1、 Table_yemei1 觀點聚焦 Investment Focus Table_yejiao1 本研究報告由海通國際分銷,海通國際是由海通國際研究有限公司,海通證券印度私人有限公司,海通國際株式會社和海通國際證券集團其他各成員單位的證券研究團隊所組成的全球品牌,海通國際證券集團各成員分別在其許可的司法管轄區內從事證券活動。關于海通國際的分析師證明,重要披露聲明和免責聲明,請參閱附錄。(Please see appendix for English translation of the disclaimer)研究報告 Research Report 24 Apr 2023 中國有色金屬中國有
2、色金屬 China Non-ferrous Metals 電機分類:綠色低碳背景下,產業發展前景廣闊 Motor Classification:motor industry with prospects under the background of green and low-carbon Table_Info 股票名稱 評級 股票名稱 評級 紫金礦業 Outperform 永興材料 Outperform 洛陽鉬業 Outperform 天華超凈 Outperform 贛鋒鋰業 Outperform 橫店東磁 Outperform 天齊鋰業 Outperform 銀泰黃金 Outperfor
3、m 山東黃金 Outperform 馳宏鋅鍺 Outperform 中國鋁業 Outperform 赤峰黃金 Outperform 華友鈷業 Outperform 錫業股份 Outperform 中金黃金 Outperform 東陽光 Outperform 云鋁股份 Outperform 金力永磁 Outperform 石英股份 Outperform 川能動力 Outperform 神火股份 Outperform 西藏礦業 Outperform 南山鋁業 Outperform 盛屯礦業 Outperform 中礦資源 Outperform 云海金屬 Outperform 格林美 Outperf
4、orm 安寧股份 Outperform 銅陵有色 Outperform 立中集團 Outperform 天山鋁業 Outperform 萬豐奧威 Outperform 資料來源:Factset,HTI Related Reports Presentation:2023 年 3 月中國社會融資規模為 53800 億元,環比上升70.47%(In March 2023,Chinas social financing scale was 53800 billion yuan,up 70.47%month on month)(16 Apr 2023)Presentation:2 月智利銅礦產量為 38
5、4462 噸,環比下降 12.20%(In February 2023,Chile Copper Output was 384462 tons,Down 12.20%Month on Month)(10 Apr 2023)水泥行業深度:產能控制推動供給結構優化,基建支撐水泥需求(Cement Industry In-Depth Report:Capacity Control Promotes the Optimization of Supply Structure,Infrastructure Supports Cement Demand)(31 Mar 2023)(Please see AP
6、PENDIX 1 for English summary)本報告聚焦于電機領域,旨在介紹電機的分類及各類別主要產品,分析其各自特點及梳理行業產業鏈。電機是一種利用電與磁相互作用從而實現能量轉換與傳遞的機械電電機是一種利用電與磁相互作用從而實現能量轉換與傳遞的機械電磁裝置。電動機從電系統吸收電能,向機械系統輸出機械能,各類磁裝置。電動機從電系統吸收電能,向機械系統輸出機械能,各類型的電機廣泛應用于我國經濟生產各部門以及家用電器中,主要作型的電機廣泛應用于我國經濟生產各部門以及家用電器中,主要作為驅動各種機械設備的動力。為驅動各種機械設備的動力。電機可以主要分為動力電機和控制電機。有刷直流電機具備
7、扭力高、結構簡單容易維護(即換碳刷)、便宜的優點,交流電機中的永磁同步電機和永磁異步電機是常用的汽車搭載電機。永磁同步電機指的是定子上的線圈通電后產生的磁場能帶動永磁體(轉子)進行同步旋轉,轉子的轉速也能夠與旋轉磁場的轉速相同,不容易造成轉速損耗。優點是體積小,效率高,但是一旦速度增加,永磁體產生反電勢,導致高溫,強震動就容易退磁。因此不適合在高速下使用??刂齐姍C又可以分為伺服電機、步進電機和信號電機等。電機產業鏈上游行業中的原材料價格變動與電機企業的產品定價電機產業鏈上游行業中的原材料價格變動與電機企業的產品定價政策、成本水平、銷售業績有較大影響,關聯度較高。政策、成本水平、銷售業績有較大影
8、響,關聯度較高。目前中國電機企業主要分布在江蘇省和山東省。截至 2023 年 2 月,江蘇省共有相關工業電機企業超過 3700 家,江蘇省工業電機企業約為3400 家。從中國工業電機供給主體區域分布來看,江蘇省和山東省電機企業數量相對較高。從驅動電機競爭力的比較來看,我國原材料方面優勢明顯。Table_Author 吳旖婕吳旖婕 Yijie Wu 5075100125150Apr-22Jul-22Oct-22Jan-23Apr-23HAI China Non-ferrous MetalsMSCI China 24 Apr 2023 2 Table_header1 中國有色金屬中國有色金屬 1.
9、電機定義及組成電機定義及組成 電機是一種利用電與磁相互作用從而實現能量轉換與傳遞的機械電磁裝置。廣義的電機包括電動機、發電機和特種電機。電動機從電系統吸收電能,向機械系統輸出機械能,各類型的電機廣泛應用于我國經濟生產各部門以及家用電器中,主要作為驅動各種機械設備的動力;發電機從機械系統吸收機械能,向電系統輸出電能,發電機和相關設備的技術進步,使人們能夠利用熱能、水能、核能以及風能、太陽能、生物質能等能源發電,向國民經濟各部門和廣大城鄉居民提供所需電能;特種電機主要是指使用環境、生產工藝、技術標準等比較特殊而區別于普通電機的電機。從結構上來看,不同類型電機結構雖然不同,但一般都是由三大部分組成,
10、即固定部分、轉動部分和輔助部分。固定部分主要由定子機座、機架、定子鐵心、定子繞組、端蓋及底板等導磁、導電和支撐固定等結構部件組合;電機的轉動部分包括轉軸、轉子鐵心、轉子支架、轉子繞組、集電環、換向器和風扇等部件;輔助部分包括軸承、電刷和冷卻器等。圖圖1 電機組成電機組成 資料來源:驅動世界,海通國際 2.電機分類電機分類 電機分為動力電機和控制電機。動力電機包含旋轉電機和直線電機。圖圖2 電機電機分類分類 資料來源:PLC 發燒友公眾號,海通國際 AUbWgVkWfZmVtWrYtWbRbP6MpNmMsQpMjMmMnRjMpNtO9PoPoOvPpPsMMYqQpO 24 Apr 2023
11、 3 Table_header1 中國有色金屬中國有色金屬 2.1 直流電機與交流電機直流電機與交流電機 旋轉電機可以分為直流電機和交流電機。1)直流電機直流電機 有刷直流電機有刷直流電機 有刷電機又稱直流電機或碳刷電機,常說的直流電機就是指有刷直流電機,它采用機械換向,外部磁極不動內部線圈(電樞)動,換向器和轉子線圈一起旋轉,電刷和磁鐵都不動,于是換向器和電刷摩擦摩擦,完成電流方向的切換。有刷直流電機具備扭力高、結構簡單容易維護(即換碳刷)、便宜的優點,同時也具有機械換向產生的火花引起換向器和電刷摩擦、電磁干擾、噪聲大、壽命短;可靠性差、故障多,需要經常維護;由于換向器存在,限制了轉子慣量,
12、限制了最高轉速,影響了動態性能的缺點。直流有刷電機被廣泛應用于電動玩具車、電風扇、汽車座椅、印刷機械等方面。圖圖3 有刷直流電機分類有刷直流電機分類 資料來源:機械工程師公眾號,海通國際 永磁電機是一種使用永磁體作為勵磁源的電機,由于永磁體本身具有持久性,因此不需要二外的電源供給,具有體積小、重量輕、效率高等優點。應用場景主要有工業自動化領域的自動化生產線、CNC 數控機床等設備,用于提高設備準確性、響應速度及穩定性;汽車工業領域的驅動電機、制動系統、電動風扇等,降低能量損失、延長電池壽命;家用電力領域的空調、洗衣機、吸塵器等;動力工具領域的手持電鉆、磨削機等。串勵串勵直流電機的勵磁繞組與電樞
13、繞組串聯后,再接于直流電源。類似這樣的直流電機的勵磁電流即為電樞電流。并勵并勵直流電機的勵磁繞組與電樞繞組相并聯。并勵發電機和并勵電動機不同的點是,前者由電機本身發出的端電壓為繞組供電,但后者勵磁繞組與電樞共用同一電源。他勵他勵直流電機的勵磁繞組與電樞繞組無聯接關系,而由其他直流電源對勵磁繞組供電的直流電機并稱為他勵直流電機。他勵直流電動機從性能上講與并勵電動機相同。24 Apr 2023 4 Table_header1 中國有色金屬中國有色金屬 復勵復勵直流電機有并勵和串勵兩個勵磁繞組。根據其串勵繞組產生的磁通勢與并勵繞組產生的磁通勢的方向是否相同可以區分復勵方式,方向相同稱為積復勵,兩個磁
14、通勢方向相反,則稱為差復勵。無刷直流電機無刷直流電機 無刷電機在某些領域也稱直流變頻電機(BLDC),由于無刷電機無需使用電刷或換向器即可實現換向,所以采用電子換向(霍爾傳感器)檢測永磁體位置,引導電流流過驅動器根據檢測到的磁極位置繞組。永磁鐵可以在線圈外部也可以在線圈內部,于是有了外轉子無刷電機和內轉子無刷電機之分。無刷電機構造與永磁同步電機相同。不過,單個的無刷電機不是一套完整的動力系統,無刷基本必須通過無刷控制器也就是電調的控制才能實現連續不斷的運轉。真正決定其使用性能的還是無刷電子調速器(也就是電調)。無刷電機的驅動電流一般有兩種,方波和正弦波。前一種可以稱為直流無刷電機,而后一種屬于
15、交流伺服電機。2)交流電機交流電機 三相交流三相交流異步電機異步電機 三相交流電機分為同步電機和異步電機,同步電機多用于發電機,異步電機多用于電動機。三相異步電機主要有鼠籠式和繞線式兩種。電機的外殼是定子,三相定子繞組(各相差 120 度電角度),通入三相交流電后,將產生一個旋轉磁場,該旋轉磁場切割轉子繞組來發電。異步電機的轉子閉合線圈切割旋轉磁場,最終變成一個電磁鐵,將跟隨定子磁場旋轉,所以轉子的轉速必然小于定子的旋轉磁場,這樣才能切割磁感線。即轉子的異步轉速小于同步轉速,轉子與定子磁場存在轉速差,所以稱之為異步電機。圖圖4 三相異步電機分類三相異步電機分類 資料來源:驅動世界,海通國際 三
16、相交流三相交流同步電機同步電機 如果讓轉子速度等于定子磁場旋轉速度,就成為了同步電機,此時就需要把定子變成一個電磁鐵或永磁鐵,即給定子通電,此時不需要再切割磁感線就能旋轉,旋轉速度與磁場旋轉速度相同,即形成同步電機。同步電機轉子結構比異步電機復雜,價格高,在生產生活中應用不如異步電機廣泛,主要用作發電機上,現在火電站,水電站、汽輪機、水輪機基本都是同步電機。24 Apr 2023 5 Table_header1 中國有色金屬中國有色金屬 國內大部分車商和國外部分車商都采用永磁同步電動機作為驅動的核心。電機主要由定子、轉子以及機械結構組成。圖圖5 異步電機與永磁同步電機特點異步電機與永磁同步電機
17、特點 優點優點 缺點缺點 異步電機異步電機 廉價 效率低 結構簡單 調速困難 可靠性高 啟動時電流大 永磁同步電機永磁同步電機 體積小 原材料昂貴 效率高 適應性差 不易造成轉速損耗 速度增加時容易退磁 資料來源:海通國際 稀土資源是永磁材料的原材料,而國外稀土礦屬于極為稀缺資源,但中國擁有的稀土資源占全球總儲量的 70%以上,是世界著名的“稀土王國”,全世界的永磁同步電動機所需稀土材料大部分都靠我國出口,這是我國本土車企的天然優勢。圖圖6 代表性車企搭載車用電機情況代表性車企搭載車用電機情況 主流企業主流企業 車輛型號車輛型號 前置電機、功率前置電機、功率/kW 后置電機、功率后置電機、功率
18、/kW 特斯拉特斯拉 Model 3 異步電機 137 永磁電機 202 Model Y 異步電機 137 永磁電機 180、202 Model S 永磁電機 205 異步電機 210、375 Model X 永磁電機 205 異步電機 210、375 奔馳奔馳 EQC 交流異步 150 異步電機 150 理想理想/永磁電機 130 永磁電機 200 蔚來蔚來 ES 6 永磁電機 160 異步電機 240 ES 8 永磁電機 160 異步電機 240 ET 7 永磁電機 180 異步電機 300 比亞迪比亞迪 唐 DM&EV 永磁電機 160 永磁電機 200 漢 EV 永磁電機 163 永磁
19、電機 200 資料來源:各車企官網,海通國際 圖圖7 永磁同步電機構造圖永磁同步電機構造圖 圖圖8 永磁同步電機的定子和轉子構造圖永磁同步電機的定子和轉子構造圖 資料來源:搜狐汽車,海通國際 資料來源:鵬芃科藝,海通國際 24 Apr 2023 6 Table_header1 中國有色金屬中國有色金屬 特斯拉在自動駕駛就研發了 IPM-SynRM,是內置永磁體的同步磁阻電機。永磁同步電機不適合在高速下使用。大型機械設備通常使用同步磁阻電機,在轉子中嵌入鐵,使轉子處于低磁阻狀態,適合高速運轉。因此,特斯拉將這兩種電機結合,永磁體代替鐵嵌入轉子,結合了共同的優點。在低速時它能作為永磁電機運轉,在高
20、速時又是一臺磁阻電機,改善了電子線圈切割轉子磁場的情況。單相交流串勵電機(有刷)單相交流串勵電機(有刷)單相交流串勵電動機,俗稱串勵電機或通用電機,電樞繞組和勵磁繞組串聯在一起工作。單相串勵電動機的優點是由于它轉速高、起動力矩大、體積小、重量輕、不容易堵轉、適用電壓范圍很廣,可以用調壓的方法來調速,簡單且易于實現。單相串勵電機的定子鐵心必須由硅鋼片疊壓而成,定子繞組是由圓漆包線繞制的集中繞組,與電樞繞組串聯,轉子的電樞繞組是由圓漆包線繞組的單迭繞組。單相串勵電機的調速,大多數采用調節電壓的方法,就是改變電動勢。單相交流串勵電機(有刷)主要應用在電動工具中,如角磨機、手電鉆等。單相單相交流鼠籠式
21、電機(無刷)交流鼠籠式電機(無刷)單相交流鼠籠式電機在結構上酷似鼠輪,由此得名鼠籠式電機。單相電流通過電樞繞組時產生的是脈振磁場而不是旋轉磁場,所以單相異步電動機不能自起動。為了解決起動問題,單相交流供電的異步電動機實際上往往做成兩相的。主繞組由單相電源直接供電;副繞組在空間上與主繞組差 90(電角度,等于機械角度被電動機磁極對數除)。副繞組串聯電容或電阻后再接到單相交流電源,使其中通過的電流和主繞組中的電流有一定的相位差。使合成磁場成橢圓形旋轉磁場,甚至可能接近于圓形旋轉磁場。電動機因此獲得起動轉矩。利用電阻分相方法的電動機價格低廉,例如副繞組用較細的導線繞制即可,但分相效果較差,且電阻上要
22、消耗能量。除此之外,為使分相異步電動機獲得較好的起動性或較好的運行特性,所需的電容可分為電容運轉、電容起動和雙值電容三種。圖圖9 單相交流電機分類單相交流電機分類 資料來源:驅動世界,海通國際 24 Apr 2023 7 Table_header1 中國有色金屬中國有色金屬 2.3 控制電機控制電機 控制電機包含伺服電機,步進電機,信號電機等。1)直流伺服直流伺服電機電機 直流伺服電動機,分為有刷直流伺服電機和無刷直流伺服電機。有刷直流伺服電機,優點是成本低,結構簡單,啟動轉矩大,速度調節范圍寬,控制容易,維護方便。缺點是會產生電磁干擾,對環境有要求。無刷直流伺服電機,具備體積小,重量輕,出力
23、大,轉動平滑,力矩穩定,高速且靈敏等優勢,容易實現智能化,其電子換相方式靈活,可以方波換相或正弦波換相。電機免維護,不存在碳刷損耗的情況,效率很高,運行溫度低,不易產生火花,噪音小,電磁輻射小,壽命相對較長。應用場景方面,有刷直流伺服電機由于其成本較低,可用于對成本敏感的普通工業和民用場合。無刷直流伺服電機憑借其結構簡單、運行可靠且效率高、調速性能好等特點,適用于各種對精度要求高的場合。2)交流伺服電機交流伺服電機 交流伺服電動機,包括同步型交流伺服電動機及異步型交流伺服電動機等。異步型交流伺服電動機有三相和單相之分,通常多用鼠籠式三相感應電動機,主要為了使伺服電動機具有較寬的調速范圍和快速響
24、應的性能。其優點為結構簡單,質量輕,噪聲小,省去了昂貴的永磁體,價格相對便宜。缺點為難以實現平滑調整速度,控制系統成本高。同步型交流伺服電動機的復雜程度介于感應電動機與直流電動機二者之間。其定子裝有對稱三相繞組,轉子由繞組形成的電磁鐵構成,根據結構不同分為電磁式及非電磁式兩大類。其無需勵磁電流,沒有勵磁損耗,提高了電動機的效率和功率密度。應用場景方面,交流伺服電動機憑借其速度高、慣量小、轉動平滑、力矩穩定等特點,多用于如印刷設備,激光加工,機器人,機床設備,機械手,自動化生產線等對位置、控制精度、速度、力矩有較高要求的領域。3)步進電動機步進電動機 步進電動機,將電脈沖信號轉變為角位移或線位移
25、的開環控制元件,包括永磁式(PM)、反應式(VR)和混合式(HB)。反應式步進一般為三相,可實現大轉矩輸出,步進角一般為 1.5 度,但噪聲大、振動幅度大,已在 80 年代被歐美等發達國家淘汰;混合式步進是指混合了永磁式和反應式的優點,分為兩相、三相和五相,是工業運動控制運用最常見的電機。當步進驅動器接收到一個脈沖信號,就會驅動步進電機按設定的方向轉動固定角度。步進電機沒有電刷、維護方便、壽命長,停止、正轉、反轉容易控制;控制精度由相數、拍數決定;低速時易出現低頻振動現象,運轉平穩性不足;輸出力矩隨轉速升高而下降,一般不具備過載能力;加速性能欠佳,不適用于快速啟動場合。其廣泛應用于ATM機、噴
26、繪機、刻字機、寫真機、噴涂設備、醫療儀器及設備、計算機外設及海量存儲設備、精密儀器、工業控制系統、辦公自動化、機器人等領域,特別適合要求運行平穩、低噪音、響應快、使用壽命長、高輸出扭矩的應用場合。24 Apr 2023 8 Table_header1 中國有色金屬中國有色金屬 圖圖10 24/48/72VDC 低壓直流伺服電機圖低壓直流伺服電機圖 資料來源:中國制造網,海通國際 圖圖11 交流伺服電機組成及結構圖交流伺服電機組成及結構圖 資料來源:電工之家,海通國際 3.電機行業產業鏈電機行業產業鏈 3.1 電機行業產業鏈梳理電機行業產業鏈梳理 我國電機的上游主要為絕緣體、電解銅、電工用硅鋼和
27、合金鋼等原材料;中游為電機制造;下游為電機應用領域,包括水務設備、電力設備、風電設備、火電設備和家電設備等。圖圖12 電機行業產業鏈電機行業產業鏈 資料來源:前瞻產業研究院,海通國際 24 Apr 2023 9 Table_header1中國有色金屬中國有色金屬 上游行業中的原材料價格變動與電機企業的產品定價政策、成本水平、銷售業績有較大影響,關聯度較高。目前,電機產品主要原材料是電解銅、硅鋼、碳結鋼等,這些行業的技術工藝成熟、市場競爭充分、產品供應充足,能夠較好的滿足電機行業的生產經營需求,為電機行業的可持續發展提供了重要保障。下游電機產品廣泛應用于國民經濟的各個領域,特別是大中型電機,廣泛
28、應用于冶金、水利、石化、建材、風電等行業。相關產業的快速發展,為電機行業提供了廣闊的市場空間,促進了整個電機行業的有序發展。根據中國企業數據庫企查貓,目前中國電機企業主要分布在江蘇省和山東省。截至 2023 年 2 月,江蘇省共有相關工業電機企業超過 3700 家,江蘇省工業電機企業約為 3400 家。從中國工業電機供給主體區域分布來看,江蘇省和山東省電機企業數量相對較高。3.2 國內外驅動電機競爭力比較國內外驅動電機競爭力比較 圖圖13 驅動電機發展關鍵驅動電機發展關鍵 資料來源:前瞻產業研究院,海通國際 從原材料看,釹鐵硼永磁材料屬于我國優勢資源,硅鋼也基本可以用國產產品替代,作為我國傳統
29、制造業,定轉子生產廠商眾多,總體來看國內驅動電機原材料具有明顯優勢。從制造工藝和設備來看,國內企業不如國外企業成熟,我國的加工技術與日本、意大利、德國等國家有一定差距;但我國設備性價比更高,產業工人價格也更低,且國內企業進步很快,我國的制造工藝發展越來越好,向國內制作替代國外靠近。從設計、材料工藝整合來看,雖然裝備制造能力與國外有一定差距,但從設計上看國內企業,尤其近年來,并不遜色國外企業;下一階段中行業會更加需要能從材料、設計到工藝完成很好結合的綜合實力較強的企業。當前驅動電機行業競爭激烈,無論是國內市場還是國際市場,價格戰逐漸成為常態趨勢,尤其是在整車廠規定電機方案后同質化競爭愈演愈烈;在
30、這種情景下,驅動電機廠商必須抓住在技術更新迭代的機會,及時布局扁線電機等技術風口,才能沖出重圍,在下一階段競爭中搶占先機。24 Apr 2023 10 Table_header2中國有色金屬中國有色金屬 APPENDIX 1 Summary The report focuses on the field of electric motors,aiming to introduce the classification of electric motors and the main products of each category,analyze their respective charac
31、teristics,and sort out the industry chain.Motor is an electromagnetic mechanical device that utilizes the interaction between electricity and magnetism to achieve energy conversion and transmission.The broad definition of electric motors includes electric motors,generators,and special motors.Various
32、 types of electric motors are widely used in various sectors of the national economy and household appliances,mainly as power to drive various mechanical equipment.Motors can be mainly divided into power motors and control motors.Brushed DC motors have the advantages of high torque,simple structure,
33、easy maintenance(i.e.carbon brush replacement),and low cost.Permanent magnet synchronous motors and permanent magnet asynchronous motors in AC motors are commonly used in automotive motors.Permanent magnet synchronous motor means that the magnetic field generated after the coil on the stator is ener
34、gized can drive the permanent magnet(rotor)to rotate synchronously,and the speed of the rotor can also be the same as the speed of the rotating magnetic field,which is not easy to cause speed loss.The advantages are small size and high efficiency,but once the speed increases,the permanent magnet gen
35、erates a back electromotive force,leading to high temperature and strong vibration,which is easy to demagnetize.Therefore,it is not suitable for use at high speeds.Control motors can also be divided into servo motors,stepper motors,and signal motors.The changes in raw material prices in the upstream
36、 industries of the motor industry chain have a significant impact on the product pricing policies,cost levels,and sales performance of motor enterprises,with a high degree of correlation.At present,Chinese electrical machinery enterprises are mainly distributed in Jiangsu Province and Shandong Provi
37、nce.As of February 2023,there are over 3700 related industrial motor enterprises in Jiangsu Province,with approximately 3400 industrial motor enterprises in Jiangsu Province.From the regional distribution of industrial motor supply in China,the number of motor enterprises in Jiangsu and Shandong pro
38、vinces is relatively high.From the comparison of driving motor competitiveness,China has obvious advantages in raw materials.11 Table_APPENDIX Table_disclaimer 附錄附錄APPENDIX 重要信息披露重要信息披露 本研究報告由海通國際分銷,海通國際是由海通國際研究有限公司(HTIRL),Haitong Securities India Private Limited(HSIPL),Haitong International Japan K
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41、L分析師認證分析師認證Analyst Certification:我,吳旖婕,在此保證(i)本研究報告中的意見準確反映了我們對本研究中提及的任何或所有目標公司或上市公司的個人觀點,并且(ii)我的報酬中沒有任何部分與本研究報告中表達的具體建議或觀點直接或間接相關;及就此報告中所討論目標公司的證券,我們(包括我們的家屬)在其中均不持有任何財務利益。我和我的家屬(我已經告知他們)將不會在本研究報告發布后的3個工作日內交易此研究報告所討論目標公司的證券。I,Yijie Wu,certify that(i)the views expressed in this research report accu
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43、s of my household)have no financial interest in the security or securities of the subject companies discussed.I and my household,whom I have already notified of this,will not deal in or trade any securities in respect of the issuer that I review within 3 business days after the research report is pu
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46、ation is needed).海通證券股份有限公司和/或其子公司(統稱“海通”)在過去12個月內參與了601600.CH,603799.CH,600988.CH,300748.CH and 002594.CH的投資銀行項目。投資銀行項目包括:1、海通擔任上市前輔導機構、保薦人或主承銷商的首次公開發行項目;2、海通作為保薦人、主承銷商或財務顧問的股權或債務再融資項目;3、海通作為主經紀商的新三板上市、目標配售和并購項目。Haitong Securities Co.,Ltd.and/or its subsidiaries(collectively,the Haitong)have a role
47、 in investment banking projects of 601600.CH,603799.CH,600988.CH,300748.CH and 002594.CH within the past 12 months.The investment banking projects include 1.IPO projects in which Haitong acted as pre-listing tutor,sponsor,or lead-underwriter;2.equity or debt refinancing projects of 601600.CH,603799.
48、CH,600988.CH,300748.CH and 002594.CH for which Haitong acted as sponsor,lead-underwriter or financial advisor;3.listing by introduction in the new three board,target placement,M&A projects in which Haitong acted as lead-brokerage firm.601600.CH,603799.CH,600988.CH,300748.CH 及 002594.CH目前或過去12個月內是海通的
49、投資銀行業務客戶。601600.CH,603799.CH,600988.CH,300748.CH and 002594.CH are/were an investment bank clients of Haitong currently or within the past 12 months.山東黃金集團財務有限公司,000630.CH 及 002085.CH目前或過去12個月內是海通的客戶。海通向客戶提供非投資銀行業務的證券相關業務服務。山東黃金集團財務有限公司,000630.CH and 002085.CH are/were a client of Haitong currently
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51、within the past 12 months.The client has been provided for non-securities services.海通預計將(或者有意向)在未來三個月內從002738.CH獲得投資銀行服務報酬。Haitong expects to receive,or intends to seek,compensation for investment banking services in the next three months from 002738.CH.海通在過去的12個月中從荊門市格林美新材料有限公司,000630.CH,宜昌東陽光生化制藥有
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53、ies of 603993.CH.12 評級定義評級定義(從(從2020年年7月月1日開始執行)日開始執行):海通國際(以下簡稱“HTI”)采用相對評級系統來為投資者推薦我們覆蓋的公司:優于大市、中性或弱于大市。投資者應仔細閱讀HTI的評級定義。并且HTI發布分析師觀點的完整信息,投資者應仔細閱讀全文而非僅看評級。在任何情況下,分析師的評級和研究都不能作為投資建議。投資者的買賣股票的決策應基于各自情況(比如投資者的現有持倉)以及其他因素。分析師股票評級分析師股票評級 優于大市優于大市,未來12-18個月內預期相對基準指數漲幅在10%以上,基準定義如下 中性中性,未來12-18個月內預期相對基準
54、指數變化不大,基準定義如下。根據FINRA/NYSE的評級分布規則,我們會將中性評級劃入持有這一類別。弱于大市弱于大市,未來12-18個月內預期相對基準指數跌幅在10%以上,基準定義如下 各地股票基準指數:日本 TOPIX,韓國 KOSPI,臺灣 TAIEX,印度 Nifty100,美國 SP500;其他所有中國概念股 MSCI China.Ratings Definitions(from 1 Jul 2020):Haitong International uses a relative rating system using Outperform,Neutral,or Underperfor
55、m for recommending the stocks we cover to investors.Investors should carefully read the definitions of all ratings used in Haitong International Research.In addition,since Haitong International Research contains more complete information concerning the analysts views,investors should carefully read
56、Haitong International Research,in its entirety,and not infer the contents from the rating alone.In any case,ratings(or research)should not be used or relied upon as investment advice.An investors decision to buy or sell a stock should depend on individual circumstances(such as the investors existing
57、 holdings)and other considerations.Analyst Stock Ratings Outperform:The stocks total return over the next 12-18 months is expected to exceed the return of its relevant broad market benchmark,as indicated below.Neutral:The stocks total return over the next 12-18 months is expected to be in line with
58、the return of its relevant broad market benchmark,as indicated below.For purposes only of FINRA/NYSE ratings distribution rules,our Neutral rating falls into a hold rating category.Underperform:The stocks total return over the next 12-18 months is expected to be below the return of its relevant broa
59、d market benchmark,as indicated below.Benchmarks for each stocks listed region are as follows:Japan TOPIX,Korea KOSPI,Taiwan TAIEX,India Nifty100,US SP500;for all other China-concept stocks MSCI China.評級分布評級分布Rating Distribution 截至截至2023年年3月月31日海通國際股票研究評級分布日海通國際股票研究評級分布 優于大市優于大市 中性中性 弱于大市弱于大市(持有)海通國
60、際股票研究覆蓋率 89.6%9.2%1.2%投資銀行客戶*5.2%6.4%9.5%*在每個評級類別里投資銀行客戶所占的百分比。上述分布中的買入,中性和賣出分別對應我們當前優于大市,中性和落后大市評級。只有根據FINRA/NYSE的評級分布規則,我們才將中性評級劃入持有這一類別。請注意在上表中不包含非評級的股票。此前的評級系統定義(直至此前的評級系統定義(直至2020年年6月月30日):日):買入,未來12-18個月內預期相對基準指數漲幅在10%以上,基準定義如下中性,未來12-18個月內預期相對基準指數變化不大,基準定義如下。根據FINRA/NYSE的評級分布規則,我們會將中性評級劃入持有這一
61、類別。賣出,未來12-18個月內預期相對基準指數跌幅在10%以上,基準定義如下13 各地股票基準指數:日本 TOPIX,韓國 KOSPI,臺灣 TAIEX,印度 Nifty100;其他所有中國概念股 MSCI China.Haitong International Equity Research Ratings Distribution,as of Mar 31,2023 Outperform Neutral Underperform(hold)HTI Equity Research Coverage 89.6%9.2%1.2%IB clients*5.2%6.4%9.5%*Percentag
62、e of investment banking clients in each rating category.BUY,Neutral,and SELL in the above distribution correspond to our current ratings of Outperform,Neutral,and Underperform.For purposes only of FINRA/NYSE ratings distribution rules,our Neutral rating falls into a hold rating category.Please note
63、that stocks with an NR designation are not included in the table above.Previous rating system definitions(until 30 Jun 2020):BUY:The stocks total return over the next 12-18 months is expected to exceed the return of its relevant broad market benchmark,as indicated below.NEUTRAL:The stocks total retu
64、rn over the next 12-18 months is expected to be in line with the return of its relevant broad market benchmark,as indicated below.For purposes only of FINRA/NYSE ratings distribution rules,our Neutral rating falls into a hold rating category.SELL:The stocks total return over the next 12-18 months is
65、 expected to be below the return of its relevant broad market benchmark,as indicated below.Benchmarks for each stocks listed region are as follows:Japan TOPIX,Korea KOSPI,Taiwan TAIEX,India Nifty100;for all other China-concept stocks MSCI China.海通國際非評級研究:海通國際非評級研究:海通國際發布計量、篩選或短篇報告,并在報告中根據估值和其他指標對股票進
66、行排名,或者基于可能的估值倍數提出建議價格。這種排名或建議價格并非為了進行股票評級、提出目標價格或進行基本面估值,而僅供參考使用。Haitong International Non-Rated Research:Haitong International publishes quantitative,screening or short reports which may rank stocks according to valuation and other metrics or may suggest prices based on possible valuation multiples
67、.Such rankings or suggested prices do not purport to be stock ratings or target prices or fundamental values and are for information only.海通國際海通國際A股覆蓋股覆蓋:海通國際可能會就滬港通及深港通的中國A股進行覆蓋及評級。海通證券(600837.CH),海通國際于上海的母公司,也會于中國發布中國A股的研究報告。但是,海通國際使用與海通證券不同的評級系統,所以海通國際與海通證券的中國A股評級可能有所不同。Haitong International Cove
68、rage of A-Shares:Haitong International may cover and rate A-Shares that are subject to the Hong Kong Stock Connect scheme with Shanghai and Shenzhen.Haitong Securities(HS;600837 CH),the ultimate parent company of HTISG based in Shanghai,covers and publishes research on these same A-Shares for distri
69、bution in mainland China.However,the rating system employed by HS differs from that used by HTI and as a result there may be a difference in the HTI and HS ratings for the same A-share stocks.海通國際海通國際優質優質100 A股股(Q100)指數指數:海通國際Q100指數是一個包括100支由海通證券覆蓋的優質中國A股的計量產品。這些股票是通過基于質量的篩選過程,并結合對海通證券 A股團隊自下而上的研究。海
70、通國際每季對Q100指數成分作出復審。Haitong International Quality 100 A-share(Q100)Index:HTIs Q100 Index is a quant product that consists of 100 of the highest-quality A-shares under coverage at HS in Shanghai.These stocks are carefully selected through a quality-based screening process in combination with a review
71、of the HS A-share teams bottom-up research.The Q100 constituent companies are reviewed quarterly.MSCI ESG評級免責聲明條款:評級免責聲明條款:盡管海通國際的信息供貨商(包括但不限于MSCI ESG Research LLC及其聯屬公司(ESG方)從其認為可靠的來源獲取信息(信息),ESG方均不擔?;虮WC此處任何數據的原創性,準確性和/或完整性,并明確表示不作出任何明示或默示的擔保,包括可商售性和針對特定目的的適用性。該信息只能供閣下內部使用,不得以任何形式復制或重新傳播,并不得用作任何金融工
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76、tified of the possibility of such damages.盟浪義利(盟浪義利(FIN-ESG)數據通免責聲明條款:)數據通免責聲明條款:在使用盟浪義利(FIN-ESG)數據之前,請務必仔細閱讀本條款并同意本聲明:第一條 義利(FIN-ESG)數據系由盟浪可持續數字科技有限責任公司(以下簡稱“本公司”)基于合法取得的公開信息評估而成,本公司對信息的準確性及完整性不作任何保證。對公司的評估結果僅供參考,并不構成對任何個人或機構投資建議,也不能作為任何個人或機構購買、出售或持有相關金融產品的依據。本公司不對任何個人或機構投資者因使用本數據表述的評估結果造成的任何直接或間接損
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82、e other data that contains inconsistent contents ordifferent conclusions without notification.Unless expressly stated,the data(e.g.,financial performance data)represents past performance only and the past performance cannot be viewed as theprediction of future return.3.The copyright of this data bel
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86、cy Policy of Susallwave Website),it should be executed according to other agreements.If there is any difference between this disclaim and other agreements,this disclaimer shall be applied.重要免責聲明:重要免責聲明:非印度證券的研究報告:非印度證券的研究報告:本報告由海通國際證券集團有限公司(“HTISGL”)的全資附屬公司海通國際研究有限公司(“HTIRL”)發行,該公司是根據香港證券及期貨條例(第 571
87、 章)持有第 4 類受規管活動(就證券提供意見)的持牌法團。該研究報告在 HTISGL 的全資附屬公司 Haitong International(Japan)K.K.(“HTIJKK”)的協助下發行,HTIJKK 是由日本關東財務局監管為投資顧問。印度證券的研究報告:印度證券的研究報告:本報告由從事證券交易、投資銀行及證券分析及受 Securities and Exchange Board of India(“SEBI”)監管的 Haitong Securities India Private Limited(“HTSIPL”)所發行,包括制作及發布涵蓋 BSE Limited(“BSE”)
88、和 National Stock Exchange of India Limited(“NSE”)上市公司(統稱為印度交易所)的研究報告。HTSIPL 于 2016 年 12 月 22 日被收購并成為海通國際證券集團有限公司(“HTISG”)的一部分。所有研究報告均以海通國際為名作為全球品牌,經許可由海通國際證券股份有限公司及/或海通國際證券集團的其他成員在其司法管轄區發布。本文件所載信息和觀點已被編譯或源自可靠來源,但 HTIRL、HTISCL 或任何其他屬于海通國際證券集團有限公司(“HTISG”)的成員對其準確性、完整性和正確性不做任何明示或暗示的聲明或保證。本文件中所有觀點均截至本報告
89、日期,如有更改,恕不另行通知。本文件僅供參考使用。文件中提及的任何公司或其股票的說明并非意圖展示完整的內容,本文件并非/不應被解釋為對證券買賣的明示或暗示地出價或征價。在某些司法管轄區,本文件中提及的證券可能無法進行買賣。如果投資產品以投資者本國貨幣以外的幣種進行計價,則匯率變化可能會對投資產生不利影響。過去的表現并不一定代表將來的結果。某些特定交易,包括設計金融衍生工具的,有產生重大風險的可能性,因此并不適合所有的投資者。您還應認識到本文件中的建議并非為您量身定制。分析師并未考慮到您自身的財務情況,如您的財務狀況和風險偏好。因此您必須自行分析并在適用的情況下咨詢自己的法律、稅收、會計、金融和
90、其他方面的專業顧問,以期在投資之前評估該項建議是否適合于您。若由于使用本文件所載的材料而產生任何直接或間接的損失,HTISG 及其董事、雇員或代理人對此均不承擔任何責任。除對本文內容承擔責任的分析師除外,HTISG 及我們的關聯公司、高級管理人員、董事和雇員,均可不時作為主事人就本文件所述的任何證券或衍生品持有長倉或短倉以及進行買賣。HTISG 的銷售員、交易員和其他專業人士均可向 HTISG 的相關客戶和公司提供與本文件所述意見相反的口頭或書面市場評論意見或交易策略。HTISG 可做出與本文件所述建議或意見不一致的投資決策。但 HTIRL 沒有義務來確保本文件的收件人了解到該等交易決定、思路
91、或建議。請訪問海通國際網站,查閱更多有關海通國際為預防和避免利益沖突設立的組織和行政安排的內容信息。非美國分析師披露信息:非美國分析師披露信息:本項研究首頁上列明的海通國際分析師并未在 FINRA 進行注冊或者取得相應的資格,并且不受美國FINRA 有關與本項研究目標公司進行溝通、公開露面和自營證券交易的第 2241 條規則之限制。IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER For research reports on non-Indian securities:The research report is issued by Haitong International Research Li
92、mited(“HTIRL”),a wholly owned subsidiary of Haitong International Securities Group Limited(“HTISGL”)and a licensed corporation to carry on Type 4 regulated activity(advising on securities)for the purpose of the Securities and Futures Ordinance(Cap.571)of Hong Kong,with the assistance of Haitong Inte
93、rnational(Japan)K.K.(“HTIJKK”),a wholly owned subsidiary of HTISGL and which is regulated as an Investment Adviser by the Kanto Finance Bureau of Japan.For research reports on Indian securities:The research report is issued by Haitong Securities India Private Limited(“HSIPL”),an Indian company and a
94、 Securities and Exchange Board of India(“SEBI”)registered Stock Broker,Merchant Banker and Research Analyst that,inter alia,produces and distributes research reports covering listed entities on the BSE Limited(“BSE”)and the National Stock Exchange of India Limited(“NSE”)(collectively referred to as“
95、Indian Exchanges”).HSIPL was acquired and became part of the Haitong International Securities Group of Companies(“HTISG”)on 22 December 2016.All the research reports are globally branded under the name Haitong International and approved for distribution by Haitong International Securities Company Li
96、mited(“HTISCL”)and/or any other members within HTISG in their respective jurisdictions.The information and opinions contained in this research report have been compiled or arrived at from sources believed to be reliable and in good faith but no representation or warranty,express or 15 implied,is mad
97、e by HTIRL,HTISCL,HSIPL,HTIJKK or any other members within HTISG from which this research report may be received,as to their accuracy,completeness or correctness.All opinions expressed herein are as of the date of this research report and are subject to change without notice.This research report is
98、for information purpose only.Descriptions of any companies or their securities mentioned herein are not intended to be complete and this research report is not,and should not be construed expressly or impliedly as,an offer to buy or sell securities.The securities referred to in this research report
99、may not be eligible for purchase or sale in some jurisdictions.If an investment product is denominated in a currency other than an investors home currency,a change in exchange rates may adversely affect the investment.Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results.Certain transacti
100、ons,including those involving derivatives,give rise to substantial risk and are not suitable for all investors.You should also bear in mind that recommendations in this research report are not tailor-made for you.The analyst has not taken into account your unique financial circumstances,such as your
101、 financial situation and risk appetite.You must,therefore,analyze and should,where applicable,consult your own legal,tax,accounting,financial and other professional advisers to evaluate whether the recommendations suits you before investment.Neither HTISG nor any of its directors,employees or agents
102、 accepts any liability whatsoever for any direct or consequential loss arising from any use of the materials contained in this research report.HTISG and our affiliates,officers,directors,and employees,excluding the analysts responsible for the content of this document,will from time to time have lon
103、g or short positions in,act as principal in,and buy or sell,the securities or derivatives,if any,referred to in this research report.Sales,traders,and other professionals of HTISG may provide oral or written market commentary or trading strategies to the relevant clients and the companies within HTI
104、SG that reflect opinions that are contrary to the opinions expressed in this research report.HTISG may make investment decisions that are inconsistent with the recommendations or views expressed in this research report.HTI is under no obligation to ensure that such other trading decisions,ideas or r
105、ecommendations are brought to the attention of any recipient of this research report.Please refer to HTIs website for further information on HTIs organizational and administrative arrangements set up for the prevention and avoidance of conflicts of interest with respect to Research.Non U.S.Analyst D
106、isclosure:The HTI analyst(s)listed on the cover of this Research is(are)not registered or qualified as a research analyst with FINRA and are not subject to U.S.FINRA Rule 2241 restrictions on communications with companies that are the subject of the Research;public appearances;and trading securities
107、 by a research analyst.分發和地區通知:分發和地區通知:除非下文另有規定,否則任何希望討論本報告或者就本項研究中討論的任何證券進行任何交易的收件人均應聯系其所在國家或地區的海通國際銷售人員。香港投資者的通知事項:香港投資者的通知事項:海通國際證券股份有限公司(“HTISCL”)負責分發該研究報告,HTISCL是在香港有權實施第1類受規管活動(從事證券交易)的持牌公司。該研究報告并不構成證券及期貨條例(香港法例第571章)(以下簡稱“SFO”)所界定的要約邀請,證券要約或公眾要約。本研究報告僅提供給SFO所界定的“專業投資者”。本研究報告未經過證券及期貨事務監察委員會的審查
108、。您不應僅根據本研究報告中所載的信息做出投資決定。本研究報告的收件人就研究報告中產生或與之相關的任何事宜請聯系HTISCL銷售人員。美國投資者的通知事項:美國投資者的通知事項:本研究報告由HTIRL,HSIPL或HTIJKK編寫。HTIRL,HSIPL,HTIJKK以及任何非HTISG美國聯營公司,均未在美國注冊,因此不受美國關于研究報告編制和研究分析人員獨立性規定的約束。本研究報告提供給依照1934年“美國證券交易法”第15a-6條規定的豁免注冊的美國主要機構投資者(“Major U.S.Institutional Investor”)和機構投資者(”U.S.Institutional In
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