美國交通運輸部：自動駕駛汽車4.0（英文版）(56頁).pdf

1、Ensuring American Leadership in Automated Vehicle Technologies Automated Vehicles 4.0 A Report by the NATIONAL SCIENCE improved quality of life, access, and mobility for all citizens; lower energy usage; and improved supply chain management.1 Todays Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) that hel

2、p vehicles avoid collisions form the building blocks for tomorrows Automated Driving Systems (ADS). Advances in these technologies can reduce roadway crashes, fatalities, and injuries and assist the USDOT in “managing safety risks along the path to the full commercial integration of AV technology.”2

3、 The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has highlighted four main areas of potential benefit with regard to AVs: safety, economic and societal benefits, efficiency and convenience, and mobility.3 AVs also have great potential benefit for improving public safety on roadways. NHTSA

4、s Fatality Analysis Reporting System report of traffic fatalities for 2018 found that 36,560 people died from motor vehicle crashes in the U.S.4 By eliminating the possibility of human error or poor human choices (e.g., impairment or distraction) while driving, ADS has enormous potential to save liv

5、es and reduce the economic burden associated with crashes. The potential economic and societal benefits of AVs could also be substantial, including increased economic productivity and efficiency, reduced commuting time, and even the potential reduction of the environmental impact of conventional sur

6、face vehicles while increasing overall system energy efficiency.5 In addition, adoption of AVs may provide mobility to citizens who currently face transportation challenges, increasing their access to jobs and services and their ability to live independently.6 AVs also have strong potential for incr

7、eased benefits in more specialized operational design domains (ODD) such as, the agricultural domain, automated tractors and farm equipment have the potential to allow American farmers to track multiple vehicles and monitor field operations remotely. In addition, continued improvements in sensor tec

8、hnologies and software increasingly will allow equipment to operate in more complex environments and make precise observational decisions, deploying herbicides only when weeds are detected, for example.7 In the arena of commercial freight transport, AVs have the potential to safely haul freight long

9、 distances, which could decrease long-haul transport times and improve 1 U.S. Congressional Research Service. Autonomous Vehicles: Emerging Policy Issues (IF10658 VERSION 3; May 23, 2017), by Bill Canis. https:/crsreports. congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10658 2 Chao, Elaine L. “AV 3.0 Roll Out remark

10、s by USDOT Secretary of Transportation Elaine L. Chao” https:/www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/av-30- roll-out 3 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Automated Vehicles for Safety. https:/www.nhtsa.gov/technology-innovation/automated- vehicles#topic-benefits 4 National Highway Traffic

11、 Safety Administration. Automated Vehicles for Safety. https:/www.nhtsa.gov/technology-innovation/automated- vehicles#topic-benefits 5 Groshen, Erica, John Paul Macduffie, Susan Helper, and Charles Carson. 2018. Americas Workforce and the Self-Driving Future: Realizing Productivity Gains and Spurrin

12、g Economic Growth. Washington, DC: Securing Americas Future Energy. https:/avworkforce.secureenergy.org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/06/Americas-Workforce-and-the-Self-Driving-Future_Realizing-Productivity-Gains-and-Spurring-Economic-Growth.pdf 6 For more information, see the following NSTC report: http

13、s:/www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Emerging-Tech-to-Support- Aging-2019.pdf 7 McMahon, Karen. 2018. “Automated Farm Equipment Poised to Transform Production Practices.” http:/www.syngenta- automated-farm-equipment.html AutomAted Vehicles 3 supply chain management efficiencies. AV techn

14、ology also has the potential to dramatically reduce congestionone of the highest costs for freight movementand to enable platooning technology that can reduce energy costs.8 Given that ADS are still currently in the R therefore, the U.S. Government will protect the ability of consumers to make the m

15、obility choices that best suit their needs. The U.S. Government will support AV technologies that enhance freedom by providing additional options for consumers to access goods and services, allowing individuals to live and work in places that fit their families needs and expanding access to safe, af

16、fordable, accessible, and independent mobility options to all people, including those with disabilities and older Americans. II. Promote Efficient Markets AVs offer a dynamic area for R (2) updating infrastructure policy; and (3) modernizing outdated regulations.16 High-speed communications support

17、Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) environment data exchange. Such data exchange allows AVs to receive and contribute data beyond their on-board sensors physical range. Wireless technologies that complement the capabilities of automated vehicle technologies are a priority of th

18、e current administration.17 STEM Education AVs are an application of a variety of contributing and complementary technologies, including advanced manufacturing, high-speed communications technologies, advanced computational capabilities, computer vision, advanced sensors, data science, machine learn

19、ing, and artificial intelligence. As such, education in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and computer science plays a critical role in these technological advancements. The NSTC released 13 “Additional R https:/www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order- establis

20、hing-presidents-national-council-american-worker/ 20 For the full text, see https:/www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-securing-information-communications-technology-services- supply-chain/ 21 National Strategic Overview for Quantum Information Science. https:/www.whitehouse.gov/

21、wp-content/uploads/2018/09/National-Strategic- Overview-for-Quantum-Information-Science.pdf 22 Public Law No: 115-368 (12/21/2018) National Quantum Initiative Act. 23 https:/www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2810 24 NIST Cybersecurity Framework. https:/www.nist.gov/cyberframework 8 eNs

22、uRiNG AmeRicAN leAdeRshiP iN AutomAted Vehicle techNoloGies: AutomAted Vehicles 4.0 III. U.S. Government Activities and Opportunities for Collaboration The U.S. Government has invested in the development of foundational and complementary technologies for AVs to advance novel science and technology a

23、nd provide support to innovators and entrepreneurs bringing technological advances to market. This continued investment will ensure public safety in a rapidly changing technological landscape, promote greater economic productivity and more efficient consumption of available resources, protect intell

24、ectual property, and safeguard the privacy of individuals and the security of the Nation. A. U.S. Government Investments in the Automated Vehicle Sector The U.S. Government is actively funding AV R incorporate recent trends and innovations; and set the stage for ADS as those continue to take shape.

25、Funding grants for through the annual $60 million Advanced Transportation and Congestion Management Technologies Deployment (ATCMTD) program.41 The Fixing Americas Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act) established ATCMTD to make competitive grants for the development of model deployment sites for la

26、rge scale installation and operation of advanced transportation technologies to improve safety, efficiency, system performance, and infrastructure return on investment. 41 https:/www.fhwa.dot.gov/fastact/factsheets/advtranscongmgmtfs.cfm u.s. GoVeRNmeNt ActiVities ANd oPPoRtuNities foR collAboRAtioN

27、 17 FMCSA is: Conducting research to increase understanding of the human factors and address specific areas such as driver readiness, the human-machine interface (HMI), adaptation to advanced technologies, and communication with others outside the vehicle. Researching safety performance of critical

28、items such as sensors, brakes, and tires in AV CMV operations, truck platooning, emergency response, and roadside inspections. Conducting research to ensure that the CMV industry is adequately equipped and able to prevent or respond to cyber threats. FTA is: Conducting research to assess both user a

29、cceptance and human factors design considerations for high-priority transit automation use cases involving passengers, bus operators, and other transit users to apply and conduct practical research in demonstrations and to identify and study potential customer acceptance issues associated with fully

30、 driverless operations due to perceived security issues or distrust of technology. Developing non-binding guidance, based on earlier research results and demonstration findings, on Federal funding programs that may be relevant to transit automation investments. Working to produce a practical referen

31、ce guide for transit agencies covering key transition areas, such as vehicle maintenance; human factors, labor, and training issues; customer communications; maintaining consistency in the passenger experience; and transit service planning. Exploring the potential transferability of AV technologies

32、and capabilities from light and commercial vehicles to bus transit.42 Launching a series of seven demonstrations, organized by use case categories, in real-world transit environments as defined in the FTA Strategic Transit Automation Research (STAR) Plan.43 The demonstrations will create a testbed f

33、or study of technical issues, user acceptance, operational and maintenance costs, and institutional issues, and will further assess needs for standards development to ensure interoperability. NHTSA is: Researching unintended regulatory barriers. Historically, the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standar

34、ds (FMVSS) have been based on the concept of a human operating the vehicle. With the introduction of ADS, the driving tasks are increasingly shifted to the vehicle. The absence of a human driver creates opportunities for vehicle manufacturers to design new vehicle architectures that may remove drivi

35、ng controls, change seating configurations, and establishing new interfaces for occupants. NHTSA has published non-binding guidance to support the automotive industry and other key stakeholders as they consider and design best practices for the testing and safe integration of Automated Driving Syste

36、ms, along with technical assistance to States and Best Practices for Legislatures.44 Researching alternative metrics and safety assessment models. This research will identify the methods, metrics, and tools to assess how well the ADS perform at a system level to avoid crashes including system perfor

37、mance and behavior relative to the systems ODD and stated Object and Event Detection and Response (OEDR) capabilities. Research will be conducted to explore the functional performance and safety benefits of ADS implementations. Research also will be performed to study the feasibility and methods to

38、assess normal driving capabilities of an ADS. The dynamic driving tasks (previously undertaken by the human driver) as behavioral competencies 42 Transferability of Automation Technologies https:/www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/research-innovation/118161/transit-bus- automation-proj

39、ect-transferability-automation-technologies-final-report-fta-report-no.pdf 43 https:/www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/research-innovation/114661/strategic-transit-automation-research-report-no-0116_0.pdf 44 https:/www.nhtsa.gov/press-releases/us-dot-releases-new-automated-driving-sys

40、tems-guidance 18 eNsuRiNG AmeRicAN leAdeRshiP iN AutomAted Vehicle techNoloGies: AutomAted Vehicles 4.0 or maneuvers that can be measured and tested much in the way a human driver is evaluated to ensure driving competency. Researching functional safety and ADS subsystems. The safe operation and reli

41、able performance of ADS are critical to public acceptance and successful integration of future ADS. As the dynamic driving tasks are transferred from the human driver to the ADS, human sensing and cognition functions are essentially being relegated to the machine through a collection of integrated h

42、ardware and software subsystems. Accordingly, methods and tools are necessary to assess the functional safety of ADS subsystems and their building block components. Researching occupant protection45 in alternative vehicle designs. Vehicle crash mechanics and occupant restraint systems are not direct

43、ly affected by vehicle automation. However, occupant behavior and the enhanced sensor systems will affect priorities for a vehicles safety in the event of a crash. Researching human factors for ADS Vehicles, for example, vehicles that are designed in a manner where it can be operated by both a drive

44、r and an ADS (e.g., dual-mode), involving control handoff between drivers and ADS in certain circumstances. A drivers readiness to resume control in SAE Level 3 ADS is critical to safety. Driver engagement with the ADS is influenced by several issues, including the human-machine interface, the drive

45、rs experience and training with the system, and other situation-specific factors that affect behavioral responses. Researching accessibility considerations in ADS vehicles. ADS vehicles are expected to provide mobility options not previously afforded to persons with disabilities, regardless of cogni

46、tive, physical, or even the degree of condition. Research has been initiated to explore the information needs of persons with disabilities and how these needs could be implemented effectively within a HMI. Conducting cybersecurity research to promote a layered approach to cybersecurity by focusing o

47、n a vehicles entry points, both wireless and wired, which could be potentially vulnerable to a cyber-attack. A layered approach to vehicle cybersecurity reduces the possibility of a successful vehicle cyber-attack, and mitigates the potential consequences of a successful intrusion. NHTSA has publish

48、ed non-binding guidance to the automotive industry for improving motor vehicle cybersecurity,46 which it is currently working on updating. Office of the Secretary of Transportation (OST) announced: $60 million in Federal grant funding for a competitive grant program that awarded 8 recipients for ADS

49、 demonstrations. 47 A planned Inclusive Design Challenge48, which will make up to $5 million in cash prizes available to innovators who design solutions to enable accessible automated vehicles. USDOT aims to increase availability and decrease cost of aftermarket modifiers that improve accessibility of vehicles today and spark development for future automated vehicles. National Aeronautics and Space Administration While the National Aeronautics and Space Administrations (NASA) mission relates to space and aviation, in service of tha