1、RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORTENERGY DEMAND?MODUL OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?MODUL OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?MODUL OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?MODUL OVERVIEWPO

2、LICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?COLLECTION2023EXECUTIVE DIRECTORRana Adib REN21PRESIDENTArthouros ZervosREN21 MEMBERSMEMBERS AT LARGEMichael EckhartDavid Hales Kirsty Hamilton Peter RaeArthouros ZervosGOVERNMENTSAfghanistan AustraliaAustriaBrazilDenmark Dominican Republ

3、icGermanyIndiaMexicoNorwayRepublic of KoreaSouth Africa South Australia SpainUnited Arab EmiratesUnited States of AmericaSCIENCE AND ACADEMIAAEE Institute for Sustainable Technologies(AEE-INTEC)Council on Energy,Environment and Water(CEEW)Fundacin Bariloche(FB)International Institute for Applied Sys

4、tems Analysis(IIASA)International Solar Energy Society(ISES)National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)National Research University Higher School of Economics Russia(HSE)South African National Energy Development Institute(SANEDI)The Energy and Resources Institute(TERI)University of Technology Institu

5、te for Sustainable Futures(UTS)World Resources Institute(WRI)INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONSAfrica Minigrids Developers Association(AMDA)Alliance for Rural Electrification(ARE)American Council on Renewable Energy(ACORE)Associao Lusfona de Energias Renovveis(ALER)Associao Portuguesa de Energias Renovveis(APREN

6、)Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association(CREIA)Clean Energy Council(CEC)Euroheat&Power(EHP)European Heat Pump Association(EHPA)European Renewable Energies Federation(EREF)Global Off-Grid Lighting Association(GOGLA)Global Solar Council(GSC)Global Wind Energy Council(GWEC)Indian Renewable Ener

7、gy Federation(IREF)International Geothermal Association(IGA)International Hydropower Association(IHA)RE100/Climate Group RES4Africa Foundation SolarPower Europe(SPE)Union International de Transport Publique(UITP)World Bioenergy Association(WBA)World Wind Energy Association(WWEA)INTER-GOVERNMENTAL OR

8、GANISATIONSAsia Pacific Energy Research Center(APERC)Asian Development Bank(ADB)ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency(ECREEE)Electric Power Council of the Commonwealth of Independent States(EPC)European Commission(EC)Global Environment Facility(GEF)International Energy Agency(IEA)

9、International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA)Islamic Development Bank(IsDB)Organizacin Latinoamericana de Energa(OLADE)Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency(RCREEE)United Nations Development Programme(UNDP)United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP)United Nations Industrial Develo

10、pment Organization(UNIDO)World Bank(WB)NGOSAssociation Africaine pour lElectrification Rurale(Club-ER)CDP CLASPClean Cooking Alliance(CCA)Climate Action Network International(CAN-I)Coalition de Ciudades Capitales de las Americas(CC35)Energy CitiesEuropean Youth Energy Network(EYEN)Fundacin Renovable

11、s(FER)Global Forum on Sustainable Energy(GFSE)Global Womens Network for the Energy Transition(GWNET)Greenpeace International ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies(ISEP)International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC)Jeune Volontaires pour lEnvironne-ment(

12、JVE)Mali Folkecenter(MFC)Power for All Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership(REEEP)Renewable Energy Institute(REI)Renewables Grid Initiative(RGI)SLOCAT Partnership on Sustainable,Low Carbon Transport Solar Cookers International(SCI)Sustainable Energy for All(SEforAll)The Global 100%Rene

13、wable Energy Platform(Global 100%RE)World Council for Renewable Energy(WCRE)World Future Council(WFC)World Wide Fund for Nature(WWF)RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMANDFOREWORDA lot has changed in a decade.The past ten years have brought significant shifts in the renewable energy landscape.Renewables,once an

14、 emerging trend,have become a global necessity.Decision makers are finally acknowledging that a world fully energised by renewables is not only desirable but essential to bringing about prosperous economies,sustainable societies and equitable human development.This report presents the first modules

15、of the eight-piece Renewables 2023 Global Status Report(GSR)Collection.The Energy Demand modules on Buildings,Industry,Transport and Agriculture are a testament to the crucial role that energy-consuming sectors play in driving the transition to renewable energy.They underscore the importance of look

16、ing beyond the supply side and installed capacities,and recognising that accelerating the demand for renewables across these four sectors is critical.Without substantive progress on the demand side,it will be impossible to achieve the structural transformations needed to shift to a renewables-based

17、energy system,economy and society.With this report,REN21 continues to play a pivotal role in shaping the transition to sustainable energy sources and in bridging the gap between(renewable)energy supply and demand.The findings presented in the GSR Energy Demand modules represent an important step for

18、ward in understanding the full potential of renewables in meeting the worlds energy needs,as well as the persisting barriers.Renewables are the only energy sources compatible with the vision to“leave no one behind”.Demand sectors are steadily discovering that clean,affordable,secure and accessible e

19、nergy is key to leveraging for impact.For the first time,the world is using renewable energy solutions to overcome multiple global challenges simultaneously:economic instability,unprecedented energy crises,threats to peace and democracy,and the devastating socio-economic consequences of a global pan

20、demic.We need to harness the political momentum to accelerate this transition.We must build on each other to ensure that renewables are never left out from sustainable development conversations.We must make 2023 the year of renewables.REN21,in its role as knowledge broker for the renewable energy se

21、ctor,is ambitiously spearheading this global wave of change.Our goal is to amplify the voices of the multi-stakeholder community that we proudly represent.The GSR Energy Demand modules represent a collective effort of hundreds of collaborators who have worked meticulously to paint an accurate pictur

22、e of renewables today.I extend heartfelt thanks to the REN21 team,authors,special advisors and contributors who have brought their knowledge,time and dedication to producing this report.Your insights,passion and commitment have been instrumental in making the GSR Energy Demand modules a reality.I am

23、 confident that this report will serve as a valuable resource for policy makers,industry leaders and other stakeholders to inform decision making and drive the transition to a sustainable future for all a future powered by renewable energy.Sincerely,Rana Adib Executive Director,REN213RENEWABLES 2023

24、 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT-RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMANDModule Overview .17Policy .20Investment .24Market Developments .25Challenges and Opportunities .27Module Overview .29Policy .31Investment .32Market Developments .32Challenges and Opportunities .37Module Overview .39Policy .41Investment .44Market Devel

25、opments .46Challenges and Opportunities .49Module Overview .51Policy .53Investment .54Market Developments .55Challenges and Opportunities .57Foreword .03 Acknowledgements .08 RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMAND:GLOBAL TRENDS .10 BUILDINGS IN FOCUS AGRICULTURE IN FOCUS1650?MODUL OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKE

26、T DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?MODUL OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?TABLE OF CONTENTS TRANSPORT IN FOCUS38?MODUL OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?INDUSTRY IN FOCUS28?MODUL OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVEL

27、OPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?4R Energy Units and Conversion Factors R Data Collection and Validation R Methodological Notes R Glossary R List of Abbreviations Reference Tables can be accessed through the GSR 2023 Energy Demand Data Pack at R http:/ and questions are welcome and can be sent to

28、 .DISCLAIMER:REN21 releases issue papers and reports to emphasise the importance of renewable energy and to generate discussion on issues central to the promotion of renewable energy.While REN21 papers and reports have benefited from the considerations and input from the REN21 community,they do not

29、necessarily represent a consensus among network participants on any given point.Although the information given in this report is the best available to the authors at the time,REN21 and its participants cannot be held liable for its accuracy and correctness.The designations employed and the presentat

30、ion of material in the maps in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any region,country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,and is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory,to the delimitation of internati

31、onal frontiers or boundaries and to the name of any territory,city or area.REPORT CITATION REN21.2023.Renewables 2023 Global Status Report collection,Renewables in Energy Demand(Paris:REN21 Secretariat).ISBN 978-3-948393-07-6Endnotes .58 Photo Credits and Impressum .73FIGURESSNAPSHOTSLINKS TO MICROS

32、ITEFigure 1.Renewables in Energy Demand .10Figure 2.Number of Countries with Renewable Energy Regulatory Policies,by Demand Sector,20122022 .15Figure 3.Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption in Buildings,2010,2019 and 2020 .18Figure 4.Energy Consumption in Buildings by Major Country/Regio

33、n,2020 .18Figure 5.Energy Consumption for Heating in Buildings,by Source,2011 and 2021 .19Figure 6.Regulatory Policies in Buildings,by Building Type,as of End-2022 .22Figure 7.Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption in Industry,2010,2019 and 2020 .30Figure 8.Renewable Energy Share and Elec

34、trification Rates in Selected Industry Sub-Sectors,2020 .33Figure 9.Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption in Transport,2010,2019 and 2020 .40Figure 10.National and Sub-National Renewable Biofuel Mandates and Targets,as of End-2022 .41Figure 11.Targets for Renewable Power and Electric Veh

35、icles,as of End-2022 .42Figure 12.Investment in Electric Vehicles,by Major Country,2018-2022 .45Figure 13.Renewables in Transport by Region,2010-2019 .46Figure 14.Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption in Agriculture,2010,2019 and 2020 .52Figure 15.National and Sub-National Renewable Ener

36、gy Targets and Fiscal/Financial Policies in the Agriculture Sector,as of End-2022 .53Europe .21China .23South Africa .34Pakistan .36US-China .44Spain .48India .56TABLE OF CONTENTS?MODUL OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 2023 COLLECTION Renew

37、ables in ENERGY DEMAND5RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT-RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMANDREN21 is the only global community of actors from science,governments,NGOs and industry working collectively to drive the rapid uptake of renewables now!RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY NETWORK FOR THE 21st CENTURYREN21 wo

38、rks to build knowledge,shape dialogue and debate,and communicate these results to inform decision makers to strategically drive the deep transformations needed to make renewables the norm.We do this in close co-operation with the community,providing a platform for these stakeholders to engage and co

39、llaborate.REN21 also connects with non-energy players to grow the energy discourse,given the economic and social significance of energy.The most successful organisms,such as an octopus,have a decentralised intelligence and sensing function.This increases responsiveness to a changing environment.REN2

40、1 incarnates this approach.Our more than 4,000 community members guide our co-operative work.They reflect the vast array of backgrounds and perspectives in society.As REN21s eyes and ears,they collect information,share intelligence and make the renewable voice heard.REN21 takes all this information

41、to better understand the current thinking around renewables and change norms.Our publications are probably the worlds most comprehensive crowd-sourced reports on renewables.Each is a truly collaborative process of co-authoring,data collection and peer reviewing.6RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORTE

42、NERGY DEMAND?MODUL OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?MODUL OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?MODUL OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?MODUL OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHAL

43、LENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?COLLECTION2023CROWD-SOURCED DATA AND KNOWLEDGERENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 2023 COLLECTIONCROWD-SOURCED DATAAND KNOWLEDGESince 2005,REN21s Renewables Global Status Report(GSR)has spotlighted ongoing developments and emerging trends that shape the future of renewables.It i

44、s a collaborative effort involving hundreds of experts.This years edition(18th)has evolved in design and structure to reflect the fundamental changes in the global energy landscape.The new structure is in the form of a collection of five publications.In addition to presenting the trends in renewable

45、 energy supply,it also dives into the energy demand sectors,with dedicated modules on buildings,industry,transport and agriculture.It includes a publication on energy systems and infrastructure with renewables,as well as a publication on renewables for economic and social value creation,acknowledgin

46、g the key role that energy plays across economies and societies.Collectively these five publications offer readers a systemic global overview of the current uptake of renewables.This new structure makes the GSR a key tool in expanding the renewable energy discussion into key sectors and ecosystems,d

47、eveloping a shared language and driving a stronger integration of supply,demand,infrastructure,market and investment.For more information,see the Methodological Notes section on data collection and validation.REN21s data and knowledge collection method is built on a global multi-stakeholder communit

48、y of experts.It is validated in a collaborative and transparent open peer-review process.It is made openly available to develop a shared language that shapes the sectoral,regional and global debate on the energy transition.7RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT-RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMANDACKNOWLEDGEM

49、ENTSREN21 DATA AND KNOWLEDGE TEAMJad Baba Toma Cigut Yuko Komazawa Nathalie Ledanois Hend Yaqoob SPECIAL ADVISORSAdam Brown Janet L.SawinCHAPTER AUTHORSHind Couzin Lydia El Bouazzati Duncan Gibb Fanny Joubert Paloma Ruiz Kristin SeybothRESEARCH AND PROJECT SUPPORT (REN21 SECRETARIAT)Thomas AndrFayro

50、uz AtrakoutiTalia ContrerasAna Daz VidalStefanie GicquelVibhushree HamirwasiaChigozie Nweke-EzeJonas Reolon KremerBorana ResulajAndrea WainerLaura E.WilliamsonCOMMUNICATIONS SUPPORT (REN21 SECRETARIAT)Yasmine Abd-El-Aziz Elizabeth Canavan Mariela Lopez Hidalgo Hala Kilani Shiyao ZhangEDITING,DESIGN

51、AND LAYOUTLisa Mastny(Editor)weeks.de Werbeagentur GmbH(Design)PRODUCTIONREN21 Secretariat,Paris,FranceDATA AND PYTHON PROGRAMMINGNicolas Achury(independent consultant)LEAD TOPICAL CONTRIBUTORS AGRICULTUREPauline Hecker,Irini Maltsoglou,Manas Puri(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nati

52、ons FAO)BUILDINGSFemke de Jong(European Climate Foundation);Chiara Delmastro(International Energy Agency IEA);Adrien Hiel(Energy Cities);Takeshi Miyamori,Ji-Soo Yoon(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)INDUSTRYTareq Emtairah,Nurzat Myrsalieva(United Nations Industrial Development

53、Organization);Tomas Kberger(Renewable Energy Institute)INVESTMENTElizabeth Holley,Jordy Lee(Colorado School of Mines);Munira Raji(University of Plymouth)POLICYValerie Bennett(Ontario Energy Board);Richard Carlson(Pollution Probe);Julia Levin(Environmental Defense)TRANSPORTStefan Bakker(Netherlands I

54、nstitute for Transport Policy Analysis);Cornie Huizenga(Climate and Environment Service Group,Shanghai);Emilie Martin(Wuppertal Institute);Nikola Medimorec,Karl Peet(SLOCAT Partnership on Sustainable Low Carbon Transport);Leonardo Paoli,Per Anders Widell(IEA);Marion Vieweg(Current Future)Note:Some i

55、ndividuals have contributed in more than one way to this report.To avoid listing contributors multiple times,they have been added to the group where they provided the most information.In most cases,the lead topical contributors also participated in the Global Status Report(GSR)review and validation

56、process.?MODUL OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?8PEER REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORSMussa Abbasi Mussa(Ministry of Energy,Tanzania);Mohammed Abdalghafoor(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change);Abdenour Achour(Chalmers University of Technology)

57、;Damilola Adeyanju(Enel Foundation);Sanchit Saran Agarwal(The Energy and Resources Institute);Shakir Ali(Mehran UET);Akram Almohamadi(Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency RCREEE);Sami Alnabulsi(Beta-Blockers);Mohammad Alnajideen(Cardiff University);Patrick Atouda Beyala(SOAS Un

58、iversity of London);Ricardo Baitelo(Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente IEMA);Padmasai Lakshmi Bhamidipati(United Nations Environment Programme Copenhagen Climate Centre);Faiz Bhutta(ETRC contributor);Udochukwu Bola Akuru(Tshwane University of Technology);Wemogar Elijah Borweh(University of Liberia

59、);Elina Bosch(Becquerel Institute);Bernardo Carrillo;Myriam Castani(REScoop.eu);Sammy Jamar Chemengich(CLASP);David Clark(Kinetic Energy Generation Systems);Lanvin Concessao(World Resources Institute);Penelope Crossley(University of Sydney);Ashish Dhankhar(Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zus

60、ammenarbeit GIZ);Pedro Dias(Solar Heat Europe);Norbert Edomah(Pan-Atlantic University);Ahmed Elsayed(Egyptian Electricity Holding Company);Georgy Ermolenko(CIS Electric Power Council);Manuel Jos Espinosa(The Phoenix Group);Chioma Ewurum(Renewable Energy Association of Nigeria);Andr Ferreira(IEMA);Mi

61、ndy Fox(Solar Cookers International);Eduardo Garcia(Energy-W);Rosa Garcia(Sustainable Energy for All SEforALL);Genice Grande-Acosta(Institute of Renewable Energy,National Autonomous University of Mexico);Jenny Gregory(RACE for 2030 Cooperative Research Centres);Fsun Hakldr(Istanbul Bilgi University)

62、;Ian Hamilton(University College London);Fihiima Mohamed Hassan(Energy specialist);Frank Haugwitz(Asia Europe Clean Energy(Solar)Advisory Co.Ltd.);Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes(European Renewable Energies Federation);Catharina Horn(NOW GmbH);Abdulwahab Ibrahim(University of Ilorin,Nigeria);Neeraj Joshi(IP

63、C GmBH);Jzsef Kdr(Arava Institute for Environmental Studies);Maisarah Kadir(International Renewable Energy Agency);Brian Kawuma(Power for All);Mohamedahmed Khalifa(Khartoum Refinery Company Ltd);Nazar I.Khan(Jamia Millia Islamia);Shigeki Kobayashi(Transport Institute of Central Japan);Bharadwaj Kumm

64、amuru(World Bioenergy Association);Youness Lebtar(Mohamed the First University);Luca Lorenzoni(IEA);Detlef Loy(Loy Energy Consulting);Juan Roberto Lozano-Maya(National Energy Control Center CENACE);Jaideep Malaviya(Malaviya Solar Energy Consultancy);Vincent Martinez(Architecture 2030);Gonalo Martins

65、(Portuguese Association of Renewable Energy APREN);Leopoldo Mico(Solar Heat Europe/European Solar Thermal Industry Federation);Nyasha Milanzi(Ashesi University);Emi Mizuno(SEforALL);Lawal Mohammed(Energy Commission of Nigeria);Antonio Moreno-Munoz(University of Cordoba);Sabatha Mthwecu(Solar Rais);C

66、huck Chuan Ng(Xiamen University Malaysia);Diana Caroline Njama(Climate Tracker);Jesse Nyokabi(Quaise Energy Africa);Marisa Olano(IDAE);Vinicius Oliveira(IEMA);Ismail Owoseni(Innov8systems Venture);Giorgia Pasqualetto(SEforALL);Lebeau Pemha Thina(International Association for Partnership and Emergenc

67、e);Tran Phuong Dong(Transportation Sustainability Research Center);Joana Portugal Pereira(Federal University of Rio de Janeiro);Pallav Purohit(International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis);Shayan Razaghy(Circuit Energy Inc.);Ari Reeves(CLASP);Yasemin Erboy Ruff(CLASP);Khalid Salmi(RCREEE);He

68、ba Sharaf(Cairo University);Urooj Sheikh(Halcrow Pakistan);Irene Skoula(C40);Emilio Sobern Bravo(SFA Oxford/University of Edinburgh);Dosse Sossouga(Amis des Etrangers au Togo);William W.Steiner(Hawaii Oil Seed Producers);Satrio Swandiko Prillianto(GIZ);Jin Tanaka(UNISC International);Yael Taranto(SH

69、URA Energy Transition Center);Hannibal Tesfahunegn(Power for All);Costas Travasaros(Prime Laser Technology);Ulric Trotz(former Caribbean Climate Change Centre);Galyna Trypolska(SO Institute for Economics and Forecasting,Ukraine National Academy of Sciences);Loannis Tsipouridis(RED PRO Consultants);P

70、rachi Ugle(ESDW 2021);Peter Yang(Case Western Reserve University);Xia Zuzhang(FAO)This report was commissioned by REN21 and produced in collaboration with a global network of research partners.Financing was provided by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development(BMZ),the Ger

71、man Federal Ministry for Economic Affaires and Climate Action(BMWK)and the UN Environment Programme.A large share of the research for this report was conducted on a voluntary basis.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS9IndustryBuildingsTransportAgri-culture33%33%30%3%16.8%Renewableenergy 15.5%Renewableenergy 15.5%Renewa

72、bleenergy 4.1%Renewableenergy Total Final Energy Consumption and Total Modern Renewable Energy Consumption,by Sector,2020Electricity and Renewable Electricity Shares of TFEC by Sector,2010 and 2020 RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMANDTotal renewable energy demand grew 4.7%per year onaverage between 2010 and

73、2020The share of re-newable electricity in TFEC grew 3%in the last decade to reach 7%in 2020 Agriculture and transport havethe fastest yearly growth ratesof renewable energy adoption with more than7%As of 2022,94 countrieshad either a renewable energy policy or target in at least one demand sectorAs

74、 of 2022,3 countrieshad renewable energy targetsor policies inallfour demand sectorsPercent of total(%)3020100Electricity share Renewable electricity shareCompoundannualgrowth rate20102010 20202010 20202010201020202020201020102020202020102010202020202020201020201.6%5.4%2.5%4.3%6.1%7.9%7.0%3.5%Indust

75、ry BuildingsAgricultureTransportTotal Final Energy Consumption and Total Modern Renewable Energy Consumption,by Sector,2020Electricity and Renewable Electricity Shares of TFEC by Sector,2010 and 2020 RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMANDTotal renewable energy demand grew 4.7%per year onaverage between 2010 an

76、d 2020The share of re-newable electricity in TFEC grew 3%in the last decade to reach 7%in 2020 Agriculture and transport havethe fastest yearly growth ratesof renewable energy adoption with more than7%As of 2022,94 countrieshad either a renewable energy policy or target in at least one demand sector

77、As of 2022,3 countrieshad renewable energy targetsor policies inallTotal Final Energy Consumption and Total Modern Renewable Energy Consumption,by Sector,2020Electricity and Renewable Electricity Shares of TFEC by Sector,2010 and 2020 RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMANDTotal renewable energy demand grew 4.7

78、%per year onaverage between 2010 and 2020The share of re-newable electricity in TFEC grew 3%in the last decade to reach 7%in 2020 Agriculture and transport havethe fastest yearly growth ratesof renewable energy adoption with more than7%As of 2022,94 countrieshad either a renewable energy policy or t

79、arget in at least one demand sectorAs of 2022,3 countrieshad renewable energy targetsor policies inallFIGURE 1.RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT-RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMANDSource:See endnote 1 in Renewable in Energy Demand:Global Trends.Note:TFEC=Total Final Energy Consumption10Total Final Energy

80、 Consumption and Total Modern Renewable Energy Consumption,by Sector,2020Electricity and Renewable Electricity Shares of TFEC by Sector,2010 and 2020 RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMANDTotal renewable energy demand grew 4.7%per year onaverage between 2010 and 2020The share of re-newable electricity in TFEC

81、grew 3%in the last decade to reach 7%in 2020 Agriculture and transport havethe fastest yearly growth ratesof renewable energy adoption with more than7%As of 2022,94 countrieshad either a renewable energy policy or target in at least one demand sectorAs of 2022,3 countrieshad renewable energy targets

82、or policies inallGLOBAL TRENDSRENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMAND:GLOBAL TRENDS Energy Crisis and Inflation Starting in October 2021,the world experienced the impacts of a severe global energy crisis.2 Rapid economic rebound following the slowing of the COVID-19 pandemic led to tighter markets,and the energ

83、y crisis was further exacerbated in February 2022 after the Russian Federations invasion of Ukraine.3 Throughout 2022,energy prices in Europe and elsewhere skyrocketed to their highest levels since 2008.4 The International Energy Agency estimates that higher fossil fuel prices accounted for 90%of th

84、e increase in electricity prices in 2022,and that fossil gas prices alone accounted for more than half this rise.5 The rise in energy prices had strong inflationary impacts on all energy-consuming sectors in some cases pushing families into poverty,forcing factories to cut production and slowing eco

85、nomic growth across sectors.6 Because energy fuels all economic activity,it can affect the prices of goods from food to clothing to smartphones.7 High inflation became a global phenomenon during 2022,even if the effects were less visible in some parts of the world,such as Asia.8 In many countries,go

86、vernments sought alternative fossil fuel sources to restore disruptions to the energy supply or opted to heavily subsidise fossil fuels to shield consumers from price hikes;despite this,the uptake of renewables increased in all demand sectors.9 Overall,2022 was a year marked by energy crisis resulti

87、ng in high inflation globally,but it also was a year of accelerated deployment of renewables as different sectors found renewable energy sources to be reliable,stable and affordable.In direct response to rising inflation and energy costs,two major policy packages were introduced during the year:the

88、European Commissions REPowerEU plan and the Inflation Reduction Act(IRA)in the United States.10 Both packages aim to stimulate Energy prices reached their highest levels since 2008,impacting all energy-consuming sectors.11RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT-RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMANDeconomic growt

89、h via subsidy packages that target,among others,renewable energy production and use while boosting local industry.The REPowerEU plan was designed to curtail the effects of energy market disruption caused by the war in Ukraine.11 It tackles energy savings in all end-use sectors as well as diversifica

90、tion of the energy supply,while aiming to increase the production of renewable energy to 45%from the current 40%;the plan also includes an obligation to install rooftop solar on every public building by 2025.12 The plan commits a total investment of USD 222 billion during 2023-2027 to phase out foss

91、il fuel imports,including phasing out fossil gas in industrial and domestic uses and,over the long term,expanding renewable hydrogen in the steel industry.13 The IRA allocates USD 370 billion in new spending and tax credits and addresses all main energy demand sectors.14 In buildings and transport,i

92、t provides tax credits for electric vehicles,energy-efficient appliances,rooftop solar,geothermal heating and home batteries,and for the industry and agriculture sectors it provides tax incentives for private investment in renewables.15 Also in 2022,China published its 14th Five-Year Plan,and the co

93、untry is expected to contribute nearly half of all new renewable power capacity additions globally during 2022-2027.16 In early 2023,India announced one of the worlds most comprehensive plans for renewable hydrogen,including a USD 2.3 billion subsidy programme aimed at benefiting from cheap renewabl

94、e energy prices to produce renewable hydrogen for industry and transport.17Renewable energy is the forefront of policy responses to the twin crises of rising energy costs and inflation.12GLOBAL TRENDSPolicy TrendsOn the climate policy side,climate commitments expanded in 2022 and have targeted more

95、ambitious efforts to decarbonise energy use in the end-use sectors,with progress varying across sectors and regions.During the year,10 countries revised upwards their Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs)towards reducing emissions under the Paris Agreement.18 However,of the 193 countries that ha

96、ve signed the agreement and submitted NDCs,only 25 have set targets for net-zero emissions.19Climate policies need to translate into concrete enabling policies and mandates in all sectors.On the demand side,around 80 new renewable energy policies(mostly in the form of fiscal/financial incentives)wer

97、e announced in 2022,while regulatory policy announcements stagnated,bringing the total to 454 policies across sectors.20 These announcements were made in 49 countries,with more than half of the countries in Europe,8 in Latin America and the Caribbean,7 in Asia,4 in Africa,2 in Oceania and only 1 eac

98、h in North America and in the Middle East and North Africa.21 This amounts to a total of 94 countries that had either policies or targets in at least one end-use sector by years end(p see Figure 1);however,only 3 countries(Spain,Portugal and Trkiye)had targets or policies in all four end-use sectors

99、.22 In the buildingsi sector(commercial,residential and public facilities),52 countries had policies supporting the uptake of renewables as of the end of 2022.23 Such policies include incentives for the installation of renewable technologies(such as rooftop solar,solar water heaters,biomass boilers

100、and geothermal heat pumps)as well as mandates and targets banning the use of fossil fuels for heating in new and existing buildings.Policies were mostly in the form of fiscal/financial policies(45 countries),followed by regulatory policies(21 countries),although 14 countries had both regulatory and

101、fiscal/financial policies for renewables in buildings.24(p See Figure 2.)In the industry sector,no new policies for renewables have been announced since 2019.By the end of 2022,19 countries had policies that incentivise or mandate the use of renewables in industry.25 Nine countries had renewable ene

102、rgy mandates enforcing the installation of renewables in specific industry sub-sectors,12 countries had fiscal/financial incentives,and 2 countries(Spain and Trkiye)had both.26 A major policy announcement in 2022 was the European Unions(EU)Carbon Border Adjustment Agreement(CBAM),which includes a ca

103、rbon tax on imports to EU member countries.27 The aim is to impose carbon taxes starting in 2026 on imports related to electricity,hydrogen,steel,cement,fertilisers and aluminium.28 The CBAM will likely have adverse effects on Europes trade partners and is expected to speed decarbonisation of the in

104、dustrial sector globally.29In transport,despite having the lowest share of renewable energy across demand sectors,61 countries had renewable energy mandates or enabling policies as of the end of 2022.30 Most of these were biofuel blending mandates(56 countries)and either electric vehicle targets or

105、100%bans on internal combustion engine vehicles(23 countries).31 Only five countries Chile,Denmark,New Zealand,Sweden and the United Kingdom had both 100%renewable energy targets and 100%bans on internal combustion engine vehicles.32 Meanwhile,10 countries were pushed to reduce or suspend their biof

106、uel blending mandates in 2022,mostly in Europe but also in Latin America and the Caribbean.33In the agriculture sector,14 countries had targets and policies for renewables as of the end of 2022,with 7 of these countries announcing them during the year.34 All of the policies comprised either investme

107、nts,subsidies,grants or tax deductions,mostly for solar-powered irrigation and agrivoltaics.No new or existing regulatory policies for renewables in agriculture were observed.35i The number of countries with policies in buildings is not comparable to previous editions of the GSR because of a change

108、in methodology.In previous editions,buildings included industries.In the GSR 2023,these are treated separately.13RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT-RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMANDMarket Developments and TrendsThe risk of supply disruptions,as well as high fossil fuel price volatility,prompted more ene

109、rgy consumers worldwide to adopt on-site renewable energy systems and to switch to electrified technologies across the end-use sectors.36 In the buildings sector,2022 was a record year for heat pumps,with installations increasing a record 10%over 2021.37 This was most notable in Europe,with 38%growt

110、h in 2022,as households increasingly sought out efficient and reliable alternatives to fossil fuel heating.38 Rooftop solar also became more affordable and attractive to end-users following the increases in fossil fuel prices.39 (p See Snapshot:Europe,in the Buildings module.)Across Europe,energy-in

111、tensive industries were hit hardest by the energy crisis,with some industries cutting production and others considering relocation to reduce energy costs and boost security.40 These same concerns drove a 21%increase in the number of corporate power purchase agreements(PPAs)in 2022,to surpass the ins

112、talled capacity of utility PPAs by a record six times.41 Renewable-powered industrial parks also became more attractive,as they allow hedging from energy price volatility and the risks of supply disruption.42(p See Snapshot:South Africa,in the Industry module.)In the transport sector,energy costs in

113、creased for vehicle owners,freight operators and public transport services.43 In Europe,the energy bills for most public transport operators doubled in 2022.44 However,a few operators that had signed PPAs in previous years benefited from the stabilising effect that these agreements had on energy cos

114、ts.45 As the electrification of road transport continued,2022 was another record year for spending on electric vehicles and associated charging infrastructure,with investment in these areas rising 54%.46 Most of this growth was in Asia,with India doubling its electric vehicle spending during the yea

115、r.47 Asia is home to 93 of the worlds 100 most polluted cities and 6 of the top 10 countries most affected by climate risks,making electric vehicles an appealing option.48 Several Asian countries have adopted bans on vehicles with internal combustion engines,including the Republic of Korea(target ye

116、ar 2025),India(2030),China and Japan(2035)and the Philippines(a new ban in 2022 with a target of 2040).49In agriculture,the trend has been towards self-reliance and additional income generation,with agrivoltaics,geothermal and bioenergy taking growing shares of the sectors total final energy consump

117、tion.50 In Africa,Asia,and the Caribbean,decentralised renewables have become a go-to solution in agriculture to boost energy access,reduce fuel costs and save energy.51 Advancements range from technological developments in fishing vessels,gear and operations to the use of renewables in food product

118、ion and for affordable cooling and refrigeration.52(p See Snapshot:India,in the Agriculture module.)Solar water pumps have helped farmers boost productivity,with the Asia-Pacific region dominating this market.53 Renewable energy shares in all demand sectors saw record growth in 2022 as energy users

119、looked for affordable and secure energy sources.14GLOBAL TRENDSElectrification and Other TrendsRenewable energy shares increased in all four demand sectors in 2020,to reach 16.8%of energy consumption in industry,15.5%each in buildings and agriculture,and 4.1%in transport.54 However,overall energy us

120、e in these sectors has risen as well,with this growth still largely met by fossil fuels.55(p See Figure 1.)While total final energy consumption grew 16%overall during 2010-2020,it grew 18%in the transport sector,followed by agriculture(16%),industry(9%)and buildings(8%).56 At the same time,the risin

121、g share of electricity in the total final energy consumption of end-use sectors has enabled the higher integration of renewables.57(p See Figure 1.)The electrification of end-uses grew from a 15.3%share in 2010 to 17.7%in 2020.58 Agriculture is the most electrified sector,at 26.7%,followed by indust

122、ry(25.3%)and buildings(23.6%),with transport trailing well behind(only 1.4%).However,total electricity demand is still outpacing renewable electricity supply.In the last decade(2010-2020),60%of the increase in electricity demand was met by modern renewables.59The rising intensity and frequency of he

123、atwaves presents additional challenges to rapid electrification.60 Both India and China suffered significant heatwaves in the summer of 2022 that led to spikes in electricity demand,resulting in weeks-long blackouts and forcing some industries to cut production.61 Cooling is set to become a top driv

124、er of electricity demand in the coming years,especially in light of more-frequent heatwaves and rising household incomes in emerging economies.62 Three countries Barbados,Cambodia and Nigeria published National Cooling Action Plans in 2022,bringing to 14 the total number of countries with such plans

125、.63 Note:Poland announced a plan for a Social Contract for the Mining Industry in 2022,setting out a specific timetable for discontinuing hard coal mining at each production unit by the end of 2049.This policy is not in force yet and is included in the figure.The figure does not show all policy type

126、s in use.In many cases,countries have enacted additional fiscal incentives or public finance mechanisms to support renewables.A country is considered to have a policy(and is counted a single time)when it has at least one national-level policy in place.Policies for renewables in buildings apply for p

127、ower,heating and cooling,or transport(for example,installing solar panels on parking structures or vehicle charging infrastructure in new buildings).Other policies for buildings include mandates for water heating or renewable energy technology installation.Building types for which policies apply are

128、 residential,commercial and public facilities.Fossil fuel bans in buildings are excluded from this figure.Policies for renewables in transport include biofuel mandates(biodiesel,ethanol,undspecified and advanced biofuels)for road transport,aviation,rail and shipping.For more information,see Referenc

129、e Tables R1-R4 in the GSR 2023 Data Pack.Source:See endnote 23 for this module.6050403020100Number of Countries20202022201820162014201256 countries21 countries9 countries0 countriesFIGURE 2.Number of Countries with Renewable Energy Regulatory Policies and Mandates,by Demand Sector,2012-202215Electri

130、city met 35%of energy needs in buildings in 202175%of final energy consumed in buildings is used for space heating and hot waterRenewable electricity use in buildings grew from 6%to 10%between 2010 and 2020Around15%ofthe energy used in the worlds buildings comes from modern renewablesAround25 millio

131、n households worldwide have distributed(rooftop)solar PV?MODULE OVERVIEWBUILDINGS IN FOCUSBUILDINGS IN FOCUS Energy use in buildings accounted for around 30%of global final energy consumption in 2021,or around 132 exajoules(EJ).1 As such,buildings contribute greatly to greenhouse gas emissions.Burni

132、ng fossil fuels directlyi for heat in buildings including fossil gas in boilers,and oil and coal in furnaces generated 8%of energy-related carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions in 2021.2 Meanwhile,indirectly producing the electricity and heat used to provide hot water and thermal comfort,and to power applian

133、ces and other devices in buildings,contributed 19%of emissions.3 Together,these direct and indirect emissions grew 2%between 2019 and 2021.4 Energy use in buildings also results in local air pollution,with the residential sector releasing more than a third of all emissions of particulate matter 2.5.

134、5 The use of renewable electricity in buildings is provided mainly through the power grid,but a growing number of buildings are powered using on-site systems,including rooftop solar photovoltaics(PV).Renewable heat for space and water heating and for cooking can be provided by on-site renewable ener

135、gy systems such as solar thermal or by district energy networks or renewable electricity.Around 75%of the final energy consumed in buildings,and the associated emissions,are related to space and water heating.6 The remaining 25%is electricity used to power appliances,lighting and other electricity-b

136、ased services(excluding heating and cooling).7 In 2021,the demand for space cooling increased 6.5%over 2020 levels,representing the largest growth in demand among end-uses.8 Electricity use grew from 30%of the total energy use in buildings in 2011 to 35%in 2021.9 Modern renewables pro-vided around 1

137、5.5%of the energy used in the worlds buildings in 2020,up from 11.1%in 2010.10(p See Figure 3.)However,the share of renewables in buildings has grown more slowly than the renewable energy share overall.For example,the share of renewables in total electricity generation worldwide increased at an annu

138、al rate of 0.8%between 2010 and 2021(rising from 19.5%to 28.2%),yet the share of renewables used in buildings increased only 0.4%annually.11Energy consumption in buildings varies greatly around the world,including among the top ten energy-consuming countries.12(p See Figure 4.)In 2021,energy consump

139、tion in buildings rebounded above 2019 levels,following a drop in 2020 related to COVID-19 restrictions.13 The countries with the highest renewable shares in buildings in 2021 were Brazil(where Module Overview|Policy|Investment|Market Developments|Challenges&Opportunities i This module focuses on th

140、e direct use of energy in building operations,excluding energy used in the building construction industry and in the power and heat sector that supplies energy to buildings.In 2020,renewables provided around 15.5%of the energy used in buildings.17RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT-RENEWABLES IN EN

141、ERGY DEMANDExajoules(EJ)14012010080604020011.1%88.9%Non-renewable energy Non-renewable energy Non-renewable energy 85.3%84.5%14.7%15.5%201920202010Share ofrenewablesin buildingsSolar and geothermalheat9.8%RenewableelectricityModernbioenergy1.9%3.8%Energy Consumption in Buildings(EJ)20151050Tradition

142、al biomassModern renewablesShare ofmodernrenewablesin buildingsFossil fuels and other30%5%5%13%40%15%5%7%20%14%UnitedStatesChinaEU-27IndiaRussianFederationJapanCanadaUnitedKingdomRepublicof KoreaIndonesiaSource:See endnote 10 for this module.Source:IEA.See endnote 12 for this module.FIGURE 3.Renewab

143、le Share of Total Final Energy Consumption in Buildings,2010,2019 and 2020FIGURE 4.Energy Consumption in Buildings by Major Country/Region,2020The top ten countries represent 67%of the global energy consumption in buildings.18BUILDINGS IN FOCUSbioenergy is used for heating and cooking,and hydropower

144、 supplies large shares of electricity)and Canada(which relies heavily on electricity for heating and also has a high share of hydropower).14 France,Italy and Germany also had above-average renewable shares in buildings,due mainly to reliance on biomass for heat and,to a lesser extent,on(renewable)el

145、ectricity.15 The lowest shares of renewables in buildings(less than 5%each)in the top ten consuming countries were in India,the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea.16Not all buildings or occupants have reliable access to energy.As of 2020,around 733 million people worldwide still lacked acc

146、ess to electricity,mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia.17 Meanwhile,around 2.4 billion people were without access to clean fuels or modern cooking technologies.18 To provide heat or cook meals,many households in developing and emerging countries continue to burn wood,charcoal or processe

147、d oil in simple,inefficient devices,contributing to indoor air pollution.In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent rise in energy prices,the number of people without access to energy has likely increased,leading residents in countries such as Brazil to resort to fuelwood instead of cleaner

148、-burning alternatives for heating and cooking.19In general,increasing the uptake of renewables for heating and cooling applications in buildings is more challenging than deploying renewables for electricity.20 In 2021,fossil fuels contributed nearly two-thirds of the energy used to heat buildings,a

149、share only slightly lower than in 2011.21(p See Figure 5.)A key barrier to the expansion of renewables has been the rise in the direct use of fossil gas for heating,which grew 17%from 2011 to 2021,due largely to its affordability and to a supply boom in the United States;by 2021,fossil gas contribut

150、ed more than 40%of the total energy used to heat buildings globally.22The direct use of modern bioenergy to heat buildings for example,through solid biomass pellets or briquettes,or gaseous fuels such as biogas and biomethane is the largest end-use of renewables in buildings.Heat from bioenergy also

151、 can be produced centrally such as at a combined heat-and-power plant and distributed through a district heating network.The use of bioenergy for heating remained relatively stable during 2011-2021,although it was expected to increase in 2022 because of a fossil gas shortfall.23 Modern bioenergy acc

152、ounts for slightly less than half(42%)of the total energy consumption for heating and cooling that is derived from modern renewable sources.24Electricity is supplying a growing share of heat in the worlds buildings,estimated at 14%of total heating needs in 2021.25 As renewables contribute a larger s

153、hare of the worlds electricity overall,the contribution of renewable electric heating has risen in turn.When electricity is used to power heat pumps(for either heating or cooling),these devices harness ambient energy typically from the outside air,but also from ground and water sources.Global use of

154、 ambient energy from heat pumps grew 26%between 2011 and 2021,providing around 4%of heating in buildings in 2021.26 Solar and geothermal heat supply a small but rising share of buildings heating needs.Overall,district heating meets 7%of heating needs in buildings,with renewables contributing a growi

155、ng share of district heat.27 Total heat consumption from district systems increased 12%between 2011 and 2021,while the renewable share of heat in district systems grew 68%.28Improving the energy efficiency of building envelopes can help renewables meet a higher share of heating loads.More rapid prog

156、ress can be made if each unit of heat from renewable energy 2021201114.2%Share of renewable energyfor heating in buildings23%Traditional biomass63%Fossil fuels and otherModern bioenergySolar heat4.6%3.6%3.0%1.5%1.0%0.6%Renewable electricityAmbient heatRenewable district heatGeothermal heat26%Traditi

157、onal biomass63%Fossil fuels and other11.1%RenewableenergySource:See endnote 21 for this module.FIGURE 5.Energy Consumption for Heating in Buildings,by Source,2011 and 2021 19RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT-ENERGY DEMANDdoes not need to directly replace the same unit of heat from fossil fuels.De

158、spite efforts to improve efficiency,energy demand in buildings has continued to rise up 4%in 2021 following the pandemic-related slowdown,and up 2%overall between 2019 and 2021.29 Investment in energy efficiencyi grew 15%in 2021 to USD 211 billion,suggesting that consumers may be turning their atten

159、tion towards reducing energy demand.30 Governments have sought to legislate improved efficiency as well.(p See Investment section.)By 2021,more than 80%of the final energy use from air conditioners occurred in countries that had adopted minimum energy performance standards,up from two-thirds in 2010

160、.31 As more households and businesses turned to renewables in 2022,a key driver was favourable economics.High fossil fuel prices,spurred in part by the Russian invasion of Ukraine(p see Snapshot:Europe),made technologies such as rooftop solar PV and heat pumps more cost effective.32 In 2022,record d

161、emand for renewables saved the European Union(EU)billions of euros in fossil gas imports that likely would have driven household energy prices even higher.33 The overall declines in the costs of solar and wind power notwithstanding slight increases in 2022 due to higher commodity prices have further

162、 driven investment in renewable power plants(now the least-cost option in many countries)and in household renewable energy solutions.34Government policy also was a key driver of renewables in buildings in 2022.Government targets and regulation,as well as growing policy support to reduce energy costs

163、,have bolstered consumer interest in renewables,particularly distributed solar PV.35 Concerns about climate change and local air pollution have similarly encouraged consumers to adopt renewable technologies.Spurred by these drivers,more countries have sought to increase the uptake of renewables in h

164、eating and cooling for buildings.In 2021,Chile and the United Kingdom released national heating strategies,and in 2022 Ireland released a national heat study targeting a net zero heating sector and laying out the options available to reach it.36 The Netherlands also announced plans to phase out foss

165、il gas from its heating supply.37 In an effort to include equity considerations in policy design,some measures seek to ensure that low-income households benefit the most from revised heating policies and avoid bearing the cost burden,particularly during times of high energy prices.38Policy action to

166、 boost the uptake of renewable heating and cooling in buildings typically takes the form of either national target-setting such as pursuing a defined share of renewable heating and cooling by a certain date or specific support policies,such as financial incentives or regulatory policies.By the end o

167、f 2022,80 national and sub-national jurisdictions had in place renewable energy regulatory(43 jurisdictions)or fiscal/financial(57 jurisdictions)policies for buildings.19 jurisdictions had both.Globally,only a few overarching targets exist for the use of renewables in buildings,and/or for renewables

168、 to supply a rising share of heating and cooling needs.The EUs Renewable Energy Directive sets an indicative target for Member States to increase the share of renewables in heating and cooling(of which buildings is a large share)by 1.1%annually by 2030,or 1.3%when waste heat is involved.39 In late 2

169、022,the European Parliament suggested raising this share to 2.5%.40An increasing number of countries have technology-based targets for renewables in buildings.In addition to the EUs regional heat pump target,several individual European countries,such as Germany,Ireland,and the United Kingdom,have an

170、nounced national targets for annual heat pump installations that are up to 10 times greater than the annual installations completed in 2021.41 In April 2022,Chinas Building Energy Efficiency and Green Building Development Plan entered into force,targeting more than 50 gigawatts(GW)of solar PV on bui

171、ldings and geothermal heat coverage of 100 million square metres.42 The spread of net zero emission pledges around the world has the potential to accelerate the uptake of renewables in buildings.However,recent pledges have not necessarily been transformed into actionable policy,nor have they resulte

172、d in a decrease in fossil fuel investment in the countries making them.43 Many countries have provided financial incentives for renewables in buildings.The most common form of support is subsidies,but incentives also include tax credits,rebates and loans.During 2022,17 national and sub-national juri

173、sdictions mainly in Europe but also in Australia,India,Japan and the United States introduced new financial support policies for renewables in buildings,bringing the total number of countries and sub-national jurisdictions offering such support to 57.44 In Europe,France removed financial support for

174、 fossil gas boilers and increased its funding for renewable heating solutions by EUR 1,000(USD 1,067)per application.45 Germany earmarked EUR 3 billion(USD 3.2 billion)to expand its district heating and cooling sector and transition it to renewables,funding up to 40%of the cost of new grids that rel

175、y on at least 75%renewable energy.46 Spain made available around EUR 660 million(USD 705 million)for installing renewable heating and cooling systems and energy storage systems in residential buildings,as well as EUR 100 million(USD 107 million)for renewable district heating and cooling networks Spa

176、ins first explicit subsidy for that technology.47?MODULE OVERVIEWPOLICYi Because most energy efficiency investments in buildings are components of larger projects,they are difficult to extract from the overall project cost.Energy efficiency investments lead to a decrease in energy use compared to a

177、baseline and are thereby incremental in nature.A lack of clear definitions,standards and benchmarks for assessing the energy efficiency performance of buildings makes tracking these investments challenging.See endnote 30 for this module.20Strategies to Phase Out Russian Fossil Gas in European Buildi

178、ngs via Renewables The Russian Federations invasion of Ukraine in early 2022 and the coinciding European energy crisis turned the regions attention to the role of fossil gas.The EU has depended heavily on Russian gas imports,which supplied around 40%of regional gas demand in 2021(155 out of the 389

179、billion cubic metres consumed).These imports dropped dramatically in 2022:in July and August,the EU imported nearly 70%less Russian gas than during the same period in 2021.Fossil gas contributes nearly 40%of the energy used for space heating in European buildings and accounts for around 33%of the re

180、gions total energy use.In response to the events in Ukraine,in May 2022 the European Commission announced the REPowerEU plan to“rapidly reduce our dependence on Russian fossil fuels by fast-forwarding the clean transition”.The plan targets reducing the EUs fossil gas use by 124 billion cubic metres

181、by 2030.To achieve this goal,REPowerEU recommends increasing the EU-wide renewable energy target to 45%of total final energy consumption by 2030(up from 38%)and boosting the energy savings target to 13%(up from 9%).It also includes measures that could further swap fossil gas demand in buildings for

182、renewables:doubling the deployment rate of heat pumps,doubling the deployment of solar PV(more than 320 GW,by 2025)and proposing a solar rooftop obligation for some types of buildings.Although REPowerEU is not law,it has fed into ongoing negotiations between the European Parliament and Council updat

183、ing some key directives.Another key policy plank for phasing out fossil gas is the Energy Performance in Buildings Directive(EPBD),the EUs main lever for renovating and decarbonising buildings.The policies proposed in the EPBD are intended to double the annual renovation rate of buildings.However,th

184、ere are concerns that the proposed changes to the EPBD may fall short of the depth and rate required to reach the EUs 2030 climate targets.Source:See endnote 32 for this module.SNAPSHOT EUROPE21The United Kingdom launched a programme that provides GBP 450 million(USD 543 million),or up to GBP 5,000(

185、USD 6,029)per installation,to replace fossil heating systems with heat pumps.48 Denmark also increased its available subsidies for heat pumps and solar thermal.49 The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development provided EUR 65 million(USD 69 million)to build solar district heating systems in Pr

186、istina,Kosovo.50In the United States,the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 allocated USD 4.5 billion in rebates for electric appliances(including heat pumps),USD 4.3 billion for home energy efficiency rebates and a 30%investment tax credit for purchases of ground-source heat pumps and of residential a

187、nd commercial solar.51 Uttar Pradesh,India announced rebates to farmers and citizens of up to 100%for distributed solar deployment.52 In some cases,the financial incentives vary based on household income,providing extra benefits for low-income homeowners.Within the US Inflation Reduction Act,the Hig

188、h Efficiency Electric Home Rebate Act offers point-of-sale rebates for electrification projects including purchases of heat pumps and low-income households can be reimbursed for 100%of the project costs(up to USD 14,000).53 In Poland,subsidies for renewable heating solutions vary based on household

189、income.54 Frances MaPrimeRnov programme provides funding for renewable heat installations and energy efficiency measures,with amounts increasing for lower-income households.55Regulations can have a great impact on how renewable energy is used in buildings.Regulatory policies include those that manda

190、te clean technology deployment,restrict the use of fossil fuels,and set standards for building performance or mandatory electrification.At least 21 national(and 22 sub-national)jurisdictions had such regulations by the end of 2022.56(p See Figure 6.)China introduced its first binding national energy

191、 efficiency standard that promotes the use of renewables in buildings,aiming for an 8%share by 2025 up from around 4%in 2020,excluding biomass.57(p See Snapshot:China.)The countrys 2022 Work Plan on Energy Saving and Environment Protection in Government and Public Buildings requires installing heat

192、pumps to meet the heating needs of 2 million square metres of public and government buildings.58 Number of sectors covered 3 sectorsResidential,commercialand public facilities1 sector2 sectorsZero sectors or no dataNew/revised in 2022 fossil fuel bans in buildingsExisting and targeted fossil fuel ba

193、ns in buildingsNotes:In 2021,67 countries had mandatory building energy codes at the national level.This number has not been updated in 2022.Policies also exist for Industrial buildings.By the end of 2022,nine countries(China,Indonesia,Japan,Morocco,New Zealand,Philippines,the Slovak Republic,Spain

194、and Trkiye)had regulatory policies for industrial buildings.For more information,see the Industry in Focus module.Source:See endnote 56 for this module.FIGURE 6.Regulatory Policies in Buildings,by Building Type,as of End-2022 RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT-ENERGY DEMAND22BUILDINGS IN FOCUSDeca

195、rbonising Buildings With Renewables Energy use in buildings is responsible for 21%of Chinas energy-related CO2 emissions.Indirect emissions from the burning of fossil fuels to produce electricity and heat make up most of this,but on-site fuel combustion is responsible for around 600 megatonnes of CO

196、2 emissions per year,or around 6%of Chinas energy-related emissions.China faces various challenges in decarbonising its buildings,including a lack of public awareness and of a sufficient workforce to install and maintain renewable heating and cooling technologies.Additionally,Chinas Renewable Energy

197、 Law does not recognise the ambient heat provided by heat pumps as a“renewable”resource.Energy tariffs also do not encourage electrification,as coal and gas retain an economic advantage.As Chinas population has urbanised,great differences remain between rural and urban areas.In rural areas,coal-fire

198、d stoves supply around 42%of heating in households.In urban settings,however,district energy networks supply more than 85%of space heating.These are based largely on fossil fuels,with around 72%of district heating alone provided by coal,in the form of coal boilers and combined heat-and-power plants.

199、In 2017,China launched a campaign to phase out coal and gas in its predominantly rural northern provinces.The goal was to use“clean sources”to supply 70%of the regions heating needs by 2021(a share of 65%was achieved by 2020,based on the latest data available)and to install heat pumps to cover 500 m

200、illion square metres.China provided up to CNY 1 billion(USD 140 million)to each of 62 pilot cities to replace coal boilers with cleaner alternatives,and some jurisdictions,such as Beijing,set mandatory solar thermal ordinances.Going forward,Chinas 14th Five-Year Building Energy Efficiency and Green

201、Building Development Plan aims to rapidly increase the deployment of renewables in buildings.As the countrys first binding national energy efficiency standard,the plan applies to all new buildings.It targets at least 350 million square metres of energy-saving renovation and stipulates that on-site r

202、enewables provide 8%of the energy demand in urban buildings.The law provides a strong incentive for electrification,especially of new buildings,by requiring that the share of electricity in buildings energy demand should exceed 55%by 2025.China also plans to install 50 GW of solar PV on all new publ

203、ic buildings and factories by 2025 and to install heat pumps for 2 million square metres of public and government buildings.Source:See endnote 57 for this module.SNAPSHOT CHINA23Germanys coalition agreement laid out an obligation,expected to apply in January 2024,that all new heating systems must ru

204、n on 65%renewable energy,effectively ruling out the use of stand-alone oil furnaces and gas boilers.59 The Netherlands,which in 2018 prohibited the connection of new buildings to the gas grid,announced additional measures in 2022 to make heat pumps mandatory for all new buildings as of 2022 and to b

205、an all fossil heating by 2026.60 As of February 2023,at least 100 US jurisdictions(covering 11 states)had introduced binding ordinances for zero-emission buildings.61 Although most measures target new construction,some also include renovations and equipment replacement,as in cities in California,Uta

206、h and Washington state.62 Overall,around 31 million people in the United States live in a jurisdiction with a building electrification policy.63 California has banned the sale of fossil gas heating systems by 2030,and a programme in New York state provides more than USD 500 million for electrifying

207、space and water heating.64 However,backlash to such measures has resulted in more than 20 US states covering around 30%of the countrys gas demand in buildings prohibiting efforts to ban fossil gas use.65Obligations to install rooftop solar PV on buildings also have proliferated.The REPowerEU proposa

208、l includes an obligation to install rooftop solar on every public building by 2025.66 In 2022,the US state of California introduced a solar-plus-storage mandate that all new buildings that are required to install solar must also have a battery storage system.67 The state also rolled out a new commun

209、ity solar subscription model.68 However,California has struggled to reform its net metering policies,after dropping a proposal to charge owners of rooftop PV a monthly fee.69 Likewise,Nova Scotia,Canada scrapped a plan to charge a monthly fee to building owners who sell solar electricity back to the

210、 grid.70Building energy codes are another regulatory lever to increase the penetration of renewables.By reducing the energy intensity of buildings,such codes can enable higher shares of renewable energy use.Additionally,building energy codes increasingly mandate the deployment of renewables.However,

211、as of 2022 only 80 countries had building energy codes(up from 79 in 2021),most of which were voluntary.71 As of late 2022,only 40%of countries had mandatory building energy codes.72 Chinas new buildings law,which includes the countrys first binding national energy efficiency standard,sets new const

212、ruction standards for green buildings that apply to all new buildings;it also targets at least 250 million square metres of energy-saving renovation.73 South Africa has mandated that all new buildings be designed and constructed to be net zero energy by 2030;Kenya has a similar mandate for 2035 and

213、Nigeria for 2050.74 Indias 2022 energy conservation act applies its mandatory building energy code to residential buildings.75 Japan initiated a programme that gradually increases mandatory performance standards for buildings.76 In the United States,the California Building Energy Code,updated in 202

214、2,includes requirements to install demand response technologies for heating systems to enable their automated control.77 Data on investment in renewables specifically in the buildings sector are limited,both for power and for heat.However,assuming that the buildings sector consumed around half of al

215、l power generated worldwide in 2022,then roughly USD 244.8 billion of the global new investment in renewable power capacity that year would have gone to buildings.78 Influenced in large part by the Russian Federations invasion of Ukraine and by the transition away from Russian gas,European investmen

216、t in heat pumps rose sharply in 2022,particularly in Austria,Finland,Germany,Italy,the Netherlands and Poland.79 Globally,heat pump investments increased 9.6%during the year,to USD 64.3 billion,with the strongest market growth in Europe,Japan and the United States.80 Many US consumers were drawn to

217、heat pumps to alleviate higher utility bills related to inflation.81Investments also occurred in renewable-fed district heating systems for buildings.In Groningen,the Netherlands,a“special purpose vehicle”comprising the project developer,an investor and a turnkey provider of the solar field invested

218、 EUR 23 million(USD 25 million)in the worlds fourth largest solar district heating plant.82 In Markham,Canada,a CAD 270 million(USD 199 million)investment was dedicated to expanding the citys low-carbon district energy system.83 Germany announced a EUR 3 billion(USD 3.2 billion)programme to finance

219、the construction of heating networks supplied by at least 75%renewable or waste heat,as well as the decarbonisation of existing networks,to further reduce CO2 emissions and the countrys dependence on Russian energy.84 Although markets for solar thermal technologies(including solar water and space he

220、ating in buildings)remained broadly stable during 2021-2022,rising inflation and interest rates affected investments in some regions.85 In Europe,some energy utilities and energy-intensive industries faced higher energy costs,which led many companies to put on hold new investment decisions.86Investm

221、ent in energy efficiency in buildings surged in 2021 but was expected to slow in 2022 due to higher construction,material and financing costs as well as lower spending in emerging and developing markets.87 European countries,the United States and China have dominated energy efficiency investment in

222、recent years,reflecting the recovery of construction investment in Western Europe and ongoing construction growth in China,Germany and the United States.88 Energy efficiency investment in Southeast Asia and Africa has struggled due to pandemic-related dis-ruptions to construction as well as limited

223、public programmes for investment.89?MODULE OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTAs of late 2022,only 40%of countries had mandatory building energy codes.RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT-ENERGY DEMAND24BUILDINGS IN FOCUS?MODULE OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSMarkets for renewable energy technologi

224、es in buildings have been on the upswing,due largely to favourable economics,supportive government policy and the need to address climate change.The use of on-site and community-generated renewable electricity,as well as markets for renewable heating and cooling technologies(especially heat pumps),g

225、rew strongly during 2021 and 2022.Distributed solar PV supplied electricity to around 25 million households worldwide in 2021.90 Distributed solar accounted for nearly half of the global solar market that year,its highest share since 2012.91(Centralised solar PV generation overtook distributed gener

226、ation in 2015 and has since accounted for the majority of PV installations worldwide,at 56%,a share that has remained roughly stable.92)Of the estimated 78 GW of distributed solar PV installed in 2021,around 60%was residential and 40%commercial.93 Europe had the highest regional share of distributed

227、 solar PV in 2021,but China,with its overall market lead,was the worlds top installer.94 China also was one of the few top markets to install more distributed solar PV(29 GW)than centralised solar PV(26 GW),joined by Germany(3.75 GW versus 2 GW),Australia(3.2 GW versus 1.7 GW)and Japan(3.6 GW versus

228、 3.0 GW).95 Countries that installed more utility-scale plants than distributed capacity included the United States(20 GW centralised versus 6.6 GW distributed)and India(11.6 GW versus 2 GW).96 Rooftop solar also picked up in nascent markets such as Israel and Jordan.97 Global technology companies h

229、ave launched several projects to use waste heat from data centres for district heating and other purposes.For example,the waste heat from an Amazon data centre in Dublin(Ireland)is heating local homes and offices;Microsoft launched a similar project in Helsinki(Finland)in early 2022;and an Interxion

230、 data centre aims to provide heat to a hospital in Vienna(Austria).98Heating for space and water is the largest energy use in buildings and the one most heavily based on fossil fuels.In 2022,markets for many renewable heating and cooling technologies grew in response to the energy crisis.The use of

231、bioenergy to provide heating services is the largest renewable energy end-use in buildings.Much of this comes from the traditional use of biomassi,which increased from 24.3 EJ in 2019 to 24.5 EJ in 2021.99 Europe consumes more than three-quarters of the worlds biomass pellets,many of them imported f

232、rom the United States and Canada.100 Sales of biomass stoves surged in Europe during 2022,notably in Germany,and wood pellets in Europe and the United States faced a supply crunch as more households turned to biomass heat.101 China also is an emerging market for biomass heat.102Solar heat provided a

233、round 10.5%of modern renewable heating consumption in 2021.103 In 2021,the global market for solar collectors grew 3%to reach a cumulative 522 gigawatts-thermal,continuing its rebound from a 2019 low.104 Chinas solar heat market,the worlds largest,grew modestly during 2021,and strong growth also occ

234、urred in Brazil,Greece,India,Italy,Poland and the United States.105 In Africa,a solar thermal project in Namibia provides water heating to at least 58 social housing residences,and southern African countries such as Botswana,Lesotho,Namibia,South Africa and Zimbabwe have published roadmaps on the po

235、tential to increase solar thermal uptake.106 The European solar thermal industry struggled in 2022 due to the aftershocks of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine.107Solar heat increasingly provides space heating through large-scale installations and district heating networks.In 2021,44 new l

236、arge-scale solar heat systems came online mainly in China and Europe but also in Mexico(3 systems)and growth continued in 2022 with the start of construction of a solar district heating plant in the Netherlands,among other projects.108 The use of hybrid solar PV-thermal(PVT)panels grew 13%in 2021,wi

237、th more than 6,000 systems brought online for a total capacity of 751 megawatts-thermal(MWth).109 i The traditional use of biomass includes the burning of woody biomass or charcoal,as well as dung and other agricultural residues,in simple and inefficient devices to provide energy for residential coo

238、king and heating in developing and emerging economies.25Direct use of geothermal heat also provides space and water heating services.Around 39%of geothermal direct use is for space heating.110 In total,the global installed geothermal heating capacity grew around 9%annually from 2014 to 2019.111 The

239、world leaders in geothermal direct use for heating and cooling are China,the United States,Sweden,Trkiye and Japan;on a per capita basis,the leaders are Iceland,Sweden,Finland and Norway.112 During 2022,China launched geothermal heating services covering millions of households in more than 60 cities

240、 and counties.113 In the United States,construction started on New York Citys largest district heating and cooling system;work progressed on projects in Massachusetts and Texas;and the Department of Energy announced a USD 13 million fund to develop geothermal district heat.114 In total,the United St

241、ates has 23 geothermal district heating systems,with the first installed in 1892.115 Canada allotted CAD 1.3 million(USD 960,000)to develop geothermal heat projects in Nova Scotia.116In Europe,13 new geothermal district heating and cooling projects were brought online in 2021,providing more than 154

242、 MWth of new capacity.117 Three-quarters of this growth was in France,Poland and Iceland.118 During 2022,more than 20 projects were in development,including in these three countries.119 The first geothermal district heating plant in Vienna(Austria)also was given the green light.120Policies that supp

243、ort building electrification continued to boost markets for electric heat technologies,notably electric heat pumps.Heat pump markets set growth records in many countries in 2022,including in the EU and the United States.121 Year-on-year growth over the first half of the year exceeded 10%in six count

244、ries:Italy(up 114%),the Netherlands(100%),Poland(96%),Finland(80%),Germany(25%)and Norway(11%).122 The US market grew 7.3%in the first half of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021.123Influenced by the war in Ukraine and by REPowerEU,several heat pump manufacturers announced or made significant i

245、nvestments in production facilities during the year.Viessmann plans to spend EUR 1 billion(USD 1,067 million)over three years;Daikin announced a EUR 1.2 billion(USD 1,281 million)investment in heat pump manufacturing to 2025 in Europe,aiming to triple its manufacturing capacity;and Bosch,Panasonic a

246、nd many other manufacturers made similar announcements.124District heating networks met a rising share of heating demand in buildings in 2022.The use of renewable energy in district heating grew from 0.4 EJ in 2011 to 0.6 EJ in 2021.125 Overall,the share of renewables in district heating systems gre

247、w from 4.1%to an estimated 5.6%during the decade.126 Most district heating activity is in Europe,although much of this entails converting existing networks to renewable sources(biomass,solar and geothermal heat,and large-scale heat pumps),rather than building new networks.127 More projects are integ

248、rating waste heat into district networks,such as in the Netherlands and Sweden.128 In a novel example in Finland,ambient heat from the Baltic Sea is fed into a district heat network to heat homes in place of coal and fossil gas.129Markets for cooling technologies are changing quickly.Globally,1.2 bi

249、llion people are at risk due to lack of access to cooling,and demand for air conditioning and other cooling services has been the fastest growing energy use in buildings.130 The average efficiency of cooling appliances has been increasing,helping to mitigate the growth in electricity demand from coo

250、ling.131 However,the most efficient models have not necessarily had the highest uptake.132 Examples of renewable cooling applications in 2022 included the drilling of the first wells for a geothermal cooling system in India and plans for geothermal cooling in Bali,Indonesia.133Wood pellets in Europe

251、 and the United States faced a supply crunch in 2022 as more households turned to biomass heat.RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT-ENERGY DEMAND26BUILDINGS IN FOCUSR Because many heating systems are stand-alone units(e.g.,individual fossil gas boilers or oil furnaces),replacing them would require s

252、ignificant investment,time and workforce,especially in the case of multi-dwelling housing such as large apartment buildings.R Implementing renewable-based district heating systems requires high upfront investment,which is often not feasible for residents without government support and incentives.R T

253、he number of engineers and installers currently available to replace household energy systems with new systems is insufficient to meet the workforce levels needed to achieve climate goals.RModern“clean cooking”still depends largely on the use of traditional bioenergy and fossil gas fuels,and applica

254、tions of electrified technologies are limited mostly to developed countries.RIncumbent fossil fuel companies continue to invest heavily in public relations campaigns designed to slow the transition to renewables in buildings.R The use of renewables in buildings would help reduce heating and other en

255、ergy costs especially for low-income households and limit the vulnerability of households to fossil fuel price swings.R Greater electrification of buildings would contribute to demand response and system flexibility,helping to achieve higher levels of renewable energy integration.R In regions with h

256、igh levels of new construction,designing efficient and renewable heating systems(and buildings)would help to avoid costly renovations or upgrades at a later stage.R In regions with high shares of existing building stock,there is an opportunity to greatly improve the efficiency of these buildings and

257、 to lower energy bills for consumers.R Leapfrogging via renewables is a way to provide energy access to those currently without access to modern energy sources.R New business models(such as heat-as-a-service)provide an opportunity for consumers to avoid upfront expenses associated with changing thei

258、r heating systems.?MODULE OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESMODULE OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?MODULE OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?for the Uptake of Renewables in BuildingsCHAL

259、LENGESOPPORTUNITIES27Modern biomassrepresented 8.2%of industry TFECH246%32%Industry hadthe highest shareof renewablesin final energyuse in 2020,at 16.8%Pulp&paper and food&tobacco had the highest shares of modern renewables in 202019 countrieshad renewable energy mandates or fiscal/financial policie

260、s for industry by end-2022Sevencountries had industry roadmaps or recovery plans for renewable hydrogenby end-2022Modern biomassrepresented 8.2%of industry TFECH246%32%Note:TFEC=Total final energy consumption.MODULE OVERVIEWPOLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?INDUSTRY IN

261、FOCUSINDUSTRY IN FOCUS Industrial enterprises generate around a quarter of the worlds gross domestic product and employment.1 Industry is also the largest energy-consuming sector,accounting for 33%of global total final energy consumption in 2021.2 Despite the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic,energy

262、use in industry grew 9%between 2010 and 2020,due mainly to rising demand for industrial goods,particularly in energy-intensive sectors.3 Two key industries iron and steel and chemicals together accounted for nearly a third(32%)of industrial energy demand in 2020,while food and tobacco,pulp and paper

263、,and mining consumed around 5%each.4 Industrial activity produced around 9.4 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide(CO2)in 2021,or roughly a quarter of global emissions.5 Around 70%of emissions came from three sectors:cement and concrete,iron and steel,and chemicals and petrochemicals.6Since 2010,the energy m

264、ix of the industry sector has remained relatively stable,with a heavy reliance on fossil fuels.However,the share of fossil fuel use fell from 87%in 2010 to 83%in 2020,(p see Figure 7)due mainly to the ongoing electrification of industrial heat coupled with renewable electricity use,which grew 80%dur

265、ing the decade.7 The direct use of renewables for process heat accounted for less than 9%of industrial energy use in 2020,with modern bioenergy supplying most of this(8%)followed by solar and geothermal heat(less than 0.1%).8 Bioenergy use is most common in biomass-based industries that generate ene

266、rgy from their own waste:for example,in the pulp and paper industry 43%of the total final energy consumption in 2021 was bioenergy(mainly black liquor from pulping).9 Following the Russian Federations invasion of Ukraine in early 2022,energy prices in Europe and elsewhere skyrocketed.10 In this cont

267、ext,companies have increased their interest in energy efficiency and the use of renewables as a way to cut energy costs and increase the security of supply.11 In developing countries and for industries located in remote areas,such as mining,the need for secure,reliable and affordable energy is a key

268、 driver of the uptake of renewables.Module Overview|Policy|Investment|Market Developments|Challenges&Opportunities In 2020,the direct use of renewables for process heat accounted for less than 9%of industrial energy use.29RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT-RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMANDMore companies

269、 are announcing net zero commitmentsi,both to maintain a positive corporate image and in response to rising pressure from regulators,such as through the European Union(EU)Taxonomy,the United Kingdoms mandatory climate disclosures and the US Biden administrations comprehensive climate plan.12 Althoug

270、h most companies still lack concrete and credible action strategies,some industrial firms have committed to shifting to 100%renewables and to reducing the energy demand of their production processes via heat recovery and materials recycling.13 In the cement sector,solutions have included reducing th

271、e clinker-to-cement ratioii and using waste as an alternative fueliii;other industries are using heat pumps to capture and reuse waste heat.14 In 2022,the French manufacturer Saint Gobain was able to produce the worlds first zero-carbon glass by using biogas and 100%recycled glass.15 Renewable hydro

272、gen,created using renewable electricity,also advanced during 2021-2022 and is considered key to decarbonising energy-intensive sectors.16Share of renewablesin industryExajoules(EJ)1201008060402002019202020108.5%Renewableelectricity8.2%ModernbioenergyRenewable heat0.1%87.7%Non-renewable energy Non-re

273、newable energy Non-renewable energy 83.9%83.2%12.3%16.1%16.8%Note:Modern bioenergy includes heat supplied by district energy networks.Source:See endnote 7 for this module.FIGURE 7.Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption in Industry,2010,2019 and 2020i As of June 2022,more than one-third of

274、 the worlds largest publicly traded companies had targets for net zero carbon emissions,up 60%since December 2020.However,65%of corporate targets do not yet meet minimum procedural reporting standards.See endnote 12 for this module.ii Because clinker production is the most energy-intensive and CO2-e

275、mitting step of the cement-making process,reductions in the clinker-to-cement ratio (through the use of clinker substitutes)reduce energy use and process CO2 emissions.iii Only a portion of waste used as an alternative fuel in the cement industry is considered renewable.30INDUSTRY IN FOCUSPolicies r

276、elated to industry typically have not included renewable energy requirements,reflecting the very diverse energy needs of industrial sectors(for heating,electricity,etc.);however,some progress has been made on energy efficiency and energy management.Policies supporting renewable heat often mention in

277、dustrial uses,and many carbon pricing mechanisms encourage the use of renewables in large industry sectors.Renewable hydrogen also has gained policy attention.Other factors driving industrial policies and regulations related to renewables include the ongoing energy crisis,concerns about energy secur

278、ity,growing net zero commitments by countries and companies,and the emergence of the hydrogen economy.17 However,a lack of robust national-level data has hindered the mapping of energy needs in the industry sector and the design of effective policies on renewables.In 2022,no new jurisdictions adopte

279、d regulatory policies for renewables in industry,and only one country,Poland,announced plans for a new renewable energy mandate for industry,for the mining sector.18 In addition,the EUs REPowerEU plan(yet to be approved as of the time of writing)set a target of 10 million tonnes of domestic renewabl

280、e hydrogen production and 10 million tonnes of hydrogen imports by 2030 for heavy industries,and also includes a target for renewable energy use in industry.19 This brings the total number of countries with road maps that include hydrogen in the industry sector to 10,five of which(Australia,Brazil,S

281、outh Africa,Spain and Sweden)are for renewable hydrogen.20 The REPowerEU plan also mentions the electrification of industrial processes and the use of alternative bio-based or renewable inputs,along with energy efficiency,waste valorisation and circular use of materials.21 In addition,it aims to exp

282、and the EUs manufacturing capacity for clean energy technology,including through industrial alliances such as the Solar industrial Alliance to push the solar panel manufacturing sector,and the Biomethane Industrial Partnership.22Financial incentives remain the most common policy support for promotin

283、g the use renewables in industry,with 12 countries having such policies by the end of 2022.Overall,no new policies for renewables in industry have been announced since 2019.As of the end of 2022,a total of 19 countries had renewable energy mandates and/or fiscal/financial policies for industry;only

284、9 countries had renewable energy mandates that enforce the installation of renewables,and 2 countries(Spain and Trkiye)had both regulatory and fiscal/financial incentives.23The most common financing framework for renewables in the industry sector is direct contracting through power purchase agreemen

285、ts(PPAs)or environmental attribute certificates.However,national utilities have been reluctant to support industrys transition to independent electricity sources,and in countries where the grid is unreliable,fossil fuel back-up systems remain the norm.24 The lack of enabling policies for renewable e

286、nergy captive markets has pushed the private sector to be innovative with business models,such as lease-to-own solar parks.25 The momentum towards net zero carbon emissions continues to drive policies.As of November 2022,a total of 140 countries,representing 90%of global emissions,had committed to n

287、et zero pathways;this was up from 130 countries representing 70%of emissions in May 2021.26 As governments and industries look to renewables as a potential solution for mitigating emissions,countries have begun bridging the silos between renewable energy policies and industry policies.A key US polic

288、y advancement in the industry sector in 2022 was the adoption of the Inflation Reduction Act,which allots USD 370 billion(out of a total USD 433 billion)to energy and climate change,putting the United States on track to reach its 2050 emission reduction target.27 The law highlights domestic manufact

289、uring of both renewable energy technologies and electric vehicles and infrastructure.28 For energy-intensive industries such as steel and cement,two aspects of the law are noteworthy:1)clean electricity tax credits are technology-neutral and include energy storage and green hydrogen starting in 2025

290、,and 2)the credits will be in place for at least a decade,giving industrial users ample time and confidence to develop renewable supply options for their own energy needs.29South Africas Just Energy Transition Investment Plan 2023-2027 mentions decarbonising the industry sector through increased inv

291、estment in renewable power.30 It also highlights renewable hydrogen as a way to decarbonise hard-to-abate sectors(such as transport,petrochemicals,iron and steel,and cement)as well as the automotive industry and Special Development Zones(industrial parks).31 During the United Nations climate talks i

292、n Egypt in November 2022,several policy announcements supported the uptake of renewables in industry;for example,India introduced a mandatory green hydrogen purchase obligation for industrial users.32 The previous month,at the Group of Twenty(G20)meetings in Indonesia,the International Renewable Ene

293、rgy Agency and industry leaders established the Alliance for Industry Decarbonization to encourage wider industry adoption of renewables.33In the area of renewable hydrogen,Egypt announced a new National Hydrogen Strategy in 2022 that includes building the infrastructure to support industrial users

294、of both conventional and renewable hydrogen.34 Also during the year,South Africa published its Hydrogen Society Roadmap,which focuses on renewable hydrogen,including large projects aimed at industrial users,such as the Boegoebaai Green Hydrogen development in the Northern Cape.35 However,most indust

295、ry leaders globally continue to consider both fossil-based and renewable hydrogen in the push towards net zero emissions.36So far,only a few policies have focused on the use of land for industrial renewable energy projects.This includes,for example,developing industrial clusters where diverse indust

296、ries share energy generation processes;industrial parks or special economic zones;and industry community renewable energy.37 Chile launched a plan in 2022 to facilitate renewable hydrogen concessions on public lands to meet the needs of the mining industry.38POLICYINVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLE

297、NGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?The Inflation Reduction Act is a key US policy for industry that allots USD 370 billion to energy and climate change.31RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT-RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMANDAlthough no comprehensive datasets cover investment in renewables in the industry sector,sever

298、al examples exist of key industrial investments in solar thermal,geothermal heat and renewable hydrogen technologies.The chemical manufacturing,mining,and pulp and paper industries,in particular,have invested in solar industrial heat.39 Projects over the past decade included a solar-powered steam bo

299、iler for chemical evaporation and distillation in Tianjin,China;a solar thermal project to dry pigments in Vellore,India;and the use of a solar thermal collector to heat water for cleaning processes in Maharashtra,India.40 In the mining industry,the Hellenic Copper Mine in Cyprus invested in a solar

300、 thermal system to heat a process medium,and a mine in Durango,Mexico invested in a system to heat make-up water.41 In Kingsey Falls,Canada,a concentrating solar power plant was built to provide hot water for industrial processes in the pulp and paper industry.42In Germany,recent investments have su

301、pported the expansion of geothermal heat for paper drying in the pulp and paper industry,with support from the EU and the state of North Rhine Westphalia.43 In New Zealand,an AUD 15 million(USD 10.2 million)investment,funded in part by the Government Investment in Decarbonising Industry Fund,aims to

302、 establish the worlds first tissue machine running a fully geothermal steam drying process.44Since 2020,a surge of announcements have been made reporting investment in net zero technologies in the steel industry,some of which include the use of renewables.45 Investing in decarbonised steel neither l

303、owers costs nor increases product quality,so the primary motivation often is the opportunity to capture incipient markets for“green steel”and to avoid stranded assets in anticipation of more stringent climate policies.46 In 2021,the Swedish company H2 Green Steel allocated an initial USD 3 billion f

304、or a plant that will use renewable hydrogen for steel production starting in 2024.47 In addition,the new Financing Steel Decarbonization instrument aims to mobilise private finance for low-carbon technologies to decarbonise steel,including through renewables and renewable hydrogen.48 Although many i

305、ndustries,such as the pulp and paper and cement industries,use biomass to generate heat,few specific data are available on industrial investments in biomass projects.49 Most of the energy used in industry(around 75%)is for process heat,with the rest going to electrical operations(such as cooling and

306、 powering motors)and non-process activities(such as lighting).50A key trend is electrification via renewables,which is generally easier to achieve for industrial processes that require low-or medium-temperature heat(below 400 degrees Celsius,C).Renewable electrification occurs mainly in the food and

307、 beverage,transport equipment,machinery,and pulp and paper industries,although it has great potential in chemicals,pharmaceuticals and textiles,notably through the installation of heat pumps.51 Industries with higher temperature requirements for process heat such as cement,chemicals,and iron and ste

308、el are harder to electrify;however,the use of electric arc furnaces in steelmaking now represents around 25%of global production.52 In parallel,many industries that already use high shares of electricity in their operations are switching to renewable electricity supply.Steel and cement companies,dri

309、ven by net zero commitments,are increasingly using PPAs to procure renewable power for their operations.53 In 2022,the steel manufacturer ArcelorMittal invested in wind and solar plants in Argentina and India,and German steelmakers such as the GMH Group and Salzgitter signed PPAs with renewable prov

310、iders to power their electric arc furnaces.54 Cement manufacturers that signed renewable PPAs included Cemex in Spain,Suez Cement in Egypt,Opterra in Germany and Lafarge in Hungary.55 In the chemical sector,the global manufacturer BASF committed to PPAs at various European and US locations.56 In add

311、ition,mining companies have developed decentralised renewable energy projects in Australia,Madagascar and Mali that provide reliable and affordable energy for both mine sites and local communities.57 MARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES?INVESTMENTMARKET DEVELOPMENTSCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUN

312、ITIES?Eco-industrial parks are becoming more attractive for investors as they offer better cost competitiveness and risk resiliency.32INDUSTRY IN FOCUSGlobally,the number of eco-industrial parks has grown rapidly,with the aim of creating resource-efficient industrial parks that are more competitive,

313、risk-resilient and attractive for investment.58 By integrating processes within a cluster such as generating low-cost renewable power and heat on-site industries can share energy and material streams.59 Vietnams Decree 35 relies on policies and incentives to boost the eco-transition of local industr

314、ial parks to attract global manufacturers.60 In 2022,four industrial clusters in Belgium,the Netherlands and the US states of Ohio and Texas joined the World Economic Forums“Transitioning Industrial Clusters Towards Net Zero”initiative.61 Eco-industrial parks also are being developed in Colombia,Egy

315、pt,Indonesia,Peru,South Africa,Ukraine and Vietnam,with support from the United Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO).62(p See Snapshot:South Africa.)Because of a lack of financing,the adoption of renewable electricity by small and medium-sized industries represents a largely untapped s

316、olution area for low-carbon industrialisation,particularly in developing countries.63(p See Snapshot:Pakistan.)However,in some countries smaller-scale businesses have been able to access co-financing for energy efficiency and self-consumption of renewables.Chile expanded its pilot programme“Put your

317、 energy to your SME”in 2021,and Frances new climate action loan supports the energy transition of small and medium-sized businesses.64In general,the uptake of renewables and electrification in industry varies greatly depending on the specific sub-sector and on the processes and technologies being us

318、ed.65(p See Figure 8.)Source:See endnote 65 for this module.FIGURE 8.Renewable Energy Share and Electrification Rates in Selected Industry Sub-Sectors,2020Mining andquarryingIron andsteelChemicals andpetro-chemicalsFood andtobaccoPulp andpaperTFEC Exajoules(EJ)Electrificationrate2520151050Renewable

319、energyNon-renewable energy22%24%28%25%44%6.7%7.3%32%46%14%33Clustering Development to Meet Energy Demand and Decarbonisation Commitments Mpumalanga province in eastern South Africa is using a cluster development model to encourage the growth of renewable energy manufacturing.The regional economy dep

320、ends heavily on coal exploitation,accounting for around 80%of South Africas coal production and hosting most of the countrys coal-fired power plants and coal mining activities.Mpumalanga also is rich in wind and solar resourcesi,with a combined grid capacity of 6,520 megawatts(MW).These assets make

321、the province an ideal location for large-scale renewable energy projects that take advantage of former coal mining sites and the existing transmission infrastructure.In May 2022,the Mpumalanga Department of Economic Development and Tourism,in collaboration with GreenCape,UKPACT and Germanys technica

322、l co-operation agency GIZ,launched the Mpumalanga Green Cluster Agency,an independent entity that seeks to overcome investment barriers and unlock new economic opportunities,including in renewables.The Green Cluster aligns with recent policies and legislation aimed at decarbonising South Africas eco

323、nomy,such as the national Renewable Energy Masterplan,which envisions opportunities to develop renewable manufacturing value in key regions like Mpumalanga.In July 2022,South Africa removed the 100 MW cap on self-generation of electricity without a licence.As a result,energy-intensive users such as

324、industrial and mining companies can now generate or buy electricity from independent power producers on a larger scale.Mining companies already have committed to developing 4 gigawatts(GW)of renewables nationally,and as of July they had registered 73 self-generation projects totalling 295 MW.In Mpum

325、alanga,the market is expected to grow to around 2 GW by 2030.Additionally,South Africas state-owned utility Eskom is set to decommission up to 11 GW of coal-fired generation by 2030.This presents an opportunity to re-purpose and re-power coal plants and adjacent land.Eskom issued tenders in April 20

326、22 to lease land for renewable energy projects,and in June the utility announced that it had selected 18 companies to lease 4,000 hectares to develop renewable projects totalling 1.8 GW.i Wind speeds in the province are between 4 and 7 metres per second at 100 metres above ground level,which is suff

327、icient for commercially viable wind farms.The long-term average global horizontal irradiation in Mpumalanga ranges between 1,752 and 2,044 kilowatts per square metre annually(only around 16%lower than in the Northern Cape).Source:See endnote 62 for this module.SNAPSHOT SOUTH AFRICA34INDUSTRY IN FOCU

328、SThe use of modern solid bioenergy in industry increased 46%between 2011 and 2021,rising from 8.2 exajoules(EJ)to 12.0 EJ.66 However,the share of this bioenergy use relative to total final energy consumption increased by only 15%.67 Driven by net zero commitments,various pulp and paper companies ado

329、pted bioenergy during 2022.For example,South Africas Sappi replaced coal boilers with biomass,Finno-Swedish Stora Enso announced the replacement of fuel oil with renewable pitch oil,and Finlands Mets invested in biomass electricity generation to help achieve its 2030 fossil-free energy target.68 Exa

330、mples of biogas use in industry are found mainly in the food sector,where several leading manufacturers operate anaerobic digestion facilities to generate heat and electricity for factories.69 In 2022,Danone(France)committed to increase its use of biogas(as well as solar and biomass)as part of its d

331、ecarbonisation plan,and in 2021 both Unilever(UK)and Starbucks(US)joined the US Biogas Alliance.70 The use of biomass as an industry feedstock remains limited.In 2021,global production of biomass-based plastic accounted for less than 1%of global plastic production.71 Bio-based chemicals such as meth

332、anoli could be used as key substitutes for oil in decarbonising the chemical industry.72Solar thermal can be an efficient means of providing zero-carbon heat and a cost-effective alternative to the electrification of heat.Although solar thermal has been used mainly for low-temperature applications,n

333、ew designs serve applications with temperature requirements of up to 400C.73 However,high initial capital costs and low deployment rates have limited uptake,even in sectors with significant technical and economic potential,such as textiles and food.74 As of 2022,there were an estimated 136 solar heat projects in industry,most of them in the food and beverage sector,including large-scale projects a