1、Technology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing WorldW H I T E P A P E RO C T O B E R 2 0 2 4Global Future Council on the Future of Technology Images:Getty ImagesDisclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project,insight area or interaction.The fi

2、ndings,interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum,nor the entirety of its Members,Partners or other stakeholders.202

3、4 World Economic Forum.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,including photocopying and recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system.ContentsExecutive summary 31 Technology policy guideposts 52 Design for:Safety a

4、nd security 93 Design for:Resilient citizens 134 Design for:Markets and infrastructure 175 Design for:Environment and community 216 Enable with:Dynamic capabilities for government 257 Enable with:Extended multistakeholderism 298 Three conclusions and one beginning 32Contributors 33Endnotes 35Technol

5、ogy Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World2Executive summaryWhat is a flourishing world?It is one in which sustainable economic development does not leave nature behind,in which individual gain and collective societal progress are mutually reinforcing,in which freedom,equity and human rig

6、hts are undisputable principles,and in which governments facilitate,convene and empower other stakeholders to shape the future.Technology contributes to this flourishing world.It can:Improve safety,well-being and quality of life Enhance economic opportunities and productivity Increase connectivity a

7、nd close geographical distances Empower freedoms and accessibility Enable creative expression and amplify innovationBut technology is also full of contradictions where there is opportunity,there is risk.These risks include threats to privacy,security,democracy andtrust.Responsible design shaped by a

8、nticipatory governance is needed to ensure that technological advances are aligned with ethical principles,sustainability goals and societal values and not just economic or individual advances.Effective governance,in this mould,will make technology more trustworthy.Without responsible design,technol

9、ogy can easily be used intentionally or not to constrain,minimize and threaten the flourishing world envisaged above.Policy is a critical mechanism for ensuring that technology is designed responsibly.Technology policy establishes the appropriate systems and guardrails that shape how technologies ar

10、e developed and adopted.When technology policy is effective and inclusive,it not only delivers positive outcomes for society but also builds and preserves public trust in democratic values,processes and institutions.How to read this reportThe Global Future Council on the Future of Technology Policy

11、advocates for policy design that creates the foundations for technology to contribute to a flourishing world.This report provides a non-exhaustive overview and action list for improvements to technology policy design.Based on the Councils experiences and expertise,the report investigates a series of

12、 outcomes that technology policy should aim to influence,and enablers that can improve the process of technology policy development.The report is structured as follows:Section 1,“Technology policy guideposts”,introduces the fundamental considerations for policy design that are recommended to drive p

13、ositive outcomes in managing the potential risks and harms of technology.Sections 25 focus on recommendations to improve policy as it relates to the objectives of safety and security;the resilience of citizens;the quality of public markets and infrastructure;and communities and the natural environme

14、nt.Sections 67 share proposals that better enablegovernments and associated stakeholders to deliver on responsible technology policy design,by building specifically on the required capabilities for government and the structures required for effective multistakeholder collaboration.Each section is ba

15、sed on evolving best practice in policy-making providing background on the main challenges and gaps for each focus area,and a high-level overview of concrete solutions or actions that can improve policys capacity to drive responsible technology design.The solutions deliberately span the multistakeho

16、lder ecosystem,with suggestions for public-,private-and civil-sector actors.Each section also includes case studies from different jurisdictions and recommendations forstakeholders to better inform how proposed solutions can be put into operation in different geographies,cultures and policy environm

17、ents.Technology brings risks as well as opportunity risks that threaten to undermine potential positive outcomes.Policy is needed that drives responsible technology design.When technology policy is effective and inclusive,it not only delivers positive outcomes for society but also builds and preserv

18、es publictrust.Technology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World3The ideas and recommendations provided in this report do not represent a complete list of topic areas or actions required to ensure that all aspects of policy achieve responsible technology design.They are intended to encour

19、age the adoption of new practices that incrementally improve the effectiveness of policy;collectively,they can facilitate significant advances.Further,thereport does not generally provide specific policyrecommendations for a given technology,and instead focuses on items that improve the broader poli

20、cy-making process.Many suggestions are embedded in the principles of agile governance,defined as adaptive,human-centred,inclusive and sustainable policy-making,which acknowledges that policy development is no longer limited to governments but is increasingly a multistakeholder effort.1 It is imperat

21、ive to maintain a position of learning and openness,to be ready to revise strategies in light of new insights and emerging challenges.This approach will enable policy-makers in government and business not just to respond to the current landscape but also to proactively shape a resilient and equitabl

22、e future as technologies evolve.Further guidance on agile governance shared by previous iterations of this Council examine this approach:Agile Governance:Reimagining Policy-making in the Fourth Industrial Revolution;Agile Regulation for the Fourth Industrial Revolution:A Toolkit for Regulators;and R

23、egulatory Technology for the 21stCentury.The Global Future Council on the Future of Technology Policy aims to use this report to advance select recommendations through deeper discussions,both online and in-person.This will provide an opportunity to examine the recommendations in greater detail and w

24、ill offer insights into the execution of technology policy to further advance the realization of responsible design for a flourishing world.Case studies,countries and topicsFIGURE 1Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)and EU alignment on data protections and standardsStandards/policies:(data

25、)|ASEAN/EUCoordination to advance aligned transatlantic cyber-incident reportingPartnership:(cybersecurity)|US/EUAdvancing professional responsibility through codes of ethicsEducation and training:(general)|GlobalSafety and securityEmpowering women through digital literacy:A case study from IndiaEdu

26、cation and training:(general)|IndiaGlobal initiatives and collaborations:Pioneering privacy-enhancing technologies for data protectionEnabling technology:(data)|GlobalEmpowering the future workforce:Innovative upskilling and reskilling initiatives across industriesEducation and training:(general)|Pr

27、ivate sector(mostly US)Leading by example:Businesses strategic pathways to artificial intelligence(AI)ethicsStandards/policies:(AI)|Private sector(mostly US)Resilient citizensLegislating framework for digital public infrastructure(DPI)in the EUStandards/policies:(DPI)|EUDeveloping self-sustaining DP

28、I funding in UkraineEnabling technology:(general)|Ukraine“India Stack”aligning development and growth incentivesEnabling technology:(DPI)|IndiaMarkets andinfrastructureThe United States National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource pilotEnabling technology(AI)|USThe Brookings Institutions New A

29、I Equity LabPartnership:(AI)|USIndias Digital Personal Data Protection Act2 and new E-Waste Management RulesStandards/policies:(data)|IndiaEnvironment andcommunityThe United Arab Emirates journey of dynamic capability-building in innovationEducation and training:(general)|UAEBuilding capacity and co

30、nnections to enable GovTech solutions in SerbiaEducation and training:(govtech)|SerbiaNigerias Devs in Government projectEducation and training:(general)|NigeriaDynamic capabilitiesfor governmentSetting policy for multistakeholder action towards transparency and fairnessStandards/policies:(general)|

31、JapanThe Institutional Arrangement for Partnership(IAP)Partnership:(data)|GlobalThe Global Partnership on AI(GPAI)Partnership:(AI)|GlobalExtendedMultistakeholderismTerritories mentionedASEANEUGlobalIndiaJapanNigeriaSerbiaUAEUkraineUSTechnology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World4Techno

32、logy policy guideposts1Technological advances are an indispensable driver of economic growth,job creation and societal progress.From the printing press to the internet,from semiconductors to artificial intelligence(AI)and biotech,technology has enabled an increasingly interconnected and then digital

33、ized world a world,however,in which traditional mechanisms to protect consumers,safeguard privacy and maintain security can be challenged.Good technology policy navigates this delicate equilibrium to codify an enabling environment that propels responsible technological advances.While technology poli

34、cy is likely to vary significantly depending on the problem to be addressed or the programme to be advanced,the Council has identified eight“technology policy guideposts”to consider in the design,development and implementation of any policies and regulations applicable to emerging technologies.These

35、 guideposts align with the World Economic Forums goals for trustworthy technology,including security and reliability,effective accountability and oversight,and inclusive,ethical and responsible use,as described in the report Earning Digital Trust.3 The guideposts should be informative to the regulat

36、or,the regulated and the public as they embark on this journey.Some paths will be shorter(quicker)but more strenuous(more risky),while others will be longer(slower)with more ease and less risk.That is why there is a need to carefully appraise the relevance of each guidepost and theinherent trade-off

37、s associated with it.This Council encourages all three groups regulators,regulated and members of the public to consider these guideposts as“readiness”or“fitness”reminders for those paths based on existing policies,national economic and social priorities and a nations particular interests in terms o

38、f specific technology such as AI,blockchain,cloud,agritech,5G,advanced energy solutions and quantum.By studying these guideposts and making informed decisions together on the best path forward,regulators and those they govern can create a thriving environment that encourages innovation and growth wh

39、ile minimizing risks and harms.The examples under the guideposts provide a flavour of how to approach each element,while acknowledging that all of the guideposts are connected.Eight guideposts1 Innovation and economic growth.Mechanisms can be employed to seed nascent or critical technology industrie

40、s such as semiconductors,quantum or 5G orto create incentives for good practices;for example,to embed cybersecurity features or post-quantum encryption.These mechanisms can include,among others:direct investments,tax incentives,research and development(R&D)funding,publicprivate partnerships and chal

41、lenge grants.Example:The United States has historically invested heavily in semiconductor research and development through programmes such as the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022,while Japan has also implemented initiatives to bolster its semiconductor industry.Similarly,many countries such as Brazil,J

42、apan,Singapore and the US have made significant investments in the development and deployment of open and interoperable 5Gtechnology.4,52 Shared values,consumer protection and harm mitigation.Just as society has recognized the need for regulations such as prohibiting smoking on aircraft to safeguard

43、 public health(a shared value),there are technological instances in which similar prohibitions are necessary for the well-being and safety of individuals.The aim is to mitigate potential harms associated with technologies,ensuring that they meet safety standards and commonly agreed ethical guideline

44、s before being deployed in real-world settings.Example:The EU AI Act establishes universal use limitations for certain high-risk AI systems such as biometrics,critical infrastructure,education systems,employment and law enforcement.It also subjects certain AI systems to specific transparency require

45、ments,especially where there is a clear risk of manipulation,such as through chatbots.Good technology policy navigates a delicate equilibrium to codify an enabling environment that propels responsible technological advances.Technology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World53 Choice and co

46、mpetition.When setting technology policy,careful consideration of its impact on producers,users and members of the general public is required.Policy can constrain design and use choices for both technology developers and consumers,but if designed well,it can improve the options and choices of techno

47、logy.While absence of policy can also yield more options,such absence increases the possibility of poor decision-making on the part of developers,leading to,for example,a proliferation of unsafe options for consumers.At the same time,a policy vacuum can allow consolidation of market power and other

48、restraints on competition harmful to consumers and innovation.Thus,a delicate policy balance must be struck to ensure sufficient choice and create incentives for appropriate standards.Example:The EU Digital Markets Act is intended to create a level playing field online and reduce or prevent competit

49、ion-distorting hoarding of data.It creates new obligations for big technology platforms acting as“gatekeepers providing core platform services”to create a fairer environment for business users that rely on gatekeepers,and to ensure consumers have access to better services and can easily switch provi

50、ders.Similarly,India and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(KSA)are also introducing competition rules to advance growth and investment in the country while promoting fair and vibrant competition.4 National security and global competitiveness.Policies should support the development and deployment of cuttin

51、g-edge technologies while safeguarding against potential risks to national security,such as cyberthreats.National security can often be in tension with international collaboration and information-sharing important components that enhance global competitiveness.Approaches to separate critical and non

52、-critical infrastructure and compartmentalize data are examples of how nations try to maintain both security and competitiveness.Example:Governments worldwide are increasingly concerned about the national security risks posed by increasing digitalization.For example,when critical infrastructure such

53、 as water and electricity is connected to the internet,allowing for increased efficiencies in service delivery,this exposes the infrastructure to the risk of cyberthreats.In the event of a cyberattack on critical infrastructure,the everyday lives of citizens will be affected.Australia,for example,ha

54、s developed the Critical Infrastructure Resilience Strategy 2023 to manage such risks,intended to work in tandem with its Critical Infrastructure Resilience Plan 2023 and Security Legislation Amendment(Critical Infrastructure)Act 2021.6Technology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World65 P

55、olicy interoperability.Given that technology knows no jurisdictional borders,avoiding duplication and conflict with policies in other jurisdictions is essential to create a cohesive regulatory environment in an internationally connected world.Policy-makers should strive to create a baseline of commo

56、n requirements and streamline regulatory processes to promote consistency and clarity for technology companies operating across different jurisdictions,with an emphasis on interoperability.This in turn can help better protect consumers and citizens from being exposed to potential harms beyond nation

57、al borders.Complete alignment is not necessarily the goal here,as there are,for instance,cultural and structural variations,as well as differences in values,that are embedded in technology policy,the importance of which should not be diminished.Example:The African Union Data Policy Framework,publish

58、ed after extensive multistakeholder engagements,provides a blueprint for how the African Union(AU)will accomplish its goals for Africas digital economy.Its aim is to bolster intra-African digital trade,entrepreneurship and digital innovation while safeguarding against risks and harms of the digital

59、economy in a manner that aligns with international approaches to data protection,such as the need to root data policy in the rule of law,protect fundamental rights and strike an appropriate balance between innovation and privacy.It dissuades member states from adopting broad data localization requir

60、ements,instead taking a precision approach in which certain categories of data may be in scope to ensure a broad flow of data in line with policies such as the African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement.The AU has adopted a similar policy approach on cross-border data flows within the context of

61、trade through the Continental Digital Trade Protocol endorsed by heads of states in February 2024.The foundation of policy interoperability,including for the AUs Interoperability Framework for Digital ID,is the Africa Digital Transformation Strategy of 2020.6 Risk-based approach.By assessing risks b

62、ased on factors such as the nature of the technology,its intended use,the degree of dependency by the end user,the potential impact it will have on individuals and society,and so forth,policy-makers can focus regulatory efforts where they are most needed.Acknowledging that there are no one-size-fits

63、-all rules,this approach enables proactive identification and mitigation of high-risk scenarios,such as cybersecurity vulnerabilities or ethical concerns in AI systems,while avoiding unnecessary burdens on low-risk technologies.Additionally,a risk-based approach promotes innovation by providing clea

64、r guidelines and incentives for responsible technology development,encouraging companies to invest in robust risk-management practices and compliance measures.Example:The recently adopted EU AI Act also takes a risk-based approach to regulating AI by identifying specific sectors and use cases in whi

65、ch high-risk applications may pose significant risks to individuals rights and freedoms.These sectors include healthcare,education,employment,credit-scoring and criminal justice.Under the Act,high-risk AI systems must meet strict requirements regarding data quality,documentation,explanation and impa

66、ct assessment.Also,the US government via the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)worked with stakeholders to create its AI Risk Management Framework,which,like its cousin documents the Cybersecurity Framework and Privacy Framework,is designed to evolve as new risks,technologies and n

67、eeds emerge.A risk-based approach promotes innovation by providing clear guidelines and incentives for responsible technology development.7Technology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World7 Built-in by design and future-focused.Embedding core principles such as accountability,ethics and p

68、rivacy as well as appropriate incentive structures into technology policy from the outset is crucial to ensuring that innovation aligns with societal values and ethical standards.7 A“by design”and“future-focused”approach emphasizes the proactive integration of core principles,strategic intelligence

69、and forward-looking technological assessments,for example,directly into the design and development of technology.This approach ensures that ethical,legal and societal implications are addressed at the foundational level,rather than being treated as an afterthought or addressed reactively once issues

70、 arise supporting a more holistic approach to tech governance and policy.Example:The US Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency(CISA)has outlined key secure by design principles along with its international partners(the cybersecurity authorities of Australia,Canada,the United Kingdom,German

71、y,the Netherlands and New Zealand,which co-sealed the initial version,and the cybersecurity agencies of the Czech Republic,Israel,Singapore,Korea,Norway and Japan,its global partners on the updated version)such as usage of a software bill of materials(SBOM)and guidance for software developers worldw

72、ide.8,9,10 These help software manufacturers take the urgent steps necessary to design,develop and deliver products that are secure by design.Another example is the UK Regulatory Horizon Council(RHC),an independent expert committee that advises the UK government on regulatory reform and the future o

73、f technology,through detailed reports on specific areas of technological innovation and cross-cutting topics on regulation and innovation.As an example of its work,the RHC produced recommendations on fusion energy that were accepted by the Department for Business,Energy and Industrial Strategy.118 E

74、vidence-based.Given the challenges brought about by technology development,evidence-based policy is all the more important to inform decision-making in the policy-making process.Digital tools can help by complementing existing regulatory tools and increasing regulatory capacity.Using data,analytics

75、and AI,policy-makers can make informed decisions that drive positive outcomes for society.Example:The absence of evidence in this case on AI models and potential safety led the US,the UK and Japan to launch AI safety institutes to specifically develop“science-based and empirically backed guidelines

76、and standards for AI measurement and policy,laying the foundation for AI safety across the world”.12 Until this science is more mature and such guidelines actually exist,regulatory decisions about how to address potential risks will necessarily be under-informed.Where there is evidence driven by AI,

77、governments are making more informed policies.As detailed by the Boston Consulting Group(BCG),the economic development unit in Quebec used AI tools to improve its economic developing policies,a government in the Middle East improved its balance of payment and trade policies through applying“pattern-

78、sensing tools”and the UK government used AI to help understand the impact of carbon tax and how best to set tax policies that would“both curb emissions and maintain productivity”.13 A by design and future-focused approach emphasizes the proactive integration of core principles,strategic intelligence

79、 and forward-looking technological assessments.Technology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World8Design for:Safety and security 2Threats ranging from privacy breaches that expose sensitive personal information to cyberattacks that target critical infrastructure mean there is a growing nee

80、d for effective policies to safeguard individuals,organizations and societies.As the physical and digital worlds increasingly converge,interactions with technology pose new concerns for human safety and security.Increased connectivity of systems and devices creates vulnerabilities that can compromis

81、e personal safety,financial security and even national defence.The concepts of privacy and security-by-default-and-design have been the north star of privacy and cybersecurity regulators and industry professionals alike.As referenced in Guidepost 7,these concepts underscore the importance of integra

82、ting privacy and security measures into the design and implementation of technology from the outset,rather than as an afterthought.This ultimately promotes greater trust and confidence in the digital ecosystem.For the purpose of this section,safety and security risks are broadly categorized into per

83、sonal data protection,cybersecurity and online safety.Data protectionData protection is quickly becoming one of the more fragmented areas of technology policy,creating regulatory uncertainty and exacerbating the risks of doing business in multiple jurisdictions.14,15 In a global online ecosystem,thi

84、s fragmentation weakens consumer control and increases compliance costs for business.16 Cross-border data transfers(CBDT)are a critical mechanism to reduce fragmentation among jurisdictions.However,as the majority of jurisdictions have their own privacy legislation and data protection laws,it is ext

85、remely difficult to compare privacy protections and determine the compatibility of these protections before a data transfer is permitted.This limits the extent to which the digital economy can flourish in a safe and responsible manner.A global approach to CBDT needs to evolve to become an integral d

86、esign feature of privacy legislation.CybersecurityWith digital transformation and the addition of sensors and meters to systems,physical infrastructure and equipment(e.g.lighting,security,factories)are increasingly integrated with the digital.As information technology(IT)and operational technology(O

87、T)converge,policy-makers are increasingly aware of cybersecurity risks to national security,and have been developing national strategies to manage these risks.However,such activities undermine the cohesion of global cybersecurity management.For example,some jurisdictions require the reporting of all

88、 data breaches,regardless of severity,while others set thresholds for reporting based on the inflicted harm.17 This creates difficulties in responding to cybersecurity incidents,particularly in cases where a breach spans multiple jurisdictions.Online safetyDevelopments in AI technologies,including d

89、eep learning(DL),generative artificial intelligence(GAI)and large language models(LLMs),have led to the emergence of“deepfakes”and concerns 2.1 Analysis of problems and gapsTechnology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World9surrounding their use and abuse.18 Deepfakes use AI technologies t

90、o create new but fake images,videos and/or audio material from existing material,depicting real(and often influential)individuals saying or doing things they never said or did,resulting in misleading content that can have aprofound impact on their safety online.In Hong Kong,a finance worker at a mul

91、tinational corporation fell prey to an elaborate deepfake phishing scam in which senior management personnel“instructed”him via a video conferencing call to transfer HKD200 million(around$25 million)to fraudsters.19 In Singapore,scams and cybercrime continue to be an important concern,with cases inc

92、reasing by 69.4%during JanuaryJune 2023 compared to the same period in 2022.Young adults aged 2039 made up more than 50%of the total number of scam victims.20 And in Africa,cybercrime has been growing,with the continent experiencing the highest average number of cyberattacks per week per organizatio

93、n globally in the second quarter of 2023 an increase of 23%compared to 2022.21 Cybercrime can cost these countries an average of 10%of their GDP.22With AI tools becoming increasingly powerful and accessible,the low cost,ease and scale at which deepfakes can be created exacerbates online safety issue

94、s,such as social engineering and promotion of misinformation and disinformation.The World Economic Forums Global Risks Report 2024 ranked disinformation as the top risk over the nexttwo years.23Proposed solutions and actionTABLE 1Solution/actionExpected impactPotential roadblocksEnablers Data protec

95、tionBuilding consensus around a set of core CBDT principles to develop CBDT-by-default-and-design regimesReducing data policy fragmentation among jurisdictions,increasing the strength of consumer protections and minimizing administrative burdens Data protection frameworks differ in their principles

96、and core standards,often due to differences in ideology that are difficult to bridgeDeveloping mechanisms for CBDT at global and regional levels to avoid bilateral agreements Embedding core principles for CBDT into global digital trade standards Focus on developing interoperable,not identical,CBDT r

97、egimes CybersecurityGlobal interoperability of cybersecurity regimes Ensures mutually compatible cybersecurity practices,enabling companies operating in multiple regions to adhere to consistent standards,reducing complexity and confusion,simplifying compliance efforts Promotes enhanced collaboration

98、 and information-sharing among various entities globally for a more secure digital and physical environmentResistance to change,limiting the interoperability of data protection and privacy regulations and the continued prioritization of compliance over cybersecurity bestpractices Global commitment t

99、o:adopting a common and efficient international incident-reporting taxonomy and requirements;establishing sector-specific basic cyber hygiene principles;applying a consistent risk assessment methodology across IT and OT environments;securing and embracing an ecosystem-wide resilience across the supp

100、ly chain;and adopting mature existing international standards(such as the ISO/IEC 62443 and ISO 27k series)The World Economic Forums Global Risks Report 2024 ranked disinformation as the top risk over the next two years.10Technology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing WorldSolution/actionExp

101、ected impactPotential roadblocksEnablers Online safetyRequired disclosure for when a user is interacting with or ingesting the output of GAI systems,forexample on socialmedia24Create a level of accountability and trust in the AI value system by signalling to other users the authenticity or otherwise

102、 of the contentMalicious actors can circumvent legal requirements by jailbreaking the GAI orLLM,or by creating their own non-compliant tools and making them available to others onthedark web Potential patchwork of inconsistent standards for provenance tracking globallyAdopting industry standards for

103、 watermarking;for example,C2PA,with global interoperability25Education and skills-building in“zero trust”an approach to designing and implementing secure systems,built upon the maxim of“never trust,always verify”.26 Itrequires the system to question everything every credential,every prompt,every act

104、ion to protect itself against intrusion Building societal capacity to be mindful of content authenticity to help minimize the subversive impact of deepfakes and other misleading content for individuals Complacency to cyber risks due to perceived non-exposure,and assuming protection against deepfakes

105、 and other online scamsA multifaceted approach to online safety,incorporating technology,policy and,most importantly,amindsetshift GeneralDevelop a computer science“code of ethics”to ensure that safety and security are taught as the fundamentals of technology designTechnologies are built with safety

106、 and security inherent to their design,complementing by-design policy regimesAdoption and buy-in fromthe computer science industry Agreement on a collective set of standards New generation of computer scientists Increased knowledge and research on the impact of technology Increased responsibility pu

107、t on developers bysociety Proposed solutions and action(Continued)TABLE 1The Association of Southeast Asian Nations model contractual clauses(ASEAN MCCs)and the European Union standard contractual clauses(EU SCCs)are frameworks designed to facilitate the secure and legal cross-border transfer of per

108、sonal data.The ASEAN MCCs,tailored to the legal and regulatory environment of the ASEAN,aim to establish a common set of standards and protections that mirror the robust privacy principles found in European legislation.Similarly,the EU SCCs are contractual tools used within and outside the European

109、Union to ensure that personal data leaving the EU or European Economic Area(EEA)will continue to benefit from adequate protection in linewith the General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR).27,28Both sets of clauses include provisions on data protection standards,the obligations of data controllers and

110、 processors,and the rights of data subjects,thus aligning in their core purpose of safeguarding personal data during transfers.This alignment not only simplifies compliance efforts for multinational corporations operating across these regions but also enhances trust in international data exchanges b

111、y ensuring consistent data protection measures.While there are differences in approach and specific requirements,the fundamental principles of both the ASEAN MCCs and EU SCCs support a cohesive framework that promotes the legal and secure international flow of information,accommodating both regional

112、 and global data protection standards.CASE STUDY 1Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)and EU alignment on data protections and standardsTechnology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World11The Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)developed a code of ethics in 2018 that emphasize

113、s responsible behaviour by computing professionals to support the public good.30 The code guides them in ethical conduct through principles that prioritize societal and environmental well-being.It underscores the importance of preventing harm,being honest,respecting privacy and maintaining confident

114、iality.These ethical guidelines contribute to safety and security by design,promoting a framework in which technological developments are aligned with ethical standards to minimize risks and protect users.Similar codes,or the wide acceptance of a single code,can be broadly taught and adopted by the

115、computer science industry to ensure that technology does not endanger or violate human rights.As with other codes of ethics,such as those used in medicine,the code should be a living document that keeps pace with changes in technology in society.31 CASE STUDY 3Advancing professional responsibility t

116、hrough codes of ethicsThe US Department of Homeland Security(DHS)and the European Commissions Directorate General for Communications Networks,Content and Technology(DG CONNECT)announced an initiative to compare cyber-incident reporting elements.29 The report identifies six main areas for comparative

117、 analysis:(1)definitions and reporting thresholds;(2)timelines,triggers and types of cyber-incident reporting;(3)content of cyber-incident reports;(4)reporting mechanisms;(5)aggregation of incident data;and(6)public disclosure of cyber-incident information.This represents a good first step towards a

118、ligning and potentially coordinating transatlantic cyber-incident reporting.CASE STUDY 2Coordination to advance aligned transatlantic cyber-incident reportingTechnology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World12Design for:Resilient citizens3By focusing on empowering“resilient citizens”,desi

119、gn can shift from a technology-centric to a human-centric paradigm.Technology policy and individual empowerment are increasingly connected in the ever-changing digital age.Technological advances not only drive economic growth and innovation but can also support people in adapting to such rapid chang

120、e.For example,the advent of social media transformed communication and information access while simultaneously presenting challenges such as misinformation and digital addiction.It is critical to ensure that citizens are resilient to such technological disruptions and transformations increasing the

121、ability of individuals and communities to adapt,recover and prosper in these conditions.A prime example is how communities have used digital platforms for disaster response and recovery,turning potential vulnerabilities intostrengths.32A resilient perspective ensures that technology enhances rather

122、than detracts from human capabilities and well-being.The development of user-friendly privacy settings can empower users to control their data security simply,rather than overwhelming them with technical and legal specifications.The integration of AI in healthcare,a market projected to be worth$188

123、billion by 2030,can revolutionize the ease and accessibility of personalized treatment plans.33 This exemplifies technologys role in augmenting human health and longevity aligning technological progress with human values.Technology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World13The primary chall

124、enges to creating resilient citizens relate to the accessibility and understanding of key digital technologies,the potential violation of personal privacy and the impact of technologies on employment markets.Each carries profound implications for social equity,personal freedoms and economic stabilit

125、y.Addressing these issues is not just about bridging gaps or enhancing individual protections;it is about redefining the relationship between technology,society and the individual soitis mutually reinforcing and supportive.Digital divideThe digital divide represents a significant barrier to informat

126、ion access and equal opportunities in education and employment.For instance,in rural and low-income urban areas,limited access to high-speed internet can drastically reduce the opportunities for online learning and remote work.According to a report by the International Telecommunication Union(ITU),a

127、s of 2023 about 33%of the worlds population(approximately 2.6billion people)had never used the internet,with the majority of these living in developing countries.34 Yet even within developed countries,access to stable,high-speed internet is not universal.In the US,22.3%of Americans in rural areas la

128、ck coverage from fixed terrestrial broadband.35This divide extends beyond internet access;it also includes disparities in digital literacy,where certain populations lack the necessary skills to navigate and use digital tools effectively.For instance,older generations often find themselves at a disad

129、vantage in a world increasingly reliant on digital interfaces,from online banking to telehealth services.A Pew Research study found that roughly 10%of American adults are digitally illiterate,lacking basic skills in using computers and the internet.The divide often coincides with intersectional iden

130、tities,with disproportionate effects on historically excluded communities(e.g.women,poor people,ethnic minorities,rural dwellers and people with disabilities).Privacy concernsIn an era in which data is the new currency,privacy concerns are more pronounced than ever.As highlighted in the safety and s

131、ecurity section,personal data protection is a major challenge to maintaining safety and security across borders.From a citizens perspective,there is growing unease about how personal information is collected,used and protected.For example,users of social media and smart devices often unknowingly con

132、sent to extensive data collection,which can be used for targeted advertising or other more intrusive purposes.The misuse or exploitation of data by companies or governments for targeted advertising,surveillance or discriminatory practices can further erode trust in digital systems and exacerbate con

133、cerns about privacy infringement.For example,the advent of technologies such as facial recognition software raises questions about consent and the potential for misuse in surveillance and data profiling.The implementation of privacy regulations across the globe built upon the EU GDPR(but modified fo

134、r suitability in local contexts)reflects a global shift towards imposing more stringent data privacy regulations and giving consumers more control over the use of their data,but further action is needed to embed privacy protection and improve citizen protection.Impact of AI and automation on employm

135、entAI and automation are a double-edged sword.On one hand,they drive workplace efficiency and innovation;on the other,they pose significant risks to job security and workforce dynamics.Sectors such as manufacturing and retail have already seen substantial automation,leading to job displacement.It is

136、 not only manual labour that is at risk;advances in AI threaten white-collar professions,such as legal and accounting services,where algorithms can increasingly perform tasks traditionally done by humans.The International Monetary Fund(IMF)notes that 40%of global employment is vulnerable to AI disru

137、ptions,with advanced economies facing a higher risk(60%)but also greater potential benefits than emerging markets.36However,there is also potential for positive employment change because of AI.The World Economic Forum finds that AI will not only reshape existing jobs but create new positions,such as

138、 AI developers,interface and interaction designers,AI content creators,data curators and AI ethics and governance specialists.37 For this transition to happen,there need to be policies that embed the appropriate safeguards for citizens.Without these,shifts in working arrangements could exacerbate vu

139、lnerabilities among employees rather than support worker welfare in the evolving digital economy.3.1 Analysis of problems and gaps Addressing these issues is not just about bridging gaps or enhancing individual protections;it is about redefining the relationship between technology,society and the in

140、dividual.Technology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World14A notable case study of efforts to achieve digital literacy,specifically aimed at empowering women in India,was undertaken by Oxford University Press(OUP)in partnership with Literacy India.38 In October 2020,OUP and Literacy Indi

141、a established an education and skills development centre in Noida to support womens financial independence through upskilling.The centre offers a variety of courses,including basic computer literacy,and provides remedial education for children,especially girls,who missed schooling due to the lack of

142、 digital resources.This initiative not only focuses on enhancing digital literacy but also aims to enable women to find employment or become entrepreneurs.Furthering their commitment,OUP and Literacy India have supported several education and skill-development projects across the Delhi National Capi

143、tal Region and Kolkata,including the Karigari programme,which offers skill-based certification courses in technology learning,and the set-up of two digital learning centres during the COVID-19 pandemic to facilitate continued education.CASE STUDY 4Empowering women through digital literacy:A case stu

144、dy from IndiaProposed solutions and actionTABLE 2Solution/actionExpected impactPotential roadblocksEnablers Digital divideImplement widespread and affordable internet access programmesEnhanced access to digital resources for underserved communitiesFunding,infrastructure development in remote areasGo

145、vernment subsidies,multistakeholder partnershipsDigital literacy education programmes:focus not just on providing internet access but also on equipping individuals with the skills to use digital tools effectivelyImproved skills in using digital tools,bridging the gap for older generations and other

146、disadvantaged groupsResource allocation,programme outreachCollaboration with educational institutions,community organizations and technology companies Privacy concernsHarmonization and interoperability of data regulations empower citizens across regulatory systems and build resilienceIncreased secur

147、ity and control over personal data for usersResistance from technology companies,enforcement challengesInternational cooperation,public education,literacy and awareness campaignsPromote the development of privacy-enhancing technologies:in addition to regulatory measures,technological solutions that

148、give users more control over their data can be pivotalEmpowering users to control their data,reducing the risk ofbreachesTechnological complexity,adoption ratesInnovation in cybersecurity,consumer demand for privacy Impact of AI and automation on employmentUpskilling and reskilling programmes to equ

149、ip workers with the skills needed to adapt to technological changes and transition to new job opportunities Mitigation of job displacement,creation ofnew job opportunitiesFunding,identifying relevant skills for the future workforceGovernment initiatives,corporate responsibility programmesDevelopment

150、 of AI ethics guidelines,and encouraging businesses to adopt practices to mitigate potential harm to employeesEnsuring AI is used responsibly,protecting jobs and public interestsBalancing innovation with regulation,global standardizationMultistakeholder engagement,including ethicists,technologists a

151、nd policy-makersTechnology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World15Several organizations are actively engaged in upskilling and reskilling their workforces to adapt to rapid technological advances and shifting job markets,emphasizing the importance of continuous learning.For instance,Peps

152、iCo has launched a comprehensive programme providing free educational opportunities,from high-school diplomas to advanced degrees,to enhance career mobility.42 Similarly,Henkel,in collaboration with Accenture,has initiated a global digital upskilling programme aimed at fostering innovation and addre

153、ssing changing market dynamics.43 Other companies such as Walmart,Verizon and Google have also invested in various educational initiatives to enhance their employees skill sets and promote internal talent development.IBM has been reskilling its employees in AI since 2017 to support the internal adop

154、tion of the technology,starting with human resources.Furthermore,IBM uses AI for training through an internal learning platform,YourLearning,that recommends personalized learning to employees according to job roles and skills.National governments such as Singapore44 have also undertaken systematic s

155、killing programmes to ensure workforce preparedness in the face of digital developments.CASE STUDY 6Empowering the future workforce:Innovative upskilling and reskilling initiatives across industriesCompanies are leading by example by developing and implementing AI ethics guidelines to mitigate poten

156、tial harms to employees and society.For example,Unilever and IBM are leading the way in integrating AI ethics within their operations,emphasizing transparency,fairness and accountability.Unilever has implemented a comprehensive programme to review AI applications rigorously,ensuring ethical use and

157、human oversight.45 Similarly,IBM has established an AI ethics board to promote ethical AI practices guided by principles of trust and transparency,augmenting human intelligence while ensuring that ownership of data remains with creators.46Hewlett Packard is also committed to AI ethics,conducting aud

158、its and forming partnerships to align AI use with human rights and ethical sourcing.Its global strategy involves crafting and implementing responsible AI ethics principles that reflect its corporate ethos and engineering legacy,focusing on decentralizing decision-making and educating teams on ethica

159、l practices and local regulations.47CASE STUDY 7Leading by example:Businesses strategic pathways to AI ethicsThe promotion of privacy-enhancing technologies(PETs)is an important focus in global privacy and data protection efforts,involving diverse initiatives across the world.The United Nations,for

160、instance,has created a PETs case study repository to showcase real-world applications and inspire data-rich organizations to adopt privacy-preserving technologies.39 Singapore and South Korea are actively supporting the development and adoption of PETs through programmes such as sandbox testing and

161、strategic international collaborations,for example between the US and the UK.40 In the US,the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy is pushing for PETs integration into national data strategies to enhance privacy while harnessing data for societal benefits.41 These efforts collectively

162、 aim to blend technological innovation with regulatory frameworks to secure a privacy-respecting global data ecosystem.CASE STUDY 5Global initiatives and collaborations:Pioneering privacy-enhancing technologies for data protectionTechnology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World16Design f

163、or:Markets and infrastructure4Markets and infrastructure play pivotal roles in shaping the trajectory of technology policy due to their fundamental influence on economic growth,innovation and societal well-being.Markets serve as dynamic ecosystems in which technology companies compete,innovate and d

164、rive economic activity.Effective technology policy must navigate the complexities of market dynamics for both existing and new markets to ensure fair competition,protect consumer interests and promote innovation.Core infrastructure,including digital networks,telecommunications systems and cloud stor

165、age,forms the foundation for technological advance and digital transformation.With an estimated 60%of global GDP reliant on digital communications technologies in 2022,effective management and investment in technology infrastructure will only become more important.48 Policy has an important role in

166、ensuring markets and infrastructure are set up for long-term success.This includes influencing investment,ownership,governance,competition and intellectual property rights,among other important factors.Effective policy design is critical to ensure that the functioning of markets and infrastructure a

167、ligns with overarching policy objectives.Technology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World17Ensuring high-quality infrastructure and well-functioning markets is extremely complex.Both are increasingly connected,as digital infrastructure supports more and more economic and social activity.

168、As technology advances,infrastructure and markets also need to evolve to support continued holistic development effectively.Investment in public infrastructureTraditionally,governments and large public entities were responsible for developing and maintaining the infrastructure that enables digital e

169、cosystems.However,there has been a shift of ownership towards the private sector as new digital infrastructure emerges.For example,the shift to cloud-based solutions has concentrated critical data assets in a few large private-sector entities.This means major technology firms and private entities no

170、w play a significant role in building and controlling important digital infrastructure.When private entities own the infrastructure,they can dictate the terms of access,prioritize their own services and potentially stifle competition.Such control can lead to market distortions and reduce the competi

171、tiveness of tech markets.Private companies may also prioritize profit over the public good,potentially leading to disparities in critical service access and quality.Greater efforts to improve digital public infrastructure(DPI)infrastructure that has a public purpose regardless of whether it has publ

172、ic ownership or management are needed,including higher levels of investment and greater international coordination.Flexibility of infrastructureTechnologys rapid evolution necessitates infrastructure that can support emerging technologies.Flexible frameworks allow for quicker adaptation and integrat

173、ion of emerging technologies,giving societies and economies a competitive edge.Further emphasis on infrastructure that is“distributed by design”infrastructure that is built as a network of independent components as opposed to a single orsmall number of critical hubs can yield stronger,more scalable

174、infrastructure that is capable of more successfully managing critical applications,data operations and connectivity demands,while improving accessibility to important digital capacity for individuals and SMEs.It is also critical that this flexibility is grounded in values-driven,high-quality and sus

175、tainable infrastructure development.Adapting to new market dynamicsTechnologies are changing market behaviour,such as competition,consumer preferences and supply and demand,while also creating new markets enabled by technology.For example,the emergence of digital platforms and the sharing economy ha

176、s transformed traditional industries,including transportation and accommodation,enabling peer-to-peer transactions at scale,facilitated by digital platforms such as Uber and Airbnb.Generative AI is revolutionizing the content creation and design industries,and biotechnology is reshaping healthcare m

177、arkets by using genetic data and advanced analytics to deliver tailored medical treatments and interventions.It is important to establish favourable market environments that nurture innovation,competition and investment;for example,by promoting entrepreneurial endeavours and creating incentives for

178、R&D.This can be supported by designing policies that anticipate technological developments rather than react to them,and governance mechanisms that create the incentives for more efficient and sustainable outcomes.Traditional governance strategies may not adequately cover emerging technologies becau

179、se they can be inflexible,prescribing specific technologies or methods without considering the unique circumstances or innovative potential.The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)Framework for Anticipatory Governance of Emerging Technologies49 identifies five interdependent

180、elements that can shape effective anticipatory governance,as referenced inthe table below.4.1 Analysis of problems and gaps As technology advances,infrastructure and markets also need to evolve to support continued holistic development effectively.Technology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishi

181、ng World18Proposed solutions and actionTABLE 3Solution/actionExpected impactPotential roadblocksEnablers Investment in public infrastructureIdentify new,shared financing and ownership models to support digital public infrastructureFacilitate broader access and ensure sufficient scale of critical dig

182、ital infrastructureResistance from traditional financing institutionsLegal complexities surrounding shared ownership modelsThe need for consensus among stakeholders on governance and decision-making structuresStandardized legal frameworks and contractual agreements Financial incentives,such as tax b

183、reaks or subsidies,for investment in public-serving infrastructureRapidly developing use cases(e.g.in India,Estonia and Thailand)that can be a base for standards development and identification of future success factors Systematic processes for evaluating current DPI,and measuring investment impacts

184、capturing DPI as a high-impact area for scaleStronger business case for DPI,while also optimizing resource allocation,improving decision-making and maximizing the impact ofinvestmentsData constraints Alignment and agreement on standard metrics Flexibility of InfrastructureBuild greater awareness of

185、implementing infrastructure systems that are“distributed by design”with a focus on modular,interoperable and open-source foundationsTechnology infrastructure that is adaptable able to connect to both open and private systems as well as being easier to update as the technology itself progresses.Avoid

186、s infrastructure“lock-in”Interoperability issues between different systemsConcerns about data security and privacyPromoting open-source communities,modular development models and collaboration platforms Adapting to new market dynamicsDiffusion-based incentive system(DBIS),under which two policy obje

187、ctives of generation and diffusion are integrated and synchronized,as a system of national technology policy formulation and implementationA holistic approach to policy that minimizes the gap between technology development and scale.Creating a clearer path for emerging technologies to grow Coordinat

188、ing across multiple government agencies and stakeholders.Balancing competing policy objectivesMultistakeholder task forces and advisory boards(encompassing actors from the public and private sectors)can facilitate coordination and collaboration in policy formulation and implementation An anticipator

189、y governance system grounded in a set of common values.Anticipatory engagement with stakeholders and thepublic at largeA holistic governance system that seeks to apply innovative forms of governance in earlier stages of tech development,both in the downstream phase but also operating upstreamLack of

190、 long-term governance capabilities(e.g.lack of tools for strategic intelligence and tech assessment);no collaboration across agencies,transboundary governance issues;trust in government impeding engagement Establishing a clear strategy,encompassing:guiding values,strategic intelligence,stakeholder e

191、ngagement,agile regulation and international cooperationIdentification of the various types of infrastructure that are essential to research and innovation,mapping the range of policy instruments to be used in infrastructure development policies(governance,financial support,incentives,etc.)Better in

192、formed,more effective infrastructure development policies,with insights established for quicker policy responses to emerging technologies and market disruptionsComplexity and contextual range in mapping diverse infrastructure needs Cross-jurisdictional insights and use cases,focused on identifying t

193、ransferable success factors Technology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World19ProZorro is a public procurement platform in Ukraine designed to enhance transparency by enabling electronic procurement transactions and public access to contract tenders.It began with modest funding from loca

194、l businesses eager to address procurement corruption that was costing Ukraine more than 2 billion($2.2 billion)annually.As the platform proved its potential to reduce corruption and improve competition,larger philanthropies and bilateral funders came on board,providing significant resources through

195、non-profit intermediaries.This initial funding was crucial for getting ProZorro off the ground,allowing it to develop into a self-sustaining model that charges transaction fees to cover its operational costs.This transition from donor support to a financially independent framework highlights the imp

196、ortance of strategic funding in launching and scaling innovative e-government solutions such as ProZorro,and illustrates how a sustainable funding model for DPI can be developed.52,53CASE STUDY 9Developing self-sustaining DPI funding in UkraineA diffusion-based incentive system refers to strategies

197、designed to encourage the widespread adoption and integration of technological innovations through the alignment of incentives among key stakeholders.With DPI,there is often a gap between the generation and scaling of technological solutions.This can be overcome through various funding,design and po

198、licy incentives,among others.Indias DPI stack development has been a success story for building and scaling technology.The country established three foundational layers,“India stack”,on top of which public-and private-sector solutions can be built.These include a digital identification layer called

199、Aadhar,a payments system running as a unified payment interface,and a data exchange layer in its account aggregator,among other services.54 The stack encourages private innovation through open access,but also includes clear principles such as accountability,interoperability,collaboration and transpa

200、rency,which gives entrepreneurs clear guidance on how technology solutions should be developed and adopted responsibly.It also creates flexibility,as each level addresses a specific need,while in combination they can create even more powerful and unique applications.CASE STUDY 10“India Stack”alignin

201、g development and growth incentivesThe EU digital public infrastructure(DPI)legislation,enacted in February 2024,ensures that the use of DPI is inclusive,and does not exclude those who opt out,while participation remains free and voluntary.50 It mandates that systems be open-source to allow public s

202、crutiny and incorporate a privacy-by-design framework.This approach promotes minimal resistance from civil society and vulnerable groups,enhances accountability for DPI providers and facilitates publicprivate partnerships.Recognized as the first of its kind globally,this legislation aligns with the

203、criteria for DPI developed by DPI-focused global non-profit Co-Develop,emphasizing essential digital capabilities that enable broad societal and market participation.51CASE STUDY 8Legislating framework for DPI in the EUTechnology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World20Design for:Environm

204、ent and community5Technology policy must seek to encourage sustainable growth that protects the environment while taking account of the needs of vulnerable communities.As highlighted at the start of this report,technology can present both opportunities and challenges,in this case to the delicate bal

205、ance of environment andcommunities.Sustainability of technologyIn 2022,energy use by industry was 26.6%of global usage and resulted in 21%of the corresponding greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.While what is usually considered the global high-tech industry accounted for only 23%of those emissions,the anti

206、cipated pervasive application of energy-intensive applications such as generative AI is yet to be fully taken into account.56 Just as other industries have experienced a significant growth in emissions,such as a doubling of emissions from cement production since the turn of the century,it is expecte

207、d that technology-induced demand for energy and thus production of emissions will With the rapid proliferation of advanced technologies affecting every facet of both individual lives and society as a whole,it has never been more critical to establish,promote and ensure the long-term success of techn

208、ology design that balances supporting technological innovation with sustainability.This balance becomes even more pressing when vulnerable environments and historically underserved populations are affected.The challenge for both the policy-maker and the innovator is to look unflinchingly at the two

209、fundamental constraints that apply to every human endeavour.The first is that some processes are irreversible.The appearance of terms such as“tipping point”and“forever chemicals”into policy discourse and discussions of,for example,the potential loss of access to space due to self-entombment in orbit

210、al debris are both an acknowledgement of the second law of thermodynamics:some decisions cannot be undone.The second constraint is that some resources are finite.All supply chains,energy or material can be traced back to either the Sun or the Earth,and every energy resource that can be exploited ult

211、imately derives from either the accumulation of solar radiation or from the radioactive decay of elements forged in the supernovae of suns long gone.Until and unless humanity expands to extraterrestrial mining,Earth remains the sole resource for material supply chains illuminating the pronounced pri

212、orities that must be faced when it comes to protecting local communities and the people living in them.Sustainability is the design of systems that permit us to achieve societal goals in perpetuity and universally by simultaneously acknowledging these fundamental constraints and extending the limits

213、 of integration expansively over all critical dimensions:time,space and populations.55 Sustainable growth is growth that does not preclude future growth.Equitable sustainability extends these considerations by demanding that people,while striving to live within their means on average,do not continue

214、 to permit such marked disparity among levels of income and quality of life and,instead,strive for systems that can allow universal access.From a sustainability standpoint,it is important to design technology development policies that codify consideration,transparency and accountability on these two

215、 critical constraints:(1)issues of energy consumption,carbon footprint,recyclability and repairability impact that accompany technology innovation and scaling;and(2)sustainable growth.Meanwhile,technology use policy must work hard and intentionally to minimize discrimination and access challenges fo

216、r marginalized communities and protect communities whose localities are being used by technology firms as a part of their growth strategies.5.1 Analysis of problems and gapsTechnology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World21continue to grow.57 Even for those enterprises that have pledged

217、carbon neutrality,the fact remains that consumption of sustainable energy resources in one sector necessitates consumption of non-sustainable energy in other sectors,until such time as the entire energy economy has a sustainable basis.The challenge is not just in energy consumption and related emiss

218、ions,but in waste as well.Only 17.4%of electronic waste is recycled globally.58 This leads to heightened environmental and health issues,particularly in economically developing countries.Additionally,e-waste results in a loss of at least$57 billion annually through the disposal of key raw materials,

219、such as iron,copper and gold,hitting communities with limited recycling infrastructure(e.g.India)particularly hard.Concerns about waste are emerging even beyond Earths boundaries.Millions of pieces of space junk are floating around in low Earth orbit(LEO),with more than 34,000 pieces of junk more th

220、an 10 cm in size and a total weight of more than 5,500 tonnes.59,60,61 As private organizations push into space with minimal regulation,the need for sharp policy that demands accountability is very clear.Enabling green technologyWhile presenting a challenge to sustainability,technologies also offer

221、many opportunities to minimize the negative impact human activities have on sustainability.The global green technology and sustainability market was valued at$13.76 billion in 2022 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate(CAGR)of 20.8%between 2023 and 2030.62 Accelerating this trend

222、 will help to create better environmental futures and overall human outcomes,particularly with smart policy to power its trajectory.Agile technologies from AI to cloud computing to DevOps are already playing a role in achieving more sustainable futures.A recent report by BCG and Google states that A

223、I has the potential to mitigate 510%of global GHG emissions by providing helpful and previously unseen information,predicting climate-related events and optimizing climate action.63 There is real potential for emerging technologies such as AI to help optimize energy consumption further and drive eff

224、orts towards net zero even in energy-intensive operations such asdata centres.Societal and ethical concernsTechnologies can create social disruptions that have a negative impact on core values and the rights of individuals.For example,certain technological advances are illustrating race-based bias a

225、s they get smarter an effect dubbed techno-racism.A study by NIST of more than 100 facial recognition algorithms found that they falsely identified African American and Asian faces 10 to 100 times more frequently than Caucasian faces.64 Similarly,while some technologies are being used for good purpo

226、ses,such as supporting humanitarian action,they are potentially bringing unintended negative consequences.65 As described in Section 3,the rise of platform-based work arrangements introduces new challenges for workers,often characterized by precarious employment conditions and a lack of traditional

227、labour protections.As large,digitally based organizations continue to extend their reach across the commercial landscape,the pressing questions around platform workers rights will grow more urgent,in parallel.66 The key implication is that policy must also stretch to include the human resources behi

228、nd the proliferation of these powerful technology platforms.There is real potential for emerging technologies such as AI to help optimize energy consumption further and drive efforts towards net zero.22Technology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing WorldProposed solutions and actionTABLE 4So

229、lution/actionExpected impactPotential roadblocksEnablers Sustainability of technologyAlign technology policy with broader environmental,sustainability and governance(ESG)priorities,frameworks and desired outcomes Promote responsible technology development and deployment,aligning with private-sector

230、incentives and accountability mechanismsResistance from industry stakeholders,lack of standardized metrics,ESG push-backCompetitive forces from cheaper,less sustainable options that deliver on consumer and customer price sensitivitiesStrengthening regulatory oversight mechanisms,coupled with improve

231、ments in policy design by investing in education and capacity-building Enabling green technologyCreate processes for a whole-of-value-chain approach to designing policy incentives for green technology,from developers,producers,retailers and consumers Increased innovation,development and uptake of gr

232、een technologies through aligned demand and supply-side incentives throughout the entire life cycle of a productTrust in emerging technologies,resistance to change,too much complexity in policy systems and competing regulations,coordination across marketsStrong leadership and effective governance st

233、ructures,multistakeholder collaboration platforms for effective designDevelop organizational standards to guide investment in operational elements such as clean energy sources,energy-efficient facilities and other factors in decision-makingAlign broader corporate decisions that have an impact on tec

234、hnology development with sustainability priorities and create more sustainable long-term business practicesShareholder push-back against larger short-term costs;traditional partners might create roadblocks if they are supplanted for greener partnersandsuppliersBuild new relationships with facilities

235、,partners and energy-supplier networks to create a more sustainable ecosystem around technology development Societal and ethical concernsDevelop mechanisms to better connect technology innovations and solutions to the populations they must/should serve Efficiency,focused human impact,increasedeffect

236、ivenessClosed tech/data systems,community-specific nuance,current regulations,market forcesLocal community leaders,local organizations,non-governmental organizations(NGOs)with ground-level knowledge,networks and expertise Develop assessment tools beyond environmental impact assessments,with human-ce

237、ntricity as a core and cross-solution design principleNew measurement tools and capabilities to increase the effectiveness of policy to address social and ethical concernsInaccessible data or data gaps,market forcesComplexity of assessing subjective human experiences and valuesCompeting interests an

238、d properties by different countries and individual stakeholdersEngaging with diverse stakeholders,removing layers of bias from thesystemIn January 2024 the US National Science Foundation launched the pilot programme of the National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource(NAIRR).67 As stated in the

239、 launch announcement,“The pilot will broadly support fundamental,translational and use-inspired AI-related research with particular emphasis on societal challenges.Initial priority topics include safe,secure and trustworthy AI;human health;and environment and infrastructure.A broader array of priori

240、ty areas will be supported as the pilot progresses.The pilot will also support educators to train students on responsible use and development of AI technologies by providing access to infrastructure and training resources.”This pilot will provide researchers with the computational,data,software,mode

241、l,training and user-support services necessary to participate in AI research.Given the increasingly substantial capital and operational costs of developing AI models,as documented in the trends maps available at epocai.org,68 the leading LLM computation cost is estimated at 5x1025 AI floating point

242、operations,which is the equivalent of more than eight weeks of continuous usage of the fastest general-purpose supercomputer,the US Department of Energy Oak Ridge National Laboratorys Frontier system,or more than 264 years of continuous usage of an eight-GPU commercially available AI training server

243、 or cloud compute instance.By providing holistic research resources,the NAIRR will enable groups outside of highly capitalized enterprises and those seeking to demonstrate the benefits of AI for language,culture and experience to access the means of innovation,whether or not the models created have

244、potential future profitability.CASE STUDY 11The United States National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource pilotTechnology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World23Amid rapid digitalization and increased security and privacy risks,and as policy-makers around the world grapple with ta

245、king the right action,India passed its Digital Personal Data Protection Act(DPDPA)in August 2023.This new legislation provides a framework for handling personal digital data that codifies individuals rights to safeguard their information as well as the need to process such data for legitimate purpos

246、es,and was a course correction from the countrys Personal Data Protection Bill 2019(PDPB)69 which was seen as problematic.This new law and the GDPR in the European Union are being lauded as“paramount pillars in the global mission to ensure the security of personal data”70 for all.The DPDPAs consent

247、requirements,childrens data protection measures,data-breach notification and other elements seem engineered to provide individuals and communities with the tools to protect both themselves and their data,while not imposing onerous demands on potential business innovations.When it comes to prioritizi

248、ng environmental protection in the context of accelerating innovation and technology adoption in India,e-waste is a challenge.In this context,India has introduced its new E-Waste Management Rules of 2022,71 effective from 1 April 2023,which replace its old 2016 rule and represent a big step forward

249、in the countrys efforts to regulate and increase efficiency within the e-waste ecosystem.Only about 5%72 of Indias total electronic rubbish is recycled officially every year,and more than 95%is managed by scrap dealers who dismantle items instead of recycling them and as a result cause long-lasting

250、environmental damage due to mishandling of waste.The new rules have dramatically expanded the scope of controls,establishing clear registration requirements and offering a refined approach to extended producer responsibility(EPR)focusing on creating more accountability and stimulating amore environm

251、entally conscious national mindset.CASE STUDY 12Indias Digital Personal Data Protection Act and new E-Waste Management RulesIn February 2024,the Brookings Institution launched its new AI Equity Lab,73 a focused effort to realize a future of more inclusive technology.It calls itself a“convening platf

252、orm for a full view of the socio-technical design contexts and outcomes of evolving and emerging technologies in a manner that promotes increased interdisciplinary and diverse cooperation and collaboration”.Minority communities face challenges when it comes to the proliferation of AI from errors in

253、facial recognition tech used by law enforcement when it comes to darker complexions,leading to misidentification,to biases in criminal databases whereby some minority communities might feature more often and skew predictive decision-making.This brand-new effort aims to ensure that traditionally marg

254、inalized communities are not negatively affected by technology innovation and provide a convening environment for policy-makers,academics and others who have a role to play in ensuring equitable technology innovation for communities of all types.CASE STUDY 13The Brookings Institutions New AI Equity

255、LabTechnology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World24Enable with:Dynamic capabilities for government6Government and the public sector must be alert and agile to act at the right time and in the right way to direct technology policy.The speed of technological advance makes it extremely ch

256、allenging for governments globally to keep abreast of constantly evolving trends and to regularly update or iterate their approach to policy-making and regulation.With technology developing so quickly,some policy is obsolete before it is even finalized(what has been called the pacing challenge),74 a

257、nd governments face a challenge in deciding when to intervene early,with potentially incomplete information,or with more information but potentially too late to meaningfully shape developments(the so-called Collingridge dilemma).Governments are starting to acknowledge their limitations when it comes

258、 to regulating rapidly evolving technology.Equally importantly,a public sector that does not have the required dynamic capabilities to continuously lead and adapt cannot procure technology effectively,nor direct technology policy towards positive societal outcomes.Direction is as important as speed,

259、especially in a context characterized by the complexity involved in the policy-making process.The United Kingdom and Singapore are two jurisdictions with traditionally strong policy-making capacities contending with the reality that even their policy-making capacities are increasingly challenged.In

260、an interim report dated March 2023,the UK House of Commons Science,Innovation and Technology Committee expressed uncertainty at current levels of regulatory capacity to facilitate AI governance,and recommending a gap analysis of regulatory capacity to implement and enforce the principles outlined in

261、 the governments pro-innovation AI white paper.75,76 In June 2023,Singapores Infocomm Media Development Authority(IMDA)highlighted the need to build greater capacity within the AI ecosystem before AI regulation can be effective.77In response,both jurisdictions opted for agile governance,turning to i

262、nternational cooperation and multistakeholder efforts for policy solutions to AI governance.It is crucial to develop new capabilities and rethink the policy-to-implementation cycle to equip the public sector with the tools to craft technology policy that can safeguard the rights and well-being of ci

263、tizens while at the same time promoting responsible innovation.It is crucial to develop new capabilities and rethink the policy-to-implementation cycle to equip the public sector with the tools to craft technology policy.Technology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World25The challenges an

264、d the need for progress are best addressed by way of two questions:(1)which capabilities are needed to understand and create policies around emerging technologies?;(2)how can these capabilities be built most effectively?Articulating the dynamic capabilities needed for technology policy formulation a

265、nd successful implementation/deliveryThe global debate about technological risks to society for example,in the application of AI to neuro-and biotechnology and recent high-profile scandals of technological misuse or misapplication(e.g.Robodebt in Australia,childrens benefits in the Netherlands,the H

266、orizon Post Office affair in the UK)have brought to the fore the need for governments to improve their performance with respect to understanding and regulating emerging technologies and steering their use towards publicvalue.78Governments need to invest in dynamic capabilities to respond in a timely

267、 and agile manner to technological breakthroughs.These capabilities include skills(technical and leadership expertise),competencies(attitudes and behaviour)and,critically,the ability to adapt them as the technological context changes.Failure to do so can bring unintended societal outcomes,as reflect

268、ed in the results of the latest global Edelman Trust Barometer.The survey found that 59%of government regulators lack adequate understanding of emerging technologies to regulate them effectively,and that when institutions mismanage innovation,the population is more likely to believe that technology

269、is advancing in ways that do not benefit(27%more likely)or are not good for(22%more likely)individuals like themselves.79 The latest OECD survey of schools of government provides a snapshot of the lag in the provision of relevant courses to public-sector workers,with AI and automation still poorly r

270、epresented in existing curricula.80 The capabilities gap is also reflected in the divide between the Global North and the Global South,as captured,for example,in Oxford Insights Government AI Readiness Index 2023 report and the UNs State of Science,Technology and Innovation in the Least Developed Co

271、untries.81,82Progress has been made recently in articulating some of the dynamic capabilities needed for technology policy.83 For example,the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)proposed a competencies framework for civil servants for AI and digital transformation(

272、see below);84 the Teaching Public Service in the Digital Era academic initiative put forward an eight-competencies framework for digital-era public service;85 and the Brookings Institution published a blueprint for technology governance,introducing an innovation-enabling approach to regulation in go

273、vernment.86 But much more needs to be done,ina consistent and sustained way,given the rapidity of technological evolution.Process for effective government capability-buildingDocumenting concrete examples of effective government capability-building programmes from around the world that relate to tech

274、nology policy will help governments design the most effective programmes for public and civil servant capability-building.Much can be learned from emerging examples of governments taking a proactive role inaddressing the capabilities gap from the United Arab Emirates to Australia,from India to the U

275、S.87At the same time,a recent review of“how governments learn”makes the case for reimagining the way in which the public sector understands and regulates scientific and technological advances.88 Important questions still remain on this“how”,withfurther attention needed on areas such as:How to build

276、capabilities fast and at scale across the public sector,while avoiding fallinginto the trap of following the latest technology fads How to build capabilities to tackle coordination challenges between different levels of government(national/local)and between departments/ministries How to work effecti

277、vely with multistakeholder partners to anticipate trends How to build capabilities both at the tactical(vertical)and strategic/systemic level(horizontal)How the policy and regulation cycle needs tochange for effective technology policy How to take into account variations in,for example,contexts,geog

278、raphies and values toimprove context-sensitivity6.1 Analysis of problems and gapsTechnology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World26Proposed solutions and actionsTABLE 5Solution/actionExpected impactPotential roadblocksEnablers Articulating the dynamic capabilitiesDevelop a framework for

279、dynamic capabilities for technology policyA common understanding of what capabilities are neededA tool for governments to assess where they stand and measure theirprogressThe pacing challenge,given the velocity of techdevelopmentSeveral foundational frameworks are publicly available(e.g.UNESCO,see a

280、bove)Map current skills taught by public policy schools and other efforts to build dynamic capabilities in governmentHighlight existing gaps Improve the understanding of the balance between classroom vs.on-the-job,just-in-time learning and experimentationLack of data availabilityPoor incentives for

281、research-driven academics to engage in public-sector skilling effortsUsing AI or a dedicated survey to produce a real-time map of skills taught Process for effective capability-buildingDocument the upskilling/dynamic capabilities journey of selected governmentsInspiration and practical insights on h

282、ow to build dynamic capabilities and improve executionThe complexity and multiplicity of stakeholders may limit efforts for systematic and comprehensive documentationUsing the networks of the World Economic Forum and other multistakeholder entities to build a collection of case studiesThe UAE govern

283、ment has followed an approach to dynamic capability-building that deliberately pursues a mix of on-the-job and classroom-based learning opportunities.The governments approach is based on the premise that new capabilities need to be spread,in different forms,throughout the public sector,and it has bu

284、ilt dynamic capabilities at three levels:1.Creating a culture and an enabling environment for everyone to learn.This is achieved via recognition of successful innovation efforts,by means of the UAE Innovation Month and the UAE Innovates awards,which showcase public-sector innovations,and by launchin

285、g platforms that support the public sector.Such platforms include:the Ibtekr platform,which to date has serviced more than 300,000 learners and includes five massive open online courses(MOOCs)and 450 publications on public-sector innovation;89 the Edge of Government,a matchmaking platform that encou

286、rages prototyping of new services based on inspiring practices from across the world;90 and initiatives such as the Artificial Intelligence Program,the National Program for Coders and the Dubai Future Academy.91 2.Cultivating champions and public-sector“intrapreneurs”.To create a cadre of key champi

287、ons empowered to drive change,every entity in government has appointed a chief innovation officer.These officers form a community that meets on a regular basis to cultivate a culture of intrapreneurship.A dedicated programme,the Public Sector Innovation Diploma,was established to ensure that innovat

288、ion champions have the necessary capabilities,and a Regulations Lab was created that allows for rapid testing(through“regulatory sprints”)and astreamlined process to licensing,among other things.3.Agile leadership.The UAE government has designed dedicated platforms to facilitate open learning and ex

289、perimentation,including PitchGov,a platform that gives start-ups the opportunity to interact directly with government entities leadership.92 The UAEs“Government Accelerators”are cooperation programmes specifically designed to allow front-line staff across the public and private sectors to take the l

290、ead in developing solutions through 100-day challenges,which are then presented to leadership to streamline implementation.93 The Mohammed Bin Rashid School of Government also offers a Masters in Innovation Management,as well as executive education courses on innovation.CASE STUDY 14The United Arab

291、Emirates journey of dynamic capability-building in innovationTechnology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World27Nigeria is developing a civil servant software developers upskilling programme that allows government staff who run technology projects to collaborate,share constraints,access r

292、esources and build solutions.This is in a bid to uplift technical capacity,build community as a peer-to-peer learning measure,and improve access to e-government services with a broader goal of affecting citizens.94 This project,announced in February 2024,will help champion Nigerias Digital Public In

293、frastructure initiative aimed at transforming public services.95 CASE STUDY 15Nigerias Devs in Government projectSerbias new GovTech programme aims to bridge the gap between the creation of innovation solutions and practical implementation within public services.The first phase of the programme focu

294、ses on creating demand in the public sector through training and capacity-building.The government has designed tailor-made,interactive training to enable more than 100,000 public servants to better understand and formulate policies on emerging technologies such as AI,blockchain,the internet of thing

295、s(IoT),robots,drones,3D printing,virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR),the platform economy and generally on digital transformation and innovation in the public sector.96 With a deep understanding of these technologies,the public sector is better equipped to review,assess and implement import

296、ant GovTech solutions that can transform how governments and citizens interact.CASE STUDY 16Building capacity and connections to enable GovTech solutions in SerbiaTechnology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World28Enable with:Extended multistakeholderism7A broad but nimble approach totech

297、nology policy-making is needed that takes into account the full and expanding range ofstakeholders.With emerging technology,traditional methods of policy-making are failing.Technologys rapid development outpaces policy-makers capacity to properly grasp its potential benefits and risks and,by extensi

298、on,what and how to regulate even before often-lengthy legislative processes are taken into account.More agile governance is needed:adaptive,human-centred policy that is inclusive and sustainable.Policy development can no longer be limited to governments(even if governments must lead and convene such

299、 processes),but increasingly must evolve to become an international and multistakeholder effort.Defining the stakeholdersMultistakeholderism must be redefined as the involvement of the entire cross-section of society,from policy-makers to technologists to the private sector to members of civil socie

300、ty and to individual non-affiliated citizens,including the young people who will be the next generation of leaders.By involving diverse stakeholders,each bringing their unique perspectives and expertise to the table,policy-making can become more robust,informed and responsive to the needs and aspira

301、tions of society as a whole.This inclusive approach not only fosters greater legitimacy and accountability but also ensures that policies are more reflective of the values and priorities of the communities they aim to serve.The role of governments will have to evolve from public administration and m

302、anagement to public governance:organizing the multistakeholder system,convening relevant actors,facilitating and brokering collective deliberation,aggregating interests and managing trade-offs.Incentives for collaborationStakeholders often have divergent interests and objectives.For example,governme

303、nts may prioritize regulatory frameworks that promote public safety and welfare,while businesses may prioritize profit maximization and market competitiveness.Innovators may seek to push the boundaries of technology without being overly constrained by regulations,while civil-society organizations ma

304、y advocate for policies that prioritize environmental Policy-making through publicprivate cooperation has often been a goal.However,the development of technology policy has become increasingly complex due to the number of different stakeholders involved in the responsible design and management of th

305、e technology ecosystem(what has been called the“coordination challenge”).97Governments are increasingly recognizing the need to consider how technologies affect various stakeholder groups;they are now operating in an environment in which technology design is influenced by a range of stakeholders bey

306、ond just government and businesses,or even civil society.For instance,the data provided by individual citizens significantly influences the decisions made and outcomes produced by AI models.Thisnecessitates a broader engagement strategy in which public feedback and concerns can shape the ethical use

307、 and regulatory frameworks of these technologies,ensuring that they serve the wider community effectively.Multistakeholderism must be the way forward to facilitate governance of increasingly complex technology in a manner that supports innovation,while at the same time protecting the rights and inte

308、rests of individuals.International and multistakeholder collaboration can deliver a measured and well-thought-out approach to regulating emerging technology that will always beone step ahead.98 More agile governance is needed:adaptive,human-centred policy that is inclusive and sustainable.7.1 Analys

309、is of problems and gapsTechnology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World29sustainability,social equity and individual privacy.These differing priorities can create tensions and conflicts when attempting to align incentives.Power imbalances between stakeholders,different time horizons for

310、realizing their goals and varying levels of technological understanding further compound the challenges for collaboration.Aligning the incentives of stakeholders towards common goals requires inclusive and participatory policy processes,building trust among stakeholders and promoting a shared unders

311、tanding of the benefits and risks of technology innovation.Such processes are far messier than previous policy environments,and both governments and those governed will have to become more accustomed to processes that are contested,non-linear,iterative and lacking in clear blueprints or templated ou

312、tcomes.Effective mechanisms for stakeholder collaborationRecognizing the limitations of capacity within local borders,particularly in the face of rapidly evolving technologies that transcend jurisdictional boundaries,it becomes imperative to leverage multistakeholder approaches to collaboration amon

313、g countries.Effective mechanisms for stakeholder collaboration should be established to facilitate multistakeholderism at both the national and international levels.This allows for the combination of policy-making with technical expertise,and for the cross-pollination of expertise from the entire cr

314、oss-section of society to bridge knowledge,skills and coordination gaps.Solution/actionExpected impactPotential roadblocksEnablers Incentives for collaborationLegislation that promotes a multistakeholder approach(e.g.Act on Improving Transparency and Fairness of Digital Platforms TFDPA inJapan)Flexi

315、ble,responsive and agile regulations through collaboration among a broad range ofstakeholders“Regulatory capture”problemCollaboration among a broad range of stakeholders,including regulators,regulatees,private companies,consumers,civil-society groups and individual citizensEncouragement of voluntary

316、 collaboration by companies with local communities based on an“agile governance”approach(e.g.ANA Groups trial programme to form a logistics network using drones in remote island areas)99Flexible,responsive and agile problem-solving with soft law tailored to stakeholder needsMoral hazard by private c

317、ompaniesCollaboration among a broad range of stakeholders,including governmental agencies,employees and technicians of private companies,local government officials and local residents Effective mechanisms for stakeholder collaborationRevolving-door employment policy across sectorsTransfer of skills

318、across sectors,allowing for cross-pollinationIntellectual property(IP)and other confidentiality concerns,contractualized as non-disclosure agreements(NDAs),particularly in AsiaDiscourage use of NDAs,apart from situations in which justifications meet a high threshold(e.g.national security or informat

319、ion with genuine public impact if released)Recruitment of expert policy-makers from other jurisdictionsTransfer of skills across jurisdictions,allowing for cross-pollinationNational security and official secrets concernsCross-regional collaborations between like-minded jurisdictions,e.g.ASEAN,Asia-P

320、acific Economic Cooperation(APEC),Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity(IPEF),Five Eyes(intelligence community of Australia,Canada,New Zealand,the United Kingdom and the United States)Clear processes for continuous stakeholder engagement,including post-policy implementation and as general o

321、ngoing practiceRemove the“set and forget”tendency of policy design,crowdsourcing feedback and review for continual improvementsResource-intensive,no associated mechanism for policy adjustment to complement stakeholder engagementAI to streamline processing of feedback,digital technologies for less bu

322、rdensome feedback processesProposed solutions and actionsTABLE 6Technology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World30The Act on Improving Transparency and Fairness of Digital Platforms(TFDPA)in Japan dictates that digital-platform providers should voluntarily and proactively undertake initi

323、atives to improve transparency and fairness,and that the governments involvement and regulation should be kept to the minimum necessary.100 Under this law,Google worked with industry associations and relevant government agencies to create self-regulatory rules that allowed online crane game apps to

324、be offered on the Google Play Store on the condition that they were reviewed and certified by industry associations.As a result,industry developers formed the Japan Online Crane Game Operators Association,which worked with Google Play to develop,and currently pilot,a certification system for develop

325、ers,establish certain user-safety standards and implement a monitoring system to ensure effective enforcement of those standards.101 The policy therefore actively encourages proactive,multistakeholder efforts towards responsible technology development.CASE STUDY 17Setting policy for multistakeholder

326、 action towards transparency and fairnessThe GPAI is a multistakeholder initiative designed to bridge the gap between theory and practice in AI.By bringing together experts from science,industry,civil society,international organizations and government,GPAI promotes collaboration to address AI-relate

327、d challenges and opportunities.This inclusive approach encourages knowledge exchange and cooperation on AI research and aims to reduce fragmentation through pooled resources.The partnership has focused on promoting the development of ethical,trustworthy and inclusive AI systems,with a particular emp

328、hasis on advancing global trust in AI models.102 In December 2023,29 member nations of GPAI agreed to jointly develop AI applications,particularly in healthcare and agriculture,with an expanded focus on the Global South.103 CASE STUDY 18The Global Partnership on AI(GPAI)The establishment of the IAP

329、was endorsed by G7 leaders in 2023 to operationalize data free flow with trust(DFFT).The IAP brings governments and varied stakeholders together for solutions-oriented cooperation on cross-border flow of data.The structural features of the IAP are:1.Use existing committees of international organizat

330、ions to facilitate multilateral policy-making and coordination.Thesecretariat is established at the OECD,where the IAP ishosted.2.Establish working groups based on projects consisting of government officials,experts and stakeholders.3.Collaborate with various international organizations and institut

331、ions as participants of the working group projects,with a focus on providing common solutions across countries.Through these three multistakeholder approaches,the IAP aims to formulate flexible and practical international norms that differ from ordinary multilateral agreements.104CASE STUDY 19 The I

332、nstitutional Arrangement for Partnership(IAP)Technology Policy:Responsible Design for a Flourishing World31Three conclusions and one beginning8A willingness to embrace the creative potential of conflicting demands,take a multistakeholder approach and adopt an experimental mindset are crucial for eff

333、ective governance of technology.Three principal themes have emerged in the preceding sections each with profound implications for the future of technology policy.First,there is potential for tension and trade-offs among different recommendations and indeed,among the various aspects of the flourishing world envisioned by the paper.For instance,greater emphasis on safety and security especially if a