1、Clean Air Actions in CitiesO C T O B E R 2 0 2 4G L O B A L F U T U R E C O U N C I L O N C L E A N A I R 2 0 2 3-2 4Contents 2024 World Economic Forum.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,including photocopying and recording,or

2、 by any information storage and retrieval system.Disclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project,insight area or interaction.The findings,interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated and endorsed

3、 by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum,nor the entirety of its Members,Partners or other stakeholders.Images:MidjourneyIntroduction 03Action 1 Active and public transport 05Action 2 Vehicular technology 06Action 3 Renewable p

4、ower generation 07Action 4 Clean energy for industries 08Action 5 Urban planning 09Action 6 Buildings 10Action 7 Cooking,heating and cooling technologies 11Action 8 Waste burning and dust pollution 12Action 9 Circularity 13Contributors 14Endnotes 15This report is interactiveLook out for this icon fo

5、r pages that can be interacted with.To ensure interactive capability,please download and open this PDFwith Adobe Acrobat.Illustrations:Contributed by ViKua Design Team,lead Mirna ColmenaresClean Air Actions in Cities2ContentsIntroductionAir pollution is complex,but many solutions to addressing urban

6、 air pollution are well established so that cities with similar contexts can learn from each other.This paper explores nine actions for air quality already being deployed by various cities around the globe to target specific challenges.It showcases actions across various sectors that influence urban

7、 air pollution,demonstrating sector-specific practices through case studies.This paper is a guide for city decision-makers to adapt and adopt actions for clean air to ensure healthier environments in their cities,based on the thought leadership and work of the Global Future Council on Clean Air duri

8、ng 2023-2024.The nine actions do not comprise an exhaustive list of global actions,but present examples of successful practices against pollution sources that cities have influence over.High-level actions offer opportunities to address challenges beyond air pollution,though not all actions may be ap

9、propriate for each city.The problem of air pollution in citiesAir pollution is the greatest environmental risk to health,1 responsible for an estimated 7 million premature deaths globally each year.2 Outdoor(ambient)air pollution causes an estimated 4.2 million premature deaths,3 inflicting signific

10、ant damage on human health and well-being,the environment,the climate and the economy.The problem of air pollution is complex and is particularly pressing in cities.Globally,pollution concentrations vary widely between and within cities.There are also inequities in exposure,emissions,data collection

11、,monitoring and capacity to address the problem.Urban populations are expected to continue to grow,with nearly 70%of people projected to live in urban areas by 2050.4 As urban populations increase,so do the concentrations of air pollutants such as nitrous dioxide(NO2).5 Air pollution concentrations

12、in cities are dependent on a number of factors:hyper-local sources at a street level,local sources across the city and regional sources beyond the city boundary all affect the concentration of air pollution at any given location and time.Pollution concentrations can also be affected by geographical

13、factors such as topography and meteorology,which affect the dispersion of pollutants.Benefits of addressing urban air pollutionAddressing urban air pollution can reap a myriad of benefits for cities.Around the world,practices to improve clean air have produced impressive results through cross-sector

14、 collaboration.Actions for air pollution can enable progress towards climate,social,economic and wider environmental goals for cities.This paper focuses on four key benefits of city-level actions to curb air pollution:Emissions reduction and environmental gains Improved health,safety and well-being

15、Economic benefits Progress towards equityEmissions reduction and environmental gainsClean air can benefit the environment through the preservation of biodiversity,protection of water and soil,and mitigation of climate change impacts.Reduction of air pollutant emissions reduces risk of asthma,cardiov

16、ascular disease,stroke,dementia and other diseases.Clean air action delivers economic benefits mainly through increased productivity,reduced health bills and increased crop yields.Action on clean air also contributes to new jobs,and reduced costs associated with fuel use,traffic congestion and build

17、ing corrosion.Improved health,safety and well-being Economic benefitsDesigning cities for cleaner air especially helps vulnerable populations,including children,the elderly and often people living in lower-income neighbourhoods.Action on air quality reduces exposure to pollution and improves overall

18、 economic and societal mobility.Progress towards equityClean Air Actions in Cities3ContentsTransportActive and public transportActions which promote a reduction of private motorized transport and encourage the uptake of public transport or human powered mobility.This can include walking,cycling and

19、micromobility methods,such as e-bikes and scooters.EnergyRenewable power generationActions that promote the generation of renewable energy over the burning of fossil fuels,including wind,solar,wave,geothermal,tidal,hydro and ocean thermal.(*Biomass is not considered here as it contributes to air pol

20、lution emissions.)IndustryClean energy for industriesIndustrial innovations that either change the manufacturing process to be less polluting,or create products that produce less air pollution.Built EnvironmentUrban planningThe strategic integration of land use and design to mitigate air pollution a

21、nd limit air pollution exposure,including green design.BuildingsThe design and technology used in buildings to mitigate exposure to both ambientand indoor air pollution.Cooking,heating andcoolingtechnologiesActions that encourage a shift from combustion for residential temperature control and cookin

22、g,ultimately focusing on electrification(or transitions from solid fuel burning where electrification is not feasible).MaterialsWaste,burning and dust pollutionActions that reduce air pollution from waste management and prevent the need for burning of waste.CircularityShift towards reducing the use

23、of materials and resources,decoupling growth from resource consumption of finite resources,which in turn reduces emissions from processes including waste and manufacturing.Vehicular technologyPolicies that regulate vehicular technology,either indirectly or directly reducing air pollution emissions f

24、rom transport by making vehicles more efficient.Clean Air Actions in Cities4ContentsActive and public transportACTION 1Definition:Actions which promote a reduction of private motorized transport and encourage the uptake of public transport or human-powered mobility.6 This can include walking,cycling

25、 and micromobility methods such as e-bikes and scooters.A key contributor to ambient air pollution worldwide is road transportation,with motor vehicles responsible for many major air pollutants and greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.Even with the electrification of vehicle fleets,traffic continues to emit

26、 particulate matter(PM)via non-exhaust emissions,making motor traffic a challenge in many urban environments.The dependency on motor transportation affects physical and mental well-being beyond air pollution exposure,contributing to stress,noise,traffic-related injuries and fatalities,as well as phy

27、sical inactivity.The best practices for promoting active and public transportation have produced impressive results.Active travel particularly offers opportunities for city leaders to address transport and physical health together.These actions are improved when enacted simultaneously through integr

28、ated policy packages.CASE STUDY 1Curitiba,Brazil Integrated transport network7 Curitiba uses a mix of public transport provision and incentives to reduce congestion on roads.The Bus Rapid Transit(BRT)system combines express routes with suburban connection routes and cycle lanes to make public transp

29、ort acceptable to all neighbourhoods.The city offers incentives to low-income and vulnerable populations to use public transport systems,including reduced fares for the elderly,children,students and those with limited mobility.An electronic ticketing system has increased convenience and efficiency.T

30、hese steps are accompanied by dynamic traffic management using global positioning system(GPS)technology and smart infrastructure to manage bus routing to avoid congestion and to give priority to public transport at intersections.In 2016,80%of travellers in Curitiba were using the BRT system and fuel

31、 needs had been reduced by 35%.The system has been replicated in over 150 cities worldwide.Emissions reduction and environmental protectionLimited use of private cars reduces exhaust and non-exhaust pollution emissions.9 Economic benefitsReduced healthcare costs from air quality-related and physical

32、 activity-related diseases.11Improved health,safety and well-beingIncreased physical activity reduces lifestyle-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases,obesity and diabetes.10 Progress towards equityHaving fewer cars creates more areas suitable as community spaces.Active and public transpor

33、t infrastructure provides connectivity to those who cannot afford cars.Benefits of actionCASE STUDY 2Seoul,South Korea Seoul Walkable City Projects8 Seouls swift economic development resulted in rapid growth in population and vehicles in its limited urban space.The city has implemented several proje

34、cts under its Walkable City Plan.To reduce private car usage and to promote walking,the“Downtown Road Diet”project reduced the number of lanes for cars and converted existing lanes into pedestrian sidewalks and cycling lanes.Trees reduced the urban heat-island effect by providing shade.Seoul transfo

35、rmed an old overpass into an elevated walking path,Seoul 7017,and built a pedestrian network connecting it to many areas.From its opening in 2017 until 2021,31 million people had visited Seoul.Increased pedestrian traffic boosted the local economy.Local communities,including professionals and activi

36、sts,took part in the urban regeneration activities.Funding came from national,city and district budgets as well as private investment.TransportClean Air Actions in Cities5ContentsVehicular technologyACTION 2Definition:Policies that regulate vehicular technology,either indirectly or directly,reducing

37、 air pollution and GHG emissions from transport.Technological innovations in transport offer the potential to reduce air pollution and emissions while enhancing mobility.Innovations can include new types of vehicles and also enable adjustments and retrofits to existing vehicles to make them more eff

38、icient.Technological solutions can be used in synergy with active and public transport to reduce urban transport emissions(see Action 1).CASE STUDY 3London,United Kingdom Ultra Low Emission Zone(ULEZ)12 ULEZ in London has been highly effective at cleaning up the citys air by reducing the number of o

39、lder and more polluting combustion engine vehicles.It has accelerated an uptake of cleaner vehicles over and beyond the natural vehicle turnover.ULEZ covers 1,500 square kilometres and has a population of 9 million people.Currently,it is the largest ULEZ in the world.A daily charge of 12.50 is levie

40、d on the cars,vans,minibuses and motorcycles driving into ULEZ that do not meet its emissions criteria.There are exemptions and discounts for certain groups,and a scrappage scheme.ULEZ was implemented in phases across three geographical areas and is accompanied by other air quality policies.A report

41、 on the first six months of the operation of the London-wide ULEZ found the compliance rate of vehicles to be 96.2%,up from 39%in February 2017(when changes associated with ULEZ first began.This equates to a reduction of 90,000 in the number of older,more polluting vehicles driving into ULEZ on an a

42、verage day.Comparing a scenario with and without ULEZ and its expansions,harmful roadside NO2 concentrations are estimated to be 53%lower in central London,24%lower in inner London and 21%lower in outer London.Emissions reduction and environmental gainsElectric vehicles(EV)and cleaner fuels remove t

43、he tailpipe emissions from vehicles.14 Reduced black carbon emissions from vehicles curb their global warming effect.15 Economic benefitsTechnological advances decrease the costs of technology and make it more affordable.17Improved health,safety and well-beingReduced emissions from shifting to EVs c

44、urb air pollution-related diseases.16 Progress towards equityCharging schemes for heavy vehicles can ensure companies pay for the air pollution they cause.Reduced vehicular emissions alleviate the effects of traffic-related air pollution on communities that live near busy traffic routes.Benefits of

45、actionCASE STUDY 4Cairo,Egypt Taxi trade-in scheme13 Cairo launched a taxi trade-in scheme,in which owners have the opportunity to trade-in older vehicles for newer vehicles that use cleaner fuel.In 2015,before the scheme,68%of Cairo vehicles were more than 15 years old.To promote a newer taxi fleet

46、,the government removed sales tax on eligible newer vehicles.Participating car companies offered a discount on cleaner vehicles and banks offered loans with lower interest rates for buying vehicles.Legislation supported the scheme,making cars older than 20 years ineligible for taxi licences in citie

47、s.In 2015,the programme had a 94%success rate with more than 40,000 taxis replaced with newer,cleaner vehicles.TransportClean Air Actions in Cities6ContentsRenewable power generationACTION 3Definition:Actions that promote the generation of renewable energy over the burning of fossil fuels,including

48、wind,solar,wave,geothermal,tidal,hydro and ocean thermal.(*Biomass is not considered here as it contributes to air pollution and emissions.)Nearly 80%of the worlds energy needs are currently met with fossil fuels.18 As cities expand and energy demands soar,the reliance on fossil fuels for power gene

49、ration exacerbates air quality degradation.Currently,cities are responsible for 67%-76%of the worlds total energy consumption,and power plants are an important source of sulphates and nitrates.Fossil fuel-based power plants account for 14%of global population exposure to PM2.5 and ozone.19 The trans

50、ition to renewable power sources such as solar,wind,hydro and nuclear represents a pivotal strategy in mitigating urban air pollution to create a cleaner,healthier environment in cities.CASE STUDY 5Portland,USA Portland Clean Energy Community Benefits Fund(PCEF)20 PCEF is a government-led project wh

51、ich invests in local incentives and community-led programmes to promote clean energy,which includes renewable energy and energy efficiency programmes.Endorsed by over 150 organizations including businesses,faith leaders and community groups PCEF is the first major environmental policy being led and

52、created by communities of colour.It generates$30 million a year in new revenues to be used for energy efficiency upgrades,renewable energy generation,job training and green infrastructure.PCEF ensures that at least 50%of the projects for energy efficiency and renewable energy benefit low-income resi

53、dents.At least 20%of all its grants are awarded to non-profit organizations that benefit economically disadvantaged citizens.So far,248 grants have supported over 170 non-profit organizations.Thirty-three of these have focused on energy efficiency and renewable energy.The fund is estimated to have g

54、enerated 65,812 kilowatt-hour(kWh)of renewable energy.Emissions reduction and environmental protectionEmissions reduction contributes to climate change mitigation.Economic benefitsShifting energy generation closer to the point of consumption reduces strain on distribution systems,enabling cost savin

55、gs.Increased demand for renewables creates jobs across the supply chain.Improved health,safety and well-beingUtilizing renewables can overcome fuel poverty and create comfortable,warm and safe homes for all.Progress towards equityAffordable renewable energy for lower-income households reduces relian

56、ce on fluctuating fossil fuel prices,reducing fuel poverty.Benefits of actionCASE STUDY 6Santiago,Chile Renewable energy for public buildings21 In 2017,over 50%of Santiagos electricity was generated from imported diesel and gas.Due to the citys topography,surrounded by mountains,air pollution builds

57、 up.This would cause the city to temporarily“shut down”due to toxic concentrations of air pollutants.Between 2015 and 2018,the city planned investments of nearly$5 million for upgrading public buildings with rooftop solar power generation and building retrofits.This programme reduced energy bills an

58、d emissions from publicly-owned buildings.The 15 public rooftop solar systems installed saved an estimated$140,000 annually.Santiago also has a Regional Strategy of Resilience,which aims to reduce energy consumption and to source energy from alternative renewable sources locally.EnergyClean Air Acti

59、ons in Cities7ContentsClean energy for industriesACTION 4Definition:Industrial innovations that either change the manufacturing process to be less polluting,or create products that produce less air pollution.Industrial activity can release air pollutants and GHGs,including carbon dioxide(CO2),sulphu

60、r oxide(SOx),nitrogen oxides(NOx),particulate matter,volatile organic compounds(VOCs)and heavy metals.These not only damage the environment but can also be particularly harmful to human health.22 There are many sources of industrial pollution including(but not limited too)commercial transport,energy

61、 generation,petrochemical plants,refineries,material production(such as cement and metals)and agriculture.23 In Europe,between 2010 and 2022,the industrial release of air pollutants reduced while economic contributions from industrial activity increased,demonstrating that emissions can be decoupled

62、from industrial and economic growth.24 CASE STUDY 7Barcelona,Spain Electrification of ports25 The“Nexigen”project was launched in Barcelona city in 2024 to improve ambient air quality,both in the port and the city.Through a new Onshore Power Supply technology,ships can connect to electricity on the

63、quay and switch off the auxiliary engine when at berth.The emissions of NOx and CO2 from berthing ships are expected to shrink by 38%.Electrification of docks is complex,requiring a high-voltage energy supply through electrical substations.In Barcelona,the infrastructure needed includes a 220 kilovo

64、lts(kV)high-voltage line via 240 kilometres(km)of underground cables and 20.5 km of pipes from the substation to the docks.The shipping industry and ports are already taking steps to improve air quality and reduce emissions under international regulations.They are shifting towards cleaner fuels and

65、alternative energy sources,deploying electrical technologies where feasible,undertaking ship modifications including exhaust cleaning systems,and using engine modifications and efficient design for new-built ships.26Emissions reduction and environmental gainsMaking industry sustainable by limiting t

66、he combustion of fossil fuels curbs pollution of land,air and water.Economic benefitsInvestment in local clean energy industries catalyses economic growth and creates new jobs.Improved health,safety and well-beingImplementing cleaner and energy-efficient workplaces improves air quality,reduces noise

67、 pollution and improves conditions for employees and citizens living close by.Progress towards equityDemocratizing access to clean energy resources and empowering marginalized communities ensures citizens have more equitable access to,and control over,cleaner air.Benefits of actionCASE STUDY 8Amster

68、dam,Netherlands Lower-emission freight zones27 Amsterdam introduced Milieuzone Lower Emission Zone in 2020,which restricts entry for the most polluting passenger and commercial vehicles.The national government passed legislation that enables cities to introduce zero-emission zones for planning as pa

69、rt of its Urban Logistics Implementation Agenda,which also complements existing environmental zones in the Netherlands.The agenda aims to improve air quality by reducing,changing and making the traffic movements of vans and trucks more sustainable.From 2025,all new vans and trucks driving within Ams

70、terdams ring road must be zero-emission,with transitional arrangements for newer vehicles.The restrictions for passenger diesel vehicles and mopeds will tighten to exclude more polluting vehicles.IndustryClean Air Actions in Cities8ContentsUrban planningACTION 5Definition:The strategic integration o

71、f land use and design to mitigate air pollution and limit exposure,including green design.Urban planning plays a pivotal role in influencing air quality in urban areas,as it has the potential to improve air quality in the long term by strategically strengthening cities structure to minimize pollutio

72、n,especially by locating potential pollution sources away from vulnerable and exposed populations.The configuration of buildings,streets and public spaces can significantly affect the flow of air and dispersion of pollutants.Poorly designed urban areas can exacerbate exposure to poor air quality by

73、locating people and pollution sources together,encouraging emissions or by designing spaces that trap pollutants and increase concentrations.CASE STUDY 9Accra,Ghana Greening and beautification project28 Accra identified the economic,climate and health gains from urban greening projects as part of it

74、s national climate resilience strategy.The greening of public spaces improves air quality,prevents flooding by increasing permeable spaces,and improves natural biodiversity.Accra first launched a pilot project with an“adopt a space”campaign that encouraged public-private partnership,whereby private

75、stakeholders had the opportunity to bring forward proposals to green a public space around their workplace or place of business.If chosen,an agreement was signed between the city and the selected company that was“adopting”a space.The agreement specified who would provide the financing,the procuremen

76、t of contractors,and the responsibility of the companies to maintain the space after completion.As this project has been successful,the city is trialling similar approaches,for example in rooftop urban farming on public-sector buildings.CASE STUDY 10Barcelona,Spain Barcelona Superilla/Superblock Urb

77、an Design29“Superilla/Superblock”was first introduced in Barcelona in 2016,as a local,urban design initiative that refined the use of public space by prioritizing spaces for pedestrians,public transport and bicycles,and placing citizens and communities at the centre of city design and development.Th

78、e aim has been to reduce pollution(air,traffic and noise)through the creation of open green spaces.These spaces improve opportunities for local communities to carry out daily activities together,such as exercising and socializing.Emissions reduction and environmental gainsImproved biodiversity throu

79、gh the integration of green and blue spaces in urban environments.Limited urban heat-island effect by building green spaces into cities,such as parks and green roofs.Economic benefitsIncreased citizen access to educational services,businesses and employment with city design that makes services safel

80、y and easily accessible.Improved health,safety and well-beingReduced exposure to ultraviolet(UV)rays for citizens thanks to shade from trees and plants in urban areas.Decreased noise pollution and associated stress through urban planning that limits citizens exposure to noise.Progress towards equity

81、Community-friendly infrastructure design ensures that citizens mobility and community cohesion are not restricted(for instance by major highways segregating neighbourhoods).Benefits of actionEvery“superblock”limits the traffic in each neighbourhood,which opens up streets to pedestrians and cyclists.

82、It also encompasses a gradual model of change starting with“basic”actions(e.g.small functional changes such as parking restrictions and change of street directions),going on to“tactical”changes(i.e.low-cost,temporary actions such as adding benches,planters and painting road spaces)and“structural”cha

83、nges(e.g.more permanent transformations of street spaces).Results show a reduction in air pollution in the superblock in central Sant Antoni market in Barcelona,with a 25%decrease in nitrogen dioxide(NO2)levels and a 17%decrease in PM10 particulate levels.Built EnvironmentClean Air Actions in Cities

84、9ContentsBuildingsACTION 6Definition:The design and technology used within buildings to mitigate exposure to both ambient and indoor air pollution.Buildings are an integral part of any city,and building design can contribute to both indoor and ambient air pollution exposure.Construction can contribu

85、te to ambient air pollution,and building efficiency can impact emissions.Indoor air pollution can be affected by activity and ventilation and,much like ambient air pollution,can impact human health.30 People spend 60-90%of their lives indoors31 and thus it is imperative that buildings be designed to

86、 promote health and well-being.Building design can also impact ambient air pollution by affecting energy demand.32 CASE STUDY 11Salvador,Brazil Sustainable building certification and tax rebate33An initiative under the Salvador IPTU Verde programme uses tax discounts to incentivize individual,commer

87、cial and industrial developments.It encourages sustainable building practices aligned to the citys Climate Action Plan by awarding points:projects are then certified as bronze,silver or gold,and are entitled to tax discounts of 5%,7%and 10%,respectively.Examples of sustainable solutions include the

88、use of water-saving equipment,solar panels and bicycle racks.The city government has formed partnerships with other groups including the Union of the Construction Industry of the State of Bahia and the Association of Real Estate Market Executives of Bahia to jointly establish industry-informed crite

89、ria for IPTU Verde.CASE STUDY 12Yokohama,Japan Yokohama Smart City Project34 Yokohamas rapid urbanization is creating challenges of increased energy use and GHG emissions.In 2010,the city introduced the Yokohama Smart City Project(YSCP).This was initially a five-year pilot but has since been deploye

90、d across the entire city.Emissions reduction and environmental protectionIncreased energy efficiency from smart building technology reduces the energy consumption of buildings,and thereby,emissions.Economic benefitsCentralized infrastructure and maintenance associated with district cooling can reduc

91、e operational costs.37Improved health,safety and well-beingSmart buildings help keep vulnerable populations,such as the elderly and children,safer by supporting health monitoring,fall detection and activity recognition.36 Progress towards equityIncentives can support lower-income families by making

92、solutions affordable.Benefits of actionOne aspect of the project is the installation of energy management systems for homes and buildings,using smart grid systems.By 2015,energy management systems had been installed in 4,200 homes,which reduced energy consumption by 20%.This worked by enabling consu

93、mers to visualize their energy use and encouraged them to limit their electricity use.In commercial buildings,use of energy management systems achieved a 20%reduction in peak energy consumption.The project also has an educational aspect for citizen participation;for example,the Yokohoma Eco School p

94、roject educates the public on climate change and has hosted over 400 lectures,reaching 35,000 participants and over 120 organizations.This educational outreach has led to increased use of home energy management systems,storage batteries and PV generation systems.35 Built EnvironmentClean Air Actions

95、 in Cities10ContentsCooking,heating and cooling technologiesACTION 7Definition:Actions that encourage a shift from combustion for residential temperature control and cooking,ultimately focusing on electrification(or transitions from solid fuel burning where electrification is not feasible).The use o

96、f solid fuel and open fire for cooking and heating in homes can have economic,social,environmental and health impacts,and is particularly challenging in developing countries.An estimated 2.3 billion people worldwide depend on open fires or inefficient stoves for cooking,38 and smoke from cooking and

97、 household air pollution is associated with nearly 3.7 million premature deaths annually.39 Clean solutions can mitigate smoke-related illness,limit its contribution to climate change and improve air quality while supporting progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 7(access to affordable,reliab

98、le,sustainable and modern energy).40 CASE STUDY 13Warsaw,Poland Ban on burning fossil fuels at home41 Warsaw introduced this ban in October 2023,which included domestic burning of coal.Domestic heating is a major source of pollution in the region.Over 10,000 people including government officials,doc

99、tors,scientists,decision-makers and citizens came together to campaign for the ban.Social media campaigns were used to dispel misinformation about the coal burning ban.Warsaw was able to replace 85%of coal boilers in municipal buildings with alternative heating technologies including district heatin

100、g,heat pumps and electric heat sources.Moreover,in collaboration with C40(a network of non-governmental organizations and city policy-makers addressing climate change in cities),the Carbon-Neutral and Affordable Retrofits for Everyone in Need(CARE)project generated data to support efforts for priori

101、tizing clean heating retrofits for those most in need,reducing energy poverty and ensuring cost-effective climate mitigation.Emissions reduction and environmental protectionReduced wood burning reduces the amount of deforestation,protecting biodiversity and limiting climate impacts.Economic benefits

102、Increased profits for related businesses,such as those that supply clean cooking equipment(in 2023,revenues of such companies exceeded$100 million).44Improved health,safety and well-beingFewer premature deaths and diseases associated with polluting indoor fuels.43 Progress towards equityUse of clean

103、 cooking fuels improves women and childrens health,as they spend disproportionate amounts of time near the domestic hearth.45Benefits of actionCASE STUDY 14Beijing,China Policy measures to limit coal burning42 Beijing implemented measures to limit smoke from burning coal in homes.This included a swi

104、tching policy to support gas rather than coal.Homeowners received subsidies to switch from coal-fired to gas boilers to reduce PM2.5 emissions.Alongside targeting residential PM emissions,Beijing also targeted industry with financial rewards for reducing pollution and emissions,encouraging the insta

105、llation of scrubbers which filter out particles.Between 2013 and 2021,the atmospheric PM2.5 was reduced by 63%.Built EnvironmentClean Air Actions in Cities11ContentsWaste burning and dust pollutionACTION 8Definition:Actions that reduce air pollution from waste management and prevent the need for bur

106、ning of waste.Waste burning is a source of unhealthy pollution including carcinogens,and is also a source of black carbon,a super pollutant that contributes to climate change.Open waste burning is often caused by a lack of waste management facilities.It is a complex challenge and can occur at many l

107、evels from burning at landfills or dumpsites to burning in individual homes.46 CASE STUDY 15Dar es Salaam,Tanzania Waste reduction scheme47 Solid waste contributes to 54%of methane emissions in Dar es Salaam,and emissions are projected to increase by over 90%between 2024 and 2040.Collaborations betw

108、een the private and public sectors and the World Bank are employing established technologies at scale to tackle emissions from the burning of solid waste.This can improve air quality,as it is possible to reduce solid waste emissions by up to 80%.Food waste processing is one example of this.Nipe Fagi

109、o,a local environmental organization,is using insects for processing food waste.The black soldier fly larvae can turn food waste into compost.Reducing household food waste through composting,recycling and at-source segregation can curb methane emissions too.CASE STUDY 16Hanoi,Vietnam Recycling of sc

110、hool milk cartons48 Hanoi is a city experiencing fast population growth and consequently,burgeoning waste generation.Nearly 95%of Hanois waste ends in landfill,with the rest being incinerated or recycled.Emissions from incineration generate air pollution and sending waste to landfill is resource-int

111、ensive,takes up space and money,and impacts the environment and social well-being.Plastic pollution,in particular,accounts for 8-10%of daily waste generated in Hanoi and the country is ranked fourth in the world for its contribution to ocean plastic pollution.In 2019,the city collaborated with packa

112、ging company Tetra Pak,recycling company Lagmon Vietnam and social enterprise NHC to create a programme that helped schools recycle milk cartons.Schools offer subsidized milk and large volumes of milk cartons are discarded every day,only to end up in landfills.Emissions reduction and environmental g

113、ainsLesser soil and water contamination from improved waste management.This reduces the amount of hazardous compounds(e.g.methane)entering the environment,which can damage biodiversity and ecosystems and enter human food chains.49 Economic benefitsReduction in negative socio-economic effects and hen

114、ce improvement in living standards,economic growth potential and community relations.50Improved health,safety and well-beingReduced risk of infectious and vector-borne diseases(for example diarrhoea,cholera and malaria)and non-communicable diseases(such as heart disease and cancer)associated with po

115、or waste management.Progress towards equityMore equitable health outcomes since waste burning and dust pollution disproportionately affect vulnerable populations including the elderly,children,marginalized populations,newborns and pregnant women.51Benefits of actionFrom a pilot project that began in

116、 2017 and was scaled up in 2019,the programme had grown from 800 primary schools in 16 Hanoi districts to 1,400 across both Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City within two years.It will eventually expand to 4,000 schools across all Hanoi districts.The programme also engages with students to promote environmen

117、tal awareness,with engagement activities such as exchanging cartons for trees and education on how to sort and store cartons for waste collection.The aim is to save 111 tonnes of methane emissions(the equivalent to 740 gas-powered vehicles driven for one year,as per the EPA calculator)by reducing th

118、e need for 1,000 tonnes of milk cartons annually.MaterialsClean Air Actions in Cities12ContentsCircularityACTION 9Definition:Shift towards reducing the use of materials and resources,decoupling growth from resource consumption of finite resources,52 which in turn reduces emissions from processes inc

119、luding waste and manufacturing.Unsustainable production and consumption of natural resources is a cause of air pollution,climate change and biodiversity loss.53 The circular economy works to decouple economic growth from the consumption of finite sources.By shifting towards a circular economy for fo

120、od,290,000 lives could be saved from outdoor air pollution annually.54 CASE STUDY 17Cleveland,USA Circular economy55 Cleveland in Ohio is a focal point for various industries including transportation,manufacturing,steel and iron.Despite the industrial economic opportunity,pollution and poor air qual

121、ity remain major issues for the city.In 2023,Cleveland was ranked the fourth worst US city for asthma sufferers,and there is concern for the citys children after high levels of lead were found in their blood samples.Circular Cleveland is a local project comprising multiple public-private partnership

122、s,which seeks to promote a circular economy and reduce the effects of pollution and waste on citizens.The goals of the project are“to redesign waste and pollution systems to use natural resources more efficiently,create jobs and investment opportunities,and support and protect a healthier environmen

123、t for residents now and in the future”.Through various initiatives such as“fix-it workshops”,composting projects,community ambassador projects,small business grants and a Circular Cleveland Roadmap,the City of Cleveland and community development intermediary Cleveland Neighbourhood Progress are enga

124、ging with community leaders and organizations to create a healthy,equitable and sustainable city.CASE STUDY 18Bangkok,Thailand Circular economy56 Pollution is an increasing threat in Thailand,where the capital Bangkok is working to leverage public-private partnerships to create a circular economy sy

125、stem.An initial steering committee was established in 2018,which began work in the Khlong Toei district,with“PPP Plastic”as a mixed-ownership company(private and public)to co-design waste systems with large companies and buildings.Emissions reduction and environmental gainsCircular approaches can as

126、sist in building natural capital by placing value on nature and helping reverse degradation(for example biodiversity loss and soil depletion).57 Economic benefitsCircular approaches promote local businesses and new partnerships that boost private-public-philanthropic collaboration in urban areas.Imp

127、roved health,safety and well-beingA transition to circular approaches provides a major opportunity for potentially substantial health benefits while also contributing to a number of Sustainable Development Goals.Progress towards equityBy educating and engaging communities throughout the implementati

128、on of actions,such approaches can limit the impact on vulnerable populations such as children.Benefits of actionThe city,its community stakeholders and PPP Plastic collaborated to:Connect buyers and sellers of recyclable and organic waste materials by innovation through digital tools.Carry out resea

129、rch and awareness campaigns.Encourage the pre-sorting of waste by designing easy-to-use drop-off sites.A handbook was developed based on the Khlong Toei model,so that other city areas could replicate or adapt it even if they lacked extensive resources.By increasing the efficiency of waste management

130、,companies can reduce waste management fees by 10-15%and improve their reputation with investors and consumers.123 MaterialsClean Air Actions in Cities13ContentsContributorsLead authorsNicole CowellPost-Doctoral Research Associate,Imperial College London;Hoffman Fellow,Clean Air,World Economic Forum

131、 Sophie PunteCo-Founder and CEO of Life-Links;Founder and Board Member,Smart Freight Centre World Economic ForumAoife KirkProject Lead,Clean AirRoderick WellerManager,Clean AirThe following members of the Global Future Council on Clean Air 2023-24 made this paper possible:Maria Glynda Bathan-Baterin

132、aDeputy Executive Director,Clean Air AsiaGregga BaxterGeneral Manager,Gulf International BankJane BurstonChief Executive Officer,Clean Air FundBruno Carrasco GarciaDirector-General,Climate Change and Sustainable Development Department,Asian Development Bank Sangu DelleChairman and Chief Executive Of

133、ficer,CarePointPeter Justice DeryDirector,Environment,Ministry of Environment,Science,Technology and Innovation of Ghana Marcela EscobariSpecial Assistant to the President of the United States,National Security Council(NSC)Arunabha GhoshChief Executive Officer,Council on Energy,Environment and Water

134、(CEEW)Angel HsuAssociate Professor,University of North Carolina Iyad KheirbekDirector,Air Quality Program,C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group Amit MehraManaging Director(2016-2024);Global Lead Sustainability,AccentureMagdalena MochowskaDirector Coordinator,Green Warsaw,City of WarsawHu MinExecutive

135、Director and Founder,Institute for Global Decarbonization Progress(iGDP)Tolu OniClinical Professor,Global Public Health and Sustainable Urban Development,University of CambridgeJuan Jose PocaterraCo-Founder and Chief Executive Officer,ViKua Sophie PunteCo-Founder and CEO of Life-Links;Founder and Bo

136、ard Member,Smart Freight Centre Shirley RodriguesMember of Board,C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group Jessica SeddonSenior Fellow,Jackson School for International Affairs,Yale University Kevin UramaChief Economist and Vice-President,Economic Governance and Knowledge Management,African Development Ban

137、k Young SunwooProfessor,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,Konkuk UniversityProductionMirna Colmenares and Design TeamIllustrator,ViKua Bianca Gay-FulconisDesigner,1-Pact EditionOliver TurnerDesigner,Studio MikoMadhur SinghEditor,World Economic ForumClean Air Actions in Cities14Conten

138、ts1.UN Environment Programme.(2021).Pollution Action Day.https:/www.unep.org/interactives/air-pollution-note/#:text=Air%20pollution%20is%20the%20greatest,common%20sources%20with%20greenhouse%20gases.2.World Health Organization.(2022).Ambient(outdoor)air pollution.https:/www.who.int/news-room/fact-sh

139、eets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health.3.Ibid.4.World Bank.(2023).Urban Development.https:/www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview.5.Wei,Lemoy and Caruso.(2024).The effect of population size on urban heat island and NO2 air pollution:Review and meta-analysis.City and Envir

140、onment Interactions.24(100161).https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100161.6.US Department of Energy.Alternative Fuels Data Centre.https:/afdc.energy.gov/conserve/active-transportation 7.Global BRT Data.Curitiba.https:/brtdata.org/location/latin_america/brazil/curitiba;C40.(2016).C40 Good Practice G

141、uides:Curitiba Bus Rapid Transit Modernisation.https:/www.c40.org/case-studies/c40-good-practice-guides-curitiba-bus-rapid-transit-modernisation/#:text=Results,2%20million%20passengers%20per%20day.&text=The%20BRT%20has%2030%20hybrid,more%20than%20150%20cities%20worldwide.8.EU,IURC.(2022).Making Citi

142、es walkable with Seoul and Dublin.https:/www.iurc.eu/2022/02/03/making-cities-walkable-with-seoul-and-dublin/.9.OECD.(2020).Non-exhaust particulate emissions from road transport.https:/www.oecd.org/en/publications/non-exhaust-particulate-emissions-from-road-transport_4a4dc6ca-en.html.10.World Health

143、 Organization.(2024).Physical Activity.https:/www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity.11.World Health Organization.(2024).Physical Activity.https:/www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity.12.Mayor of London,London Assembly.(2024).The Ultra Low Emission Zone Londo

144、n.https:/www.london.gov.uk/programmes-strategies/environment-and-climate-change/pollution-and-air-quality/ultra-low-emission-zone-ulez-london#:text=The%20ULEZ%20is%20the%20largest,to%20drive%20in%20the%20zone.13.C40 Cities.(2015).Cities199:Cairo Taxi Trade-in Scheme Improves Air Quality.https:/www.c

145、40.org/case-studies/cities100-cairo-taxi-trade-in-scheme-improves-air-quality/.14.United States Environmental Protection Agency.What You Can Do to Reduce Pollution from Vehicles and Engines.https:/www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-and-climate-change/what-you-can-do-reduce-pollution-vehicles-a

146、nd.15.Ibid.16.European Public Health Alliance.Electric vehicles and air pollution:the claims and the facts.https:/epha.org/electric-vehicles-and-air-pollution-the-claims-and-the-facts/.17.IEA50.(2024).Electric Vehicles.https:/www.iea.org/energy-system/transport/electric-vehicles.18.Holecheck,J.,Geli

147、,H.M.E.,Sawalhah,M.N.,Valdez,R.(2022).A global assessment:Can Renewable Energy Replace Fossil Fuels by 2050?Sustainability.14(8).https:/doi.org/10.3390/su14084792.19.Lelieveld,J.,Evans,J.,Fnais,M.et al.(2015).The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale.

148、Nature 525,367-371.https:/doi.org/10.1038/nature15371.20.City of Portland.Portland Clean Energy Community Benefits Fund.https:/www.portland.gov/bps/cleanenergy.21.C40 Cities.Cities100:Santiago Slashing Smog with Public Building Enhancements.https:/www.c40.org/case-studies/cities100-santiago-slashing

149、-smog-with-public-building-enhancements/.22.European Environment Agency.(2024).Industrial pollutant releases to air in Europe.https:/www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/industrial-pollutant-releases-to-air.23.European Council,Council of the European Union.(2024).Industrial Emissions.https:/www.

150、consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/industrial-emissions/;Clean Air Council.Industrial Air Pollution.https:/cleanair.org/industrial-air-pollution/.24.European Environment Agency.(2024).Industrial pollutant releases to air in Europe.https:/www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/industrial-pollutant-rel

151、eases-to-air.25.Port de Barcelona.(2024).Port of Barcelona officially opens first OPS System.https:/www.portdebarcelona.cat/en/communication/news/port-barcelona-officially-opens-its-first-ops-system-hutchison-ports-best-terminal#:text=First%20step%20of%20the%20Nexigen%20plan&text=The%20ultimate%20ai

152、m%20of%20wharf,road%20towards%20decarbonising.26.ClearSeas.Air pollution and marine shipping.https:/clearseas.org/air-pollution/27.Urban Access Regulations.Amsterdam.https:/urbanaccessregulations.eu/countries-mainmenu-147/netherlands-mainmenu-88/amsterdam-zero-emission-zone-logistics.28.Emily White.

153、(2023).Accra,Ghana:Greening and Beautification Project.Urban Shift.https:/www.shiftcities.org/publication/accra-ghana-greening-and-beautification-project.29.Barcelona City Council.Superilla Barcelona Transformations.https:/www.barcelona.cat/pla-superilla-barcelona/en;World Health Organization.Barcel

154、ona:Using urban design to improve urban health.https:/www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/barcelona-using-urban-design-to-improve-urban-health#:text=The%20results%20showed%20a%20reduction,be%20harmful%20to%20human%20health.30.Zheng,F.,Pang,C.,Tang,H.(2024).Sensors on Internet of Things Syst

155、ems for the Sustainable Development of Smart Cities:A Systematic Literature Review.Sensors.Vol 24(7)https:/doi.org/10.3390/s24072074;Cowell,N.,Chapman,L.,Bloss,W.,Srivastava,D.,Bartington,S.,Singh,A.(2022).Particulate matter in a lockdown home:evaluation,calibration,results and health risk from an I

156、oT enabled low-cost sensor network for residential air quality monitoring.Environmental Science:Atmospheres.Vol 3.10.1039/D2EA00124A.31.Guyot,G.,Sherman,M.,Walker,I.(2018).Smart Ventilation energy and indoor air quality performance in residential buildings:a review.Energy and Buildings.Vol 165.https

157、:/doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.12.051.32.Paraschiv,S.,Paraschiv,L.(2017).A review on interactions between energy performance of the buildings,outdoor air pollution and the indoor air quality.Energy Procedia.Vol 128.https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.039.EndnotesClean Air Actions in Cities15Co

158、ntents33.C40 Cities.(2015).Cities100:Salvador Tax Rebate Incentivizes Building Green.https:/www.c40.org/case-studies/cities100-salvador-tax-rebate-incentivizes-building-green/.34.C40 Cities.Cities100:Yokohama City Wide Rollout of Smart Energy.https:/www.c40.org/case-studies/cities100-yokohama-city-w

159、ide-rollout-of-smart-energy-management/.35.CO Cities.(2018).Yokohama-Smart City Project.https:/commoning.city/project/yokohama-smart-city-project/.36.Zhang,F et al.(2023).Developing smart buildings to reduce indoor risks for safety and health of the elderly:A systematic and bibliometric analysis.Saf

160、ety Science.Vol 168.https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106310.37.UNECE.ENERGY EFFICIENCY INCREASE.https:/unece.org/sites/default/files/2024-04/UNEP%20CCC%2C%20CONFERENCE%2C%20UNECE%2C%20DC%20and%20WH%2C%202.pdf.38.Clean Cooking Alliance.(2024).Clean Cooking Alliance 2023 Annual Report.https:/cleanco

161、oking.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/CCA-2023-Annual-Report.pdf.39.International Environment Agency.(2023).SDG7:Data and Projections.https:/www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections.40.Clean Cooking Alliance.The issues.https:/cleancooking.org/the-issues/;International Environment Agency.(2023).S

162、DG7:Data and Projections.https:/www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections.41.Warsaw City.The anti-smog resolution.https:/en.um.warszawa.pl/-/the-anti-smog-resolution;Clean Air Fund.(2022).Warsaw to ban coal burning from October 2023.https:/www.cleanairfund.org/news-item/warsaw-to-ban-coal-burnin

163、g-from-october-2023/.42.Climate Home News.(2022).Extraordinary progress Beijing meets air pollution goals after coal crackdown.https:/ Health Organization.(2023).Household Air Pollution.https:/www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health.44.Clean Cooking Alliance.(2023

164、).Annual Report.https:/cleancooking.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/CCA-2023-Annual-Report.pdf.45.World Health Organization.(2023).Household Air Pollution.https:/www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health.46.Climate and Clean Air Coalition.Open Waste Burning Preventio

165、n.https:/www.ccacoalition.org/projects/open-waste-burning-prevention.47.World Bank.Tanzanias greener future:Reducing methane in livestock sectors.https:/www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2024/05/16/tanzania-afe-greener-future-reducing-methane-in-waste-and-livestock-sectors.48.C40 Cities(2020).Collec

166、ting and recycling milk cartons from schools in Hanoi.https:/www.c40.org/case-studies/collecting-and-recycling-milk-cartons-from-schools-in-hanoi/;Ti ch v hp giy.(2019).Launching ceremony about collecting and recycling school milk cartons for 800 schools in Hanoi.https:/ Environment.Beyond an age of

167、 waste.https:/wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/44939/global_waste_management_outlook_2024.pdf?sequence=3.50.World Health Organization.(2024).Compendium of WHO and other UN guidance on health and environment.https:/cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/who-compendium-on-health-and-enviro

168、nment/who_compendium_chapter4.pdf.51.Ibid.52.Ellen MacArthur Foundation.The circular economy in detail.https:/www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/the-circular-economy-in-detail-deep-dive#:text=A%20circular%20economy%20reveals%20and,waste%20such%20as%20traffic%20congestion.53.UN Environment Programme Fi

169、nance Initiative.Pollution and Circular Economy.https:/www.unepfi.org/pollution-and-circular-economy/pollution-and-circular-economy/.54.Ellen Macarthur Foundation.The circular economy in detail.https:/www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/the-circular-economy-in-detail-deep-dive.55.C40 Cities.Creating A

170、Circular Cleaveland.https:/www.c40.org/case-studies/creating-a-circular-cleveland/.56.ShiftCities.Public-Private Collaboration to Accelerate Sustainable Urban Development:Guide for Global South Cities.https:/www.shiftcities.org/public-private-collaboration-accelerate-sustainable-urban-development-guide-global-south-cities.57.EllenMacArthur Foundation.Examples of circular economy in cities.https:/www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/cities/examples.Clean Air Actions in Cities16Contents