to 1.1297 US dollars in 2017.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 25 The World of Organic A

223、griculture 2019:Summary HELGA WILLER,1 JULIA LERNOUD,2 AND LAURA KEMPER3 The year 2017 was another record year for global organic agriculture.According to the latest FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide,the organic farmland,the number of organic producers and organic retail sales continued t

224、o grow and reached another all-time high,as shown by the data from 181 countries(data as of the end 2017).More than 69.8 million hectares of organic farmland Australia has the largest area In 2017,69.8 million hectares of organic agricultural land,including in-conversion areas,were recorded.The regi

225、ons with the largest areas of organic agricultural land are Oceania(35.9 million hectares,which is half the worlds organic agricultural land)and Europe(14.6 million hectares,21 percent).Latin America has 8 million hectares(11 percent)followed by Asia(6.1 million hectares,9 percent),North America(3.2

226、 million hectares,5 percent),and Africa(2.1 million hectares,3 percent).The countries with the most organic agricultural land are Australia(35.6 million hectares),Argentina(3.4 million hectares),and China(3 million hectares).Almost a quarter of the worlds organic agricultural land(16.8 million hecta

227、res)and more than 87 percent(2.4 million)of the producers were in developing countries and emerging markets(see page 74).See page 36 for the detailed results of the FiBL survey.Globally,1.4 percent of the farmland is organic Liechtenstein has the highest organic share with 37.9 percent Currently,1.4

228、 percent of the worlds agricultural land is organic.The highest organic shares of the total agricultural land,by region,are in Oceania(8.5 percent)and Europe(2.9 percent;European Union 7.2 percent).However,some countries reach far higher shares:Liechtenstein(37.9 percent)and Samoa(37.6 percent)have

229、the highest organic shares.In fourteen countries,10 percent or more of the agricultural land is organic.Record growth in organic farmland-Increase of 11.7 million hectares or 20 percent Organic farmland increased by 11.7 million hectares or 20 percent in 2017,the largest increase ever recorded.The s

230、trong increase is mainly because 8.5 million additional hectares were reported from Australia.However,many other countries reported an important increase and thus contributed to the global growth,such as China(32 percent increase;over 0.7 million additional hectares),Argentina(12 percent increase;mo

231、re than 0.4 million additional hectares),and the Russian Federation and 1 Dr.Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 2 Julia Lernoud,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 3 Laura Kemper,Research Institute of

232、 Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 26 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn India,both with an additional 0.3 million hectares.There was an increase in organic agricultural land in all r

233、egions.In Europe,the area grew by almost 1 million hectares(7.6 percent increase).In Asia,the area grew by almost 30 percent or an additional 1.2 million hectares;in Africa,the area grew by 14 percent or over 0.2 million hectares;in Latin America the area grew by 7 percent or 0.5 million hectares;an

234、d in North America by more than 3 percent or almost 0.1 million additional hectares.Apart from the organic agricultural land,there is organic land dedicated to other activities,most of which are areas for wild collection and beekeeping.Other areas include aquaculture,forests,and grazing areas on non

235、-agricultural land.These areas of non-agricultural land constitute more than 42.4 million hectares(see page 55).Organic producers on the rise 2.9 million producers in 2017 There were at least 2.9 million organic producers in 2017.1 Forty percent of the worlds organic producers are in Asia,followed b

236、y Africa(28 percent)and Latin America(16 percent).The countries with the most producers are India(835000),Uganda(210352),and Mexico(210000)(see page 62).There has been an increase in the number of producers of over 100000,or nearly 5 percent,compared to 2016.Growth in all major crop groups Land use

237、and crop details were available for over 90 percent of the organic agricultural land.Unfortunately,some countries with very large organic areas,such as Brazil and India,had little or no information on their land use(see page 80).Over two-thirds of the agricultural land was grassland/grazing areas(al

238、most 48.2 million hectares),which increased more than any other land use type in 2017(27 percent).With a total of over 12 million hectares,arable land constitutes 17 percent of the organic agricultural land.An increase of almost 11.3 percent since 2016 was reported.Most of this category of land was

239、used for cereals including rice(4.5 million hectares),followed by green fodder from arable land(2.8 million hectares),oilseeds(1.2 million hectares),dry pulses and vegetables.Permanent crops account for seven percent of the organic agricultural land,amounting to nearly 4.9 million hectares.Compared

240、to the previous survey,an increase of more than 300000 hectares,or 6.7 percent,was reported.The most important crops are coffee,with nearly 0.9 million hectares and olives(almost 0.9 million hectares),each constituting almost 20 percent of the organic permanent cropland,followed by nuts(0.6 million

241、hectares),grapes(0.4 million hectares),and tropical and subtropical fruits(almost 0.4 million hectares)(see page 76).1 Please note that some countries report only the numbers of companies,projects,or grower groups,which may each comprise a number of individual producers.The number of producers shoul

242、d,therefore,be treated with caution,and it may be assumed that the total number of organic producers is higher than that reported here.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 27 Detailed information on organic c

243、otton was provided by Textile Exchange,showing that during the 2016/17 growing season,117525 metric tons of organic cotton fibre was produced globally by 220478 farmers on 472999 hectares of land.There are currently 18 countries producing certified organic cotton,but 96 percent of the global supply

244、comes from just seven countries.India remains by far the largest producer,accounting for over half of total production,followed by China,Kyrgyzstan,Turkey,and Tajikistan.For more information,including the situation of cotton production in individual countries and regions,see the chapter by Truscott

245、et al.on page 138.Looking at Voluntary Sustainability Standards(VSS),a recent survey of 14 standards(including organic)shows that,in 2016,growth continued and that at least 15 million hectares are covered by selected crops and standards.All of the standards covered experienced growth in their areas

246、since 2011.The most successful commodity is coffee:at least 25.8 percent of the global coffee area is certified at least under one of the standards covered(See the chapter by Lernoud et al.,page 76).Global market has reached 97 billion US dollars Organic food and drink sales reached 97 billion US do

247、llars1 in 2017 according to Ecovia Intelligence.Although organic food sales are growing at a healthy rate,there are still persistent challenges.These include rising number of standards,demand concentration(about 90 percent of sales are in North America and Europe),supply shortfalls,and competing eco

248、-labels,to name a few.For more information,see the chapter by Sahota on page 146).In 2017,the countries with the largest organic markets were the United States(40 billion euros),Germany(10 billion euros),and France(7.9 billion euros).The largest single market was the United States(47 percent of the

249、global market),followed by the European Union(34.3 billion euros,37 percent),and China(7.6 billion euros,8 percent).The highest per-capita consumption in 2017,with almost 300 euros,was found in Switzerland and Denmark.The highest organic market shares were reached in Denmark(13.3 percent),the first

250、country with an organic market share of over ten percent,Sweden(9.1 percent),and Switzerland(9 percent)(See the chapter on the FiBL survey on the global market,page 70).Africa There were almost 2.1 million hectares of certified organic agricultural land in Africa in 2017.Compared to 2016,Africa repo

251、rted an increase of almost 255000 hectares,a 14 percent increase.There were at least 815000 producers.Tunisia was the country with the largest organic area(with almost 306500 hectares),and Uganda had the largest number of organic producers(more than 210000).The country with the 1 According to the Ce

252、ntral European Bank,1 euro corresponded to 1.1297 US dollars in 2017.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 28 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn highest organic share of the total agricultural land in the region was the island state Sao Tome an

253、d Principe,with 18 percent of its agricultural area being.The majority of certified organic products in Africa are destined for export markets.Key crops are coffee,olives,nuts,cocoa,oilseeds,and cotton(see page 179).Two countries in Africa have legislation on organic agriculture,and seven countries

254、are in the process of drafting legislation.Nine countries have a national standard but no organic legislation.The year 2018 continued to see the growing recognition among policymakers,which became evident at the 4th African Organic Conference,which was held in Dakar,Senegal,in November 2018.The 160

255、participants,which included farmers,scientists,policymakers and organic business entrepreneurs from more than 30 countries,agreed that Ecological Organic Agriculture(EOA)plays a significant role in fulfilling the African Unions Agenda 2063 and the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).In the Saly decl

256、aration,the participants recommended that all member states should increase efforts to generate and disseminate information to advance ecological organic agriculture and provide solutions that can facilitate engagement of financial institutions in improving access to financing organic agriculture bu

257、sinesses.Asia The total area dedicated to organic agriculture in Asia was almost 6.1 million hectares in 2017.There were 1.1 million producers,most of which were in India.The leading countries by area were China(3 million hectares)and India(almost 1.8 million hectares);Timor-Leste had the highest pr

258、oportion of organic agricultural land(8.7 percent)(page 199).Twenty-two countries in the region have legislation on organic agriculture,and six countries are in the process of drafting legislation.Nine countries have a national standard but no organic legislation.Historically,the most important cons

259、umer markets were in Japan and South Korea.However,most developments are now occurring in China,which had the largest market in the region in 2017(7.6 million euros),and in India.In Asia,a transition is taking place whereby countries are moving from an export to domestic focus.At the country level,w

260、ere that national organic standards were approved in countries like Bangladesh and Vietnam,while Cambodia issued a roadmap to promote organic agriculture.National organic standards were revised in China,the Philippines,and South Korea.A framework was implemented to enable policies such as direct pay

261、ment programs in South Korea.The Philippines prioritized the Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)in the amendment of the RA10068-the“Organic Agriculture Act of 2010”,and PGS remained strong in Indonesia.In Thailand,the government launched a large-scale project,which relies on support programs to con

262、vert more than 100000 hectares to organic rice production within three years.The first Biofach Southeast Asia,which was sponsored by the Thai Ministry of Commerce,was successfully launched,and the third Organic Asia Congress was held The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics Inter

263、national(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 29 in Bislig City,Philippines with more than 1300 participants from 24 countries from Asia and other parts of the world.In 2018,the two biggest IFOAM Asia projects the Asian Local Governments for Organic Agriculture(ALGOA)project and the

264、 Organic Youth Forum showed the most progress.The members of ALGOA,the“Asian Local Governments for Organic Agriculture,”tripled in number and reached 204 members.Interest in the Organic Youth Forum is increasing,and a contract with New Taipei City has been signed for the next Forum,which will be hel

265、d from March 26th to 31st,2019.For more information,see the chapter by IFOAM Asia on page 188).Mediterranean In 2017,the total certified organic area in the Mediterranean region covered over 9 million hectares,of which 7.5 million hectares are organic agricultural area.Organic agriculture started in

266、 the mid-1980s in some southern and eastern Mediterranean countries,mainly driven by European investors,who saw opportunities in the sector.The development of organic agriculture remained slow and limited in the Mediterranean until the beginning of the 21st century,when the first aggregated data and

267、 information on the organic sector were published,possible thanks to the establishment of the Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network(MOAN)in 1999,which carries out annual surveys and disseminates statistics at the regional and international level.Since then,a consistent evolution in terms of qual

268、ity,availability,and reliability of information and statistics has taken place.For more information see chapter by Bteich et al.on page 256.Europe As of the end of 2017,14.6 million hectares of agricultural land in Europe(European Union 12.8 million hectares)were managed organically by over 397000 p

269、roducers(European Union:over 305000).In Europe,2.9 percent of the agricultural area was organic(European Union:7.2 percent).Organic farmland has increased by over 1 million hectares compared to 2016.The countries with the largest organic agricultural areas were Spain(2.1 million hectares),Italy(1.9

270、million hectares),and France(1.7 million hectares).In ten countries,at least 10 percent of the farmland is organic:Liechtenstein has the lead(37.9 percent),followed by Austria(24 percent)and Estonia(20.5 percent).Retail sales of organic products totalled 37.3 billion euros in 2017(European Union:34.

271、3 billion euros),an increase of 10.5 percent since 2016.The largest market for organic products in 2017 was Germany,with retail sales of 10 billion euros,followed by France(7.9 billion euros),and Italy(3.1 billion euros)(see the article by Willer et al.,page 217).Forty-two countries in Europe have l

272、egislation on organic agriculture,and one country is in the process of drafting legislation.Both Russia and Ukraine approved their organic laws in 2018.A major milestone in 2018 was the publication of the new European Union(EU)rules on organic production and labelling of organic products in May.The

273、European The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 30 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn organic food and farming movement calls on both EU institutions and stakeholders to work together in the next two years on the development of the implementing

274、and delegated acts.In June 2018,the European Commission launched its proposal for the Common Agricultural Policy(CAP)for the period 2021 to 2027.The European organic sector welcomes the proposal and calls for a significant minimum share of the budget to be dedicated to environmental protection and c

275、limate action.On the research side,several major projects were launched such as the Organic-Farmknowledge.org platform,which facilitates the dialogue between practice and research at the European level.Latin America and the Caribbean In Latin America,almost 460000 producers managed over 8 million he

276、ctares of agricultural land organically in 2017.This constituted 11 percent of the worlds organic land and 1.1 percent of the regions agricultural land.The leading countries were Argentina(3.4 million hectares),Uruguay(1.9 million hectares),and Brazil(1.1 million hectares).The highest shares of orga

277、nic agricultural land were in Uruguay(13 percent),French Guiana(10 percent),and the Dominican Republic(8.7 percent).Many Latin American countries remain important exporters of organic products such as coffee,cocoa,and bananas.In Argentina and Uruguay,temperate fruit and meat are key export commoditi

278、es.Twenty countries in the region have legislation on organic agriculture,and two countries are in the process of drafting legislation.Organic markets in the region show a positive trend with a high demand on international markets but also domestically;Brazil is the country with the largest organic

279、market on the continent.Mexico,Brazil,Chile,Paraguay,Bolivia,and Argentina have a national seal to distinguish their organic produce on the local market.In many Latin America and the Caribbean countries,the domestic organic market combines a strong social component with business opportunities bringi

280、ng benefits to thousands of smallholders and the private sector,and Participatory Guarantee Systems play an important role.In 2018,an equivalence agreement for organic production between Chile and the EU was implemented.For more information,see the chapter by Flores on page 262.North America In Nort

281、h America,3.2 million hectares of farmland were managed organically in 2017.Of these,2 million were in the United States and 1.2 million in Canada,representing 0.8 percent of the total agricultural area in the region(see page 276).The U.S.organic sector continues its upward trajectory,gaining new ma

282、rket share and shattering records,as consumers used more organic products than ever before.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 31 Organic sales in the U.S.totalled approximately 49 billion US dollars1(45.2 b

283、illion US dollars in food sales)in 2017,reflecting new sales of almost 3.5 billion US dollars from the previous year.Organic food now accounts for 5.5 percent of total food sales in the U.S.The Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018 establishes permanent funding for organic research and makes signific

284、ant strides to improve the oversight of global organic trade and safeguard the integrity of organic.The Organic Trade Association announced a plan to move forward with a voluntary industry-invested organic research,promotion and education check-off-like program.The project has issued a call for stak

285、eholders to submit ideas to generate results and opportunity for organic by April 2019.For more information see article by Haumann on page 276.The Canadian organic sector continues to record significant growth despite a decline in the number of total farms in the country.Canadas total organic market

286、(including food and non-food items)has reached 5.4 billion Canadian dollars,2 up from 3.5 billion Canadian dollars in 2012,with a compound annual growth rate of 8.7 percent.The Organic Science Cluster funding was renewed by the Federal government,investing 8.3 million Canadian dollars into organic r

287、esearch in Canada being conducted by the Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada(OACC).This research investment includes an additional 4.4 million Canadian dollars in industry contributions.For more information,see the chapter by Loftsgard on page 282.Oceania This region includes Australia,New Zealand,

288、and the Pacific Island states.Altogether,there were almost 27000 producers,managing 35.9 million hectares.This constituted 8.5 percent of the agricultural land in the region and half of the worlds organic land.More than 99 percent of the organic land in the region is in Australia(35.6 million hectar

289、es,most of which is extensive grazing land),followed by Samoa(more than 106000 hectares),and New Zealand(almost 89000 hectares).The highest organic shares of all agricultural land were in Samoa(37.6 percent),followed by Australia(8.8 percent),Vanuatu(8 percent),Tonga(4.8 percent),and Kiribati(4.7 pe

290、rcent).Five countries in Oceania have legislation on organic agriculture,and eleven countries have a national standard but no organic legislation.Australia has seen even more growth in 2017 in the area of pastoral land under certified organic management,bringing the total certified organic area to m

291、ore than 35 million hectares.As shown in the article by Wynen,more than 90 percent of the farmland is unimproved pasture(see page 302).The total value of the organic market in Australia for domestically produced goods is estimated to be 2.4 billion Australian dollars3(retail sales and exports).A maj

292、or recent achievement for the organic sector in 1 According to the Central European Bank,1 euro corresponded to 1.1297 US dollars in 2017.2 One Canadian Dollar corresponded to 0.683 Euros in 2017 according to the European Central Bank.3 One Australian dollar corresponded to 0.679 euros in 2017(avera

293、ge exchange rate according to the Central European bank.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 32 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Australia was the establishment of the Centre for Organics Research at Southern Cross University.For more inform

294、ation about Australia,see the report by Lawson et al.on page 294.Regional and national agencies and development partners increasingly recognize the value of organic agriculture as a development tool for the Pacific Islands context.Innovations such as the Pacific Organic Tourism and Hospitality Stand

295、ard and the online Pacific Organic Policy Toolkit are attracting interest from organic farmers through to policymakers.The number of organic farmers in the region is continuing to grow with PGS growing at a faster rate than third-party certification.It is expected that the local market for organic p

296、roducts will start to expand as the tourism and hospitality industries start to look towards organic and sustainability as part of the Pacific Islands brand(see the chapter by Mapusua,page 307).Standards,legislation,policy support According to the FiBL survey on standards and legislation,93 countrie

297、s had organic standards in 2018,and 16 countries were in the process of drafting legislation.At least 29 countries in Africa,Asia,and Oceania,have adopted national or regional standards for organic agriculture.The European Union(EU)adopted the basic act of its new organic regulation,which will come

298、into force in 2021.In 2019 and 2020,the secondary legislation the delegated and implementing acts for production,controls,and trade will be drafted and adopted.In Russia,the law on organic production was signed,which will come into force in 2020.In Ukraine,the Organic Law was adopted in August 2018,

299、and it will come into force in August 2019.In Belarus,negotiations on the organic legislation have reached the final stage,and adoption is expected in the beginning of 2019.For more information,see the chapter by Huber et al.on page 152).Although organic farming as a concept has existed for almost 1

300、00 years,it has only garnered significant attention from consumers,environmentalists,farmers and ultimately policy-makers worldwide since the mid-1980s.Initially set by private scheme owners,mainly organic farmers organizations,in the 1980s,organic standards started to become part of a legislative p

301、rocess that brought the enforcement of national and regional organic regulations to help facilitate international trading.At the same time,an increasing number of governments began supporting organic agriculture beyond regulation,and there is a growing number of government policies and programs that

302、 support organic agriculture development,such as subsidy schemes,market development support,capacity building,and research investment.A recent trend is that municipalities and cities play an increasing role in supporting the development of the organic sector while legislating on broader objectives r

303、elated to sustainable growth and development of urban areas.For more information,see the chapter by Varini and Katto-Andrighetto on page 167.Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)are locally focused quality assurance systems.PGS have proven to be an affordable alternative to third-party certification,

304、an effective tool to develop local markets for organic produce and are particularly The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 33 appropriate for small-scale farmers.Based on the data collected through the Global P

305、GS Survey 2017 conducted by IFOAM Organics International,PGS initiatives are established in 66 countries,with at least 311449 farmers involved in PGS initiatives worldwide.This includes mostly small farmers and small processors.It is estimated that there are currently at least 241 PGS initiatives,of

306、 which 127 are fully operational.For more information,see the chapter by Katto-Andrighetto et al.on page 161.Outlook IFOAM-Organics International promotes sustainable food production systems through the uptake of organic agriculture,and the new IFOAM strategy,adopted in 2017,seeks to push organic an

307、d agriculture as a whole to the next level of sustainability,and thus serves many of the Sustainable Development Goals.Preparations are underway for the Organic World Congress 2020 with the title“From its roots,organic inspires life.”It will bring the global organic sector back to France,where IFOAM

308、 Organics International was founded in 1972.For more information,see the chapter by Luttikholt on page 320.Next FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide The next global organic survey will start in mid-2019;data will be published in February 2020 and presented at the Biofach Organic Trade Fair i

309、n Nuremberg,Germany.We will contact all relevant experts and would be very grateful if data could be sent to us.Should you notice any errors regarding the statistical data in this volume,please let us know;we will then correct the information in our database and provide the corrected data in the 202

310、0 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture.”Corrections will also be posted at www.organic-.Contact:julia.lernoudfibl.org and helga.willerfibl.org 34 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Infographic 1:Organic agriculture worldwide:Key indicators

311、2017 Source:FiBL survey 2019 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 35 Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Current Statistics Map 1:Organic agricultural land and non-agricultural areas in 2017(in hectares)Source:FiBL survey 2019Statistics Introduction 36 Fi

312、BL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Current Statistics on Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators,and Market JULIA LERNOUD1 AND HELGA WILLER2 Introduction The 20th survey of certified organic agriculture worldwide was carried out by the Research

313、 Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)with many partners from around the world.The results are published jointly with IFOAM Organics International.This survey,was supported by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the International Trade Centre(ITC),3 the Sustainability Fund of Coo

314、p Switzerland,4 and NrnbergMesse.5 In total,data was provided by more than 200 experts.Governments,private sector organizations,certifiers,and market research companies have contributed to the data collection effort.Several international certifiers deserve special mention as they provided data on a

315、number of countries:BCS,CERES,Certisys,Control Union,Ecocert,ICEA,LACON,Quality Certification Services(QCS),and the Soil Association.Data from the Mediterranean countries was supplied by the Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network(MOAN,c/o Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari),and data from t

316、he Pacific Islands was provided by the Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade Community(POET.com).A list of all data sources and contacts is provided in the annex.In total,data from 181 countries/territories was available.Gambia,Guinea,Mauritania,and Mayotte,are new to the list of countries with organic

317、data.For Belarus,data had been available in the past,but for 2017,data has not been received.Updated data on the organic area was available for 146 countries;however,for some countries,updates were only available for the total organic area and not necessarily for the number of farms,land use,or othe

318、r indicators.For those countries for which FiBL compiles the data among certifiers,not all certifiers provided updated data.When no new data was available,data from the previous survey were used.1 Julia Lernoud,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 2 Helga Wi

319、ller,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 3 Since 2014,data collection on organic agriculture worldwide has been funded by the International Trade Centre(ITC)and the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)under the project“T4SD Global Platform for

320、 Market Data on Organic Agriculture and Sustainability Standards”.For more information on this project,see www.vss.fibl.org 4 Since 2019,the data collection on organic agriculture has been supported by the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland.5 The organisers of BIOFACH,the World Organic Trade Fa

321、ir in Nuremberg,Germany(today:NrnbergMesse),have supported data collection on organic agriculture worldwide and the production of the yearbook“The World of Organic Agriculture”since 2000.Statistics Introduction FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 3

322、7 Table 1:Countries and territories covered by the global survey on organic agriculture 2017 Region Countries*with data on organic agriculture Countries per region1 Share of countries that provided data(%)Africa 44 56 79%Asia 41 49 84%Europe 47 49 96%Latin America and Caribbean 33 46 72%North Americ

323、a 3 5 60%Oceania 13 25 52%World 181 230 79%Source:FiBL survey 2019*Where the designation country appears in this book,it covers countries or territories.2 Data on the following indicators was collected:Organic area in hectares,by country and country groups,including breakdown by crop;Livestock numbe

324、rs;Production data(volumes and values);Producers and further operator types;Domestic market data(total retail sales value and volumes,per capita consumption,share of the total market,and breakdown by product);International trade data(total import and export values and volumes,and breakdown by produc

325、t).Not all data that was collected is published in this book(e.g.,production,livestock numbers,breakdown by product for domestic market and international trade data)because it was not possible to draw a complete global picture for these indicators.More information about the data collection and analy

326、sis process is available in our metadata,which can be found on page 346.More information on statistics.fibl.org Tables with more details on crops,markets,and international trade,as well as explanations for certain data can be found on FiBLs statistics website statistics.fibl.org.Contact:Enquiries re

327、lated to the data should be sent to Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,e-mail julia.lernoudfibl.org and helga.willerfibl.org.1 Number of countries and areas are mostly based on countries as listed in the FAO database at http:/www.fao.org/f

328、aostat/en/#data/RL as well as some additional countries such as Kosovo.2 For more information on countries,territories and regions see the UNSTAT website at http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm.Statistics General Notes 38 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agricult

329、ure.Frick and Bonn General notes on the data Organic areas:Data represents certified organic land/areas that are already fully converted as well as land under conversion because many data sources do not separate or include the latter(for instance,Austria,Germany,and Switzerland)and also because land

330、 under conversion is under organic management.For a definition of organic agriculture,see the IFOAM Organics International website.1 Data on conversion status:For some countries,data is collated from several certifiers,some of which provided information on the conversion status while others did not.

331、Therefore,the sum of land under conversion and the fully converted land is not necessarily the same as the total land under organic agricultural management.Share of total agricultural land:In some cases,the calculation of the organic share of the total agricultural land or that of individual crops,b

332、ased on FAOSTAT and in some cases the Eurostat data,might differ from the organic shares obtained from ministries or local experts.PGS:Since 2011,for some countries,areas certified by Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)have been included.(For more information about PGS,see the article by Katto et.a

333、l.on page 161).Countries:For countries and territories,the FAO country list is used.Where the designation country appears in this report,it covers countries or territories.As to the countries grouping by region,the Standard Country and Area Classifications as defined by the United Nations Statistics Division,2 is used in most cases.Data sources:Data was gathered from organizations of the private s