1、 Acknowledgments This document is published by ATHENA Research Centre,Sustainable Development Unit under AE4RIA,under the leadership of Prof.Phoebe Koundouri,in collaboration with PricewaterhouseCoopers(PwC)Greece and Huawei.The final document prepared by Prof.Phoebe Koundouri,Dr.Conrad Felix Michel

2、 Landis and Mrs.Eleni Toli from AE4RIA,benefited from the valuable inputs,review and constructive comments received by Ms.Giorgia Epicoco,Dr.Cao Hui,Dr.Rene Arnold from Huawei,Ms.Katerina Papanikolaou and Ms.Maria Slamari from PwC Greece,and Mr.Salvatore Moccia from the EIT Digital.The authors are g

3、rateful to the colleagues,partners,and friends for their continued support and invaluable contributions.Recommended citation:Koundouri,P.,Landis,C.,Toli,E.,Papanikolaou,K.,Slamari,M.,Epicoco,G.,Hui C.,Arnold,R.,Moccia,S.(2023).Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green&Digital Skills and Job

4、s.December 2023,AE4RIA,ATHENA Research Centre,Sustainable Development Unit.Disclaimer This White Paper is intended for informational purposes only.The views,opinions,and analysis expressed herein are solely those of the author(s)and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of Huawe

5、i.Contents List of Abbreviations 2List of Definitions 3Executive Summary 51.Introduction 62.The need for Green&Digital Skills 72.1 A Political Twin Transition:The Policy Context.72.2 The Industrial Twin Transition:the examples of the ICT&Energy.113.The New Set of Green Digital Skills 154.A New Frame

6、work for Green&Digital Occupations in the EU 194.1 The ESCO Framework.194.2 Classification of Green and Digital Occupations and Groups of Occupations.214.3 Green and Digital Skills,Occupations and Employment.244.4 Green and Digital Skills and Occupations,Future Demand.275.Recommendations 316.Conclus

7、ion 36References 36Appendices 40Appendix 1-Technical.40Appendix 2-Additional Results.44 1|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper List of Abbreviations Abbreviation Description AI Artificial Intelligence CBAM Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism CEPR Cent

8、re for Economic Policy Research CEAP Circular Economy Action Plan CSRD Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive CSDD Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive CRM Act Critical Raw Materials Act CFRIDiL Common Framework of Reference for Intercultural Digital Literacies DESI Digital Economy

9、 and Society Index ETS Emissions Trading System EU European Union EGDC European Green Digital Coalition ESCO European Skills,Competences,Qualifications and Occupations classification HR Human Resources IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency IT Information Technology ICT Information and Communic

10、ation Technology PRF Recovery and Resilience Facility R&D Research and development SMEs Small and medium-sized enterprises STEM Science,technology,engineering,and mathematics 2|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper List of Definitions Twin Transition

11、The approach that intertwines the green transition(sustainable and environmentally friendly economy)and digital transition(adoption and integration of digital technologies and innovations)and consider them equally important for the future of societies.Green skills The European Centre for the Develop

12、ment of Vocational Training(Cedefop)defines green skills as“the knowledge,abilities,values and attitudes needed to live in,develop and support a sustainable and resource-efficient society”.Green skills are those skills needed to reduce environmental impacts and support economic restructuring with th

13、e purpose of attaining cleaner,more climate-resilient and efficient economies that preserve environmental sustainability and provide decent work conditions.Green jobs Green jobs can be defined as those impacting the environment in a positive way.Specifically,but not exclusively,this includes jobs th

14、at help to protect and restore ecosystems and biodiversity;reduce energy,materials,and water consumption through high-efficiency and avoidance strategies;decarbonize the economy;and minimize or altogether avoid generation of all forms of waste and pollution(UNEP,2008).Brown jobs Brown jobs concern h

15、ighly polluting activities,for example mining,manufacturing,agriculture.White jobs White jobs are the ones that are relatively neutral in their environmental impact.Digital skills Digital skills are defined as a range of abilities to use digital devices,communication applications,and networks to acc

16、ess and manage information.They enable people to create and share digital content,communicate,collaborate,and solve problems for effective and creative learning,work,and social activities at large(UNESCO,2018).Entry-level digital skills,meaning basic functional skills required to make basic use of d

17、igital devices and online applications,are widely considered a critical component of a new set of literacy skills in the digital era,with traditional reading,writing,and numeracy skills.At the advanced spectrum of digital skills are the higher-level abilities that allow users to make use of digital

18、technologies in empowering and transformative ways e.g.,by using artificial intelligence(AI),machine learning,and big data analytics.Underskilling To lack the skills and abilities necessary to perform the current job to acceptable standards(CEDEFOP).Skill shortage Demand for a particular type of ski

19、ll exceeds the supply of available people with that skill(CEDEFOP).Skill gap The level of skills of the person employed is less than that required to perform the job adequately or the type of skill does not match the requirements of the job(CEDEFOP).3|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Gre

20、en Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Employee An employee is an individual who works for someone else(a person or a company)in exchange for compensation.ICT Specialist Eurostat defines ICT specialists as workers who have the ability to develop,operate and maintain ICT systems,and for whom ICT cons

21、titutes the main part of their job.Fit for 55 Package The“Fit for 55”is a set of proposals to revise and update EU legislation and to put in place new initiatives with the aim of ensuring that EU policies are into line with the climate goals agreed by the Council and the European Parliament.The pack

22、age of proposals aims at providing a coherent and balanced framework for reaching the EUs climate objectives,which:ensures a just and socially fair transition maintains and strengthens innovation and competitiveness of EU industry while ensuring a level playing field vis-vis third country economic o

23、perators underpins the EUs position as leading the way in the global fight against climate change Hard skills Hard skills,or technical skills,are measurable abilities and knowledge that come through learning and can be job or task-specific(e.g.,data analysis).Soft skills Soft skills are the behaviou

24、ral,interpersonal attributes people need to succeed in the workplace.They refer to how someone works with and relates to others,efficiently(e.g.,communication,teamwork).4|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Executive Summary In an era of multiple cr

25、ises,we witness a broad consensus that addressing primarily economic growth aspects without paying equal attention to environmental sustainability is short-sighted and does not produce the expected(successful)economic results.In parallel,the presence of digital technologies in almost all aspects of

26、our life has exponentially increased the speed of changes and their impact on people and businesses.Societies must make the strategic move to prepare for a rapidly changing world and to address critical global challenges.In this respect,the recent pandemic revealed the readiness level that is requir

27、ed to handle global shocks.Coping with all the above successfully is a laborious process that requires people capable of developing and deploying green digital solutions.In fact,two important and interlinked drivers are at the top of the EUs agenda:the digital and green transitions,also known as Twi

28、n Transition.A transition underpinned by policy ambitions that wish for the EU to become climate neutral by 2050.Nevertheless,there is an ever-debated challenge in the EU and beyond,which is the development of the necessary skills to achieve the ambitions included in proposals and targets set under

29、the European Green Deal.This report focuses specifically on identifying the new set of Green Digital Skills that will define the present and future course of action required to skill and upskill people within the EU and beyond,in order to develop and deploy the net-zero technologies needed to achiev

30、e climate neutrality by 2050.Insights from this report further seek to provide recommendations for the education sector,to support the integration of the newly proposed taxonomy into existing and new curricula so as to meet the industry and labour market demand.An EU policy analysis under the sustai

31、nability and digital EU policy portfolio was conducted,as well as a review of the industrial sectors at the intersection of the Twin Transition(i.e.the ICT and Energy sectors).Next,the report elaborates on the driving role policymaking plays in supporting the industry to shift to environmentally fri

32、endly business models,and how new legislations can eventually shape the landscape for skills and jobs development.A novel classification model to identify the most important Green and Digital skills,as well as knowledge concepts,is presented.The classification model utilizes the European Skills and

33、Competences framework(ESCO).Subsequently,the report assessed the level of“Greenness and Digitalization”of Occupations(with a focus on the European labour market),highlighting the jobs requiring a high share of green and digital skills.The report provides data-based evidence on changes related to gre

34、en and digital skills and occupations,showing that the portion of occupations that require both green and digital skills simultaneously has noticeably increased in the last decade.The report highlights that the Agenda 2030,whereby global goals were formally agreed upon by 191 United Nations Member S

35、tates in 2015 is no longer simply a declarative text.The 17 goals and 169 targets have been widely integrated into public policies and strategic guidelines that impact priorities and needs for future skills and occupations.The next challenge for a successful use of the Green Digital Skills taxonomy

36、and integration into educational programs,is to involve Technical and Vocational Education and Training(TVET)systems,as well as universities.This will significantly increase the capacity to close current skills gaps in the digital and green fields at large,while enabling economies and societies to p

37、roactively respond to changing requirements and conditions,in a world where uncertainty has become the new reality.5|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper 1.Introduction The Twin Transition raises the need to pay increased attention to intertwined ski

38、lls and climate policies given the potential to develop green and digital skills to drive both climate neutrality and a recovery full of job opportunities.Currently,more than three quarters of companies in the EU report difficulties in finding workers with the necessary skills to meet job requiremen

39、ts,and latest figures from Eurostat suggest that only 37%of adults undertake training on a regular basis1.Thus,having the relevant skills will undoubtedly empower people to successfully navigate labour market changes and to fully engage in society.Furthermore,a workforce with the skills that are in

40、demand also contributes to sustainable growth,leading to more innovation,and improved industrial competitiveness.However,at the same time this constitutes a big challenge,as identifying the“right”skills for this new era demands a holistic approach;given the variety of occupations and the skills each

41、 one of them is associated with.It is important to note also,that for this to happen,focus should be placed mainly on soft skills,as they feature across different jobs(in contrast to the technical“hard”skills).In addition,it is necessary for a common understanding of green skills across occupations

42、to be created.When it comes specifically to the changes in the labour market due to the Twin Transition,these are less clear.Undoubtedly,the accelerated obsolescence of some technologies and products will have an impact on the labour markets structure,which can subsequently affect how certain jobs w

43、ill be performed,or which roles will be in higher demand.This is also reflected in the linguistic evolution within the labour market:the terms green,brown,and white”jobs are an increasingly common categorization for describing the environmental impact of jobs(Vandeplas et al,2022).The importance of

44、focusing on skills and how those can be obtained by individuals is also confirmed by the European Commissions adopted proposal which declares the year 2023 the European Year of Skills,following the announcement by President Ursula von der Leyen in her 2022 State of the Union address2.The European Ye

45、ar of Skills promotes lifelong learning,empowering people and companies to contribute to the green and digital transitions,supporting innovation and competitiveness.Nonetheless,to tackle any existing skill gaps and understand the needs for upskilling and/or reskilling,it is crucial to firstly map th

46、e skills that are expected to be in high demand.Therefore,this report aims to firstly define a new set of green digital skills,relying on well-defined competence frameworks.Going beyond the skillset definition,it is necessary at a second stage to link the green digital skills with occupations and em

47、ployment,and highlights thereby relevant trends in the EU labour market.1 https:/eunec.eu/european-heartbeat-news-eu/2023-european-year-skills 2 https:/ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/speech_22_5493 6|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Pape

48、r 2.The need for Green&Digital Skills The Twin Transition is paving the way for the European Union to become climate neutral by 2050.By proposing policies fit for the development of clean technologies manufactured by abiding to the highest sustainability standards,the EU may be ready for the next in

49、dustrial revolution.The Twin Transition is currently at the top of the EUs agenda with the understanding that this is and will continue to have a substantial impact on several life aspects in the short,medium,and long term.While a green transition differs from the digital transition,with each one be

50、ing subject to specific dynamics,their twinning i.e.,their capacity to reinforce each other deserves closer attention.It is recognized by the global community at large that digital technologies play a key enabling role to achieve climate neutrality,reduce pollution,and restore biodiversity by monito

51、ring pollution exposure and accessing environmental data.Moreover,Wuppertal Institute(2021a,2021b)and Ramesohl et al(2022a,2022b)focus on the impact digital solutions have on changing behavioural patterns of stakeholders,incentive systems,market structures and business models as prerequisites for tr

52、ansformative changes towards sustainability and climate protection.This enabling role is further supported by the need of multiple economic operators to achieve climate neutrality and energy efficiency by 2030,e.g.in data centres and cloud infrastructures,which will support the greening of other tec

53、hnologies,such as big data analytics,blockchain,or the internet of things.2.1 A Political Twin Transition:The Policy Context The first alarming warnings on the impact current economic and industrial policies have on the environment have been published as early as 1972(Meadows et al,1972).However,it

54、took several years for humanity to fully grasp the meaning of these warnings and start reacting on a global level.Precisely until 2015,which represents a milestone year in the development of climate policies.This is the year of the Paris Agreement,adopted by 196 Parties,and the agreement of the 2030

55、 Agenda for Sustainable Development,including the 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),to be achieved by 2030.Since then,policy efforts targeting sustainable development have been intensified in the European region,as summarized in Figure 1.The second report published by the SDSN Europe Senior Wor

56、king Group provides a comprehensive summary of the efforts undertaken by the EU to integrate the Agenda 2030 into the strategic guidelines on various policy areas and the European Semester(the central process for coordinating national economic and employment policies in the EU)through the implementa

57、tion of the European Green Deal.The European Green Deal,introduced in December 2019 by the European Commission,serves as Europes growth plan aiming to make it a climate-7|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paperneutral,resource-efficient,innovative,and s

58、ocially inclusive continent.It includes several goals spanning many different policy areas,such as Clean Energy,Sustainable industry,Buildings and Renovation,Sustainable Agriculture Farm to Fork,Eliminating Pollution,Sustainable mobility,Biodiversity and Sustainable Finance.Moreover,as a response to

59、 the health,environmental,and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic,the European Commission introduced 2021,the“Next Generation EU”,a generous package of funds to mobilize policies supporting economic recovery while pursuing Europes green and digital transition”3.Figure 1 Summary of the pol

60、icy framework for the transition to sustainabilityKoundouri et al(2021)provides a framework to map the policies to 17 SDGs.Figure 2depicts how the SDGs are mainstreamed into the policies of the European Green Deal.The results indicate that overall,the policies resulting from the European Green Deal

61、affect all SDGs,some to a greater extent(E.G.,EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change,New Industrial Strategy,Fit for 55)and others to a lesser extent(e.g.,EU Commission Recommendation on Energy Poverty).The most significant impact is found in goals 7,8,9,12 and 13.3https:/egd-report.unsdsn.org/

62、8|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defi ning Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Figure 2 Connection of the European Green Deal to the 17 SDGs The“European Green Deal”(EGD)builds on three main policy domains:Sustainable Finance and Corporate Sustainability Reporting(ESGs),Environment and En

63、ergy requirements and Industry.Considering that these domains cover a broad range of businesses and economic activities,it is easily understood that any ESG related policies have a great impact on the current job market and any future trends.We can with high probability assume that new green jobs wi

64、ll be created as the result of the implementation of policies focusing on environmental sustainability and the reduction of carbon emissions,not only in sectors where this is expected,such as renewable energy,energy efficiency,sustainable agriculture,and environmental management,but also in more tra

65、ditional”business sectors.Sustainability managers,environmental consultants,renewable energy specialists,sustainability analysts,are only few examples of recently introduced occupations.In parallel,traditional sectors and occupations are“enhanced”through the addition of sustainability dimensions:for

66、 example,the Sustainable Supply Chain Manager,the Sustainable Architect/Designer,the Sustainability Auditor,the Sustainable Finance Specialist.The digital pillar of the Twin Transition also addresses numerous policy initiatives.Among those,it is worth noting the increased attention the EU Institutio

67、ns attached to the definition and development of digital skills.Indeed,the European Commission has set targets in the European skills agenda and the digital education action plan to ensure that 80%of adults will have basic digital skills and 20 million Information and Communication Technology(ICT)Sp

68、ecialists-with equitable participation of men and women-will have been trained,by the end of this decade.The Digital Economy and Society Index(DESI)which summarizes indicators on Europes digital performance and tracks the progress of EU countries helps towards that effort,as the European Commission

69、has been monitoring Member States digital progress through the DESI reports since 2014.9|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper While continuously monitoring skills-related data,the EU has invested significant resources to support digital transformatio

70、n.127 billion Euros has been dedicated to digital reforms and investments in the national Recovery and Resilience Plans.Moreover,Member States dedicated on average 26%of their Recovery and Resilience Facility(RRF)allocation to the digital transformation,above the compulsory 20%threshold.Member State

71、s that chose to invest more than 30%of their RRF allocation to digital are Austria,Germany,Luxembourg,Ireland,and Lithuania.Finally,the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition has been set up to successfully address the digital skills gap.This is an indicative EU initiative that brings together Member Sta

72、tes,companies,and non-profit organizations aiming to tackle this gap.It offers organizations that work towards the increase of digital skills across Europe to learn from peers and showcase their actions and impact,while the actions done under the Coalition umbrella are key to reaching the“Digital De

73、cade”targets.With 2023 being the European Year of Skills,it is evident that skills are now centre-stage.Not only are skills-related initiatives highlighted across the EU,but skills become active chapters to be embedded into legislative proposals.This also applies to the Net-Zero Industry Act,the lat

74、est proposal for a regulation that aims to re-industrialize the European Union,attract investments and create better conditions and market access for clean tech in the EU.Supporting people to get the right skills(green and digital)and helping companies,in particular small and medium enterprises,to a

75、ddress skills shortages in the EU is what this Year is all about.This happens by showcasing skills development opportunities and activities across Europe,by fostering easier recognition of qualifications across borders,by bringing organizations and people together to share their experiences and insi

76、ghts,setting out how EU initiatives and funding possibilities can help.It is understood from the above that focusing on enhancing green and digital skills through suitable training programmes is deemed crucial.For that to happen though,it is vital to have a good understanding and clarity of what exa

77、ctly“green and digital skills”entail.In the next sections we provide data-based evidence on changes related to green and digital skills and occupations,and also link them to concrete policies(presented in Section 3).Global Outlook I Frameworks that reflect each regions priorities and strategies for

78、addressing both sustainability and digitalization highlighting the interconnectedness of these two policy domains United States In the heart of the Sustainability Transition Framework in US stands the Infrastructure Investments,that is proposed infrastructure plans,such as the American Jobs Plan,whi

79、ch include significant investments in green infrastructure,renewable energy and electric vehicle charging networks.Clean Energy:Federal and state incentives for renewable energy adoption,as well as efforts to reduce carbon emissions from the Power Sector.Furthermore,Environmental Regulations:Federal

80、 agencies like the Environmental Protection 10|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Agency(EPA)enforce environmental regulations to reduce pollution and promote sustainability.Digital Transition Framework consists of Digital Infrastructure(Investment

81、s in digital infrastructure,5G,and broadband expansion to support the digital transition and bridge the digital divide)and Innovation(Promotion of innovation in digital technologies,including AI,advanced manufacturing,and quantum computing).China Green Growth:Ambitious targets for reducing carbon em

82、issions and increasing the use of renewable energy sources as part of Chinas commitment to sustainability.Belt and Road Initiative(BRI):The BRI includes green development principles,emphasizing sustainability in infrastructure projects across Asia and beyond.Digital Infrastructure:China is a leader

83、in 5G deployment and invests heavily in technologies like AI and the Internet of Things(IoT).E-commerce and Digital Platforms:Thriving e-commerce sector and digital platforms,including Alibaba and Tencent,with global expansion.Japan Energy Transition:Transitioning away from nuclear energy and invest

84、ing in renewable energy sources,such as solar and wind.Resource Efficiency:Promoting a circular economy and resource efficiency to reduce waste and conserve resources.Digital Innovation:Known for innovation in digital technologies and robotics,with applications in healthcare,manufacturing,and disast

85、er response.Cybersecurity:Prioritizing cybersecurity to protect digital assets and critical infrastructure 2.2 The Industrial Twin Transition:the examples of the ICT&Energy Considering the overall policy framework,it is useful to look into two specific industrial sectors that may be both driving the

86、 twin transition,as well as experience an important shift in labour demand and competition:the ICT and Energy sectors.There are many factors responsible for the expected increase in demand for green and digital skills within these sectors in the European Market.An important role is played by Externa

87、l factors such as the accelerated phasing out of fossil fuels at a global scale.The implementation of the Paris Agreement inevitably refers to the development of new technologies and greener sources of energy.Moreover,countermeasures against foreign policies such as the IRA in the United States requ

88、ires Union to completing the 11|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Single Market,improving education and training,spurring R&D,streamlining and accelerating permitting processes for green investment,reaching trade agreements,as well as pursuing bro

89、ader aims,including competitiveness in general,speedy decarbonization and formulating broad foreign policy and development policy goals,while also reviewing the State-Aid framework in a targeted way.Other important factors relate to the Business environment.As trade and commercial value happens alon

90、g the value chain there is an increased demand for more and better accountability and traceability of sustainability practices,which is expected to increase the demand for green and digital skills,and dictates companies to focus on the identification of more green talents.Finally,following the frame

91、work for the transition to sustainability,there is a gradual shift in Consumer behaviour with an increasing demand for environmentally friendly technologies and energy efficient products.When it comes specifically to the ICT sector,it is certain that the sector plays a pivotal role in the accelerati

92、on of the green and digital transition.In general,the number of ICT specialists in the EU grew by 50,5%from 2012 to 20214,almost eight(8)times as high as the increase(6.3%)for total employment.However,according to DESI 2022,the EUs 9 million ICT specialists(representing 4.5%of the total EU workforce

93、)fall well short of the EU aim of 20 million specialists by 2030 and are not enough to address the skills shortages that businesses,SMEs and organizations are now experiencing,despite the fact that 500.000 ICT specialists entered the labour market between 2020 and 2021.The second sector that is dire

94、ctly connected with the green transition is,without a doubt,the energy sector.According to projections,the direct employment in the sector could go up by more than 66%.5 Focusing on the renewables in the EU,direct employment in the production of energy from renewable sources reached nearly 660.000 j

95、obs in 2016 in the EU.6 However,despite the ever-growing share of renewable energy,a downward trend in related jobs occurred from 2011 onwards,turning to stagnation in the following years.Factors behind this development include the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis,the relocation of some renewa

96、bles manufacturing capacities outside of Europe,and changes in subsidy schemes for renewables within the EU.The solid biomass and wind sectors each supported nearly a quarter of total EU renewable-energy jobs,with liquid biofuels,heat pumps,photovoltaics and hydropower following.When it comes to the

97、 solar industry alone,it is expected to require one million skilled workers by 2030,twice as many as today.An analysis by the International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA)7 further confirms a steady increase in job opportunities in the field of solar energy technology,which dominates the renewable en

98、ergy jobs market.These jobs demand more technician level skilled workforce to perform jobs-tasks along 4https:/ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220505-1#:text=The%20number%20of%20ICT%20specialists,6.3%20%25)%20for%20total%20employment.&text=Despite%20a%20slight%20increase%20o

99、ver,specialists%20(19.1%25)%20in%202021 5 https:/ https:/joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/jrc-news-and-updates/employment-energy-sector-2020-07-09_en 7 https:/www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/May/IRENA_RE_Jobs_Annual_Review_2018.pdf 12|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:D

100、efining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper the solar energy value chain(manufacturing,construction and installation,operation and maintenance).Global Outlook II The ICT and Energy sectors in the United States and China have also experienced growth from 2015 to today,with China being a global

101、leader in these sectors.Key factors are summarized below United States ICT Sector Digital Economy Growth:The digital economy has continued to expand significantly in the United States.This growth encompasses various segments,including software development,IT services,e-commerce,and digital content c

102、reation.Tech companies like Apple,Amazon,Google(Alphabet),and Microsoft have continued to thrive,contributing to job creation and economic growth.Cloud Computing and Data Centers:The adoption of cloud computing services has grown substantially.Leading cloud providers,including Amazon Web Services(AW

103、S),Microsoft Azure,and Google Cloud,have expanded their data center infrastructure to meet increasing demand.Telecommunications:The telecommunications sector has evolved with the deployment of 4G and the ongoing rollout of 5G networks.These developments have led to increased connectivity and faster

104、data speeds.Cybersecurity:The need for cybersecurity solutions has grown due to the increasing frequency and sophistication of cyber threats.This has led to growth in the cybersecurity industry,including companies specializing in threat detection,identity protection,and data security.Energy Sector R

105、enewable Energy Expansion:The U.S.has seen significant growth in renewable energy capacity,particularly in solar and wind power.Falling renewable energy costs,government incentives,and corporate sustainability goals have driven this expansion.Natural Gas Production:The United States has become a maj

106、or producer of natural gas due to advancements in hydraulic fracturing(fracking)technology.Natural gas has played a significant role in the countrys energy mix.Energy Efficiency:The focus on energy efficiency has grown,with businesses and households adopting energy-saving technologies and practices.

107、Energy-efficient appliances,lighting,and building designs have become more common.13|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Electric Vehicles(EVs):The adoption of electric vehicles has increased,with a growing number of automakers offering EV models.Th

108、is shift is driven by both consumer interest in cleaner transportation options and government incentives.Grid Modernization:Investments in grid modernization and smart grid technologies have aimed to enhance the reliability and efficiency of the energy infrastructure.China ICT Sector Digital Economy

109、 Growth:Chinas digital economy continued to expand rapidly,encompassing various segments such as e-commerce,mobile payments,social media,and digital services.Companies like Alibaba,Tencent,and JD.com played pivotal roles in this growth.Mobile Internet:The widespread adoption of smartphones and mobil

110、e internet access contributed to the growth of online services,mobile apps,and digital entertainment.5G Development:China was actively investing in and deploying 5G technology,with the aim of becoming a leader in 5G infrastructure and services.Artificial Intelligence(AI):China made significant strid

111、es in AI research,development,and application across industries,including healthcare,finance,and manufacturing.E-commerce and Retail:Chinas e-commerce market continued to thrive,with platforms like Alibabas Taobao and Tmall expanding both domestically and internationally.Energy Sector Renewable Ener

112、gy Expansion:China increased its investment in renewable energy sources,particularly solar and wind power.It became one of the largest producers of solar panels and wind turbines in the world.Energy Efficiency:China implemented energy efficiency measures and standards across various sectors,includin

113、g manufacturing and construction,to reduce energy consumption and emissions.Electric Vehicles(EVs):The Chinese government promoted the adoption of electric vehicles(EVs)and set ambitious targets for EV production and sales.Several domestic EV manufacturers,like BYD and NIO,gained prominence.Coal-to-

114、Gas Conversion:Efforts to reduce air pollution led to the conversion of coal-fired heating systems to natural gas and the implementation of cleaner technologies in power generation.14|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper 3.The New Set of Green Digita

115、l Skills The aim of this report is to identify a new set of Green Digital Skills that will support the attainment of the targets and goals of the Twin Transition.As discussed in previous sections,this refers to the EUs commitment to pursuing two major transitions simultaneously:the transition to a g

116、reen economy(achieving climate neutrality and addressing environmental challenges)and the transition to a digital economy(embracing digital technologies and ensuring digitalization across various sectors).These transitions are definitely seen as a way to drive economic growth,create jobs,and make th

117、e EU more competitive globally.Through the use of the European Skills and Competences framework(ESCO),we develop a novel classification model to identify the most important Green and Digital skills and knowledge concepts.Focusing on the EU labour market,we also assess the level of“Greenness and Digi

118、talization”of Occupations(jobs),highlighting the jobs requesting a high share of green and digital skills.Table 1 presents an overview of such Twin Skills for the Twin Transition.Focusing on the Policy mapping,the corporate sustainability framework is expected to horizontally affect companies,irresp

119、ective of their sector of incorporation.On the other hand,specific sectors such as Energy Supply,Manufacturing,Construction,ICT,Transport and storage,Water and Wastewater Treatment and Agriculture,Forestry and Fishing are primarily influenced by the European Policies in relation to the Environment a

120、nd Energy.The European Green Deal has a profound impact on the energy sector,particularly in promoting renewable energy sources,enhancing energy efficiency,and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.This affects electricity and heat production from renewable sources,as well as the fossil fuel energy sect

121、or.Moreover,the Green Deal aims to decarbonize the transportation sector,which includes road and rail transport,aviation,and shipping.Policies focus on electric and sustainable mobility,reducing emissions,and shifting to cleaner fuels.Manufacturing sector is also impacted by encouraging energy-effic

122、ient and sustainable production processes and the adoption of circular economy principles.This includes many industries related to automotive,chemicals,and machinery.Policies promote energy-efficient and 8 https:/ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/5902521/KS-RA-07-015-EN.PDF The Twin Skills for

123、 the Twin Transition are presented:first,the policy context is listed under the three major pillars of our analysis that is Corporate Sustainability Reporting,Environment and Energy and Industry;second,the underlying sectors of economic activity.For the classification of sectors,we use the NACE rev.

124、2(Nomenclature of Economic Activities in the European Community)Level 2 classification8.Third,the relevant skills and occupations are presented.15|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper sustainable building practices,having a direct impact on the const

125、ruction and real estate sectors.Waste Management and recycling businesses are also directly impacted by the policies supporting a transition to a circular economy by promoting recycling and reducing waste.Agriculture and Forestry is also influenced by efforts to combat deforestation and promote affo

126、restation.Finally,the European Green Deal encourages innovation in green technologies and sustainable practices,which affects companies involved in research,development,and production of clean technologies.In the same vein,the European Industrial Policy aims to support and promote the growth and com

127、petitiveness of various industries within the EU.The manufacturing sector encompasses a wide range of industries,from automotive and aerospace to pharmaceuticals and machinery.The ICT sector includes the development and manufacturing of computer hardware,software,telecommunications equipment,and ser

128、vices,which is directly affected by policies to boost innovation and digitalization in this sector.The EU Industrial Policy places a strong focus on the development and growth of renewable energy sources such as wind,solar,and hydropower(Energy Supply).Moreover,the EU Industrial Policies include mea

129、sures to support the development of electric and autonomous vehicles and to enhance the competitiveness of European car manufacturers(Manufacturing).Also,initiatives related to circular economy and eco-friendly production greatly affect the Textiles and other Manufacturing sectors.Along these lines,

130、and supported by the frameworks and empirical results presented in the next session,our work is highly important in identifying the soft and hard skills needed to support the twin transition of all sectors.Moving one step forward,and to further connect results with the European Labour market,we also

131、 identify,the top“Green and Digital”occupations9;these are the jobs which require the greatest share of jointly Green and Digital Skills and knowledge concepts.Having said that,the fourth column of Table 1 presents a set of“Soft”Skills,petences,required for the transition.Critical Thinking,Judgement

132、 and decision making,Complex Problem Solving,Monitoring,Writing and Coordination are the top six“Soft”Skills jointly classified as Green and Digital which are very important in the most occupations under all pillars.Focusing on the Skills and Competences,for the ESG(Corporate Sustainability)Pillar,w

133、e can identify several skills such as advising on environmental issues,environmental sciences,complying with environmental protection laws and standards,computer use,analysing and evaluating information and data as the top jointly green and digital skills.Focusing on Labour market and specific occup

134、ations environmental education officer,environmental expert,green ICT consultant,natural resources consultant and sustainability officer are among the top“Twin”Occupations,expected to be of high need on the way to the implementation of the ESG related policies.Equivalently,for the Environmental and

135、Energy pillar,top skills include analysing and evaluating information and data,complying with environmental protection laws and standards,computer use,database and network design and administration,designing electrical or electronic systems or equipment,disposing of non-hazardous waste or debris,ele

136、ctricity and energy environmental protection technology,handling and 9 As explained in the next session,each occupation is related to of a set of skills and competences which are required.16|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper disposing of hazardous

137、 materials,maintaining electrical,electronic and precision equipment,monitoring environmental conditions operating agricultural or forestry equipment and using precision measuring equipment.In addition,the top jobs in terms of their level of Greenness and Digitalization include electric meter techni

138、cian,electrical,transmission system operator,electricity distribution technician,energy assessor,energy systems engineer,environmental education officer,geothermal technician,green ICT consultant,hazardous waste inspector,irrigation technician,recycling specialist,smart home engineer and smart home

139、installer are considered.Finally,in relation to the Industrial Pillar,the results overlap partly with the Environmental and Energy pillar,while electronics and automation and analysing scientific and medical data are also among the top skills and acoustical engineer,botanist and ecologist among the

140、top occupations.17|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Table 1 Top Green Digital Skills and Occupations(Jobs)EU Policy10 Industrial Sector (NACE Rev.2)Green Digital Skills Green Digital Occupations Corporate Sustainability Reporting(ESG)All sectors

141、advising on environmental issues environmental education officer EU Taxonomy Regulation analysing and evaluating information and data environmental expert EU Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation(SFDR)complying with environmental protection laws and standards green ICT consultant EU Sustainable

142、Investment Plan computer use natural resources consultant Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive(CSRD)database and network design and administration nature conservation officer EU Action Plan on Financing Sustainable Growth environmental sciences sustainability manager Environmental and Energy

143、 Policies analysing and evaluating information and data electric meter technician European Green Deal Agriculture,Forestry and Fishing complying with environmental protection laws and standards electrical transmission system operator EU Biodiversity strategy for 2030 Construction computer use electr

144、icity distribution technician Circular Economy Action Plan Energy Supply database and network design and administration energy assessor Waste Framework Directive ICT designing electrical or electronic systems or equipment energy systems engineer Air Quality Directive Manufacturing disposing of non-h

145、azardous waste or debris environmental education officer Water Framework Directive Transport and Storage electricity and energy geothermal technician Renewable Energy Directive Water and Wastewater Treatment environmental protection technology green ICT consultant Energy Efficiency Directive handlin

146、g and disposing of hazardous materials hazardous waste inspector EU Emission Trading System(EU ETS)maintaining electrical,electronic and precision equipment irrigation technician Just Transition Fund monitoring environmental conditions recycling specialist Connecting Europe Facility(CEF)operating ag

147、ricultural or forestry equipment smart home engineer Fit for 55 using precision measuring equipment smart home installer Industry Policies analysing and evaluating information and data acoustical engineer EU Industrial Policy Construction analysing scientific and medical data botanist Green Deal Ind

148、ustrial Plan Energy Supply complying with environmental protection laws and standards ecologist EcoDesign Health and Social Care computer use energy assessor Critical Raw Materials Act ICT database and network design and administration energy systems engineer Chips Act Manufacturing designing electr

149、ical or electronic systems or equipment environmental education officer Mining and Quarrying electronics and automation green ICT consultant maintaining electrical,electronic and precision equipment smart home engineer using precision measuring equipment smart home installer 10 Note:at the time of p

150、ublication of this report,several policy proposals in examine,are still undergoing interinstitutional negotiations 18|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper 4.A New Framework for Green&Digital Occupations in the EU A data-driven framework is developed

151、to classify Skills,Knowledges and Occupations in the EU Labour Market The demand for Occupations with a high“Green and Digital”Score has significantly increased from 2015 for all sectors.The Skills classified as the“most”Digital”or jointly“Digital and Green”are among the most demanded skills for all

152、 occupations.Filling the gap in the need for Green and Digital skills will accelerate the transition This section describes the methodologies used to derive the results presented in the following section.In this direction,the report develops and presents a data-driven framework to assess the level o

153、f“Greenness”,“Digitalization”and its combination(Greenness and Digitalization),of the EU labour market occupations,and subsequently explore shifts in the demand for Green and Digital Skills during the last 5 years,as well as its trend and projections to 2035.4.1 The ESCO Framework The ESCO framework

154、11 is the multilingual classification of European Skills,Competences and Occupations.ESCO is part of the Europe 2020 strategy12,the European strategy for smart,sustainable and inclusive growth.The ESCO classification13 identifies and categorizes skills,competences,and occupations relevant for the EU

155、 labour market and education and training.ESCO identifies 3008 occupations(Level 0)and is built on the International Standard Classification of Occupations ISCO-0814 which serves as the hierarchical structure for ESCOs occupations pillar.The Occupations are classified in Groups on 4 Levels(Level 1,2

156、,3 and 4 corresponds to 10,42,126 and 426 groups of occupations respectively15).Similarly,ESCOs skills pillar provides a comprehensive list of knowledge,skills and competences relevant to the European labour market.It contains 13,895 concepts(Level 0 10831 11 https:/esco.ec.europa.eu/en 12 https:/ec

157、.europa.eu/eu2020/pdf/COMPLET%20EN%20BARROSO%20%20%20007%20-%20Europe%202020%20-%20EN%20version.pdf 13 We use the most recent version v1.1.1 14 The International Standard Classification of Occupations(ISCO)is a four-level classification of occupation groups managed by the International Labour Organi

158、sation(ILO).Its structure follows a grouping by education level.The two latest versions of ISCO are ISCO-88(dating from 1988)and ISCO-08(dating from 2008).15 Level 1 Skills refer to broader level sets of skills,grouping the granular 19|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skill

159、s and Jobs|White Paper skills/competences and 3059 Knowledge concepts)structured in a hierarchy which contains four sub-classifications:Knowledge Language skills and knowledge Skills Transversal skills The Skills pillar distinguishes between i)skill/competence concepts and ii)knowledge concepts by i

160、ndicating the skill type.There is however no distinction between skills and competences.Similar to Occupations the Skills and Knowledge concepts are organized to 3 levels(Level 1,2 and 3 refer to 8,74 and 296 groups of skills and 11,29 and 86 groups of Knowledge Concepts respectively)The ESCO system

161、 also identifies skills which are labelled as green16,to support the transition the green transition of the EU labour market.As workers need a skill set that can respond to the need of reducing emissions in working practices,the Skills/Competences pillar has been enriched with the additional informa

162、tion at skill level to distinguish green skills and knowledge concepts.The labelling of skills and knowledge concepts as green follows a methodology based on a 3-step process,which combines human labelling and validation,and the use of Machine Learning(ML)algorithms.Figures 3 and 4 show the distribu

163、tion of the green concepts in the skills and knowledge skills hierarchies.A total of 571 ESCO skills and knowledge concepts are labelled as green.This includes:386 skills and 185 knowledge concepts.Figure 3 Green Skills Source:ESCO Publications-Green Skills and Knowledge Concepts:Labelling the ESCO

164、classification 16 https:/esco.ec.europa.eu/en/about-esco/publications/publication/green-skills-and-knowledge-concepts-labelling-esco#:text=The%20European%20Classification%20of%20Occupations,are%20now%20labelled%20as%20green.20|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Job

165、s|White Paper Figure 4 Green Knowledge Concepts Source:ESCO Publications-Green Skills and Knowledge Concepts:Labelling the ESCO classification Similarly,ESCO provides a classification of 725 Skills/Competences and 475 Knowledge Concepts as Digital,following the Digital Competence Framework as presen

166、ted in Section 4.1.Finally,the ESCO framework provides the relations between the Occupations and the Skills and Knowledges,e.g.which skills and Knowledge concepts are relevant for the each of the occupations.4.2 Classification of Green and Digital Occupations and Groups of Occupations Using the abov

167、e setup and the classifications and hierarchies provided by the ESCO API,we develop a framework to classify Occupations based on their level of“Greenness”,“Digitalization”and“Greenness and Digitalization”.Our data driven methodology is presented in Technical Appendix 1,and consist of the calculation

168、 of a score,ranging from 0 to 100,which is defined as the share of green,of digital and jointly green and digital skills and knowledge concepts in each occupation or occupation Group.Following our methodology,Table 2 presents the ranking of the top 15 occupations,at Level 0(the most granular level),

169、based on their scores on“Greenness”,“Digitalization”and“Greenness and Digitalization”respectively17.17 Appendix 2 Tables A2.1,A2.2 and A2.3 presents the ranking of the Occupations at Level 1,2 and 0 based on their level of Greenness,digitalization and Greenness and Digitalization respectively.For Al

170、l levels except 1,only the top 15 of occupations(for Level 0)or occupation groups(Levels 1 and 2)are displayed.21|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Table 2 Top 15 Green,Digital and Green and Digital Occupations Green Occupations Score energy asses

171、sor 90.909 natural resources consultant 78.788 energy conservation officer 75.000 environmental policy officer 75.000 energy analyst 70.833 environmental expert 70.588 hazardous waste inspector 69.697 recycling specialist 67.568 sustainability manager 65.278 environmental geologist 64.706 environmen

172、tal protection manager 64.583 environmental education officer 64.000 forestry adviser 62.857 nature conservation officer 60.345 liquid waste treatment plant operator 60.000 Digital Occupations webmaster 98.837 software tester 96.154 user interface developer 93.878 ICT network administrator 93.684 da

173、tabase integrator 93.548 system configurator 93.478 database designer 93.069 mobile application developer 92.941 ICT network engineer 92.784 data warehouse designer 92.593 knowledge engineer 91.954 embedded systems software developer 91.892 integration engineer 91.860 web developer 91.837 ICT integr

174、ation tester 91.667 Green and Digital Occupations smart home engineer 6.818 smart home installer 6.667 geothermal technician 4.878 green ICT consultant 4.762 irrigation technician 4.348 environmental education officer 4.000 acoustical engineer 3.846 electricity distribution technician 3.571 electric

175、 meter technician 3.571 energy systems engineer 3.448 ecologist 3.448 interior planner 3.333 electrical transmission system operator 3.333 pastry chef 3.226 botanist 3.125 22|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Equivalently,Table 3 presents the rank

176、ing of the Skills/Knowledge Groups at Level 3(the more detailed group of skills and Knowledges)18.Table 3 Top 15 Green,Digital and Green and Digital Skills/Knowledge Groups(Level 3)Green Skills Score handling and disposing of waste and hazardous materials 100.000 environmental sciences 90.000 enviro

177、nmental protection technology 86.667 complying with environmental protection laws and standards 84.444 natural environments and wildlife 80.000 advising on environmental issues 65.517 forestry 62.500 disposing of non-hazardous waste or debris 47.619 monitoring environmental conditions 47.619 electri

178、city and energy 36.905 designing electrical or electronic systems or equipment 35.000 social and behavioural sciences not elsewhere classified 33.333 crop and livestock production 32.143 community sanitation 30.435 handling and disposing of hazardous materials 29.730 Digital Skills browsing,searchin

179、g and filtering digital data 100.000 resolving computer problems 100.000 setting up computer systems 100.000 using word processing,publishing and presentation software 100.000 using computer aided design and drawing tools 100.000 using digital tools for collaboration,content creation and problem sol

180、ving 100.000 programming computer systems 100.000 working with computers 100.000 computer use 100.000 information and communication technologies not elsewhere classified 100.000 managing,gathering and storing digital data 98.413 software and applications development and analysis 97.436 protecting ic

181、t devices 95.833 using digital tools for processing sound and images 93.750 designing ict systems or applications 93.548 Green and Digital Skills environmental protection technology 6.667 complying with environmental protection laws and standards 4.444 operating agricultural or forestry equipment 3.

182、846 using precision measuring equipment 3.333 designing electrical or electronic systems or equipment 2.500 monitoring environmental conditions 2.381 computer use 2.381 electricity and energy 2.381 analysing scientific and medical data 1.724 maintaining electrical,electronic and precision equipment

183、1.563 electronics and automation 1.333 analysing and evaluating information and data 1.220 database and network design and administration 0.935 disposing of non-hazardous waste or debris 0.000 handling and disposing of hazardous materials 0.000 18 Appendix 2 Tables A2.4,A2.5 and A2.6 presents the ra

184、nking of the Skills/Knowledge Groups at Level 1 and 2 based on their level of Greenness,digitalization and Greenness and Digitalization respectively.For All levels except Level 1,only the top 15 of skills/knowledge concepts groups are displayed(Levels 2 and 3).23|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:

185、Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper 4.3 Green and Digital Skills,Occupations and Employment In this section,the report explores the relationship between green and digital skills and knowledge concepts and employment growth in the European Markets,based on the scoring system we develop

186、ed in the previous subsection.Employment data by Occupation Groups are downloaded from Eurostats Labour Force Survey(LFS)19.For all Level 1 Occupation groups,we performed cross-sectional regressions of the average,over years 2012 to 2022,annual employment growth on their Green,Digital and Green&Digi

187、tal Scores20.Results indicate a strong and steady increase in the annual employment growth rates of Occupations with a high Digital and Jointly Green and Digital Scores.As the digital/green&digital score increases by 1%,the average annual growth rate of occupations over the years 2012 to 2022,increa

188、ses by 0.28%/28.89%respectively.On the other hand,the negative and significant estimate for Green Occupations(-0.22%)is mainly due to the fact that Agriculture related occupations have a high green score,while on the same time the Agriculture sector employment suffered a significant reduce during th

189、e last decade.As such,it is important to study the employment of green,digital and jointly green and digital occupations after controlling for the NACE sector.Focusing on the most recent data(year 2022),we performed cross sectional regressions of the occupations(Level 2)employment rates by NACE sect

190、or(NACE Level 2)to the Green,Digital and Green and Digital Scores21.Interestingly results reveal a positive and significant relation of highly“Green”Level 2 Occupations and employment,for the Agriculture Forestry and Fishing,the Energy and the Water and Waste Management treatment sectors.That is Lev

191、el 2 Occupations with a higher“Green”Score,tend to have higher employment rates for 2022.Focusing on Digital Scores,as expected a highly significant positive relationship,is estimated for the ICT sector that is 2022 employment is higher for occupations with a high Digital Score while a negative rela

192、tionship is estimated for Health and Social Care and Mining and Quarrying Sectors.Finally,we estimate a highly significant positive relation between the employment rate for occupations with a high green and digital score for ICT,Construction and Energy sectors,while a negative relationship is estima

193、ted for Wholesale and Retail Trade and Mining and Quarrying Sectors.In order to measure,how the above results have also evolved through the period 2016 to 2022 that is from the year the Paris Agreement took effect we perform the following cross-sectional regression:!,#=+!+!,#Where!,#is the employmen

194、t rate growth(2016 to 2022)of the ith occupations Group(Level 2)for the jth Level 2 NACE sector and !the Green/Digital/Green&Digital Scores 19 https:/ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/lfs/database.Data refer to Levels 1 and 2.20 Regression results are presented in Appendix 1,Table A1.1.21 Results are includ

195、ed in Appendix 1,Table A1.2.24|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper of the ith occupations Group(Level 2).The Newey-West p values are also reported in parenthesis,while bold denotes significance at 5%level.The number of observations(n)as well as the

196、R squared is included in Table 4.25|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Table 4 Employment Growth(2016-2022)Occupations Level 2 of NACE sectors Level 2 vs Green,Digital and Green and Digital Scores NACE Level 2 Green Score Digital Score Green and Di

197、gital Score b p value n R2 b p value n R2 b p value n R2 1.1 Administrative Services 0.06 0.04 9 0.31 0.05 0.34 9 0.07-0.02 0.78 9 0.02 1.2 Arts and Recreation and other services-0.03 0.23 9 0.09 0.05 0.03 9 0.28 0.07 0.04 9 0.67 1.3 Finance and Insurance 0.08 0.51 6 0.04 0.10 0.03 6 0.45 0.13 0.02

198、6 0.56 1.4 ICT -0.07 0.69 7 0.02 0.11 0.00 7 0.57 0.10 0.03 7 0.46 1.5 Professional Services-0.05 0.42 8 0.02 0.09 0.00 8 0.56 0.10 0.01 8 0.57 2.1 Construction 0.11 0.61 8 0.01 0.10 0.29 8 0.40 0.03 0.83 8 0.01 3.1 Accommodation and Food 0.11 0.18 8 0.10 0.07 0.02 8 0.43 0.05 0.12 8 0.17 3.2 Transp

199、ort and Storage 0.11 0.00 9 0.51 0.02 0.63 9 0.02-0.06 0.41 9 0.13 3.3 Wholesale and Retail Trade-0.05 0.12 9 0.12 0.08 0.00 9 0.35 0.00 0.97 9 0.00 4.1 Manufacturing-0.11 0.00 9 0.41 0.14 0.00 9 0.75 0.09 0.04 9 0.45 5.1 Education-0.21 0.06 8 0.24 0.03 0.43 8 0.04 0.00 0.96 8 0.00 5.2 Health and So

200、cial Care-0.09 0.00 9 0.43 0.09 0.00 9 0.52 0.04 0.20 9 0.08 5.3 Public Sector and Defence -0.04 0.38 9 0.04 0.12 0.01 9 0.31 0.00 0.98 9 0.00 6.1 Agriculture,Forestry and Fishing -0.14 0.00 8 0.64 0.11 0.00 8 0.46 0.08 0.19 8 0.18 6.2 Energy Supply Services-0.04 0.51 9 0.01 0.09 0.03 9 0.55 0.10 0.

201、01 9 0.51 6.3 Mining and Quarrying-0.03 0.15 5 0.06-0.07 0.21 5 0.14-0.05 0.13 5 0.11 6.4 Water and Wastewater treatment 0.01 0.91 8 0.00 0.11 0.01 8 0.62-0.01 0.82 8 0.00 26|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper It is interesting to note that the emp

202、loyment growth of“Green”occupations mainly occurs within the Administrative Services and the Transportation and Storage Sectors;while within the Manufacturing,Health and Social Care and Agriculture,Forestry and Fishing Sectors the employment growth of“Greener”occupations is lower than the employment

203、 growth of less green occupations.On the contrary,the results for Digital Occupations are striking,with almost all sectors having shifted employment to occupations with a higher level of digitalization.The same is true for the jointly Green and Digital occupations with the most significant positive

204、relationships to be reported for ICT,Energy,Professional Services,Manufacturing and Finance and Insurance Sectors.4.4 Green and Digital Skills and Occupations,Future Demand All the above results,indicate a clear positive and statistically significant trend between the development of occupations and

205、their level of Greenness and Digitalization.Moreover,the demand for green and digital skills are experiencing a considerable growth over the years 2016 to 2022.CEDEFOP Skills Intelligence,the online tool of the European Centre for the development of Vocational Training22,utilizes the analysis of lab

206、our market data to provide estimates for the Future job prospects of Level 1 and Level 2 Occupations in EU27 for the years 2022-2035.The CEDEFOP estimates refer to a score from 0 to 100,in relation to how much the demand for the specific occupations is expected to grow.Table 5 presents the relevant

207、estimates.Table 5 Future job prospects for Level 1 Occupations Occupations Value Professionals 100 Managers 78 Technicians and associate professionals 75 Elementary occupations 75 Plant and machine operators and assemblers 64 Service and sales workers 60 Craft and related trades workers 43 Clerical

208、support workers 41 Skilled agricultural,forestry and fishery workers 0 Comparing the entries of this table with Tables 1,2 and 3,it is clear that the Top Occupations(Professionals,Managers and Technicians and associate professionals)also correspond to the top“Green and Digital”occupations,where thei

209、r demand is expected to continue to growth until 2035.Focusing on skills,it is also important to know which are the most requested skills in the job market by occupation.For each Level 2 ESCO occupation,Appendix 2,Table A2.7 reports the share of all the skills(level 1)requested in online job ads in

210、2022 in EU2723.Table 6 below focuses on the shares for information and communication technologies 22 https:/www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/tools/skills-intelligence/23 Appendix Table 5.7 presents the results in a greater detail.27|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|

211、White Paper(ICTs)and engineering which are,as shown in previous sections,the top Green and Digital Skills in Level 1.The first two columns of Table 6 report the Level 2 occupation group,and the ESCO Level 1 Skills and Knowledge Groups respectively.The 3rd column contains the frequency that the under

212、lying skill/Knowledge appears in the online job adds.Focusing on the level 1 skills with the highest Green and Digital Score(information and communication technologies(ICT)and engineering),it is striking that those are among the top skills requested in all of the occupations24.24 Appendix Tables 5.4

213、-5.6 present the ranking of Level 1 skills.28|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Table 6 Most Requested Skills(Level 1)by Occupation Occupations(Level 2)Skills and Knowledge Concepts(Level 1)Share In online Adds health associate professionals infor

214、mation and communication technologies(icts)9.5 engineering and engineering trades 5.6 Information and communications technicians information and communication technologies(icts)49.4 engineering and engineering trades 13.8 Legal,social,cultural and related associate professionals information and comm

215、unication technologies(icts)10.8 business and administration associate professionals information and communication technologies(icts)19.3 Science and engineering and engineering trades associate professionals engineering and engineering trades 30.1 information and communication technologies(icts)19.

216、5 Numerical and material recording clerks information and communication technologies(icts)14.7 Customer services clerks information and communication technologies(icts)12.5 General and keyboard clerks information and communication technologies(icts)19.5 Other clerical support workers information and

217、 communication technologies(icts)15.4 engineering and engineering trades 6.3 Agricultural,forestry and fishery labourers engineering and engineering trades 3.2 information and communication technologies(icts)1.1 Cleaners and helpers engineering and engineering trades 1.0 Food preparation assistants

218、engineering and engineering trades 1.6 Refuse workers and other elementary workers engineering and engineering trades 4.4 information and communication technologies(icts)1.4 Street and related sales and service workers information and communication technologies(icts)16.3 engineering and engineering

219、trades 6.0 Food processing,wood working,garment and other craft and related trades workers engineering and engineering trades 3.1 Market-oriented skilled agricultural workers information and communication technologies(icts)10.1 engineering and engineering trades 9.9 Market-oriented skilled forestry,

220、fishery and hunting workers information and communication technologies(icts)11.5 Administrative and commercial managers information and communication technologies(icts)26.6 Chief executives,senior officials and legislators information and communication technologies(icts)29.5 Hospitality,retail and o

221、ther services managers information and communication technologies(icts)44.1 Production and specialized services managers information and communication technologies(icts)28.8 Assemblers engineering and engineering trades 52.1 Drivers and mobile plant operators engineering and engineering trades 4.0 i

222、nformation and communication technologies(icts)2.5 Machine&plant operators engineering and engineering trades 18.4 health professionals information and communication technologies(icts)5.1 engineering and engineering trades 2.8 Information and communications technology professionals information and c

223、ommunication technologies(icts)64.3 Legal,social and cultural professionals information and communication technologies(icts)11.6 business and administration professionals information and communication technologies(icts)29.7 Table 6 Most Requested Skills(Level 1)by Occupation(Continued)29|Twin Skills

224、 for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Science and engineering and engineering trades professionals information and communication technologies(icts)40.1 engineering and engineering trades 37.5 Teaching professionals information and communication technologies(icts

225、)16.5 engineering and engineering trades 5.6 Protective services workers information and communication technologies(icts)4.7 Sales workers information and communication technologies(icts)15.1 Labourers in mining,construction,manufacturing and transport engineering and engineering trades 12.4 enginee

226、ring and engineering trades 2.9 Electrical and electronic trades workers engineering and engineering trades 46.9 engineering and engineering trades 10.1 information and communication technologies(icts)3.7 Handicraft&printing workers engineering and engineering trades 14.1 information and communicati

227、on technologies(icts)7.1 Metal,machinery and related trades workers engineering and engineering trades 37.7 engineering and engineering trades 8.3 Building and related trades workers,excluding electricians engineering and engineering trades 7.3 information and communication technologies(icts)4.2 30|

228、Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper 5.Recommendations The report provides a thorough assessment of the EU policy context,the classification of skills and knowledges,as well as trends in the EU labour market in relation to the demand for skills and o

229、ccupations based on their level of Greenness and Digitalization.One of the main objectives of this report is to further translate the empirical results in a set of recommendations for universities and TVET to integrate and/or develop green digital skills in existing and future curricula.Evidence pre

230、sented in this study shows that following the introduction of the Paris Agreement and the Agenda 2030,there is a statistically significant and gradual increase in the demand for the skills classified as of high level of greenness and digitalization.So,it is of crucial importance these skills to be m

231、ainstreamed in TVET and University Curriculums.Technical and vocational education and training(TVET)systems play an important role in equipping youth and adults with the skills required for employment,decent work,entrepreneurship and lifelong learning.In the present development context,TVET can equi

232、p youth with the skills required to access the world of work,including skills for self-employment.Greening TVET and University Curriculum is an essential and cross-cutting theme for sustainable development.It refers to the efforts to reorient and reinforce existing TVET institutions and policies in

233、order to reinforce achievement of sustainable development.Good practice I:Turning university-industry collaboration into an ICT Academy that serves the future To date,over 170 countries have released digital strategies and over 50 countries have their own AI strategies.ICT talent development strateg

234、ies are thus necessary to meet growing requirements set by countries around the world.University-enterprise collaboration thus becomes ever more necessary to serve the emerging digital industries such as cloud,big data,IoT.Huawei understands the challenge and built a talent development ecosystem wit

235、h universities and colleges worldwide to deliver training that offer a fair and high-quality education.The Company has so far opened more than 2,600 ICT Academies,with more than 200 in Europe alone.The ICT Academy can count on more than 11,000 teachers who trained more than 200,000 students per year

236、 and supported ICT competitions that convened 580,000 students from 85 countries and regions to boost innovation.The ICT Academy builds upon a strong combination of theoretical and practical courses spanning from connectivity(cybersecurity,WLAN technologies and application,5G,and AI)to cloud and com

237、puting(deep learning,ML,big data,data storage),and application and development,focusing on vocational certifications.The success of such educational programs is 31|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper also reflected on the ambition to scale the numbe

238、r of partnerships to more than 7,000 globally to serve 1 million ICT Academy students by 2026.Good practice II:the(d)Academy(d)Academy will be a unique pan-European effort to upskill and reskill key workers across the continent,using an AI-based platform and aiming at leading the Reskilling Revoluti

239、on in Europe.It will automatically suggest,match and deliver challenge-driven programs based on real-world scenarios to close the skills gap.The(d)Digital Academy will be executed in close collaboration with key European Partners,including the AI Data Robotics Association(ADRA),the European Cybersec

240、urity Organization(ECSO),the Association for European Nanoelectronics Activities(Aeneas),the Big Data Value Association,the Software and Data Association(NESSI),the Robotics Association(euRobotics).(d)Digital Academy ecosystem will provide unparalleled access to industry-proven learning content,trai

241、ning programs,experts,educational technology and certification,relying on EIT-Digitals education services track record.Good practice III:Fostering STEM talent for the Twin Transition The green and digital twin transition brings about an array of opportunities to the industrial sector.Nevertheless,th

242、e industry wont succeed in this new industrial era if technological transfer and know-how does not happen across sectors and people.Tech-savvy and change-resilient young talents available worldwide deserve every opportunity to succeed in the future of technology.Huaweis global CSR flagship program S

243、eeds for the Future seeks to develop local STEM talent to boost innovation and a deeper understanding of the ICT industry.Through this platform,top university students can tap into various learning opportunities from field visits to Huawei campus and labs in China,online lectures,conferences partici

244、pation,competitions,and more.It is an encompassing experience that exposes the participants to improve their ICT skills,while learning about the impact of climate change and the need to sharpen digital skills for the green and energy transition.Indeed,digital solutions play a key enabling role to pu

245、sh the green transition forward,as also demonstrated by Huaweis TECH4ALL initiatives deployed across natural ecosystems worldwide.Solutions that combine acoustic or visual technology with cloud and AI to protect biodiversity,restore nature,and improve the quality of research.The use of technological

246、 solutions to protect the environment is a collaborative effort on multiple levels.But most importantly,cross-sector talent must be harnessed.ICT experts developing and deploying Tech4Nature solutions need to be educated about ecological issues,while nature conservationists need to know the potentia

247、l of technologies like AI in nature conservation.Talent unlocks potential and cultivating STEM talent that sees the green and digital transition as the way forward will upscale initiatives such as TECH4ALL 32|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper As d

248、iscussed in the chapters of this report,the“information and communication technologies(ICTs)”skill and knowledge group is the top requested Green and Digital skill in online job markets and the Education sector is not an exception.ICT in education improves engagement and knowledge retention,it not o

249、nly assumes the role of assisting teaching in the integration process of TVET,but also helps teachers improve technological self-confidence and teaching quality.Following the global momentum in the commitment to SDGs and the climate change agreements,there is an evident momentum in the demand and th

250、e need of such skills from the ICT,Energy,Professional Services,Manufacturing and Finance and Insurance Sectors.In this direction,disadvantaged groups in the labour market(young people,women,persons with disabilities,rural communities and other vulnerable groups)require targeted support to develop t

251、heir potential knowledge and skills for green jobs.So investing in training to help the disadvantaged groups acquire specialized skills will enable their participation in activities linked to transitioning to green economies.Finally,based on the results of section 4,greening of the TVET and universi

252、ty curriculums should be further reinforced on a sector-by-sector basis to the following directions:Financial Sector:Mainstream ESGs Enhance skills in ESG and SDG metrics Energy:technical knowledge for application of energy-efficiency measures technical knowledge for application of renewable energy

253、technologies upgraded skills for emergent energy markets Manufacturing:raw material collection pre-processing production distribution trade(marketing)sustainable business and product development Agricultural and Food:advanced wastewater treatment practices improved packaging improved sensors and pro

254、cess control(to reduce waste and improve productivity)food irradiation water and wastewater reduction using closed loop/zero emission systems use of information and communication technology(ICT)in agriculture technical knowledge for new practices like organic farming and agroforestry 33|Twin Skills

255、for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Focusing more on the ICT and Energy sectors,the green and digital skills are increasingly important to foster the transition of the economies to sustainability.These skills are critical for addressing sustainability challenge

256、s,promoting the transition to clean energy sources,and harnessing digital technologies for efficient and eco-friendly operations.Below is an overview of the green and digital skills needed in these sectors:Green Skills:Renewable Energy Expertise:Proficiency in designing,installing,and maintaining re

257、newable energy systems,such as solar panels,wind turbines,and hydropower systems.Energy Efficiency:Skills related to improving energy efficiency in buildings,industries,and transportation,including energy auditing and retrofitting.Circular Economy Knowledge:Understanding of circular economy principl

258、es,sustainable materials management,and waste reduction strategies.Environmental Regulations:Knowledge of EU environmental regulations and compliance requirements,including emissions standards and waste management.Digital Skills:Data Analytics:Proficiency in data analysis and interpretation for opti

259、mizing energy consumption,predicting equipment failures,and enhancing energy efficiency.Internet of Things(IoT):Skills related to IoT device deployment and management for monitoring and controlling energy systems remotely.Cybersecurity:Understanding of cybersecurity measures to protect critical ener

260、gy infrastructure and data.AI and Machine Learning:Knowledge of AI and machine learning algorithms for optimizing energy production,consumption,and grid management.To meet the evolving demands of these sectors,educational institutions,training programs,and industry collaborations play a crucial role

261、 in preparing a skilled workforce.Global Outlook Essential Green and Digital skills in the ICT and energy sectors across different regions and Countries,reflecting each regions priorities and strategies for addressing both sustainability and digitalization.United States Green Skills Renewable Energy

262、 Technology:Expertise in solar and wind energy systems,including installation,maintenance,and grid integration.Energy Management:Skills in energy-efficient building design,HVAC systems,and smart lighting technologies.Sustainable Construction:Knowledge of sustainable building practices and green buil

263、ding certifications like LEED.34|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Environmental Policy:Understanding of federal and state environmental regulations and compliance.Digital Skills Big Data Analytics:Proficiency in analyzing large datasets to improv

264、e energy efficiency,grid management,and predictive maintenance.Cybersecurity:Expertise in protecting energy infrastructure from cyber threats and ensuring data security.Smart Grid Technologies:Knowledge of smart grid technologies,including advanced metering infrastructure(AMI)and grid automation.Blo

265、ckchain:Understanding of blockchain technology for transparent and secure energy transactions and supply chain management.China Green Skills Renewable Energy Engineering:Expertise in solar and wind power systems,including manufacturing,installation,and grid integration.Environmental Engineering:Skil

266、ls in managing air and water quality,pollution control,and waste management.Green Building Design:Knowledge of sustainable building materials and practices.Digital Skills 5G and IoT:Proficiency in 5G and IoT technologies for energy grid monitoring and management.Digital Manufacturing:Skills related

267、to digital manufacturing and industrial automation for energy-efficient production.Japan Green Skills Nuclear Energy Expertise:Despite transitioning away from nuclear energy,Japan maintains expertise in nuclear power generation and decommissioning.Renewable Energy Technology:Skills in solar,wind,and

268、 hydroelectric systems,along with energy storage solutions.Digital Skills Robotics and Automation:Expertise in robotics and automation for energy infrastructure maintenance and disaster response.AI and Robotics:Knowledge of AI and robotics for optimizing energy production and consumption 35|Twin Ski

269、lls for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper 6.Conclusion In the context of the EU policy framework to be implemented during the forthcoming years,the Twin Transition is set to accelerate and trigger significant structural changes in EU labour markets.Following the

270、ONET and ESCO classification systems,in this paper we provide a thorough analysis for the classification of jobs(occupations)in the EU,distinguish them into Green,Digital and jointly Green and Digital.Using Eurostat and CEDEFOP data,we show that the employment related to Jobs/Occupations with a high

271、 level of Digitalization,and simultaneously a high level of Greenness and Digitalization have significantly increased over the period 2011 to 2022.Moreover,focusing on employment data by NACE sector in 2022,the positive relationship between employment and level of Greenness is mainly apparent in Agr

272、iculture,Energy and Water management sectors,for Digitalization in ICT sector;while for occupations which are jointly classified as Green and Digital in the ICT,Construction and Energy Sectors.Focusing on the growth of employment from 2016 to 2022,the result is striking for Digital and jointly Green

273、 and Digital Occupations where we demonstrate a significant positive and significant relation to almost all the sectors.On the other hand,the sectors which appear to be laggards in the integration and demand for Green and Digital skills are the Mining and Quarrying and Wholesale and Retail trade sec

274、tors.Finally,focusing on data from online ads,groups of skills with a high level of Greenness,such as engineering and engineering trades,and Digitalization,such as information and communication technologies(ICTs)are included amongst the top requested skills for all occupations in the job market.Foll

275、owing the forecasts,the demand for Green jobs(Elementary occupations),Digital jobs(Professionals and Managers)and jointly Green and Digital jobs(Technicians and associate professionals)is expected to further grow during the period 2022 to 2035.It is apparent that EU talent development will be geared

276、 towards more Green and Digital skills and occupations.This trend and the associated new job opportunities are expected to support the green and digital transformation of the EU job market and economies,towards the implementation of the 2030 and 2050 goals.36|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defi

277、ning Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper References CEDEFOP,Green skills and jobs:Highlights,2014.Retrieved from https:/www.oecd.org/employment/leed/Greener%20skills_Highlights%20WEB.pdf CEDEFOP,Quantifying skill needs in Europe,2013.Retrieved from http:/dx.doi.org/10.2801/13390 DigitalEurope,

278、Position Paper on Digital Skills,2019.Retrieved from http:/www.digitaleurope.org/Document-Download/Command/Core_Download/EntryId/1089 Digital Skills and Jobs Platform,ICT specialists:the skills gap hinders growth in the EU countries,2021.Retrieved from https:/digital-skills-jobs.europa.eu/en/latest/

279、news/ict-specialists-skills-gap-hinders-growth-eu-countries ESCO Publications,The crosswalk between ESCO and O*NET:Technical Report,2022.Retrieved from https:/esco.ec.europa.eu/en/about-esco/publications/publication/crosswalk-between-esco-and-onet-technical-report EU Science Hub.Employment in the en

280、ergy sector:trends and impact of the green energy transition,2020.Retrieved from https:/joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/jrc-news-and-updates/employment-energy-sector-2020-07-09_en European Commission,The Green Deal Industrial Plan:Putting Europes net-zero industry in the lead,2021.Retrieved from

281、https:/commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/green-deal-industrial-plan_en European Website on Integration.European skills agenda for sustainable competitiveness,Social Fairness and Resilience,2020.Retrieved from https:/ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/lib

282、rary-document/european-skills-agenda-sustainable-competitiveness-social-fairness-and-resilience_en European Commision,Digital Economy and Society index(DESI).Shaping Europes digital future,2022.Retrieved from https:/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/digital-economy-and-society-index-desi-2022

283、 European Commision,A European Green Deal:Striving to be the first climate-neutral continent,2021.Retrieved from https:/commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en European Commision,Critical Raw Materials:ensuring secure and sustainable supply chains for EUs

284、 green and digital future,2023.Retrieved from https:/ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_1661 European Synthesis Report,Skills for green jobs,2018.Retrieved from https:/www.ilo.org/skills/pubs/WCMS_143855/lang-en/index.htm 37|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital

285、 Skills and Jobs|White Paper European Commission,EU taxonomy for sustainable activities,2020.Retrieved from https:/finance.ec.europa.eu/sustainable-finance/tools-and-standards/eu-taxonomy-sustainable-activities_en European Commission,Circular Economy Action Plan,2023.Retrieved from https:/environmen

286、t.ec.europa.eu/strategy/circular-economy-action-plan_en Joint Research Centre(European Commission).GreenComp,the European Sustainability Competence Framework,2022.Retrieved from https:/op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/bc83061d-74ec-11ec-9136-01aa75ed71a1/language-en IRENA,Renewable E

287、nergy and Jobs:Annual Review,2018.Retrieved from https:/www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/May/IRENA_RE_Jobs_Annual_Review_2018.pdf Koundouri,P.,Devves,S.,and Plataniotis,A.(2021).Alignment of the European green deal,the sustainable development goals and the European semester

288、process:Method and application.Theor.Econ.Lett.11,743770.doi:10.4236/tel.2021.114049 Lewandowski P.,The changing nature of jobs in Central and Eastern Europe,2017.Retrieved from https:/wol.iza.org/articles/the-changing-nature-of-jobs-in-central-and-eastern-europe/long OECD,Going Digital:Shaping Poli

289、cies,Improving Lives,2019.Retrieved from:https:/www.oecd.org/publications/going-digital-shaping-policies-improving-lives-9789264312012-en.htm Skills Future SG,Skills demand for the future economy,2023,Retrieved from:https:/www.skillsfuture.gov.sg/skillsreport UNEVOC,Skills development and climate ch

290、ange action plans Enhancing TVETs contribution.2021.Retrieved from https:/unevoc.unesco.org/pub/skills_development_and_climate_change_action_plans.pdf UNEVOC,Greening Technical and Vocational Education and Training:A practical guide for institutions,2017.Retrieved from https:/unevoc.unesco.org/up/gt

291、g.pdf Vandeplas A.,Vanyolos I.,Vigani M.,&Vogel L.,The Possible Implications of the Green Transition for the EU Labour Market,European Economy,2022.Retrieved from https:/economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-12/dp176_en_green%20transition%20labour.pdf 38|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:

292、Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper 39|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Appendices Appendix 1-Technical This Technical Appendix presents in greater detail our methodology to assess individual Occupations(Level 0)and groups of Occup

293、ations(Levels 1,2 and 3),as well as Groups of Skills and Knowledge Concepts(Levels 1,2 and 3),as Green,Digital and jointly Green and Digital.We define the following green dummy variables at the granular(Level 0)skills and knowledge concepts:_!=1$%0,=1,10831._#=1$%0,=1,3059.For all groups of skills o

294、r Knowledges(Levels 1,2 and 3),the green skills and green knowledge indices for the underlying group takes the value of the number of Skills/Knowledge Concepts in the group which are classified as Green,divided by the total number of Skills/Knowledge Concepts belonging in the underlying group.Simila

295、rly,we define the following Digital Dummy variables:_!=1$%0,=1,10831._#=1$%0,=1,3059.Also,equivalently for all groups of skills or Knowledges(Levels 1,2 and 3),the digital skills and digital knowledge indices for the underlying group takes the value of the number of Skills/Knowledge Concepts in the

296、group which are classified as Digital,divided by the total number of Skills/Knowledge Concepts belonging in the underlying group.Finally,we define the following Green and Digital dummy variables:&_!=1$%0,=1,10831.&_#=1$%0,=1,3059.Equivalently for all groups of skills or Knowledges(Levels 1,2 and 3),

297、the green&digital skills and green&digital knowledge indices for the underlying group takes the value of the number of Skills/Knowledge Concepts in the group which are classified as Green and Digital,divided by the total number of Skills/Knowledge Concepts belonging in the underlying group.40|Twin S

298、kills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper The Dummy variables can be used in order to calculate the levels of Greenness,Digitalization and Greenness and Digitalization,for all occupations or groups of occupations.The Green,Digital and Green&Digital Scores for O

299、ccupations(Level 0)or Groups of Occupations(Levels 1,2,3 and 4),or Groups of Skills(Level 1,2 and 3)are defined as:!=&!(#+)*+(,-.,#/01#/0+100(1),!=#+)*+(,-.,#/01#/0+100(2),&!=&#+&)*+(,-.,#/01#/0+100(3),Where:=.and =.Table A1.1 reports the cross-sectional OLS regression estimates of the following mod

300、el !=+!+!Where!is the average annual employment growth,from 2012 to 2022,of level 1 Occupations Group and !the Green/Digital/Green&Digital Scores.The Newey-West p values are also reported in parenthesis,while bold denotes significance at 5%level.The number of observations(n)as well as the R squared

301、are reported in Table.Table A1.1 Employment Growth vs Green Digital Green and Digital Scores-Occupations Level 1 a b n R2 Green 0.01-0.22 10 0.52(0.01)(0.00)Digital-0.02 0.28 10 0.55(0.04)(0.00)Green and Digital -0.01 28.89 10 0.62(0.29)(0.02)41|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Dig

302、ital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Table A1.2 presents the cross-sectional regressions of the 2022 employment rates of occupations(Level 2)by NACE sector(NACE Level 2)to their Green,Digital and Green and Digital Scores.!,#=+!+!,#Where!,#is the 2022 employment rates of occupations Group(Level 2)of the

303、jth Level 2 NACE sector and !the Green/Digital/Green&Digital Scores.The Newey-West p values,the number of observations(n)and the R squared are also reported in table,while bold denotes significance at 5%level.42|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper T

304、able A1.2 Employment Occupations Level 2 vs NACE sectors Level 2 Level 2 Green Scores Digital Scores Green and Digital Scores b p value R2 n b p value R2 n b p value R2 n 1.1 Administrative Services 0.504 0.062 0.01 31-0.695 0.093 0.03 32-0.426 0.063 0.08 16 1.2 Arts and Recreation and other Service

305、s-0.622 0.012 0.02 34-0.588 0.082 0.02 35 0.008 0.979 0.00 17 1.3 Finance and Insurance-3.504 0.134 0.07 16-0.252 0.642 0.00 17-11.359 0.064 0.26 8 1.4 ICT 1.768 0.900 0.07 18 4.971 0.000 0.76 19 11.28 0.048 0.05 9 1.5 Professional Services 0.719 0.683 0.01 30 0.255 0.576 0.00 31-0.148 0.892 0.00 17

306、 2.1 Construction 0.590 0.636 0.00 25-0.702 0.223 0.01 26 1.501 0.000 0.28 14 3.1 Accommodation and Food-1.452 0.207 0.01 20-2.630 0.181 0.03 20 13.007 0.157 0.10 10 3.2 Transport and Storage-0.480 0.357 0.00 26-0.643 0.201 0.01 27-1.343 0.132 0.02 14 3.3 Wholesale and Retail Trade-1.423 0.122 0.04

307、35-0.416 0.179 0.00 36-0.744 0.038 0.12 16 4.Manufacturing-0.052 0.918 0.00 35-0.190 0.443 0.00 35-0.209 0.727 0.00 17 5.1 Education-3.610 0.224 0.04 25-0.626 0.214 0.00 25-12.874 0.151 0.10 11 5.2 Health and Social Care-0.733 0.094 0.01 32-0.886 0.030 0.03 32-0.975 0.216 0.04 16 5.3 Public Sector a

308、nd Defence -0.512 0.117 0.02 31 0.225 0.677 0.00 31-1.047 0.071 0.08 13 6.1 Agriculture,Forestry and Fishing 10.190 0.002 0.68 17-4.480 0.205 0.03 18 0.305 0.128 0.02 9 6.2 Energy Supply Services 5.026 0.001 0.44 14 0.099 0.883 0.00 15 2.269 0.003 0.33 9 6.3 Mining and Quarrying-3.336 0.147 0.12 6-1

309、4.13 0.010 0.67 6-3.569 0.017 0.57 5 6.4 Water and Wastewater treatment 4.750 0.049 0.35 12-1.998 0.338 0.05 13-0.761 0.058 0.04 8 43|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Appendix 2-Additional Results This Appendix contains additional results not inc

310、luded in detail in section 4.Tables A2.1,A2.2 and A2.3 presents the ranking of the Occupations at Level 1,2 and 0 based on their level of Greenness,digitalization and Greenness and Digitalization respectively.For All levels except 1,only the top 15 of occupations(for Level 0)or occupation groups(Lev

311、els 1 and 2)are displayed.Table A2.1 Top 15 Green Occupations(Level 0,1 and 2)Green Occupations Score Level 1 Skilled agricultural,forestry and fishery workers 18.875 Elementary occupations 8.175 Technicians and associate professionals 4.603 Professionals 4.507 Plant and machine operators and assemb

312、lers 3.739 Craft and related trades workers 3.701 Managers 3.681 Clerical support workers 2.493 Service and sales workers 2.487 Armed forces occupations 0.278 Level 2 Market-oriented skilled agricultural workers 23.800 Agricultural,forestry and fishery labourers 14.106 Refuse workers and other eleme

313、ntary workers 13.581 Science and engineering professionals 11.332 Market-oriented skilled forestry,fishery and hunting workers 11.052 Building and related trades workers,excluding electricians 9.934 Science and engineering associate professionals 8.251 Food preparation assistants 6.928 Health associ

314、ate professionals 5.696 Cleaners and helpers 5.385 Administrative and commercial managers 5.239 Electrical and electronic trades workers 5.213 Protective services workers 4.602 Health professionals 3.994 Food processing,wood working,garment and other craft and related trades workers 3.938 Level 0 en

315、ergy assessor 90.909 natural resources consultant 78.788 energy conservation officer 75.000 environmental policy officer 75.000 energy analyst 70.833 environmental expert 70.588 hazardous waste inspector 69.697 recycling specialist 67.568 sustainability manager 65.278 environmental geologist 64.706

316、environmental protection manager 64.583 environmental education officer 64.000 forestry adviser 62.857 nature conservation officer 60.345 liquid waste treatment plant operator 60.000 44|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Table A2.2 Top 15 Digital O

317、ccupations(Level 0,1 and 2)Digital Occupations Score Level 1 Professionals 15.615 Clerical support workers 10.362 Armed forces occupations 8.069 Technicians and associate professionals 7.924 Craft and related trades workers 6.693 Managers 6.118 Plant and machine operators and assemblers 3.818 Servic

318、e and sales workers 2.892 Skilled agricultural,forestry and fishery workers 2.448 Elementary occupations 1.748 Level 2 Information and communications technology professionals 78.662 Information and communications technicians 44.517 General and keyboard clerks 37.081 Electrical and electronic trades

319、workers 17.730 Science and engineering professionals 15.800 Other clerical support workers 14.693 Armed forces occupations,other ranks 11.671 Non-commissioned armed forces officers 10.414 Customer services clerks 9.876 Science and engineering associate professionals 9.276 Legal,social and cultural p

320、rofessionals 8.695 Production and specialized services managers 7.851 Metal,machinery and related trades workers 7.483 Teaching professionals 7.463 Assemblers 7.103 Level 0 webmaster 98.837 software tester 96.154 user interface developer 93.878 ICT network administrator 93.684 database integrator 93

321、.548 system configurator 93.478 database designer 93.069 mobile application developer 92.941 ICT network engineer 92.784 data warehouse designer 92.593 knowledge engineer 91.954 embedded systems software developer 91.892 integration engineer 91.860 web developer 91.837 ICT integration tester 91.667

322、45|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digital Skills and Jobs|White Paper Table A2.3 Top 15 Green and Digital Occupations(Level 0,1 and 2)Green and Digital Occupations Score Level 1 Professionals 0.077 Craft and related trades workers 0.067 Technicians and associate professionals 0.0

323、63 Managers 0.051 Service and sales workers 0.041 Plant and machine operators and assemblers 0.013 Armed forces occupations 0.000 Clerical support workers 0.000 Skilled agricultural,forestry and fishery workers 0.000 Elementary occupations 0.000 Level 2 Electrical and electronic trades workers 0.508

324、 Science and engineering professionals 0.201 Legal,social,cultural and related associate professionals 0.116 Personal service workers 0.096 Science and engineering associate professionals 0.092 Building and related trades workers,excluding electricians 0.082 Administrative and commercial managers 0.

325、079 Information and communications technology professionals 0.069 Drivers and mobile plant operators 0.059 Hospitality,retail and other services managers 0.057 Production and specialized services managers 0.046 Health associate professionals 0.023 Business and administration professionals 0.021 Food

326、 processing,wood working,garment and other craft and related trades workers 0.018 Teaching professionals 0.014 Level 0 smart home engineer 6.818 smart home installer 6.667 geothermal technician 4.878 green ICT consultant 4.762 irrigation technician 4.348 environmental education officer 4.000 acousti

327、cal engineer 3.846 electricity distribution technician 3.571 electric meter technician 3.571 energy systems engineer 3.448 ecologist 3.448 interior planner 3.333 electrical transmission system operator 3.333 pastry chef 3.226 botanist 3.125 46|Twin Skills for the Twin Transition:Defining Green Digit

328、al Skills and Jobs|White Paper Tables A2.4,A2.5 and A2.6 present the ranking of the Skills/Knowledge Groups at Level 1 and 2 based on their level of Greenness,digitalization and Greenness and Digitalization respectively.For All levels except Level 1,only the top 15 of skills/knowledge concepts group

329、s are displayed(Levels 2 and 3).Table A2.7 reports in detail the share of all skills(level 1)requested in Linked in and online job markets by Occupation(Level 2).Table A2.4 Top 15 Green Skills Groups(Level 1,2 and 3)Green Skills Score Level 1 agriculture,forestry,fisheries and veterinary 27.635 natu

330、ral sciences,mathematics and statistics 27.136 engineering,manufacturing and construction 14.112 constructing 6.682 services 6.507 handling and moving 6.270 business,administration and law 5.232 information skills 2.940 communication,collaboration and creativity 2.694 social sciences,journalism and

331、information 2.525 working with machinery and specialized equipment 2.309 assisting and caring 2.295 management skills 1.776 health and welfare 1.147 information and communication technologies(icts)0.829 Level 2 environment 85.000 forestry 62.500 handling and disposing of waste and hazardous material

332、s 59.116 agriculture 29.708 architecture and construction 20.316 hygiene and occupational health services 18.967 engineering and engineering trades 17.110 constructing 16.667 biological and related sciences 14.315 protecting and enforcing 13.497 fisheries 13.333 designing systems and products 11.423

333、 tending plants and crops 10.833 installing interior or exterior infrastructure 9.722 analysing and evaluating information and data 9.476 Level 3 handling and disposing of waste and hazardous materials 100.000 environmental sciences 90.000 environmental protection technology 86.667 complying with environmental protection laws and standards 84.444 natural environments and wildlife 80.000 advising o