1、Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for ProgressW H I T E P A P E RJ U N E 2 0 2 3In collaboration with Accenture and China Hydrogen AllianceImages:Getty Images 2023 World Economic Forum.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,includ

2、ing photocopying and recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system.Disclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project,insight area or interaction.The findings,interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative

3、 process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum,nor the entirety of its Members,Partners or other stakeholders.ContentsForewordExecutive summaryIntroduction:A great mission and a long way to goGoal 1 C

4、ost1.1 Production cost is a core constraint in scaling up green hydrogen 1.2 Enabling measures for reducing costGoal 2 Infrastructure2.1 Underdeveloped infrastructure restricts availability of green hydrogen2.2 Enabling measures for infrastructureGoal 3 Market demand3.1 Chinas new markets for green

5、hydrogen need policy support to reach their potential3.2 Enabling measures to create market demandGoal 4 Industry standards and certification4.1 Standard-setting is too slow to support the fast-growing hydrogen industry4.2 Enabling measures for standards and certificationGoal 5 Technology5.1 China h

6、as mature alkaline electrolysis technology and is now exploring the new generation of hydrogen production processes5.2 Enabling measures for technologyGoal 6 Evolution and cooperation6.1 Top-level planning has not yet defined the development path for the hydrogen supply chain6.2 Enabling measures fo

7、r evolution and cooperationBlueprint for the evolution of green hydrogen in China ConclusionContributorsEndnotes45914141719192124242630303233333536363839444547Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress3ForewordHydrogen can play an important role in accelerating the transition of the energy secto

8、r towards net-zero emissions.But it needs to be clean and at scale.The rapid development of hydrogen has become a global priority,and China has incorporated it in its latest national development strategy.Green hydrogen has a vital role to play in helping China peak and then neutralize its carbon emi

9、ssions.It is central to the governments ambition to build a green,low-carbon industrial system.And it can contribute towards Chinas strategic goal of reducing its reliance on fossil fuels.Yet,although China is the worlds largest hydrogen producer and consumer,less than 0.1%of the hydrogen it produce

10、s is from renewable sources of energy.China Hydrogen Alliance has launched the Renewable Hydrogen 100 initiative that aims to increase the installed capacity of electrolysers to 100 gigawatts by 2030,resulting in a green hydrogen production capacity of roughly 7.7 million tonnes per year.1This paper

11、 aims to understand and map out Chinas pathway towards its 2030 objectives for green hydrogen.It builds on the work of the Accelerating Clean Hydrogen Initiative of the World Economic Forum,which published the Enabling Measures Roadmaps for Green Hydrogen for Europe and Japan at the 26th Conference

12、of Parties(COP26)in Glasgow in November 2021.These roadmaps have since been updated with the latest policy developments in both regions.The roadmap presented in this document for Chinas green hydrogen industry is the third in the series.It was created by the World Economic Forum and Accenture,in par

13、tnership with China Hydrogen Alliance.Similar to our other roadmaps,we have identified six key barriers,principal among which are cost,demand,infrastructure and standards.Positively,Chinas abundant sources of renewable energy can amply power its green hydrogen development,and the countrys existing 3

14、4 million tonnes grey and blue hydrogen industry has created a market that could enable an accelerated expansion of greener alternatives.China has the potential to commercialize new,clean energy technologies to transform its industrial system and the wider economy.It is our hope that the suite of so

15、lutions presented in this paper can,when implemented together,enable China to fully realize its green hydrogen future.Roberto Bocca Head of Centre for Energy and Materials;Member of the Executive Committee,World Economic ForumGreen Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for ProgressJune 2023Samantha Zhu Chairp

16、erson;Market Unit Lead,Greater China,AccentureWei Liu Secretary-General,China Hydrogen AllianceGreen Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress4Executive summaryAs the world shifts to a trajectory of net-zero emissions,green hydrogen will play an increasingly important role as a low-carbon and flexibl

17、e form of energy.The global energy crisis provides a strategic opportunity to utilize hydrogen to start reshaping the global energy architecture.To date,30 jurisdictions accounting for 70%of global gross domestic product(GDP)have issued state-level hydrogen strategies.In March 2022,China joined the

18、list,publishing its Medium-and Long-Term Plan for the Development of the Hydrogen Energy Industry(2021-2035).Green hydrogen can play an important role in helping China peak,and then neutralize,its carbon emissions.It is vital to Chinas strategic ambition to build a green,low-carbon industrial system

19、.As the worlds largest hydrogen producer and consumer,Chinas current hydrogen production is largely grey.Of the 34 million tons of hydrogen that China produced in 2021,80.3%was produced from fossil fuels,18.5%from industrial by-production and 1.2%from electrolysis(of this,less than 0.1%from electrol

20、ysis powered by renewable energy sources).Demand for green hydrogen is greatly constrained by cost and availability,as its applications are currently limited to a few small pilot projects in the transport sector that account for less than 0.1%of total hydrogen consumption.Chinas abundant sources of

21、renewable energy are well placed to power green hydrogens development.But the industry is nascent and no clear green hydrogen development pathway has been established.The main constraints for the expansion of green hydrogen in China are cost,market demand,infrastructure and industry standards and ce

22、rtification.Backed by in-depth analysis of Chinas green hydrogen market,this publication proposes six development goals for Chinas green hydrogen market,accompanied by key objectives for each goal and 35 enabling measures and recommendations.These centre on building a new energy system and a full su

23、pply chain of hydrogen through industrial,regional and global collaborations.The publication draws on the green hydrogen roadmaps for the European Union(EU)and Japan,and,with reference to Chinas industrial and domestic context,outlines a blueprint to help China deliver on its ambitious green hydroge

24、n vision,with 2030 as the key milestone.Goal 1:CostKey objectives:Reduce the cost of electricity in green hydrogen production Reduce the cost of electrolysersThe major costs associated with green hydrogen centre on production,transportation and refuelling stations,with production costs the core cons

25、traint in scaling the industry.Green hydrogen in China costs 3-5 times more to produce per kg than coal-produced hydrogen.Meanwhile,blue hydrogen,which uses coal or natural gas in conjunction with carbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS),is cheaper to produce per unit(currently)and has the poten

26、tial to produce hydrogen at a low carbon emissions intensity.However,CCUS is not well-established in China and is limited to a few demonstration projects.Goal 2:InfrastructureKey objectives:Establish unified regulatory standards and procedures Reduce the cost of infrastructure investment and expand

27、financing channelsUnderdeveloped infrastructure restricts the availability of green hydrogen.Under the Chinese regulatory framework,hydrogen is classified as an energy source as well as a hazardous chemical,which makes developing the industry more complex hydrogen infrastructure must legally be site

28、d in a chemicals industry park and secure a range of licences.However,regulations differ between jurisdictions.For example,in October 2022,Guangdong province passed interim measures that allow the construction of stations that integrate hydrogen production and refuelling facilities in non-chemical i

29、ndustry parks.Another obstacle is the high cost of investing in hydrogen infrastructure,along with limited channels to raise finance.In 2021,the hydrogen sector generated just$578 million in investment,compared to$489 billion invested in electric vehicles,which comprise the great majority of capital

30、 raised by the new energy vehicle(NEV)sector(that excludes hydrogen-powered vehicles).Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress5Goal 3:Market demandKey objectives:Boost short-term market demand for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles(HFCVs)Create multiple end-use application scenarios to drive the larg

31、e-scale adoption of hydrogen technologyTo develop green hydrogen at scale,a breakthrough on supply is not enough Chinas markets need policy support to develop more demand-side opportunities.Hydrogen has a wide range of applications in transport,manufacturing,utilities and construction.Hydrogen fuel

32、cell vehicles(HFCVs)offer an ideal solution for long-haul,heavy-duty trucking.By 2021,there were 9,000 HFCVs on the road not enough to support a large-scale industry,but this is expected to change as fuel cell costs fall.Hydrogen is also being piloted in aviation and shipping,though commercializatio

33、n remains a long-term goal.Hydrogen also offers significant decarbonization opportunities for iron and steel production,which emits 1-3 tons of carbon dioxide(CO2)per ton of metal produced.Hydrogen can replace coking coal as a combustion fuel in the smelting process,resulting in water(H2O)as a by-pr

34、oduct instead of CO2.Other applications include hydrogen energy storage(HES),which entails hydrogen being produced using fuel cells and stored when electrical supply is abundant,to be converted back into electricity when needed.Goal 4:Industry standards and certificationKey objectives:Improve the re

35、gulatory system for hydrogen by providing better-structured standards Engage multiple stakeholders to develop innovative,high-quality standardsStandards play a pivotal role in the development of hydrogen technology,but standard-setting is too slow to support this fast-growing industry.Despite the pu

36、blication of Chinese standards that cover the whole supply chain,gaps remain,especially in technical standards for storage,transport and refuelling.Here,China compares poorly to other jurisdictions such as the United States(US)or Japan.Because of the complexity of the hydrogen value chain,the admini

37、strative structure that is responsible for standard setting spans many different ministries and is consequently not best suited for the rapid certification of an emerging industry such as green hydrogen.In practice this means that for certain technology applications,no single administrative body is

38、clearly responsible as of now.Goal 5:TechnologyKey objective:Step up proprietary research and development(R&D)across the supply chain to further adapt electrolysis technology to renewable energy sourcesElectrolysis is considered the leading green hydrogen-producing technology today.It produces highl

39、y purified hydrogen and works well in combination with renewable energy.It therefore enjoys brighter prospects than other types of hydrogen technology,such as those using nuclear energy or photocatalysis(technologies still at the laboratory stage).The electrolysis process relies on electrolysers,of

40、which three types are currently in use:alkaline(ALK),proton exchange membrane(PEM)and solid oxide electrolyser cell(SOEC).PEMs higher reaction efficiency is well suited to the volatility of wind and solar power.Globally,PEM technology is expected to commercialize rapidly.But China is way behind in t

41、his technology.To secure PEMs future,China needs to replace imported components with domestic alternatives.SOEC recovers waste heat from high-temperature industrial processes,working well in conjunction with photothermal power systems.In China,the experience with SOEC electrolysers is currently limi

42、ted to laboratory-scale demonstrations.Goal 6:Evolution and cooperationKey objective:Speed up the development of a national strategy for hydrogen Lay the foundation for international cooperationNational-level hydrogen planning is in place,but the development pathway and goals for the hydrogen supply

43、 chain are yet to be defined.Other countries have already formulated explicit roadmaps to propel their hydrogen industries,and China risks being left behind.Japan and South Korea are taking the lead in building overseas hydrogen supply systems and sales markets.Japan leads on international cooperati

44、on,having recently hosted the Group of Twenty(G20)Clean Energy Ministerial and a special forum on hydrogen.China started late in this sector,but is now expanding rapidly.Currently,China has the largest hydrogen production capacity worldwide.The blueprint for Chinas future hydrogen sector development

45、 is focused primarily on domestic energy restructuring and carbon neutrality objectives.Additionally,China has witnessed a steady increase in the number of international cooperation projects,more wide-ranging collaborations,diverse partnership models,greater commitment to green hydrogen and more eng

46、agement from companies.Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress6Blueprint for the evolution of green hydrogen in ChinaGiven Chinas ambition to peak carbon emissions by 2030,green hydrogen is destined to play a pivotal role in the countrys carbon neutralization.To deliver this new technology at

47、 the scale required,China will need to focus on developing the sector through industrial,regional and global collaborations.The key priorities should be:Deployment of government policy for balancing supply and demand.Improved coordination between provinces to maximize relative strengths and synergie

48、s.Support for a multilateral approach built on global cooperation in cost,infrastructure and markets.Adoption of a China-specific approach to standards and certification.This publication proposes a roadmap with six goals that China should execute in a series of coordinated actions spread over three

49、phases that accomplish key goals:Phase 1-2023-2024:Supportive policies,demonstration projects,technological breakthroughs,coordination with existing energy supply,application to industry sectors.Phase 2-2024-2027:Technical standards,investment in supply networks,international cooperation,widespread

50、progress.Phase 3-2027-2030:Price and demand targets,energy infrastructure,certification,innovation networks,global participation.Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress7Green hydrogen in China Goals,objectives and enabling measuresTABLE 1Key objectivesEnabling measuresGoal 1CostReduce the cos

51、t of electricity in green hydrogen productionReduce the cost of electrolysersImplement centralized demonstration projects for hydrogen production from renewable energy sources in areas rich in such resourcesFormulate policies on special electricity rates for green hydrogen projectsOptimize electrici

52、ty markets to scale up green electricity tradingSubsidize the manufacture of green hydrogen equipmentLay down a tax credit policy for green hydrogenDevelop efficient high-powered alkaline electrolysers to reduce the capital expenditure Goal 2InfrastructureEstablish unified regulatory standards&proce

53、duresReduce the cost of infrastructure investment&expand financing channelsDevelop a system for hydrogen administration&designate the competent authoritiesAccelerate formulation of unified national approval procedures&management standards Encourage local pilot efforts to deregulate hydrogen producti

54、on&refuelling in non-chemical industry parksAccelerate technological breakthroughs in hydrogen storage&transport,plus domestic production of key components for refuelling stationsPromote the construction of integrated hydrogen production&refuelling stationsAdvocate for the conversion of traditional

55、filling stations into mixed fossil fuel and hydrogen refuelling stations Provide more support for hydrogen infrastructure via financial instrumentsAccelerate the incorporation of the complete green hydrogen supply chain into green finance standardsGoal 3Market demandBoost short-term market demand fo

56、r hydrogen fuel cell vehicles(HFCVs)Create multiple end-use application scenarios to drive the large-scale adoption of hydrogen technologyAccelerate domestic development of hydrogen fuel cell technology and high-pressure hydrogen storage systemsStep up policy support by granting right of way to HFCV

57、sStrengthen public procurement of HFCVsBoost the development of green hydrogen and its applications in industrial production,such as manufacture of iron and steel Explore the coupling of green hydrogen and carbon markets to accelerate the replacement of grey hydrogen across big industrial emittersPr

58、omote integration of green hydrogen storage with renewable energy sources,through commercial operating models and demonstration projects Build multiple end-use green hydrogen application scenarios,starting with demonstration projectsDistribute industrial demonstration projects in line with local con

59、ditions,drive the supply chain by clusters,and scale up applicationsGoal 4Industry standards and certificationImprove the regulatory system for hydrogen by providing better-structured standardsEngage multiple stakeholders to develop innovative,high-quality standardsReflect on the realities and flaws

60、 of the hydrogen sectors standards to optimize the standards system Improve top-level planning and execution of standards,while providing policy support,incentives and publicity to promote standardizationPilot local and corporate standards to derive empirical models for promotion and replicationEnco

61、urage industrial alliances,academic societies,enterprises and other organizations to cooperate and innovate in standard-setting Cooperate in the formulation of international standardsGoal 5TechnologyStep up proprietary research and development across the supply chain to further adapt electrolysis te

62、chnology to renewable energy sourcesEnhance the rapid response capacity of the alkaline hydrogen production system Establish a special fund to finance breakthroughs in new-generation electrolysis technologyDefine technological development goals and pathways Accelerate Chinas access to next-generatio

63、n technology by leveraging universities and participation in global innovation forumsEnhance innovation platforms and maximize the role of industrial clusters to incubate and demonstrate key technologiesGoal 6Evolution and cooperationSpeed up the development of a national strategy for hydrogen Lay t

64、he foundation for international cooperationRefine the national development plan for hydrogen and formulate a roadmap for green hydrogenDevelop a long-term mechanism for international cooperation,and connect technology,policy,academia,enterprises and finance with global supply chainsStrengthen intern

65、ational cooperation in setting standards for carbon emissionsGreen Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress8Introduction:A great mission and a long way to goGreen hydrogen is the optimal solution for net zeroAs net-zero carbon emissions become a global goal,energy from hydrogen which can be low-carb

66、on,flexible,efficient and produced in multiple ways is becoming an essential means for reshaping the global energy architecture and addressing climate change.At present,hydrogen can be categorized in different ways,such as by production method or by carbon emissions intensity across the whole life c

67、ycle.Depending on production methods,hydrogen can be grey,blue or green.In this publication,green hydrogen refers to hydrogen produced via electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources,including wind,solar,ocean,hydel,geothermal and biomass(Figure 1).Hydrogen production methods,sources and charac

68、teristicsFIGURE 1Source:Accenture from public data.Grey hydrogenHydrogen is produced byburning fossil fuelsCoal,oil,natural gas and other chemical energy sourcesHydrogen extracted from coke oven gas,the chemical fertilizer industry,chlor-alkali and other industrial by-productsSame source as grey hyd

69、rogen,mainly natural gasProduction of grey hydrogen is combined with carbon capture,utilization and storage Hydrogen is obtained by electrolysis of waterWater,renewable energy sourcesLow carbon emissions with high costs;limited applications,large-scale adoption needs promotionHigher carbon emissions

70、 with lower costs;well-establishedMethodSourceCharacteristicsHigher carbon emissions with lower costsBlue hydrogenGreen hydrogenHydrogen results from industrial by-productionGreen Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress9Hydrogen is a global priority and now part of Chinas national planningThe devel

71、opment of hydrogen has become a global priority and has been incorporated into Chinas national development planning.In addition to climate change,the global energy crisis aggravated by extreme weather and the Russian invasion of Ukraine provides a vital strategic opportunity for the development of t

72、he hydrogen sector.To date,30 jurisdictions,encompassing the worlds major economies accounting for 70%of global gross domestic product(GDP),have announced state-level hydrogen strategies(Figure 2).2 Europe,the US,Japan and South Korea are the pioneers.In March 2022,the National Development and Refor

73、m Commission(NDRC)of China and the National Energy Administration jointly issued the Medium-and Long-Term Plan for the Development of the Hydrogen Energy Industry(2021-2035),officially incorporating hydrogen development into Chinas national development plan and ushering the countrys hydrogen sector

74、into a new phase of development.This plan defines the role of hydrogen in Chinas energy system and its industrial restructuring and upgrade.Hydrogen is an integral part of Chinas green and low-carbon energy system and has an important role to play in helping China first peak then neutralize its carb

75、on emissions.3 The hydrogen industry plan highlights the principle of“building a clean,low-carbon,low-cost and multi-approach hydrogen production system,with a focus on hydrogen production from renewable energy sources and strict controls over hydrogen production from fossil energy sources”.The plan

76、 frames the requirements for green hydrogen development against the following target deadlines:By 2025,to establish a hydrogen supply system that ensures hydrogen is consumed close to where it is produced,whether as an industrial by-product or from renewable energy sources.The aim is to produce 50,0

77、00 hydrogen fuel cell vehicles(HFCVs)with sufficient hydrogen refuelling stations.4 The target for renewable energy-based hydrogen production capacity is 100,000-200,000 tons per year,achieving CO2 emissions reductions of 1-2 million tons per year.By 2030,there should be wide application of hydrogen

78、 produced from renewable energy sources,which will robustly support the countrys decarbonization goals,with a focus on decarbonizing mobility and then industry.By 2035,hydrogen from renewable sources should account for a significantly higher proportion of consumption at end-points or by end-users,pl

79、aying a vital role in supporting the transition towards green energy.To date,30 jurisdictions covering 70%of global GDP have announced hydrogen strategies.Global hydrogen strategies by jurisdiction,2017-22FIGURE 2Source:China Hydrogen Alliance,Accenture analysis.2017-20195 jurisdictions202010 jurisd

80、ictions202113 jurisdictions20226 jurisdictionsItalySouthAfricaChinaDemarkAustriaUruguayOmanNetherlandsJapanFranceSouthKoreaNewZealandAustraliaNorwayGermanySpainPortugalRussiaChileFinlandCanadaEuropeanUnionPolandSlovakiaParaguayHungaryMoroccoCzechRepublicUnitedKingdomColombiaSwedenUnited ArabEmirates

81、Luxembourg BelgiumGreen Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress10China needs a clear hydrogen development pathwayAs the worlds largest hydrogen producer and consumer,5 Chinas current hydrogen production is dominated by fossil energy-based methods and supplemented by industrial by-production,with a

82、relatively small amount of hydrogen produced from electrolysis.In 2021,China produced 34.68 million tons of hydrogen,of which 80.3%was produced from fossil fuels,18.5%from industrial by-production,and 1.2%from electrolysis(of this,less than 0.1%was from electrolysis powered by renewable energy sourc

83、es)(Figure 3).While Chinas consumption of hydrogen is relatively large,the demand for green hydrogen is greatly constrained by cost and availability,as its applications are limited to a few small pilot projects in the transport sector that account for less than 0.1%of total hydrogen consumption coun

84、trywide(Figure 4).Hydrogen production in China by energy type,2021FIGURE 3Source:China Hydrogen Alliance,Accenture analysis.In 2021,China produced 34 million tons of hydrogen,but less than 0.1%came from electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources.Given Chinas abundant sources of renewable energ

85、y,green hydrogen is one of the most promising energy sources for its future.Though Chinas top-level plan for hydrogen energy has been formulated,no precise,phased and measurable development goals or paths have been established yet.This paper is a roadmap that aims to define these green hydrogen deve

86、lopment goals,determine the best pathways towards realizing them,and help China deliver on its ambitious green hydrogen vision.400010,000 tons3500300025002000150010005000Hydrogen from fossil fuelsHydrogen from industrial by-productionHydrogen from electrolysisTotal outputHydrogenfrom coalHydrogen fr

87、om natural gasHydrogen from oilHydrogen from methanolHydrogen from grid-powered electrolysisHydrogen from electrolysis powered by renewable energy sourcesHydrogen producedotherwiseHydrogen from industrial by-production9.51.731.2640512.277319593468Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress11China

88、s hydrogen consumption,2021FIGURE 4Source:China Hydrogen Alliance,Accenture analysis.Industry34,654 million tons(99.93%)Building energy5,200 tons(0.01%)Transport60 minutesHot SS:second levelCold SS:5 minutesSS:slowDynamic responseabilityStrongerStrongWeakerPower quality requirementStable power suppl

89、yStable or fluctuating power supplyStable power supplyRange of load regulation15-100%rated load0-160%rated load/System operation and maintenance(OM)Complex and high-cost OM as corrosive liquid is involved in the operationSimple and low-cost OM as non-corrosive liquid is involved in the operationCurr

90、ently focused on technical research,without OM demandFloor areaLargerSmaller/Price of electrolyserCNY 2,000-3,000/kW(made in China)CNY 6,000-8,000/kW(imported)CNY 7,000-12,000/kW/Blend with renewable energy sourcesApplicable to power systems with stable power supply and large-scale installed capacit

91、yApplicable to power generation systems using renewable energy sources with fluctuationsApplicable to photothermal power generation systems discharging high-temperature,high-pressure steamGreen Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress36Enhance the rapid response capacity of the ALK hydrogen producti

92、on system To make the ALK process more adaptive to renewable energy,China can take a multi-pronged approach,such as enhancing the rapid response capacity of the hydrogen production system,improving the power efficiency of large-scale hydrogen production from electrolysis,and controlling the way the

93、ALK system couples with the power supply.China should develop the software needed to conduct the whole-process simulation analysis of modular systems for large-capacity hydrogen production from electrolysis,including the design and operation sections.Establish a special fund to finance breakthroughs

94、 in new-generation electrolysis technologyThe government should move fast to set up a special fund to finance technological advancements in collaboration with leading labs and academic institutes.The promising PEM technology should be the research focus in the short term,along with the search for ot

95、her new electrolysis technologies,such as SOEC and anion exchange membrane(AEM)electrolysis.Europe has set an example.In 2005,the European Commission invested 2.6 million to fund the three-year GenHyPEM project,specializing in the research of PEM electrolysis technology.The project crew consisted of

96、 11 universities and institutes in France,Germany,Russia,the US and other countries,aiming to develop a PEM electrolyser with high current density,high working pressure and high electrolytic efficiency.Define technological development goals and pathwaysThe government can guide capital and resource i

97、nvestment by setting clear technological development goals and pathways.In 2014,the European Union put forward three development goals for hydrogen production via PEM electrolysis,as follows:First,meet the hydrogen demand for transport through distributed PEM electrolysis systems suitable for large-

98、scale HRSs.Second,meet industrial-purpose hydrogen demand by producing PEM electrolysers with a generation capacity of 10/100/250 MW.Third,meet the demand for large-scale energy storage,including hydrogen power generation at peak hours,with hydrogen used as a household gas source and fuel for large-

99、scale transport,with plans to phase-in PEM and phase-out ALK in water-electrolytic hydrogen production.Accelerate Chinas access to next-generation technology by leveraging universities and participation in global innovation forumsChina should leverage the research capacities of universities and scie

100、ntific research institutes to accelerate the pooling and commercialization of next-generation hydrogen technologies through industry-academia collaboration centred on forward-looking and disruptive technologies.Connections should be built with the International Association for Hydrogen Energy(IAHE)a

101、nd other relevant international organizations to facilitate Chinas participation in international academic exchanges and forums,as well as in the joint R&D and industry-wide application of universal and key hydrogen technologies.Universities and research institutes should create more opportunities t

102、o strengthen joint projects with partners from countries or regions taking a lead in hydrogen technologies.Such cooperation projects could also be extended into additional countries or regions.In this way,China could play a more effective role in global supply and innovation chains for hydrogen.Enha

103、nce innovation platforms and maximize the role of industrial clusters to incubate and demonstrate key technologiesChina should focus on key technologies within the hydrogen sector,establish a hierarchy of platforms for diversified innovation,and support universities,research institutes and enterpris

104、es in building cutting-edge interdisciplinary platforms.At the same time,the country should integrate quality innovation resources across the industry,and encourage the construction of hydrogen industry incubators(e.g.demonstration zones in industrial clusters)to support the development and engineer

105、ing of key technologies.Enabling measures for technology5.2Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress37Evolution and cooperationGoal 6The evolution of the green hydrogen sector in China has been accelerating ever since its inclusion in the Report on the Work of the Government of the Two Sessions

106、 in 2019.In March 2022,the release of the governments Medium-and Long-Term Plan for the Development of the Hydrogen Energy Industry(2021-2035)put the development of hydrogen on the national strategy agenda,delivering an immediate stimulus to the hydrogen industry as a whole.Nevertheless,when conside

107、ring the evolution of hydrogen in other major global economies,it is clear that China still has a long way to go,especially regarding the development of green hydrogen.Top-level planning has not yet defined the development path for the hydrogen supply chain6.1Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Pr

108、ogress38Roadmaps for the development of hydrogen energy across major economies FIGURE 15Notes:*Compared with green hydrogen,clean hydrogen covers a wider range.According to Chinas Standards and Certification for Low-carbon Hydrogen,Clean Hydrogen and Hydrogen from Renewable Energy Sources,clean hydr

109、ogen refers to hydrogen that produces no more than 4.9 kilograms of carbon dioxide for each kilogram of hydrogen produced in its life cycle,while green hydrogen is subject to the requirements for production sources in addition to the carbon emissions ceiling.Source:Public data,Accenture analysis.The

110、 roadmap provides a snapshot of hydrogen production,storage,transport and use in the US,and explores the potential for clean hydrogen*to contribute to the countrys decarbonization and economic development.Its target is to increase clean hydrogen production to 10 million tons per year by 2030,20 mill

111、ion tons per year by 2040 and 30 million tons per year by 2050.It sets three key directions:(1)Target strategic,high-impact uses of clean hydrogen.This will ensure that clean hydrogen is utilized in the highest value applications(where limited deep decarbonization alternatives exist);(2)Reduce the c

112、ost of clean hydrogen;and(3)Focus on regional networks.This includes regional clean hydrogen hubs to enable large-scale clean hydrogen production and end-use in proximity.This roadmap defined specific technological development projects,with respective goals set for each domain.It aims to put 200,000

113、 fuel-cell vehicles into operation by 2025 and 800,000 by 2030,supported by the refuelling network of 900 hydrogen refuelling stations,about nine times the current number.The action plan analyses the growth estimates for the hydrogen economy up to 2030 and proposes 80 measures for the effective impl

114、ementation of Germanys National Hydrogen Strategy,including green hydrogen acquisition.Hydrogen,especially green hydrogen produced from renewable sources,is identified as a prerequisite for Germany to become carbon neutral by 2050,by enabling the phase-out of thermal and nuclear power generation.Thi

115、s roadmap identified hydrogen as an essential element in achieving Europes decarbonization goals and projected that it would contribute to large-scale decarbonization across the construction,transport and manufacturing industries.Hydrogen was predicted to account for 25%of Europes total energy deman

116、d by 2050.Milestones were established as follows:by 2030,the transport sector would expect a fleet of 3.7 million passenger fuel-cell vehicles and 500,000 fuel-cell light commercial vehicles,with about 45,000 fuel-cell trucks and buses put into operation,and around 570 diesel trains replaced by fuel

117、-cell trains.September 2022Department of Energys National Clean Hydrogen Strategy and Roadmap(draft)*July 2021The Hydrogen Action Plan 2021-2025June 2020National Hydrogen StrategyMarch 2019The Strategic Roadmap for Hydrogen and Fuel CellsFebruary 2019Hydrogen Roadmap Europe:A Sustainable Pathway for

118、 the European Energy TransitionThe United StatesGermanyJapanEuropean Union*The US released the final strategy and roadmap in early June.This report does not analyse the document.Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress39In terms of hydrogen planning at the national level,the top-level planning

119、 is in place.However,the setting of goals to develop the supply chain and the design of a roadmap for green hydrogen have not yet been completed.Countries that are more established in the hydrogen field have already formulated clear,strategic roadmaps to implement their goals in the grey,blue and gr

120、een hydrogen sectors(see Figure 16).The international trade in hydrogen is still in the exploratory stages and the necessary mechanisms have not yet been established.Japan and South Korea despite insufficient domestic resources are taking the lead in building overseas hydrogen supply systems and sal

121、es markets.When it comes to international cooperation,Japan has stepped up in recent years as a leading country in the hydrogen sector.For instance,it hosted a Clean Energy Ministerial and a special forum on hydrogen at the G20 Ministerial Meeting in 2019.It formulated cooperation strategies for dev

122、eloped countries,resource suppliers and China,as part of its goal to lead the evolution of the global hydrogen market.China started late in this sector,but is currently in a period of rapid expansion.Although the country has the largest hydrogen production capacity worldwide,its current blueprint fo

123、r the sector is centred on domestic energy restructuring in support of its carbon peaking and carbon neutralization goals.Hence,China has embarked on industrial planning and positioning for the sector in a way that is different from other major economies.Nevertheless,the past few China International

124、 Import Expo(CIIE)editions have witnessed trends such as a constant increase in the number of international cooperation projects,more wide-ranging collaborations,diverse partnership models,greater commitment to green hydrogen and more engagement from companies.International cooperation on hydrogen a

125、t the China International Import Expo(CIIE)FIGURE 16Source:Database of ,Accenture analysis.Key objectives under this goal Speed up the development of a national strategy for hydrogen.Lay the foundation for international cooperation.Trends in international cooperation in hydrogenCIIE 2020 and 2021CII

126、E 2022Increase in number of cooperation projectsRelatively few cooperation projects signedCooperation projects signed outnumbered those in 2020 and 2021 combinedBroadening coverage of cooperationCooperation mainly centred on the hydrogen user end(especially in the field of transport)Enriched coopera

127、tion at the hydrogen user end and increased cooperation in the chemicals industryExtension of cooperation patternsProcurement undertaken through importsExtensive upstream and downstream cooperation“Green hydrogen”becoming a hotspot of cooperationLess cooperation on green hydrogen;less concern about

128、the“colour”of hydrogenMore cooperation projects on green hydrogenMore foreign companies engaging for in-depth cooperationInternational giants such as Air Products,Panasonic and Linde the only participantsCooperation agreements involving leading companies such as Thyssenkrupp and Siemens for the firs

129、t time at CIIE,with existing and emerging partnerships going hand in handChina transitioning from government-led to corporate-led cooperationLocal governments the main signatories of international agreements on hydrogenMore Chinese companies taking the initiative to engage in international hydrogen

130、cooperationGreen Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress40Refine the national development plan for hydrogen and formulate a roadmap for green hydrogenChina should refine its national strategic plan and roadmap for the development of hydrogen by drawing on world-class foreign practices.To achieve it

131、s hydrogen goals,China should also develop a technology roadmap,timetable and key tasks to sustain high-quality growth of the sector.The country should incorporate green hydrogen into all its emissions reduction and green development efforts,as well as guiding and encouraging cross-regional cooperat

132、ion,multi-sector applications of hydrogen and the sustainable development of the sector.Develop a long-term mechanism for international cooperation,and connect technology,policy,academia,enterprises and finance with global supply chainsThe Belt and Road Initiative encompasses 85%of the countries tha

133、t have issued hydrogen strategies,paving the way for Chinas entry into international hydrogen cooperation.China should strive for broader cooperation with these countries and also with other major players across the globe on hydrogen technology research,definition of standards,leading practices and

134、sector financing,in order to jointly promote the development of the hydrogen industry.Strengthen international cooperation in setting standards for carbon emissionsThe European Unions carbon border adjustment mechanism(CBAM),which is expected to come into force from 2026 onwards,will extend the scop

135、e of its carbon tax to hydrogen and some other industries.This means that future hydrogen trade between China and the EU will be linked to the carbon emissions quota-based pricing of the EU,and the convergence of emissions standards for hydrogen will become an inevitable part of such trade.30 China

136、has already promulgated the Standard and Evaluation of Low-Carbon Hydrogen,Clean Hydrogen and Renewable Hydrogen,31 but this is only a group standard and needs to be aligned with the standards of other jurisdictions,such as the EU and Japan.Enabling measures for evolution and cooperation6.2Green Hyd

137、rogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress41Blueprint for the evolution of green hydrogen in ChinaCoordinating the development of green hydrogenGreen hydrogen is still undergoing early-stage expansion in China,with the sector aiming to build a new energy system and a complete supply chain for hydrogen.Gi

138、ven the governments stated ambition to peak national carbon emissions by 2030,green hydrogen is destined to play a pivotal role during the countrys carbon neutralization phase.However,to deliver this new technology at the scale required,China will need to focus on developing its green hydrogen secto

139、r through industrial,regional and global collaborations.Some key priorities stand out,as detailed below:Deployment of government policy for balancing supply and demand.Improved coordination between provinces to maximize relative strengths and synergies.Support for a multilateral approach built on gl

140、obal cooperation in cost,infrastructure and markets.Adoption of a China-specific approach to technology,standards and certification.Deploying government policy for balancing supply and demandThe downstream market needs large-scale,low-cost green hydrogen supply,while equally,the projects and infrast

141、ructure supplying that green hydrogen need consistent downstream demand.This“chicken and egg”scenario between supply and demand can only be resolved through concerted efforts along every section of the supply chain to scale up green hydrogen.Given the irreplaceable role of government policy in promo

142、ting the industry,the policy focus should be based on a coherent overall plan tied to clear development goals.This plan should ensure that the phase-out of existing energy sources only happens after a breakthrough in green hydrogen is achieved,so that Chinas energy industry can evolve in an orderly

143、manner.Improving coordination between provinces to maximize relative strengths and synergiesAs the sources of renewable energy are not usually based near energy hubs,Chinas provinces need to align across each section of the supply chain to avoid the potentially redundant construction of low-level hy

144、drogen projects.Since almost all provinces have their own hydrogen aspirations outlined in their 14th Five Year Plans,they will need to work together based on their comparative advantages.By lifting barriers to trade,each province can contribute towards strengthening the elements essential to the su

145、ccess of the sector,such as policy,standards,technology and promotion.Provinces will need to coordinate to maximize their relative strengths in industrial structure,resource endowment,scientific research,talent and market prospects.They will also need to generate synergies across policy,standards,te

146、chnology,markets and other core factors,and remove obstacles to industrial development,such as regional blockades and local protectionism.Regional coordination will generate new growth,guided by national policies,led by key cities and sustained by leading enterprises.Supporting a multilateral approa

147、ch built on global cooperation in cost,infrastructure and marketsThe world has ushered in a new era of industrial and technological revolution focused on green,low-carbon growth,in which China is playing an increasingly essential role.Chinas renewable energy installations account for one-third of th

148、e worlds total.The country is also home to half of the wind power and 80%of the photovoltaic components worldwide.For seven years running,China has been the worlds largest investor in renewable energy.32Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress42Consequently,Chinese hydrogen companies,academics

149、 and industry platforms should participate in the global hydrogen market through collaboration and project-based exchanges.Global cooperation in hydrogen is not only a necessary obligation in terms of climate action,it is also a positive step towards the coordinated development of the economy,societ

150、y and sectors such as energy,security and many others.It is in Chinas interest to pursue a multilateral approach in its green hydrogen endeavour,in order to achieve a win-win outcome,especially in relation to global standards,technological innovation and trade.China,the EU and Japan share the aspira

151、tion to grow their green hydrogen sectors,and their interests converge in terms of the three key factors essential for the scale-up of hydrogen cost,infrastructure and markets.The EU hopes to lower the cost of electricity in hydrogen production,while Japan is focusing on investment in electrolysers

152、as it depends on hydrogen imports.China is investing across the full value chain,with a particular focus on creating industrial parks.Adopting a China-specific approach to technology,standards and certificationWhere China differs from the EU and Japan is in technology,standards,certification and pro

153、gress China has chosen ALK technology for the large-scale production of green hydrogen from renewable energy sources,as these are stable and abundant in the country.For green hydrogen production dependant on more volatile sources of renewable energy,it has chosen PEM technology.Chinas hydrogen devel

154、opment is different from other countries due to its industry standards and certification system,which are subject to Chinese-style administration.The country should,in the initial stage,develop its own standards for hydrogen safety,engineering,production,purification and testing for a small number o

155、f local hydrogen models.Greater collaboration between provinces and regions is needed to ensure that hydrogen development across the country takes a unified direction,that hydrogen-based applications grow and expand,and hydrogen technology advances apace.This collaboration will in turn drive a growi

156、ng demand for common technical standards governing hydrogen production from renewables,hydrogen storage and refuelling,and hydrogen applications.In October 2022,the National Energy Administration(NEA)issued the Summary of Industry Standards Setting Programs for the Energy Sector 2022,of which 11 are

157、 related to hydrogen.These include standards for pipelines and cylinders that store and transport compressed hydrogen,hydrogen storage systems at power stations,and HCNG transportation as well as standards for green hydrogen production.All these efforts will help accelerate the formulation of indust

158、ry standards.Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress43Summary of Chinas green hydrogen development goals and enabling measuresFIGURE 17Technological development,R&D and innovationThe flags denote areas where the EU and Japan have similar enabling measuresStandards and certificationMarket and

159、financeMatching supply and demandCostReduce the cost of electricity in green hydrogen productionCostReduce the cost of electrolysersInfrastructureEstablish unified regulatory standards and proceduresInfrastructureReduce the cost of infrastructure investment and expand financing channelsTechnologySte

160、p up proprietary R&D across the supply chain to further adapt electrolysis technology to renewable energy sources1a.Implement centralized demonstration projects for hydrogen production from renewable energy sources in areas rich in such resources2a.Subsidize the manufacture of green hydrogen equipme

161、nt3a.Develop a system for hydrogen administration and designate the competent authorities4a.Accelerate technological breakthroughs in hydrogen storage and transport,plus domestic production of key components for refuelling stations5a.Enhance the rapid response capacity of the alkaline hydrogen produ

162、ction system4b.Promote the construction of integrated hydrogen production and refuelling stations5b.Establish a special fund to finance breakthroughs in new-generation electrolysis technology4c.Advocate for the conversion of traditional filling stations into mixed fossil fuel and hydrogen refuelling

163、 stations5c.Define technological development goals and pathways4d.Provide more support for hydrogen infrastructure via financial instruments5d.Accelerate Chinas access to next-generation technology by leveraging universities and participation in global innovation forums4e.Accelerate the incorporatio

164、n of the complete green hydrogen supply chain into green finance standards5e.Enhance innovation platforms and maximize the role of industrial clusters to incubate and demonstrate key technologies1b.Formulate policies on special electricity rates for green hydrogen projects2b.Lay down a tax credit po

165、licy for green hydrogen3b.Accelerate formulation of unified national approval procedures&management standards2c.Develop efficient high-powered alkaline electrolysers to reduce the capital expenditure3c.Encourage local pilot efforts to deregulate hydrogen production&refuelling in non-chemical industr

166、y parks1c.Optimize electricity markets to scale up green electricity tradingGreen Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress44Technological development,R&D and innovationStandards and certificationMarket and financeMatching supply and demandMarket demandBoost short-term market demand for hydrogen fuel

167、-cell vehiclesMarket demandCreate multiple end-use application scenarios to drive the large-scale adoption of hydrogen technologyIndustry standards and certificationImprove the regulatory system for hydrogen by providing better-structured standardsIndustry standards and certificationEngage multiple

168、stakeholders to develop innovative,high-quality standardsEvolution and cooperationSpeed up the development of a national strategy for hydrogen6a.Accelerate domestic development of hydrogen fuel cell technology and high-pressure hydrogen storage systems9a.Pilot local and corporate standards to derive

169、 empirical models for promotion and replication10a.Refine the national development plan for hydrogen energy and formulate the roadmap for green hydrogen7a.Boost the development of green hydrogen and its applications in industrial production,such as manufacture of iron and steel8a.Reflect on the real

170、ities and flaws of the hydrogen energy sectors standards to optimize the standards system8b.Improve top-level planning and execution of standards,while providing policy support,incentives and publicity to promote standardization7b.Explore the coupling of hydrogen and carbon markets to accelerate the

171、 replacement of grey hydrogen across big industrial carbon emitters7c.Promote integration of green hydrogen storage with renewable energy sources,through commercial operating models and demonstration projects7d.Build multiple end-use green hydrogen application scenarios,starting with demonstration p

172、rojects7e.Distribute industrial demonstration projects in line with local conditions,drive the supply chain by clusters,and scale up applications6b.Step up policy support by granting right of way to HFCVs9b.Encourage industrial alliances,academic societies,enterprises and other organizations to coop

173、erate and innovate in standard-setting10b.Strengthen international cooperation in setting the standards for carbon emissions6c.Strengthen public procurement of HFCVs9c.Cooperate in the formulation of international standards10c.Develop a long-term mechanism for international cooperation,and connect t

174、echnology,policy,academia,enterprises and finance with global supply chainsThe flags denote areas where the EU and Japan have similar enabling measuresGreen Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress45Enabling measures:Road mappingFIGURE 18Cost1a.Implement centralized demonstration projects of hydroge

175、n production from renewable energy sources in areas rich of such resources1b.Formulate policies on special electricity rate for green hydrogen projects1c.Optimize electricity markets to scale upgreen electricity trading2a.Subsidize the manufacture of green hydrogen equipment2b.Lay down a tax credit

176、policy for green hydrogen2c.Develop efficient high-powered alkalineelectrolysers to reduce the capitalexpenditureInfrastructure3a.Develop a system for hydrogen energy administration and designate the competent authorities3b.Accelerate formulation of unified nationalapproval procedures&managementstan

177、dards3c.Encourage local pilot efforts to deregulatehydrogen production&refuelling in non-chemicalindustry parks4a.Accelerate technologicalbreakthroughs in hydrogenstorage and transport,plusdomestic production ofkeycomponents forrefuelling stations4b.Promote the construction of integrated hydrogen pr

178、oduction and refueling stations4c.Advocate for theconversion of traditionalfilling stations into mixedfossil fuel andhydrogenrefuelling stationsTechnology4d.Provide more support for hydrogen infrastructure via financial instruments4e.Accelerate theincorporation of thecomplete green hydrogensupply ch

179、ain into greenfinancestandards5a.Enhance the rapid response capacity of the ALK hydrogen production system5b.Establish a special fund to finance breakthroughs in and reserve of the new generation electrolysis technology5c.Define technological development goals and paths,and guide capital and resourc

180、e investment5d.Strengthen the collaboration between universities and enterprises to tackle technological barriers,and contribute to international cooperation in hydrogen technology5e.Enhance innovation platform building,and maximize the role of industrial clusters in technology demonstration and gui

181、danceMarket demand6a.Accelerate domestic development ofhydrogen fuel cell technology and high-pressurehydrogen storage systems6b.Step up policy support by granting right ofway to HFCVs6c.Strengthen public procurement ofHFCVs7a.Boost the development ofgreen hydrogen and itsapplications in industrialp

182、roduction,such asmanufacture of iron andsteel7b.Explore the coupling of hydrogen and carbon markets,and accelerate the replacement of grey hydrogen across big industrial carbon emitters7c.Promote integration ofgreen hydrogen storage withrenewable energy sources,through commercialoperating models and

183、demonstration projects2022 20232025 2026 2027 2028 202920242030Technological development,R&D and innovationStandards and certificationMarket and financeMatching supply and demandGreen Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress46Outlook 2030:Chinas pathway to green hydrogenThe release in March 2022 of

184、the governments medium-and long-term plan for the hydrogen industry fires the starting gun for Chinas race to develop green hydrogen.The government has defined the end of this decade as the deadline for the country to peak its carbon emissions,so 2030 marks the start of in-depth decarbonization acro

185、ss multiple industries.This in turn will initiate a new phase of large-scale green hydrogen development.Keeping in mind the 2030 milestone,this report proposes a roadmap for measures to enable the development of Chinas green hydrogen industry,broken down into three phases,detailed below:Phase 1:2023

186、-2024 Phase 2:2024-2027 Phase 3:2027-20307d.Build multiple end-use green hydrogen application scenarios,starting with demonstration projects7e.Distribute industrial demonstration projects in line with the local conditions,drive the supply chain by clusters,and scale up applicationsIndustry standards

187、 and certification8a.Reflect on the realities and flaws of the hydrogen energy sectors standards to optimize the standards system8b.Improve top-level planning and execution of standards,whileproviding policy support,incentives and publicity to promotestandardization9a.Pilot local and corporate stand

188、ards to derive empirical models for promotion and replication9b.Encourage industrial alliances,academicsocieties,enterprises and other organizations tocooperate and innovate in standard-setting9c.Cooperate in the formulation ofinternational standardsEvolution and cooperation10a.Refine the national d

189、evelopment plan for hydrogen energy and formulate the roadmap for green hydrogen10b.Strengthen international cooperation in setting the standards for carbon emissions10c.Develop a long-term mechanism forinternational cooperation,and connecttechnology,policy,academia,enterprisesand finance with globa

190、l supply chains2022 20232025 2026 2027 2028 202920242030Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress47Phase 1:2023-2024 Supportive policies:China will adopt policies to support the long-term development of the green hydrogen industry,including fiscal and tax incentives and subsidies for the supply

191、 chain.Demonstration projects:Government support will lead to more demonstration projects,bringing down the cost of hydrogen storage and transport.Technology breakthroughs:More breakthroughs will be made in core technologies,especially the R&D of hydrogen and fuel cells.Coordination with existing en

192、ergy supply:The government will coordinate the storage of wind,photovoltaic and hydrogen generation,and couple hydrogen with other existing energy production and storage.Application to industry sectors:Coordination will pave the way for applying hydrogen to the transportation,heating,chemicals and m

193、etallurgical industries,thereby improving energy efficiency and reaping its accompanying economic and social benefits.Phase 2:2024-2027 Technical standards:China will develop a full-scale technical standards system for hydrogen,covering infrastructure design,construction and certification,and consis

194、ting of national,industrial,regional,associational and corporate standards.Investment in supply networks:The country will develop technologies for the long-haul transport and large-scale storage of hydrogen,and invest in more infrastructure to sustain an integrated hydrogen supply network across reg

195、ions and countrywide.International cooperation:To deliver an integrated supply network,it will be vital to attract international investment.This will require open-mindedness and practicality in technical and industrial innovations.Widespread progress:By the end of this phase,green hydrogen applicati

196、ons will be flourishing at multiple sites.Phase 3:2027-2030 Price and demand targets:The cost price of hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources will reach CNY 15/kg($2.18),the storage and transport price per hundred kilometres will range from CNY 5-10/kg($0.73-1.45),and the price at HRSs will

197、 be from CNY 30-35/kg($4.36-5.09).Demand for green hydrogen will reach around 5-8 million tons.Energy infrastructure:Over 5,000 HRSs will be built across the country,forming a well-functioning network.Certification:China will develop a comprehensive framework of standards and certification for the h

198、ydrogen sector.Innovation networks:The country will create state-level engineering and research centres,and centres for technical and manufacturing innovation in leading enterprises,universities and colleges.The role of this innovation network will be to make breakthroughs in key technologies along

199、the supply chain,by defining multiple sectoral goals that align with Chinas top-level hydrogen plan,along with creating roadmaps to achieve those goals.Global participation:China will seek pragmatic cooperation with foreign players in hydrogen technology and industrial innovation,and play a signific

200、ant role in hydrogen development around the globe.Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress48ConclusionWith the governments announcement of the Medium-and Long-Term Plan for the Development of the Hydrogen Energy Industry(2021-2035)in March 2022,the growth of hydrogens value chain has been inco

201、rporated into Chinas national development plan.Hydrogen is consequently assuming an ever more critical role in Chinas energy system.Above all,green hydrogen which provides significant decarbonization potential for industries such as transportation,manufacturing,utilities and construction is a top pr

202、iority for China to deliver on its commitment to carbon neutrality by 2060.However,despite this growing attention on green hydrogen,challenges around cost,infrastructure and demand prevent it from making significant contributions to Chinas energy transition.As a result,green hydrogen currently makes

203、 up a tiny fraction of the countrys hydrogen production and consumption.The national plan has framed high-level strategic goals for green hydrogen,with 2035 as the date by when hydrogen from renewable sources should form a significant proportion of terminal energy consumption.But a precise,phased an

204、d measurable pathway for green hydrogen development has not yet been proposed.Clear development objectives,detailed planning and dedicated policies are needed to facilitate the kinds of value-chain collaboration that can promote large-scale,orderly development of the sector.This report proposes a ro

205、admap for Chinas green hydrogen development,defined by six key barriers and goals related to cost,infrastructure,market demand,industry standards and certification,technology,and evolution and cooperation.To deliver on these goals,the report offers 35 enabling measures,to be executed in three phases

206、 from now until 2030.This blueprint for action is further informed by cross-cutting themes,such as the supportive role of government policy,coordination between provinces,an approach built on global cooperation,as well as a China-specific approach to standards.Over the next 18 months,practical steps

207、 to take down this pathway include government support for demonstration projects and policy incentives for industry sectors to adopt green hydrogen.These measures will,in turn,generate the breakthroughs in cost,infrastructure and demand that are needed to accelerate the growth of this exciting,new e

208、nergy technology.Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress49ContributorsWorld Economic Forum Roberto Bocca Head,Centre for Energy and MaterialsNoam Boussidan Manager,Transforming Industrial Ecosystems,Centre for Energy and MaterialsVee Li Energy Sector Lead,China Climate ActionJrgen Sandstrm He

209、ad,Transforming Industrial Ecosystems,Centre for Energy and Materials Stephanie ShiCenter Curator,Centre for Energy and MaterialsBing XiaLead,Greater China Government Engagement Accenture Xiaopeng FanDirector,Sustainability Services-Greater China Catherine OBrien Lead,Industrial DecarbonizationMelis

210、sa Stark Global Lead,Energy Transition and Net Zero Transition Services Xun ZhangLead,Sustainability Services-Greater China Jinrong ZhaoLead,Chemical&Energy Industry-Greater China AcknowledgementsJing ChenDirector General of International Cooperation Department,China Energy Investment CorporationKai

211、 Ding Head,Institutional Cooperation Division,International Cooperation Centre of the National Development and Reform Commission of ChinaShuchen FengExecutive Vice President,China Energy Investment CorporationXiaoming FuDeputy General Manager,SinoHytecBoqiang LinDean,China Institute for Studies in E

212、nergy Policy and Director,Collaborative Innovation in Energy Economics and Energy Policy,Xiamen University Guoyue LiuChairman,China Energy Investment CorporationWen Li LiuDeputy Director-General,International Cooperation Department,China Huaneng GroupWei LiuGeneral Manager,Guohua Energy Investment C

213、ompany;Secretary-General,China Hydrogen Alliance(CHA)Yajie LiuChief Executive Officer,Shuimu Xingchuang(Beijing)at Daxing International Hydrogen Energy Demonstration Zone Hailong LuProfessor and Head,Beijing International Center for Gas Hydrate,Peking UniversityThe preparation of this report has dra

214、wn on the insights of many industry practitioners and experts,including leading businesses,hydrogen industry alliances,academic institutions and international hydrogen demonstration zones.We sincerely thank all the organizations and experts,many of whom are listed below,who took part in the research

215、 for this report and offered their valuable opinions and suggestions.We would also like to thank the International Cooperation Centre of the National Development and Reform Commission of China,China Hydrogen Alliance and colleagues at the International Renewable Energy Agency who participated in thi

216、s work.Thank you for your insights and dedication,without which this report would not be possible.Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress50Editing Madhur SinghJonathan WalterDesignBianca Gay-FulconisJean-Philippe StanwayNaiqian MiaoDeputy Head,Hydrogen Energy Center,China EV100Xiongfeng PanPr

217、ofessor,School of Economics and Management,Dalian University of Technology Yanming WanGeneral Manager,China Hydrogen Alliance Research Institute,China Hydrogen AllianceZhaohui WanGeneral Manager,Sany Hydrogen Energy Technology CompanyJinyi WangHead,Hydrogen Technology Department,Institute of Clean E

218、nergy Technology,China Huaneng Group Co.Wang WeiProject Lead,Institutional Cooperation Division,International Cooperation Center,National Development and Reform Commission of ChinaYingge WangVice-President,LONGi Hydrogen Energy Technology CompanyYuanyuan WangExpert,Decarbonization Transition and Hea

219、d,Carbon Neutralization Department,Arcelor MittalJintao XuBoya Distinguished Professor and Director,Center for Environment and Economy of Energy,Peking University Lei YangDeputy Dean,Institute of Energy,Peking University Yan ZhangDirector,Industry Research Department,China Hydrogen Alliance Research

220、 Institute,China Hydrogen Alliance Yan ZhangSenior Engineer,Laboratory for New Energy Conversion,Peking University Yuguang ZhangGeneral Manager,CSSC(PERIC)Hydrogen Technologies CompanyZhen ZhangHead,Hydrogen Energy Center,China EV100Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress51Endnotes1.Leigh Col

221、lins,China should install100GW of green hydrogen by 2030,says Beijing-supervised body,Recharge,https:/ Yanming,Xiong Yalin and Wang Xueying,Strategic analysis of hydrogen energy development in major countries,https:/ Energy Agency,Hydrogen Industry Development Plan 2021-2035,https:/www.iea.org/polic

222、ies/16977-hydrogen-industry-development-plan-2021-2035,2023.4.A hydrogen fuel-cell vehicle(HFCV)uses the same kind of electric motor to turn the wheels that a battery-electric car does.But it is powered not by a large,heavy battery but by a fuel-cell stack in which pure hydrogen(H2)passes through a

223、membrane to combine with oxygen(O2)from the air,producing the electricity that turns the wheels plus water vapour.See John Voelcker,Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicles:Everything You Need To Know,https:/ consumption worldwide in 2020,by country”and“Global hydrogen use 2020,by country,published by N.Snnichse

224、n”,https:/ yuan converted to US dollars using the 3 April 2023 rate of 0.145583.Source:www.XE.com.7.China EV100,Report on the Development of Hydrogen Energy Industry in China 2020,October 2020.8.State Council,Action Plan for Carbon Dioxide Peaking Before 2030,October 2021.9.The Opinions on Improving

225、 the Systems,Mechanisms and Policy Measures for the Transition to Green and Low-carbon Energy jointly issued by the NDRC and NEA propose“to facilitate the building of energy supply systems dominated by clean and low-carbon energy,as well as to accelerate the construction of large-scale wind power an

226、d photovoltaic bases,especially in desert,gobi and desolate areas.”At the end of 2021,NEA issued a Notification on the Selection of Proposed Second Series of Projects for Large-scale Wind Power and Photovoltaic Bases Mainly Located in Desert,Gobi and Desolate Areas,further requiring that“the thresho

227、ld for an individual project shall not be less than 1 million kW.”10.Interview with China Hydrogen Alliance,compiled by Accenture.11.Chengdu Municipal Peoples Government,Policy Measures for Energy Structure Optimization for Green and Low-carbon Urban Development,June 2022.12.Compared with green hydr

228、ogen,clean hydrogen covers a wider range.According to Chinas Standards and Certification for Low-carbon Hydrogen,Clean Hydrogen and Hydrogen from Renewable Energy Sources,clean hydrogen produces no more than 4.9 kilograms of carbon dioxide in its entire life cycle for each kilogram of hydrogen produ

229、ced,while green hydrogen is subject to the requirements for production sources in addition to the carbon emissions ceiling.13.Monahan Katherine and Marisa Beck,Hydrogen tax credits in the U.S.Inflation Reduction Act,Canadian Climate Institute,https:/climateinstitute.ca/publications/hydrogen-tax-cred

230、its-in-the-u-s-inflation-reduction-act/,2023.14.Interviews with industry insiders,compiled by Accenture.15.TrendBank and ZDHS,Blue Book on the Development of Chinas Hydrogen Refuelling Station Industry 2022,July 2022.16.China EV100,Report on the Development of Hydrogen Energy Industry in China 2020,

231、October 2020.17.Ibid.18.New energy vehicles(NEVs)refer to vehicles that use unconventional vehicle fuels as their power source.NEVs are divided into pure electric vehicles,extended-range electric vehicles,plug-in hybrid vehicles,and non-plug-in hybrid vehicles.Pure electric vehicles including batter

232、y-electric vehicles(BEVs)and solar-powered vehicles are completely powered by electricity.In the China context,NEVs do not usually include vehicles powered by hydrogen or hydrogen fuel cells.19.In the“Two Sessions”held in March 2023,Chinas National Peoples Congress representatives noted that hydroge

233、n is still managed as a hazardous chemical in the country.However,to develop the hydrogen industry,it is recommended that hydrogen used as energy and hydrogen used as an industrial raw material be treated separately,so that projects to produce,store and utilize hydrogen as an energy source are not t

234、reated as chemical or hazardous chemical projects.20.Intellectual property pledge financing refers to a financing method in which an enterprise obtains loans from a bank that evaluates its property rights in legally owned patents,trademarks and copyrights as collateral.Intellectual property pledge f

235、inancing can alleviate the difficulty and high cost of financing for enterprises to a certain extent,and obtain necessary funding through the“light assets”of intellectual property.This can help technology-based small-and medium-sized enterprises to solve financial shortfalls caused by the lack of re

236、al estate by using intellectual property pledges as collateral.21.EV100_Plus,Hydrogen Energy Center of China EV100 and Central University of Finance and Economics,Building a Hydrogen Finance System in line with the Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutralization Goals,2022.22.China EV100,Report on the Deve

237、lopment of Hydrogen Energy Industry in China 2020,October 2020.23.China Metallurgical News,Realities and Challenges Regarding Hydrogen Metallurgy Technology,29 August 2022.Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress5224.The Development and Enforcement Plan for New-type Energy Storage under the 14

238、th Five-Year Plan issued by the NEA stipulates that“new-type energy storage refers to energy storage mainly in the form of power output in addition to pumped storage”.25.Five ministries of the state announced incentives for FCV demonstration cities,replacing the previous policy of large subsidies fo

239、r FCV purchases.A demonstration city shall be able to,within four years,“promote more than 1,000 FCVs that meet the relevant technical metrics,with an average operating distance of over 30,000 km covered by hydrogen use per vehicle.”26.According to the definition of the Standardization Law of the Pe

240、oples Republic of China,standards refer to technical requirements that need to be unified in fields such as agriculture,industry,service industry and social undertakings.Standards include national standards,industry standards,local and group standards,and enterprise standards.National standards refe

241、r to standards adopted and publicly released by national institutions,and are divided into mandatory and recommended standards.Industry and local standards are recommended standards.Group standards are independently formulated and released by groups in accordance with the standard development proced

242、ures established by the group,and are voluntarily adopted.On December 29,2020,the“Standards and Evaluation of Low Hydrocarbon,Clean Hydrogen,and Renewable Energy Hydrogen”proposed by the China Hydrogen Alliance was officially released and implemented.27.“Review of Hydrogen Standards for China”,https

243、:/www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2019/44/e3sconf_icaeer18_03032.pdf.28.Shi Wenbo,Cai Chunming,Li Dewei,Ono Kei and Zhang Jianbo,ISO/IEC:Comparisons between the Standardization Systems for Hydrogen Energy Technology in the US,China,and Japan and the Recommendations,Chemical Industry and

244、 Engineering Progress,https:/ EV100,Report on the development of hydrogen energy industry in China 2020.30.China Energy News,CBAM:Legislation passed at the first reading in the European Parliament,2022.31.Wei Liu,Yanming Wan,Yalin Xiong and Pengbo Gao,“Green Hydrogen Standard in China:Standard and E

245、valuation of Low-Carbon Hydrogen,Clean Hydrogen,and Renewable Hydrogen”,in Hydrogen Sourced from Renewables and Clean Energy:A Feasibility Study of Achieving Large-scale Demonstration,edited by Y.Li,H.Phoumin and S.Kimura,pp.211-24,Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia,https:/ Zhenhua,

246、Great Changes in the World:Symbiosis and Restructuring,International Financial Forum(IFF),2 December 2022.Green Hydrogen in China:A Roadmap for Progress53World Economic Forum9193 route de la CapiteCH-1223 Cologny/GenevaSwitzerland Tel.:+41(0)22 869 1212Fax:+41(0)22 786 2744contactweforum.orgwww.weforum.orgThe World Economic Forum,committed to improving the state of the world,is the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation.The Forum engages the foremost political,business and other leaders of society to shape global,regional and industry agendas.