世界知識產權組織（WIPO）：2019年全球創新指數（GII）報告（英文版）（451頁）.pdf

1、GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2019 Creating Healthy LivesThe Future of Medical Innovation GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2019 Creating Healthy LivesThe Future of Medical Innovation 12TH EDITION Soumitra Dutta, Bruno Lanvin, and Sacha Wunsch-Vincent Editors The Global Innovation Index 2019ii The Global Innovation

2、 Index 2019: Creating Healthy LivesThe Future of Medical Innovation is the result of a collaboration between Cornell University, INSEAD, and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) as co-publishers, and their Knowledge Partners. The report and any opinions expressed in this publication a

3、re the sole responsibility of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of WIPO Member States or the WIPO Secretariat. The terms country, economy, and nation as used in this report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by internationa

4、l law and practice. The terms cover well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis. Any boundaries and names shown, and the designations used on any visual maps, do not imply official

5、 endorsement or acceptance by any of the co-publishers. Chapters 2-17 may deviate from UN terminology for countries and regions. Cornell University, INSEAD, and the World Intellectual Property Organization, 2019 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No-Derivativ

6、es 3.0 IGO License. The user is allowed to reproduce, distribute, and publicly perform this publication without explicit permission, provided that the content is accompanied by an acknowledgment that Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO are the source. No part of this publication can be used for com

7、mercial purposes or adapted/translated/modified without the prior permission of WIPO. Please write to treatiesdotmailatwipodotint to obtain permission. To view a copy of the license, please visit http:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/. When content, such as an image, graphic, data, tra

8、demark, or logo, is attributed to a third party, the user is solely responsible for clearing the rights with the right holders. Suggested citation: Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2019); The Global Innovation Index 2019: Creating Healthy LivesThe Future of Medical Innovation, Ithaca, Fontaineb

9、leau, and Geneva. ISSN 2263-3693 ISBN 979-10-95870-14-2 Printed and bound in Geneva, Switzerland, by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and in New Delhi, India, by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). Cover design by LOWERCASE Inc. () Contentsiii vii Preface: Releasing the G

10、lobal Innovation Index 2019: Creating Healthy LivesThe Future of Medical Innovation By Soumitra Dutta, SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University; Francis Gurry, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO); and Bruno Lanvin, INSEAD ix Foreword: Innovating for a Healthy Nation By Chandraj

11、it Banerjee, Director General, Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) xi Foreword: Health in the Age of Experience By Bernard Charls, Chief Executive Officer and the Vice-Chairman of the Board of Directors of Dassault Systmes xiii Foreword: Innovation in Health and Medicine: New Possibilities for Br

12、azil By Robson Braga de Andrade, President of CNI, Director of SESI, and President of SENAIs National Council; and Carlos Melles, President of SEBRAE. KEY FINDINGS xvi Key Findings 2019 RANKINGS xxxiv Global Innovation Index 2019 rankings xli Contributors to the Report xlvii Advisory Board to the Gl

13、obal Innovation Index CONTENTS The Global Innovation Index 2019iv 81 Chapter 2: The Economics of Health Innovation: Looking Back and Looking Forward By Bhaven Sampat, Columbia University 87 Chapter 3: Trends in Healthcare and Medical Innovation By Pratap Khedkar and Jack Bauersachs, University of Ap

14、plied Sciences Deggendorf 141 Chapter 10: How Particle Physics Research at CERN Contributes to Medical Innovation By Giovanni Anelli, Manuela Cirilli and Anais Rassat, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) 149 Chapter 11: Overcoming Barriers to Medical Innovation for Low Resource Setting

15、s By David C. Kaslow, PATH 157 Chapter 12: Life is too Short with HCV and NCDs 100 Million Healthy Lives Initiative By Hala Zaid, Aysam Salaheldein, Mohamed Hassany and Mostafa Monier Othman, Ministry of Health and Population, Egypt; and Ahmed Sorour, Egypt Country Office, World Health Organization.

16、 CHAPTERS 1 Chapter 1: The Global Innovation Index 2019 By Soumitra Dutta, Rafael Escalona Reynoso, and Antanina Garanasvili, SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University; Bruno Lanvin, INSEAD; Sacha Wunsch-Vincent, Lorena Rivera Len, Francesca Guadagno* and Cashelle Hardman, World Intellectua

17、l Property Organization (WIPO) 41 Theme Section: Creating Healthy Lives The Future of Medical Innovation By Soumitra Dutta, and Rafael Escalona Reynoso, SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University; Sacha Wunsch-Vincent, Lorena Rivera Len and Cashelle Hardman, World Intellectual Property Organ

18、ization (WIPO) 61 Special Section: Cluster Rankings Identifying and Ranking the Worlds Largest Science and Technology Clusters By Kyle Bergquist and Carsten Fink, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Contentsv APPENDICES 205 Appendix I: The Global Innovation Index Conceptual Framework 213

19、 Appendix II: Economy Profiles and Carlos Melles, Brazilian Micro and Small Business Support Service (SEBRAE) 177 Chapter 15: Integration of Health and Medical Innovations in Rwanda to Promote Health Equity By Parfait Uwaliraye, Patrick Ndimubanzi, Andrew Muhire and Valencia Lyle, Ministry of Health

20、, Rwanda 185 Chapter 16: Irans Experience in Developing High-tech Medical Innovations and the Path Ahead By Kiarash Fartash, Shahid Beheshti University; and Mahdi Elyasi, Allameh TabatabaI University 195 Chapter 17: Social and Economic Aspects of Health and Medical Innovation in Thailand By Krithpak

21、a Boonfueng and Chaiyatorn Limapornvanich, National Innovation Agency (NIA) Thailand; and Thanaphan Suksaard, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. The Global Innovation Index 2019vi Prefacevii We are pleased to present the 12th edition of the Global Innovation Index (GII). The special theme for this

22、 edition is Creating Healthy LivesThe Future of Medical Innovation. Over the last two centuries, improvements in healthcare have prompted a sustained increase in life expectancy and in the quality of life, resulting in substantial contributions to economic growth. Medical innovation has largely cont

23、ributed to this progress. As we look into the future, new technologies and non-technological innovations will likely continue to enrich the provision of healthcare at a rapid pace. Artificial intelligence, genomics, stem cell research, big data, and mobile health applications will open doors to impr

24、oved health. Likewise, novelties such as the delivery of medicines via drones have potential for rural and low-resource contexts in developing countries. Focusing on the next two decades, the GII 2019 will shed light on the role of medical innovation as it shapes the future of healthcare. The insigh

25、ts shared within the report show that we have an exciting opportunity ahead of us. In addition to the theme, and as every year, the GII report analyzes global innovation trends and the performance of approximately 130 economies. For more than a decade, the GII has fostered national innovation strate

26、gies and international debates on innovation in three main ways. First, the GII helps place innovation firmly on the map for countries, in particular for low- and middle-income economies. Second, the GII allows countries to assess the relative performance of their national innovation system. A signi

27、ficant number of countries work hard to “unpack their GII innovation ranking” and to analyze their innovation strengths and weaknesses. These findings then inform innovation policies and actions. Third, the GII provides a strong impetus for countries to collect fitting innovation metrics. With this

28、in mind, however, the GII is only as good as its data ingredients. The current state of innovation metrics is improving. Yet, despite this progress, the figures available to assess innovation outputs and impactsa topic of critical importance remain poor. Similarly, sound metrics on key components of

29、 innovation systems, such as the state of entrepreneurship, the availability of venture capital, the nature of innovation linkages, or the degree to which innovations are successfully commercialized, are lacking. To improve the state of innovation metrics, the GII will continue to be a laboratory fo

30、r measuring and analyzing emerging innovation data. Trial and error will be required to provide the most accurate assessment of perpetually changing innovation contexts. We appreciate the feedback we continue to receive from innovation experts and decision-makers, whose insights contribute to how we

31、 refine the GII methodology. For this GII edition, we thank our Knowledge Partners; the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII); Dassault Systmes, The 3DEXPERIENCE Company; the National Confederation of Industry Brazil (CNI); and the Brazilian Service of Support to Micro and Small Enterprises (SEBRAE

32、) for their support. Likewise, we recognize the contributions of the GIIs prominent Advisory Board members. Finally, we express our sincere appreciation for the annual audits and technical assistance provided by the Competence Centre on Composite Indicators and Scoreboards (COIN) of the Joint Resear

33、ch Centre at the European Commission. PREFACE RELEASING THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2019: CREATING HEALTHY LIVES THE FUTURE OF MEDICAL INNOVATION Soumitra Dutta Professor of Management and Former Founding Dean SC Johnson College of Business Cornell University Francis Gurry Director General, World In

34、tellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Bruno Lanvin Executive Director for Global Indices, INSEAD Emmanuel Berrod/WIPO The Global Innovation Index 2019viii Prefaceix Healthcare is a sector of critical importance in India, encompassing an array of areas including hospitals, medicines, medical device

35、s, clinical trials, outsourcing, telemedicine, medical tourism, health insurance, and medical equipment. The sector holds enormous opportunity for public and private stakeholders to develop innovative processes that democratize healthcare and increase affordability. Last year, the Government of Indi

36、a introduced breakthrough initiatives for improving coverage of immunization and reducing mortality and morbidity for all citizens, particularly the deprived and vulnerable sections of society. Since Indias innovative healthcare delivery initiatives must function across a wide spectrum of geographic

37、al, agro-climatic, socio-economic, and cultural diversity, the initiatives are adaptable and easy to replicate in India or any other country. Private healthcare service providers are also investing in innovative products and the latest technology. At the same time, the Confederation of Indian Indust

38、ry (CII) has been creating awareness to improve the quality of healthcare processes. The CII is actively involved in the development and dissemination of healthcare standards and practices. These efforts are lifting Indias Global Innovation Index (GII) rank, which improved to 66 in 2016, 60 in 2017,

39、 and 57 in 2018. Honorable Prime Minister Narendra Modi has envisioned India as one of the top 25 globally innovative nationswhich has led to a series of enabling policies and practices for the country. The theme of this years Global Innovation Index, Creating Healthy LivesThe Future of Medical Inno

40、vation, is quite relevant as technology advances in the healthcare sector. The applications of artificial intelligence, robotics, remote diagnosis, genomics, big data, mobile health, stem cell research, regenerative medicine, biomarkers, and nano-technology will pave the way for healthy living. CII

41、is happy to be a 12-year partner in the GII, supporting its goal to capture the multi-dimensional facets of innovation across countries and assisting in tailoring GII policies to promote long-term growth, improved productivity, and job creation. I wholeheartedly thank the GII team for their passiona

42、te stewardship and in-depth research in bringing out the 2019 report. FOREWORD INNOVATING FOR A HEALTHY NATION Chandrajit Banerjee Director General Confederation of Indian Industry The Global Innovation Index 2019x Forewordxi Healthcare is at the core of the Industry Renaissance that is emerging wor

43、ldwide with new ways of inventing, learning, producing, trading, and treating. We must no longer think of industry as a set of means of production, but instead as a vision of the world and a process of value creation that embraces all sectors in the economy and society. Today, we see new categories

44、of innovators creating new categories of solutions for new categories of customers, citizens, and patients. As we enter the age of the experience economyin which value is in the usage rather than the productinnovation is driven by consumer and patient experience. Today, society seeks personalized he

45、alth and tailored patient experiences while ensuring optimum industrial security. Improving global health requires a holistic approach that includes cities, food, and education. It also implies a shift from reactive medicine to predictive and preventive approaches. To achieve this multiscale purpose

46、, we must connect people, ideas, data, and solutions. Healthcare today calls for a fresh and collaborative approach to innovation, which cuts across scientific disciplines and breaks down silos to allow education, research, big firms, retailers, and patients to collaborate in real time. Collaborativ

47、e experience platforms are the infrastructure of this change. They provide a continuum of transformational disciplines to imagine, create, produce, and operate experiences from end to end. This is one of the primary functions of Dassault Systmes 3DEXPERIENCE platform. In addition to cross-disciplina

48、ry collaboration, the platform empowers teams to conduct in silico 3D experiments, produce multiscale and multidisciplinary digital models, simulate healthcare scenarios, and turn big data into smart data. It connects biology, material sciences, multiscale and multiphysics simulation with model data

49、 and communities. This translates into continuous improvements in industrial processes, enhanced and customized treatments, and the development of new services from the lab to the hospital and beyond. For example, a city platform like Virtual Singapore is useful not only in city management but also in healthcare management. In parallel, 3D printing is already changing how prosthetics are designed. In the not too distant future, we will be able to create the virtual