1、 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The present publication was prepared by the Transport Conn

2、ectivity and Logistics Section,Transport Division,ESCAP,based on the literature review,Delphi survey,interviews and survey of target ports,and experts contributions during the“Capacity Building workshop on Port Digitalization and Progress towards Smart Ports”held in Bangkok and online 29-30-November

3、 2023 with the financial support from the Government of Republic of Korea.The Workshop was attended by a total of 70 participants from Governments of ESCAP member States,representatives of international organizations,regional agencies,subregional organizations,port authorities,universities,research

4、institutes and professional associations,as well as by invited resource persons.The study was led by Mr.Sooyeob Kim,Economic Affairs Officer,with Mr.Gyu-Serb Kim,Expert on port infrastructure and logistics and Mr.Alejandro Garcia Macias and Ms.Wei Li,Associate Expert of Transport Division and Ms.Kye

5、ongrim Ahn as core authors;the report was finalized under the general supervision of Ms.Azhar Jaimurzina Ducrest,Chief of Transport Connectivity and Logistics Section.This study report was prepared by ESCAP with financial assistance and technical input from the Korea Ports and Harbours Association(K

6、PHA).Grateful acknowledgement is made to the Government of the Republic of Korea,Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries,for the generous funding of this study.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of

7、the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.This report has been issued without formal editing.May 2024 STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN

8、ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 3 STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 4 ContentsContents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 Abbreviations and acronyms 8 1.INTRODUCTION 10 1.1 Background 10 1.2 Objective,scope and methodology 11 2.Smart Port Development in Asia and the

9、 Pacific and beyond 14 2.1 Smart ports in selected ESCAP member States 14 2.1.1 Cambodia 14 2.1.2 China 17 2.1.3 Singapore 18 2.1.4 Thailand 21 2.1.5 The Republic of Korea 24 2.1.6 Viet Nam 27 2.2 Selected cases from other regions 29 2.2.1 Germany 29 2.2.2 The Netherlands 30 3.Smart Port related ind

10、icators 32 3.1 Defining smart ports and related indicators 32 3.2 Relevant diagnostic indicators 33 3.2.1 Trade UN ESCAP UNTFSURVEY 33 3.2.2 IMD WDC 34 3.2.3 OECD 37 3.2.4 World Bank 38 3.3 Limitations of existing indicators and directions for improvement 39 4.Readiness assessment methodology for sm

11、art ports 40 4.1 Developing the readiness assessment for smart ports 40 4.1.1 Delphi method 40 4.1.2 the 1st round of the application of Delphi method 40 4.1.3 the 2nd round of the application of Delphi method 41 4.1.4 the 3rd round of the application of Delphi method 41 STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS

12、AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 5 4.2 Diagnostic indicators and definition of the readiness assessment 44 4.3 PoC(Proof of Concept)47 5.Further strategies for Smart ports based on the results of the readiness assessment 51 5.1 Quadrant analysis model 51 5.2 Stepwise strategies for se

13、lected ports based on their current development level 54 5.2.1 Generic consideration 54 5.2.2 Specific Policy Recommendations:55 5.2.2.1 Sihanoukville port,the Kingdom of Cambodia 55 5.2.2.2 Bangkok port,the Kingdom of Thailand 56 5.2.2.3.Danang port,Viet Nam 57 6.Conclusion 59 6.1.Policy response f

14、or digital transformation 59 6.2.Readiness assessment for smart ports 59 6.3.Recommendations for the selected ports 60 References 62 List of figures Figure 1.New container terminal development at PAS.14 Figure 2.Overview of Port EDI System.16 Figure 3.Qingdao QQCT .18 Figure 4.Singapores next-genera

15、tion port(NGP).19 Figure 5.Five key trusts.20 Figure 6.TUAS Port Future model.21 Figure 7.Thailand 4.0.22 Figure 8.Autonomous trucks in Hutchison Ports.23 Figure 9.Daily statistics of e-documents in National Single Window.24 Figure 10.The goal of smart ports.25 Figure 11.the Strategy for smartizatio

16、n 2.0.26 Figure 12.ePort system in Da Nang port.28 Figure 13.Autogate and ePort(Danang).28 Figure 1414.smartPORT in Hamburg port.29 Figure 15.Port of Rotterdam PortXchange Pronto.31 Figure 16.IMD WDC.36 Figure 17.The structure of the CPPI.39 Figure18.Quadrant model for smart ports.51 Figure 19.Propo

17、sed implementation plan of smart ports for Sihanoukville port.56 Figure 20.Proposed implementation plan of smart ports for Bangkok port.57 STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 6 Figure 21.Proposed implementation plan of smart ports for Danang port.58 List of ta

18、bles Table 1.Trade facilitation measures by UN ESCAP.34 Table 2.Subjects by the 1st round of Delphi.40 Table 3.Subjects by the 2nd round of Delphi.41 Table 4.Indicators by the 3rd round of Delphi.42 Table 5.7 areas of the readiness assessment.45 Table 6.Maturity model of smart port.45 Table 7.Assign

19、ed weight per area.47 Table 8.Result of analysis for the readiness assessment.48 Table 9.Result of analysis for the readiness assessment(2).49 Table 10.Details of Quadrant model.52 Table 11.How to derive quadrant model.52 Table 12.maturity level of target ports.53 STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND POR

20、T DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Maritime transport plays a crucial role as the gateway for international trade,enabling process in sustainable development in all its dimensions(economic,social,and environmental).Faced with the constantly growing volume of seaborne trade,

21、most ports need to continually enhance their performance and productivity,as well as the quality of their services.In doing so,they increasingly opt for transitioning to smart ports which rely on the use of emerging technologies and digitalization,to rationalize,reorganize,and streamline port activi

22、ties.This transformation enables a more transparent and efficient processing of port operations,including integrated port management.All this ultimately helps improve overall efficiency,reduce the cost of transport and promote environmentally sustainable and resilient port activities.The transition

23、to smart ports entails dealing with numerous challenges such as the digital gap,lack of professional manpower,and limited investment resources and requires a thorough understanding of related technologies and available technical options as well as an accurate diagnosis of the current status.Against

24、this background,this study aims to continue supporting member States efforts to promote digitalization in ports and facilitate the transition to smart ports.The primary goal of this study is to develop indicators to measure port digitalization.To confirm the usefulness and applicability of the indic

25、ators developed,they will be applied to selected pilot countries.This directly contributes to the implementation of the Regional Action Programme for Sustainable Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific(2022-2026),covering the substantive activities and indicators of achievements of the themati

26、c area of key priority area“Digitalization of transport”.This report offers an analysis of the current status of the target countries ports based on the review of the available literature and studies from relevant international organizations,as well as the results of the implemented readiness assess

27、ment of the targeted ports.This report also provides an analytic maturity model for smart ports and policy recommendations for target ports,which can be further adopted to other case studies with due adjustment to their environment and/or the time of application.This report illustrated that most cou

28、ntries in Asia and the Pacific are recognizing the need for digital transformation and smart ports and are establishing or implementing policies or strategies to respond to this need.However,in some countries,the readiness for smart port transition remains insufficient.Therefore,this report recommen

29、ds approaching the strategy towards smart ports in a structured way to achieve pragmatic goals and implement new technological solutions.It also recommends leveraging the transformation of existing services(systems)in parallel to the introduction of digital technology-based solutions,or,ultimately,t

30、he integration of these solutions.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 8 A Abbreviations and acronymsbbreviations and acronyms 5G The fifth generation of mobile technologies AI Artificial Intelligence AR Augmented Reality ASEAN Association of South-East Asian N

31、ations CNSW CAMBODIA NATIONAL SINGLE WINDOW COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease 2019 CCVR Content Validity Ratio DGA Digital Government Development Agency EDI Electronic Data Interchange EEC Eastern Economic Corridor ESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific GPC Fiji Ports Co

32、rporation Limited IBM International Business Machines Corporation ICT Information and Communication Technology IMD International Institute for Management Development IMO International Maritime Organization IoT Internet of Things IT Information Technology KMI Korea Maritime Institute LPI Logistics Pe

33、rformance Index MOF Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries MPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport NDTP National Digital Trade Platform NGP Next Generation Port STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 9 OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

34、PAS Sihanoukville Autonomous Port PAT Port of Thailand Authority PLC Programmable Logical Controller PoC Proof of Concept PPAT Phnom Penh Autonomous Port QQCTN Qingdao Qianwan Container Terminal QR Quick response S2S Server-to-Server SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SEZ Special Economic Zone TEU T

35、wenty-foot Equivalent Unit UNTFSURVEY UN Global Survey on Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitation VND Vietnamese Dong WDC World Digital Competitiveness WPSP World Port Sustainability Program WTO World Trade Organization WEF World Economic Forum STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION

36、IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 10 1.INTRODUCTION1.INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.1 Background Maritime transport serves as a key enabler of all dimensions of sustainable development(economic,social,and environmental)due to its vital role as the gateway for international trade.Faced with the constantly growi

37、ng volume of seaborne trade,most ports in Asia and the Pacific need to keep enhancing their performance and productivity,while also improving the quality of their service for stakeholders.in parallel,the ports also face pressing environmental challenges and the growing need to reduce negative enviro

38、nmental externalities of port activities.Transitioning to“Smart ports”,which rely on the use of emerging technologies and digitalization,to rationalize,reorganize and streamline port activities,has proven to be a viable strategy to address both economic efficiency and environmental performance,at no

39、rmal times and at times of great changes.This transformation enables more transparent and efficient processing of port operations,including integrated port management,and allows users to interact and collaborate with other actors in real-time to better plan,coordinate and implement their activities.

40、All this ultimately helps improve overall efficiency,reduce the cost of transport,enhance port performances and promote environmentally sustainable and resilient port activities.Additionally,as the response to the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated,digitalization can ensure uninterrupted services even i

41、n situations where the numbers of port personnel are reduced,or physical contact must be limited.Transition to smart ports entails dealing with numerous challenges such as the digital gap,lack of professional manpower,and limited investment resources and requires a thorough understanding of related

42、technologies and available technical options.ESCAP previous research,including a study on the smart port development strategy1 and digitalization in the Pacific region,2 also demonstrated the need for a stepwise approach to implementing smart ports and the requirement to fully understand the existin

43、g level and status of port development.In line with this assessment,the present report offers a methodology for readiness assessment for smart ports to objectively analyze the level and status of ports in the target country and to measure port digitalization in the region.The proposed indicators on

44、port digitalization are applied to the pilot cases in Cambodia,Thailand,Viet Nam,and the Republic of Korea.This research directly contributes to the implementation of the Regional Action Programme for Sustainable Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific(2022-2026),covering the substantive activ

45、ities and indicators of achievements of the thematic area of key priority area“Digitalization of transport”.1 SmartPortDevelopment_Feb2021.pdf(unescap.org)2 Dec06-07_Report-Port-Digitalization-for-the-Pacific-Region_03Aug23.pdf(unescap.org)STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA

46、AND THE PACIFIC 11 1.21.2 Objective,sObjective,scope and methodologycope and methodology 1.2.11.2.1 ObjectivesObjectives The objective of this project is to directly contribute to the implementation of the main activity under Thematic Area 3,Digitalization of transport,of the Regional Action Program

47、me for Sustainable Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific(2022-2026),which is to enhance the application of new technologies and digitalization to streamline port activities,including increasing the resilience,sustainability,and interconnection of maritime transport systems.To that end,the fo

48、llowing activities have been carried out:a.Conducting research to promote port digitalization and support the transition to smart ports.This includes empirical research to develop indicators to measure the digitalization of ports and apply them to specific ports to confirm their usefulness and scala

49、bility.b.Reviewing the usefulness and applicability of the developed measurement indicators for port digitalization and preparing their actual application in target ports.This research will directly contribute to the achievement of several SDGs target,including:c.SDG 9:Build resilient infrastructure

50、,promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.Targets 9.1:Develop quality,reliable,sustainable,and resilient infrastructure and Target 9.4:By 2030,upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable.d.SDG 13:Take urgent action to combat climate change

51、 and its impacts.Target 13.2:Integrate climate change measures into national policies,strategies,and planning.1.2.2 1.2.2 ScopeScope and and methodology methodology Collecting information on requirements and improvements for smart ports from ESCAP and ESCAP Member states and conducting PoC for the r

52、eadiness assessment in person has been difficult due to the limited timeline.Accordingly,this report selected the following ports as target ports for the Proof of Concept(PoC)of the readiness assessment among the following ports in the member countries that participated in the ESCAP Smart Port and P

53、ort Digitalization research.Sihanoukville Port in Cambodia Busan Port in the Republic of Korea.Bangkok Port in Thailand Danang Port in Vietnam STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 12 To develop the readiness assessment,the Delphi methodology was applied,and an

54、expert survey was conducted three times to derive the index of the readiness assessment.As a starting point,this report analysed the current status of the target countries ports through literature studies,overview of the reports from ESCAP and other organizations and measured the level of the port t

55、hrough the readiness assessment from the target countries ports.The following activities were carried out with ESCAP and experts from target ports to collect requirements and analyze the port environments:kickoff meeting:virtual meeting(4 October 2023)Capacity building workshop for the readiness ass

56、essment:virtual and off-line meeting(3 November 2023)Field trip:Danang Port(Danang,9-10 November 2023)Final workshop(Bangkok and online,29-30 November 2023)This report also provides an analytic maturity model for smart ports and recommendations for target ports.While the approach and recommendations

57、 presented in this report are general concepts and strategies,these can be adjusted to other case studies with due changes to match the environment and/or the time of application.1.2.3 1.2.3 C Challenges and Issueshallenges and Issues Dramatic changes are occurring worldwide,affecting the complexity

58、 of trade.The volatile economic situation,coupled with the disruption caused by the COVID pandemic,has made it difficult for businesses in the port industry to thrive.When logistics are disrupted,the global supply chain collapses,factories cannot operate,and consumers cannot receive products.The sig

59、nificance of logistics is increasing,and specifically,ports play a crucial role as infrastructure in connecting countries within the logistics process.Improving port competitiveness and infrastructure is essential because ports play a crucial role in the global supply chain.At the same time,transpor

60、t flow is increasing,and vessel size and cargo volume have surged upwards.Environmental impacts must also increasingly be considered.Often,efficiency in port operations and interoperability with other transport means are insufficient,and cyber security in ports is fragile.Most countries recognize th

61、e importance of ports and try to increase their productivity and ensure safety through digitalization and automation.Introducing global regulations on dealing with various pollutants has also increased recognition of sustainability as a core factor for port competitiveness.Indeed,sustainable develop

62、ment has been set up as one of the main goals in most countries ports.The ongoing technological developments,including machine learning,artificial intelligence,and immersive technologies,can lead to innovations in ports.It can facilitate the digitalization of ports to address their challenges,bridgi

63、ng the technical and operational gaps,and improving the capabilities,productivity,efficiency,safety,and security of ports through business innovation,work automation,and the incorporation of 4IR technologies,among others.Its undoubtedly that the port industry will keep advancing and integrating new

64、technologies to make port capability more efficient.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 13 Digitalization and automation facilitate the flow and movement of ships or cargo within the port.Processing time and costs can be reduced through automatically processin

65、g various logistics activities,including unloading,transportation,storage,and management of different types of goods.Furthermore,safety accidents can be prevented by using unmanned equipment instead of humans for dangerous or unsafe tasks.Control and operation systems in the ports,which account for

66、a large portion of global logistics movement,are highly dependent on Information and Communication Technology(ICT)and are actively incorporating emerging technologies.Illegal attacks are made on ships and port systems by exploiting IT vulnerabilities,so cybersecurity in the port sector is considered

67、 more and more critical.Accordingly,this report developed the readiness assessment methodology,including diagnostic indicators,to identify the current port development level in terms of its transformation into smart ports.In addition,it conducted a Proof of Concept(PoC)in selected ports,analyzing th

68、e level of smart port development and suggesting further actions.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 14 2.2.Smart PortSmart Port Development in Development in Asia and the PacificAsia and the Pacific and and beyondbeyond 2.12.1 Smart ports in selected Smart po

69、rts in selected ESCAP member ESCAP member S Statestates 2.1.12.1.1 CambodiaCambodia The Kingdom of Cambodia has no Law or Regulation dealing with smart ports yet.However,the Ministry of Public Works and Transport(MPWT)is working on a draft law on Inland Waterway Transport and Ports to the Council of

70、 Ministers for review and approval.There are 103 ports in Cambodia,among which 26 are seaports and 77 are river ports.The river ports are located along the Mekong River,Tonle Sap,and Tonle Bassac Rivers.Among these ports,two are international ports namely Phnom Penh Autonomous Port(PPAP)and Sihanouk

71、ville Autonomous Port(PAS).Figure 1.New container terminal development at PAS Source:https:/www.logistics.gov.kh/en/sectors/infra-sectors/ports PAS is the only deep-sea port in Cambodia with area of 125 hectares and is situated along the Cambodian coastline in Sihanoukville.It is the countrys larges

72、t port with a capacity of approximately STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 15 700,000 TEUs/year.Cambodia has commenced construction on a new container terminal at Sihanoukville Autonomous Port with a scheduled completion date of 2029.The goal is to establish

73、a hub port that will allow larger ships to access the country,increase the capacity and effectiveness of the port,and promote regional competitiveness,which may accommodate vessels with a container capacity of 5,000 TEUs and vessels with a capacity of 60,000 DWT for trans-loading.The ports annual th

74、roughput is anticipated to increase from 700,000 TEU to 2.58 million TEU upon completion.In addition,PAS has also constructed a concrete container yard at Zone D on areas of 28,000 square meters and reserved a yard for empty containers at SEZ with areas of 40,000 square meters.The new terminal is to

75、 be built in three phases,the first phase is scheduled to be completed by 2026 and is slated to cost$275 million.This will cover the construction of a 350-meter-long and 14.5-meter-deep container terminal.The expansion is expected to allow ships of up to 4,000 TEU to call at the terminal.The second

76、and third phases will respectively commence in 2025 and 2026 and conclude in 2028 and 2029 and cost$698 million in total.The Cambodian Government expects that the expansion project will allow large container ships to dock at the port and significantly reduce ocean freight costs for Cambodia.Further,

77、MPWT is working along with other relevant stakeholders to prepare the Waterway Transport laws,which will be established to manage and develop the ports properly as well as to promote domestic and international commerce.MPWT has also developed and piloted the Electronic Data Interchange(Port EDI)syst

78、em to facilitate the official procedures of handling incoming and outgoing vessels swiftly and smoothly,aiming at accelerating the procedures and reducing the logistics cost of maritime transport.EDI System is the digital exchange of business documents and data in a standardized electronic format be

79、tween trading partners.This digital exchange of business documents is very beneficial while reducing costs,speeding up the processes,avoiding mistakes,and improving the relationships between the trading partners.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 16 Figure 2.

80、Overview of Port EDI System Source:https:/www.logistics.gov.kh/en/sectors/infra-sectors/ports In 2022,MPWT launched the Port Electronic Data Exchange(Port EDI)System at Sihanoukville Autonomous Port(PAS)and Phnom Penh Autonomous Port(PPAP)aiming to improve effectiveness,efficiency,transparency,and c

81、ost-saving.In addition,the government does have plans to expand port infrastructure.Priority activities include developing technical standards for further port development and operation;rehabilitating existing waterways,ports,and related infrastructure;improving the classification of vessels and wat

82、erway depths to improve navigation;and dredging waterways to improve access for larger vessels along inland waterways.The Cambodian Government announced in May 2022 that it would start to build a 1.5-billion-dollar logistics and multi-purpose seaport in the southwestern Kampot province,aiming to enh

83、ance the kingdoms logistics and transportation sector.This project is invested by the local company Kampot Logistics and Port,and the construction is undertaken by the Shanghai Construction Group and the China Road and Bridge Corporation.The first phase will be from 2022 to 2025 and is expected to c

84、ost 200 million U.S.dollars.This port will be constructed as a multi-purpose port that is a new international gateway to facilitate Cambodias trade with other countries and includes a container terminal,a special economic zone,a free trade area,a logistics hub,an oil refinery,and a terminal for tour

85、ist vessels.The port will be capable of handling 300,000 TEUs in 2025 and up to 600,000 TEUs in 2030 and is expected the third-largest port in the Southeast Asian country after the Sihanoukville Autonomous Port and the Phnom Penh Autonomous Port.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN

86、 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 17 2.1.22.1.2 ChinaChina Chinas Ministry of Transport announced opinions on accelerating the construction of smart ports and smart waterways on December 4,2023.It will digitize port and waterway infrastructure across China by 2027 and build world-class smart ports and waterways

87、 by introducing smart port operation management and services.To realize the platform and standardization of digital ports,the Chinese government plans to support a port industry IoT platform,an integrated port logistics information platform,a blockchain-based port and aviation electronic delivery pl

88、atform,etc.In addition,they plan to accelerate the research and establishment of standards for blockchain electronic integrated interaction processes,port data exchange,and communication in smart port construction.To achieve this goal,China has decided to build an information infrastructure and crea

89、te a resource system that can integrate and manage water transport data,creating a platform that allows data sharing between transport industries.In addition,to implement a smart port operation and management system,container dock operations will gradually be converted to automation,and port waterwa

90、y maintenance and related equipment will also apply the smart systems.In particular,they plan to actively use unmanned aerial vehicles(drones),unmanned ships,and video surveillance systems to monitor port facilities and build a system that can monitor the conditions of waterways such as mud and meta

91、l structures,and the climate near the port in real-time.To increase the convenience of logistics services,they plan to actively introduce electronic certificates in port operations and build a non-stop smart logistics platform that can cover all logistics processes centered on Chinas international h

92、ub ports.In May 2017,Asias first Qingdao Qianwan Container Terminal(QQCTN)began operating as a fully automated terminal.At the end of February 2019,Chinas Qingdao Port completed testing to build the worlds first 5G-based smart port,which then was transformed into a 5G smart port.By utilizing 5G tech

93、nology,which features ultra-high speed,ultra-connectivity,and ultra-low latency,5G ports can use IoT,augmented reality,virtual reality,and AI-based systems in ports.With this,logistics facilities transport containers autonomously without manual operation,and the control center can operate an artific

94、ial intelligence-based terminal with a small number of people through 5G communication.Real-time data information exchange between port terminal process actors optimizes the entire port process and improves operational efficiency.In addition,the land operation center utilizes drones and augmented an

95、d virtual reality technologies to enable smooth port operation through remote communication with workers.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 18 Figure 3.Qingdao QQCT Source:KMI,2024.Chinas Qingdao Port collaborated with Ericsson and China Unicom to introduce a

96、n automatic quay crane that lifts containers through 5G connectivity at the control center and operates port operations using data from more than 30 high-definition cameras and data transmitted from a PLC(Programmable Logical Controller).There is no stopping here and are demonstrating their capabili

97、ties for the development of 5G-based ports by receiving over 40 patents including the establishment of next-generation smart production and control systems to unmanned vehicle automatic charging technology,the first robot automated container separation system,and the first fixed crane.A smart zero c

98、arbon terminal was built at Tianjin Port in December 2019,increasing the efficiency of single bridge work by more than 40%,and human resource deployment was reduced by 60%compared to the existing terminal.In addition,the remote-control distance of equipment in Shanghai Yangshan Ports level 4 automat

99、ed terminal exceeds 100km.The container terminal at Shandong Qingdao Port is fully automated,featuring 16 automated bridge cranes,76 automated rail cranes,and 83 automated delivery vehicles.2.1.32.1.3 SingaporeSingapore Singapores maritime research and development is progressing based on the Singapo

100、re R&D Roadmap 2030 Maritime Transformation,and the roadmap is grounded under five key strategic research thrusts as follows:i)Efficient&intelligent world-class next-generation port,ii)Strategic Sea space and maritime traffic management,iii)Smart fleet operations&autonomous vessels,iv)Effective STUD

101、Y ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 19 maritime safety and security,v)Sustainable marine environment and energy.The Port of Singapore is pursuing a smart port policy based on NGP(Next Generation Port)2030.Figure 4.Singapores next-generation port(NGP)Source:https:/

102、www.porttechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/SINGAPORE-1.pdf The NGP 2030 initiative functions as a guideline for the overall master planning and development of the port of Singapore,involving the conceptualization,design,and implementation of Tuas terminal,Tuas maritime hub,and port operations

103、.Key strategies are the following:Optimal and effective management of port waters Improve security and safety Enhance port users experience Improve sustainability and environmental protection With the announcement of the Roadmap 2030,Singapore aims to optimize R&D efforts and resources for greater v

104、alue co-creation within the maritime industry.It has mapped out the opportunity areas to expand and build new capabilities,to sharpen and sustain maritime Singapores STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 20 long-term competitiveness.The Roadmap is grounded under

105、 five key strategic research thrusts as follows:Figure 5.Five key trusts Source:https:/ Singapores TUAS Port is where Singapore began construction of the first phase of its container terminal in 2016 and plans to relocate all functions of the current container terminal located in downtown Singapore

106、to the citys outskirts.This construction,which will span four stages,will be completed around 2040.Once Phase 4 is completed,TUAS Port will become the worlds largest automated container terminal capable of handling up to 65 million TEU of containers per year.TUAS Port,known as the Next Generation Po

107、rt(NGP),will become the worlds largest fully automated port to operate from a single location,with a handling capacity of approximately 65 million TEU annually.It is expected to attract giant container ships that will emerge along with future technological innovations.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND

108、 PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 21 Figure 6.TUAS Port Future model Source:https:/lotis.or.kr,2019.12 TUAS port plans to apply various technologies to support automation for the terminal logistics system.It is expected that various intelligent and smart technologies such as drones,vessel

109、 tracking,on-time port arrival,and green technology will be applied simultaneously.With this,it is expected that it will be possible to create truly smart ports.Vessels waiting at TUAS Port will utilize a multi-purpose platform and be able to perform various tasks such as procedures processing and b

110、unkering during the waiting time,allowing for more efficient use of time.In addition,documents for port entry must currently be submitted via email to checkpoints,the Immigration Service,and the Environmental Protection Agency.However,this is also expected to become more convenient as it has been di

111、gitized through a single government portal.Singapore is now also carrying out a project based on blockchain technology to make overall work within the port smarter.Trade Trust is one of the core projects promoted by Singapore to transition to a digital economy.It introduces an electronic bill of lad

112、ing system to convert and share the current paper bill of lading into a digital document when loading and unloading containers.2.1.42.1.4 ThailandThailand The Thai Government is pursuing a comprehensive digital transformation of the economy and society and established DGA(Digital Government Developm

113、ent Agency)in 2018 to promote comprehensive STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 22 e-government projects.Thailand 4.0 is an economic model that aims to unlock the country from several economic challenges resulting from past economic development models.The Thai

114、 government has included the Aviation and Logistics Industry as one of the 12 major industries to promote the Thailand 4.0 Policy,which is the national agenda.Creativity,innovation,research and development and tech-savvy employees are key elements that companies need to embrace in order to quicken t

115、heir digital pace.Thailand 4.0 expects to transform traditional industries,ranging from agriculture,manufacturing and services to an economy based on creativity,innovation and high-level services.Figure 7.Thailand 4.0 Source:Official Facebook page of Deputy Commerce Minister Suvit Maesincee,2024.The

116、 Laem Chabang Port was identified as an alternative to the crowded Bangkok port as early as the 1960s.According to the World Shipping Council,the Laem Chabang Port was the 20th busiest in the world in 2020 ahead of other ASEAN ports in Indonesia,Philippines,and Viet Nam.The Laem Chabang seaport has

117、begun Phase 3 expansion,and once completed in 2029,the port will have a container throughput capacity of 18 million TEU per year.Construction on the F1 and F2 berths of the port is slated for 2023 and 2027,respectively,with the port set for commercial operations in 2025 and 2029.This project is perf

118、ormed with the cooperation of the Port of Thailand Authority(PAT)and the GPC International Terminals consortium and aims to develop the Laem Chabang Port towards the worlds top 10 ports and complete with full automation management systems.In the third quarter of 2021,Thailands economic activity has

119、subsequently rebounded and is expected to grow by 1.0 percent this year,according to the World Banks latest Thailand Economic Monitor.Going forward,the adoption of digital technologies has the potential to support Thailands recovery from COVID-19 and ensure a more competitive economy over the long t

120、erm.One example of STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 23 adopting digital technology is to utilization of autonomous trucks in Hutchison Port in Laem Chabang Port.Hutchison Ports uses autonomous trucks(called Qomolo trucks or Q-trucks)in smart terminal transf

121、ormation,promising to improve efficiency and safety at its operations at Terminal D for the development of the nations smart infrastructure along the Eastern Economic Corridor(EEC).This is a huge step forward in port digitalization,Hutchison Ports is the first port operator in Thailand and test auto

122、nomous trucks at its Terminal D facility at Laem Chabang Port,Chon Buri.Figure 8.Autonomous trucks in Hutchison Ports Source:The Story Thailand,2022.04.10 The six electric Qomolo trucks arrived at Terminal D from Shanghai,China,with the testing phase set to run for one year.During this period,the tr

123、ucks will be integrated with the existing conventional fleet of trucks to transfer containers between the quay and the yard.The next generation of trucks is equipped with advanced AI machine-learning technology,and a wireless charging system and can operate non-stop for more than 24 hours.The trucks

124、 utilise the advanced LiDAR light detection and range technology,through which it can instantaneously detect and survey its surroundings in all directions,generating a precise,internal 3D map,enabling it to accurately analyse and avoid obstacles and collisions.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DI

125、GITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 24 Figure 9.Daily statistics of e-documents in National Single Window Source:Thailand National Single Window,https:/ activity is to interconnect between port-related systems to Thailands national platforms such as the national single window and national digital t

126、rade platform.The NDTP(national digital trade platform)will serve as Thailands national single platform for import and export procedures,integrating with counterparts in other countries.Rather than submitting the same document to several different government departments and organizations,businesses

127、can make a single submission to the NDTP which is already connected to the relevant parties.This would save time and money for businesses and the government while also improving the ease of doing business in Thailand.After that,you should try to expand into other countries for cross-border paperless

128、 transport facilitation.2.1.52.1.5 The Republic of Korea The Republic of Korea A smart port in Korea is defined as one that realizes logistics optimization through automation and intelligence and is capable of stable and efficient operation.The Korean Government plans to accelerate the construction

129、of smart ports to respond to the Fourth Industrial Revolution and environmental regulations,expand autonomous and eco-friendly ships,improve productivity,and stabilize the supply chain.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 25 Figure 10.The goal of smart ports So

130、urce:Based on Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries,2024.The implementation strategy of the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries(MOF)is the following.Laying the foundation for smart maritime logistics through port automation and digitalization Establishing smart logistics connection network through port logi

131、stics infomatization and intellectualization Establishment of digital port infrastructure management system using 4th industrial technology Strengthening global competitiveness through continuously expanding port facilities Constructing Busan Port and Jinhae New Port in the right time to consolidate

132、 its status as a logistic hub in Northeast Asia Developing Gwangyang Port as the best-integrated logistics port in Asia connected to industries at the hinterland Specialized development of ports in West-sea areas such as Incheon Port as a trade foothold for China Developing ports in East-sea areas s

133、uch as Ulsan Port as a forward base of new northern energy and logistics Increasing sustainability through coexistence among ports and communities Expanding investment and creating jobs through diversifying port functions Promoting regional development through the rehabilitation of old and idle port

134、s Transform the port into a clean and safe space In November 2020,the Korean Government announced a detailed plan to build a smart port through the 2030 Port Policy Direction and Promotion Strategy for creating a global top 2 hub port after 2025.In addition,the Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries(MOF)re

135、leased“the Strategy for smartization 2.0”in 2022.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 26 Figure 11.the Strategy for smartization 2.0 Source:Based on the materials from RK Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries,2024.MOF plans to lead the global maritime logistics comp

136、etition through innovation in logistics services with the Strategy for smartization 2.0 while stably pursuing national projects such as the development of autonomous ships and the establishment of automation and smart ports.To do this,MOF will build smart logistics centers in Busan and Incheon Ports

137、 by 2024,where robots and IoT equipment check the arrival and departure and use big data and artificial intelligence(AI)to manage inventory.MOF established a strategy to foster the smart port technology industry and expand the market in 2023.The smart port technology is a core system that manufactur

138、es and manages the ships cargo,transport equipment to the yard,yard crane,port operation system and analysis software,and wired and wireless communication network and is a key component of the port terminal along with docks and operating personnel.The smartization of ports is being accelerated due t

139、o the expansion of digital transformation through the 4th Industrial Revolution technology worldwide.The government is also pushing to build smart ports in Busan and Gwangyang Port to strengthen the global competitiveness of the shipping and port logistics industries.In response,MOF prepared a smart

140、 port technology industry development and market expansion strategy with related Ministries,including three strategies and nineteen tasks the implementation:i)securing a world-class technology base,ii)securing a domestic and foreign port technology market,and iii)upgrading the industry development s

141、ystem.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 27 The strategy,which is included in the New Growth 4.0 strategy,aims to create a global smart port by Korean companies.It aims to double the size of Koreas port technology industry over the next five years(1.2 trillio

142、n won)and eight times(3.9 trillion won)over the next five years(2731)by achieving 90%domestic market share and 10%global market share by 2031.2.1.62.1.6 V Viet Namiet Nam The Vietnamese Government approved Decision(Decision 221/QD-TTg)amending and supplementing Decision(Decision No.200/QD-TTg)dated

143、February 14,2017,in 2021.This Decision contains a plan to improve and develop the competitiveness of Viet Nams logistics services by 2025.This Decision contains a plan to improve and develop the competitiveness of Viet Nams logistics services by 2025.By 2025,the Vietnamese government has set goals f

144、or logistics service GDP contribution of 5-6%,logistics service growth rate of 15-20%,logistics service outsourcing rate of 50-60%,and logistics cost reduction rate of 16-20%of GDP.They also want to enter the top 50 in the World Banks Logistics Performance Index(LPI).According to the World Economic

145、Forum,Viet Nam ranks 80 among 139 countries on the quality of port infrastructure.Viet Nam has 28/63 provinces and cities with a long coastline and Viet Nams seaport system has been constantly expanding and developing over the years.Viet Nams seaport system has 286 ports as of June 2022 and is divid

146、ed into five groups from North to South.The northern region has a group 1 seaport system,the central region encompasses seaport groups 2 and 3.Lastly,the Southern region has group 4 and 5 seaport systems.Viet Nam established a master plan to strengthen Viet Nams seaports in the next ten years.This p

147、lan contains an expected investment of over VN310 trillion($13.6 billion)in infrastructure upgrades,to modernise the industry in support of future socio-economic development.In addition,they aim to connect numerous industrial hubs to seaports,raising the countrys cargo flow to over 1,400 million ton

148、nes a year.The international maritime gateways in the northern city of Hai Phong,the southern province of Ba Ria-Vung Tau and the central economic zone will be given priority for development.Da Nang port is one of the main gateways facing the East Sea,connecting with countries such as Myanmar,Thaila

149、nd,Laos,and Viet Nam and considered one of the largest seaports in Viet Nam.Da Nang port planned to become a type 1A international gateway port in the future.Digital transformation has contributed to turning this port into an online,smart,and modern seaport.The Vietnamese Government has approved a$1

150、47 million(VND3.4 trillion)infrastructure plan at the Lien Chieu Port in Da Nang.After operating,the Port is expected to handle general cargo and container vessels with a capacity of 6,000 8,000 TEU.Construction work will include breakwater embankments,breakwaters,and ship passages.Da Nang Port has

151、implemented a series of digital transformation initiatives to save time,increase accuracy,eliminate paper procedures,and help customers conveniently transact through the digital environment.Outstanding applications such as ePort(electronic Port),AutoGate automatic container gate,and automatic fuel s

152、tation.ePort electronic port software associated with the implementation of electronic delivery orders;electronic customs clearance;Electronic invoices and non-cash electronic payments,enabling customers to make contactless transactions without having to go to the port.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AN

153、D PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 28 The software applies advanced world technologies such as:using robots in many stages to improve productivity,increase work efficiency,and minimize errors caused by manual operations;Applying Hungarys container code recognition algorithm,automatically

154、recognizing the number of containers imported and exported by ships and at port gates.Figure 12.ePort system in Da Nang port Source:Based on materials on Da Nang ePort,system,2024.ELECTRONIC PORT SERVICE(ePort)aims to modernize,provide the best service to customers,improve service quality,apply info

155、rmation technology to improve delivery procedures,electronic payment,and convenient delivery.in the direction of simplicity,speed,and convenience,reducing the time taken for customers to come directly to the port to transact,reduce the time for cars to stop and park at the port gates for check-in pr

156、ocedures and reduce traffic congestion at the port.Figure 13.Autogate and ePort(Danang)Source:Viet Nam Net&Da Nang Today STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 29 The expected benefit from smart gates is following.Digitize and cut down paperwork and procedures in

157、 cargo receipt and delivery Paperless and contactless transaction Reduce gate-in time at the gate Promote digital transformation at transportation companies Basis for development and connection with the logistics service supply chain Customers can search for eEIR(Electronic Equipment Interchange Rec

158、eipt)info,vehicle history,and transaction status when using the service 2.22.2 Selected cases from other regionsSelected cases from other regions 2.2.12.2.1 GermanyGermany The Port of Hamburg(HPA)also established a project named smartPORT to build a smart port system.Hamburg Ports smartPORT is large

159、ly divided into the logistics part and the energy part.The logistics part aims to improve the efficiency of intelligence within the port and realize information synchronization.To achieve this goal,the Port of Hamburg is carrying out projects to improve the efficiency of traffic flow within the port

160、,connect efficient multimodal transportation,and optimize cargo transportation.Figure 14.smartPORT in Hamburg port Source:www.mediaserver.hamburg.de/Geheimtipp Hamburg STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 30 The HPA is improving the ports efficiency through int

161、elligent solutions for the flow of traffic and goods.The smartPORT logistics combines economic and ecological aspects in three sub-sectors:traffic flows,infrastructure,and the flow of goods,and includes real-time information analysis of roads near ports,real-time provision of optimal route informati

162、on,and cargo location information sharing platform.In the case of the energy part,another axis of smartPORT,the goal is to use eco-friendly means of transportation and reduce energy consumption,and the Hamburg Port Authority is promoting the smart port operations for this purpose.The specific goal o

163、f the energy part is to reduce energy consumption and minimize pollutant emissions.With this,port operating costs have been reduced by about 75%compared to before due to the smart port system,which links all port-related resources such as ships,trucks,trains,traffic flow,and personnel in real-time.I

164、n addition,port congestion was also found to have decreased by about 15%.2.2.22.2.2 TheThe NetherlandNetherlands s In 2018,the Netherlands built the Port of Rotterdam,an AI smart port that is an organic system to connect the entire port based on IoT,AI,and cloud collaboration with IBM.The Netherland

165、s has performed automated port transfer and container unloading equipment since the 1990s and introduced the worlds first unmanned automated unloading system in 2015.Artificial intelligence,not humans,makes judgments and instructs crane operations.These unmanned cranes complete the task of moving co

166、ntainers from cargo ships through mutual location information exchange.By introducing AR-based Google Glass for port workers,workers can check the status information and location of surrounding objects and provide information on whether equipment software failures and maintenance procedures to help

167、them perform their work smoothly.They analyze ship navigation and maritime weather information to minimize ship waiting time and apply various systems to optimize processes within the port,such as accurate ship mooring time,departure time,and preliminary planning.The port of Rotterdam,which handles

168、an average of 460 million tons of cargo annually,is the largest in Europe,with approximately 140,000 ships calling at the port annually.They established a Smart Port organization to make a smart port a reality.They planned various projects related to smart ports,including logistics,port infrastructu

169、re,and sustainable port operation strategies,and completed the plan to put them into practice.The Port of Rotterdam aimed to complete the digitalization and automation of logistics centered on the Smart Port organization.The reason is that building a smart port was deemed essential for enhancing glo

170、bal port competitiveness through the digitalization and automation of logistics.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 31 Figure 15.Port of Rotterdam PortXchange Pronto Source:WPSP,https:/sustainableworldports.org/Smart Port offers a smart platform that can share

171、 real-time data between providers of port-related services such as carriers,agents,and terminals.The Port of Rotterdam has established a new company called PortXchange to operate Pronto and has begun full-scale operation of a smart port system to optimize port calls.The Port of Rotterdam is utilizin

172、g the Pronto system to enhance port services and improve the accuracy of prediction data by incorporating public data,data from participating companies,and AI.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 32 3.Smart Port related indicators 3.1 3.1 DefiningDefining smart

173、 smart portports s and related indicatorsand related indicators Smart ports may be defined as fourth-generation ports that automatically and autonomously optimize logistics flows through 4th industrial revolution technologies,including information and communication technology(ICT),automation,artific

174、ial intelligence(AI),and Internet of Things(IoT).Smart ports based on the technology of the 4th Industrial Revolution can be classified as robotic ports for the automation of port logistics tasks and intelligent ports that collect,analyze,predict,deliver,and execute information through hyper-connect

175、ion of resources within the port.Robotic ports operate entirely unmanned,utilizing artificial intelligence to control all loading and unloading equipment within the port(such as quay cranes,yard cranes,transport vehicles,operating systems,etc.).Digital location and status information is generated th

176、rough IoT devices that are hyper-connected between each logistics resource,such as the cargo,ships,equipment,facilities,and systems within the port.Then,intelligent ports mean collecting this information to streamline the overall operation of the port through big data analysis and prediction.In ESCA

177、P 2021 Report,“Smart Port Development Policy in the Asia-Pacific Region”,the smart port can be defined as a port that pursues port facility automation and becomes an autonomous port with integrated information management,rational decision-making,and efficient use of resources through the 4IR technol

178、ogies.Korean Maritime Institute(KMI)a regional think tank on the maritime transport development defines smart ports as a comprehensive concept,aiming at automation,logistics optimization,energy efficiency,eco-friendliness,and reinforcement of connectivity with hinter cities through process innovatio

179、n and the introduction of information technologies(IT)such as IoT,AI,robots,etc.The expected effects of smart ports are the following.Economic effects:able to reduce ship operating costs for shipping companies by enabling efficient use of port resources Safety:can prevent large-scale port accidents

180、by identifying and responding to the work status of port workers,intelligently detecting changes in various dangerous cargoes,and taking measures Efficiency:can stably provide high-efficiency,low-cost port services by operating all movement and flow of cargo through a cutting-edge remote-control sys

181、tem It is possible to realize an eco-friendly port that minimizes the emission of various pollutants by electrifying equipment and optimizing movement in the port.UNCTAD3 defines that Port performance indicators are simply measures of various aspects of the ports operation.To fulfil their purpose,su

182、ch indicators should be easy to calculate and simple to STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 33 understand.They should provide insight to port management into the operation of key areas.The next sections detail a selection of indicators relevant to smart ports,

183、including:ESCAP UNTFSURVEY:Measures the level of trade facilitation implementation by country IMD World Digital Competitiveness:Analyses economic ability to adopt and explore digital technologies to drive change OECD Going Digital Integrated Policy Framework:Evaluation of comprehensiveness and gover

184、nance of national digital strategy World Bank Port performance indicators:Measures ports operation and provides insight to port management into the operation of key areas.3 3.2 2 Relevant Relevant diagnostic indicatorsdiagnostic indicators 3 3.2.1.2.1 Trade Trade UNUN ESCAP UNTFESCAP UNTFS SURURV VE

185、YEY UN ESCAP conducts a global survey to develop the United Nations Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitation Index(UNTFSURVEY)4 in collaboration with the committees responsible for the other four regions5(Europe,Western Asia,Africa,and South America).Starting in 2015,a global survey is conducted e

186、very two years to confirm and announce the level of trade facilitation implementation by country.The indicators are based on the survey responses,and the survey is initially conducted with experts from each country.The first verification is completed through internal and external experts,and the con

187、tents are confirmed by officially requesting final verification from each member country.Measures of UNTFSURVEY consist as follows:basic trade facilitation matters,and sustainability-related matters covered by the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement(Women in trade facilitation,support for small and med

188、ium-sized enterprises,etc.),whether paperless trade and cross-border paperless trade are implemented concerning digital transformation pandemic-related matters newly introduced in 2021.An indicator of the degree of digital transformation of trade affairs is paperless trade and cross-border paperless

189、 trade shown in Table 1.4 Source:https:/www.untfsurvey.org/(Accessed:2021.10.04)5 Economic Commission for Europe,Economic Commission for West Asia,Economic Commission for Africa and Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbeans STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND T

190、HE PACIFIC 34 Table 1.Trade facilitation measures by UN ESCAP Group Sub-group Measures Digital TF Paperless trade Automated Customs System(e.g.ASYCUDA)Internet connection available to Customs and other trade control agencies at border-crossings Electronic Single Window System Electronic submission o

191、f Customs declarations Electronic application and issuance of import and export permit Electronic Submission of Sea Cargo Manifests Electronic Submission of Air Cargo Manifests Electronic application and issuance of Preferential Certificate of Origin E-Payment of Customs Duties and Fees Electronic A

192、pplication for Customs Refunds Cross-border paperless trade Laws and regulations for electronic transactions are in place(e.g.,e-commerce law,e-transaction law)Recognized certification authority issuing digital certificates to traders to conduct electronic transactions Electronic exchange of Customs

193、 Declaration Electronic exchange of Certificate of Origin Electronic exchange of Sanitary&Phyto-Sanitary Certificate Paperless collection of payment from a documentary letter of credit Paperless trade measures the degree of digital transformation for domestic work in trade processing,and cross-borde

194、r paperless trade measures the degree of digital transformation in which trade data is exchanged between countries.The degree of digital transformation is expressed as a percentage by assigning a value to the extent to which the work corresponding to the survey item has been digitized.3 3.2.2 IMD WD

195、C.2.2 IMD WDC The International Institute for Management Development(IMD)in Switzerland conducts surveys through the World Digital Competitiveness(WDC)initiative to assess and announce the digital competitiveness of major countries.WDC analyzes and ranks the extent to which countries are adopting an

196、d exploring digital technologies to drive change in government practices,business models,STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 35 and society in general.Like the IMD Global Competitiveness Rankings,digital innovation is assumed to occur primarily at the enterpri

197、se level(private or state-owned)but at government and societal levels.In the 2023 IMD Global Digital Competitiveness Rankings,the United States ranked first,the Netherlands ranked second,Singapore ranked third,Denmark ranked fourth,and Switzerland ranked fifth.The methodology of the WDC ranking defi

198、nes digital competitiveness into three main factors:Knowledge:know-how necessary to discover,understand,and build new technologies Technology:Overall context that enables the development of digital technologies Future readiness:Level of country preparedness to exploit digital transformation In turn,

199、each of these factors is divided into 3 sub-factors which highlight every facet of the areas analyzed.Altogether,the WDC features nine such sub-factors.These nine sub-factors comprise 54 criteria,although each sub-factor does not necessarily have the same number of criteria(for example,it takes more

200、 criteria to assess Training and Education than to evaluate IT integration).Each sub-factor,independently of the number of criteria it contains,has the same weight in the overall consolidation of results,which is approximately 11.1%(100 9 11.1).STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN

201、ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 36 Figure 16.IMD WDC Source:https:/www.imd.org/centers/world-competitiveness-center/rankings/world-digital-competitiveness/Digital Competitiveness analyzes and ranks the extent to which countries adopt and explore digital technologies to drive change in government practices,busi

202、ness models,and society in general.A countrys innovative capability is closely tied to areas such as the concentration of scientists and engineers in its workforce,intellectual property protection,and collaboration between public,private,and academia.Knowledge refers to the required infrastructure t

203、hat underlies the digital transformation process through the discovery,understanding,and learning of new technologies.Technology evaluates the overall context that enables the development of digital technologies.Future readiness examines the level of readiness to assume digital transformation and as

204、sesses how practices and processes related to IT are applied by all relevant.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 37 3 3.2.2.3 3 OECDOECD The OECD(The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)presents the Digital Integrated Policy Framework and pr

205、oposes seven policies,this Framework outlines seven interrelated policy dimensions:1)access to communications infrastructures,services,and data;2)effective use of digital technologies and data;3)digital and data-driven innovation;4)good jobs for all;5)social prosperity and inclusion;6)trust in the d

206、igital age;and 7)market openness in digital business environments.The Going Digital Toolkit helps countries assess their state of digital development and formulate policies in response.Data exploration and visualisation are key features of the Toolkit.Figure 16.Going Digital Toolkit Source:OECD,http

207、:/goingdigital.oecd.org The Going Digital Toolkit is structured along the 7 policy dimensions of the Going Digital Integrated Policy Framework,which cuts across policy areas to help ensure a whole-of-economy and society STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 38 a

208、pproach to realising the promises of digital transformation for all.In addition,the OECD presents a conceptual framework for a digital economy satellite account in the peoples accounts that measure GDP,which includes digital products and services as well as physical products and services traded digi

209、tally.3 3.2 2.4 World Bank.4 World Bank6 6 The World Bank had already started to report on port indicators in the early 1990s,focusing also on operational issues as it proposed three broad categories of indicators:(1)asset performance indicators,(2)operational performance indicators,and(3)financial

210、performance indicators.A well-known,more general indicator published by the World Bank is the Logistics Performance Index(LPI).The World Bank also provides an online tool to show the evolution in the quality of port infrastructure in a country(1:extremely underdeveloped,7:well developed and efficien

211、t by international standards)and compare this figure with other countries.In cooperation with other organizations,the World Bank is also advancing the development of other port-related performance metrics related to environmental issues,digital transformation,and port time.The aim of the Container P

212、ort Performance Index(CPPI)is to pinpoint areas for enhancement that can ultimately benefit all parties involved,ranging from shipping lines to national governments and consumers.It is designed to act as a point of reference for important stakeholders in the global economy,including port authorities

213、 and operators,national governments,supranational organizations,development agencies,various maritime interests,and other public and private stakeholders in trade,logistics,and supply chain services.The development of the CPPI rests on total container ships in port time in the manner explained in th

214、e report.This third iteration utilizes data for the full calendar year of 2022.The number of ports included in the CPPI 2022 is 348.The purpose of the CPPI is to help identify opportunities to improve a terminal or a port that will ultimately benefit all public and private stakeholders.The CPPI is i

215、ntended to serve as a benchmark for important stakeholders in the global economy,including national governments,port authorities and operators,development agencies,supranational organizations,various maritime interests,and other public and private stakeholders engaged in trade,logistics,and supply c

216、hain services.The joint team from the World Bank and S&P Global Market Intelligence intends to enhance the methodology,scope,and data in future annual iterations,reflecting refinement,stakeholder feedback,and improvements in data scope and quality.6 Source:https:/openknowledge.worldbank.org/STUDY ON

217、 SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 39 Figure 17.The structure of the CPPI Source:World Bank Group,The Container Port PERFORMANCE INDEX 2021 3.3 Limitations of existing 3.3 Limitations of existing indicators and directions for improvementindicators and directions for

218、improvement Existing indicators evaluate trade facilitation,digital strategy,or port performance but may not be considered appropriate for determining the smart port development level.The transition strategy toward smart ports in the port domain must be approached in a structured way to achieve busi

219、ness goals and the implementation of new technological solutions.In addition,it should be based on the conversion of existing services(systems),introduction of digital technology-based solutions,or integration of these solutions.Therefore,the indicators of the readiness assessment must be developed

220、to identify the level of the target port.In addition,the maturity model of smart ports must be identified based on the results of the diagnostic indicators and presented in a stepwise approach.When performing port-level diagnosis to build smart ports,it is important to select specific measurable ite

221、ms and select objective and reliable evaluation indicators.Accordingly,this study classified common structural areas in the first round through interviews with port experts and literature research to establish the areas for competency evaluation in the readiness assessment for smart ports.The compon

222、ent areas were categorized one step further and the component areas were defined by setting detailed areas for developing indicators of the readiness assessment for smart ports in the second round.Finally,indicators were selected by referring to the literature and the opinions of experts and then co

223、nfirmed using statistical methods.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 40 4.Readiness assessment methodology for smart ports 4.1 4.1 DevelopingDeveloping thethe readinessreadiness assessmentassessment forfor smart porsmart ports ts 4.1.14.1.1 DelphiDelphi metho

224、dmethod The Delphi technique is valuable in synthesizing the opinions of numerous experts and making them more systematic and objective.So,it has been widely used to predict technological development in the industry since the mid-1960s.Its application area has expanded to future forecasting,organiza

225、tional goal setting,and policy establishment.It is widely used as the most representative unplanned forecasting method by governments,businesses,and academic research.The Delphi technique guarantees the anonymity of experts through repeated procedures and controlled feedback processes and has charac

226、teristics such as statistical group response.Participating experts must have a minimum average level of the essential knowledge required to respond and be able to think rationally,objectively,and without bias.This research aims to develop diagnostic indicators regarding the readiness assessment for

227、smart ports.So,panel selection was crucial,and the panel comprised experts with backgrounds in ports,law,IT,and support organizations.The panel consisted of 19 experts,and the survey was conducted through non-face-to-face online meetings and emails.This report aims to develop an indicator for the re

228、adiness assessment of smart ports.The Delphi method was conducted with experts responsible for various areas such as port operations,IT,standards,and legal matters.4.1.24.1.2 1 1st st roundround ofof the application of the application of DelphiDelphi methodmethod The first round of the Delphi survey

229、 was derived based on data from which analyzed indicator items for smart port diagnosis,considering the project period,and discussed it with project team members.The following Table 2 shows the indicators items derived by this report.Table 2.Subjects by the 1st round of Delphi Area Subjects Legal La

230、w,policy,and regulation related to smart ports Digital vision Goals and action plans,strategy,leadership,partnership Digital technology ICT utilization,ICT utilization,digital skills,informatization,data,infrastructure,cybersecurity Process Planning,development,and operations Propulsion system Divis

231、ion/Department,Working environment STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 41 Performance evaluation Evaluation,compensation system Capacity strengthens R&D capability,learning capacity,human resource capacity,recruiting 4.1.34.1.3 2 2ndnd roundround ofof the appl

232、ication of the application of DelphiDelphi methodmethod The second round of the Delphi survey verified the validity of the evaluation indicators through a survey using a 5-point Likert scale for a total of 24 factors derived by analyzing the results of the first round of the Delphi survey.Since 19 e

233、xperts participated in the Delphi survey,the items in Table 3 with a content validity ratio(CVR)value of 0.49 or higher can be valid.The final 22 items were selected from the evaluation items,excluding the work environment and compensation system due to their content validity ratio(CVR)of 0.49 or le

234、ss.Table 3.Subjects by the 2nd round of Delphi Area Subjects Legal Law,policy,and regulation related to smart ports Digital vision Goals and action plans,strategy,leadership,partnership Digital technology ICT utilization,ICT utilization,digital skills,informatization,data,infrastructure,cybersecurit

235、y Process Planning,development,and operations Propulsion system Division/Department Performance evaluation Evaluation Capacity strengthens R&D capability,learning capacity,human resource capacity,recruiting 4.1.4.1.4 4 3 3rdrd roundround ofof the application ofthe application of DelphiDelphi methodm

236、ethod In the second round of the Delphi survey,evaluation indicators were mapped based on the answers reached through expert consensus on evaluation items that showed validity with a validity ratio(CVR)of 0.49 or higher.The third round of the Delphi survey verified the validity of measurement items

237、through a survey using a 7-point Likert scale for a total of 22 factors derived by analyzing the results of the second round of the Delphi survey.The experts who participated in the third round of the Delphi survey were the same as those in the second round,and items with a content validity ratio(CV

238、R)value of 0.49 or higher can be valid.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 42 Among the measurement items,the measurement indicator items with a content validity ratio(CVR)of 0.49 or less(such as paper document utilization in work within the company,paper docu

239、ment retention rate in work inside and outside the company,open-source use,and continuous performance measurement)were excluded.Experts in the third round of the Delphi survey expressed additional opinions.With this,indicators with overlapping meanings(e.g.,Internet/mobile utilization in internal an

240、d external work of the institution)were combined with other items even though the CVR is over 0.49.Finally,49 items were selected shown in Table 4.Table 4.Indicators by the 3rd round of Delphi Area Subjects Indicators Law Law Laws related to smart ports or port digitalization Regulation Regulations

241、related to smart ports or port digitalization Policy Policies related to smart ports or port digitalization Digital vision Goals and action plans Goals Action plans Strategy Strategy Leadership Leadership Governance Partnership Finding Partner Open collaboration Digital technology ICT utilization Th

242、e ICT utilization within the organization The ICT utilization with external organizations The ICT utilization with customers Introduction of Digital technology Introduction of digital technology Technology utilization Introduction of emerging technologies to port New technologies utilization of port

243、 operations Digital skills The level of digital skills Informatization e-Document Standard for e-Document STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 43 Document digitalization Applying information system Utilizing information system Data(structured/semi-structured/un

244、structured)Data processing(structured/semi-structured/unstructured)Data analysis Data sharing Infrastructure Networks Information system required for smart ports System architecture The ratio of modernization and automation The ratio of usage of modernization and automation The ratio of usage of ene

245、rgy saving means Status of energy saving Cyber security Security for assets Process Planning Service planning Standard and governance Open source Development and operations Resource management Performance measurement Integrated service management Propulsion system Dedicated team/group Dedicated team

246、/group Work automation Work automation Performance evaluation evaluation evaluation Capacity strengthens R&D capacity R&D capability Learning capacity Maintain training course Continuously learning Capability of Human resource STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIF

247、IC 44 Human resource capacity Interest of emerging technologies Recruiting Recruiting 4.24.2 Diagnostic Diagnostic indicatorindicators s and and definition of the readiness assessmentdefinition of the readiness assessment The readiness assessment has diagnostic indicators consisting of 7 areas,inclu

248、ding legal,digital vision,digital technology,process,Propulsion system,performance evaluation,and capacity building,and is evaluated on a 5-level criterion.The Likert scale values are 5,5 scale is as follows.In order to answer the readiness assessment,anyone can read the diagnostic measurement items

249、 regarding smart ports and indicate whether each measurement item is present.If the measurement item exists,the respondent describes the ratio of the measurement value in their organization.First,the legal area is to determine whether the target country has the laws and regulations for smart ports.N

250、ext,Digital vision is the port authoritys long-term orientation and future vision for smart ports,encompassing strategy,partnership,and governance.The utilization of digital technologies is crucial in smart ports.Since port efficiency cannot be achieved solely by improving work procedures,it becomes

251、 necessary to introduce or utilize emerging technologies.Therefore,the digital technology area is to determine whether identifying digital technologies required for smart ports,valuable data sets created and managed throughout port operations,introduction,and application of emerging technologies,etc

252、.The propulsion system is to understand the organizational system of the port authority for promoting smart ports.When introducing new systems or services,it is crucial to monitor whether the new system is operating well and whether workers are performing well,and it is necessary to make improvement

253、s by addressing any problems or new requirements found.So,the performance and evaluation areas are required to measure and provide feedback on implementation for the transition to a smart port.It is to determine whether attempts are made to revise and re-execute strategies to respond to rapid change

254、s.Lastly,to strengthen capacity in the target port,determined to introduce new technologies,continuous interest in the market,and continuous learning and application of core technologies are required.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 45 Table 5.7 areas of th

255、e readiness assessment Area Description Legal Determine whether the country has the necessary laws and regulations aimed towards smart ports.Digital vision This is the port authoritys long-term orientation and future vision for smart ports,encompassing strategy,partnership,and governance.Digital tec

256、hnology Determine whether identifying digital technologies required for smart ports,valuable data sets created and managed throughout port operations,introduction and application of emerging technologies,etc.Process A unit capable of carrying out the operational activities of a port authority.Propul

257、sion system To understand the organizational system of the port authority for promoting smart ports.Performance evaluation A system to measure and provide feedback on implementation for the transition to a smart port it is to determine whether attempts are made to revise and re-execute strategies to

258、 respond to rapid changes.Capacity strengthening Determine to introduce new technologies,continuous interest in the market,and continuous learning and application of core technologies This report developed a maturity model for smart ports.This maturity model was converted into scores for each survey

259、 area(indicator)and classified.This score was calculated by requesting a survey from experts and averaging the scores given to each indicator.The maturity model is designed by analyzing survey results and calculating scores for each of the 7th areas.It will be calculated through analysis based on th

260、e ratio(level)of the survey for the 2nd sub-indicator.Table 6.Maturity model of smart port Phase Definition Action plan not started This phase has not started toward smart ports yet,or your interest may be weak Need to establish a foundation for progressing smart ports Review of existing laws,regula

261、tions,or policies for relevance and need for revision If required,may start the establishment of new laws,regulations,or policies for smart STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 46 ports Beginner There is interest in smart ports(digital transformation),but syste

262、matic planning or strategy is not prepared Check the current level of the target port through readiness assessment for Smart Ports(using the Maturity Model)Develop the To-BE Model of the target port based on the result of the readiness assessment in progress This phase is when activities are carried

263、 out by establishing strategies and plans for smart ports and performing strategic tasks Establishing smart port vision and goals Defining smart port strategy and action plans and the related tasks,establish implementation plan Forming the dedicated team(or task-force team)and establishing an invest

264、ment plan Smart port infrastructure design development,introduction,and construction Stable This is a stage in which the implementation of strategic tasks for smart ports is stabilized,and deliverables are visible in some areas Integrated management of smart port strategic task performance Smart por

265、t operating,performance measurement,feedback advanced This is a stage in which high-level innovation for smart ports is achieved,and performance improvement is accelerated Review and reflect the need for improvement(improvement)through smart port operation monitoring and feedback Performance analysi

266、s through the smart ports transition Toward international collaboration This report defined the level of the maturity model of smart port by referencing other maturity models including DevSecOps maturity model7,Capability Maturity Model(CMM)8,Digital Maturity 7 DevSecOps assess their progress toward

267、 the ultimate goal,and identify next steps to achieve their objectives(Source:Check Point Software)8 CMM:a methodology businesses use to improve their software development processes(Source:TechTarget)STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 47 Model9.The maturity m

268、odel of smart port is defined in five stages,from stage 1,Not Started,to stage 5,Advanced.Since the purpose is to identify the level of ports in ESCAP member countries for transition to smart ports through the smart port diagnostic index designed in this study,the project team consulted with experts

269、 for the analysis,and the weights and levels by stage are defined as follows.Table 7.Assigned weight per area Area Weight Legal 10%Digital vision 15%Digital technology 40%Process,Propulsion system,Capacity strengthening 10%per each Performance evaluation 5%This report assigned weights to each area b

270、ased on their importance rather than using equal weights.High weight was given to the digital technology area,followed by the digital vision,process,and Propulsion system.And performance evaluation was given the lowest weight.A Likert score was assigned according to this weight.4.3 4.3 PoCPoC (Proof

271、(Proof ofof Concept)Concept)The readiness assessment for smart ports developed through this study was conducted for the selected ports in four countries,and verification work was performed.PoC was conducted for Bangkok Port,Da Nang Port,Sihanoukville Port and Busan Port.To conduct a readiness assess

272、ment for smart ports,experts in the target countries were trained in survey methods in advance online.The assessment was then sent via email to receive responses in the first round.It analyzed the results of the first response and requested supporting data to verify the validity of the survey.Additi

273、onally,it verified the results of readiness assessments for smart ports through face-to-face meetings with experts from the target ports.Through online meetings and field trips,the research purpose,diagnostic indicators of the readiness assessment,and indicator verification through PoC were explaine

274、d.The developed readiness assessment for smart ports was delivered to target ports via email,and the results were also received 9 Digital Maturity Model:an effective tool to provide guidelines for a clear path throughout the transformation journey.(Source:Deloitte)STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND POR

275、T DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 48 via email.In order to answer the readiness assessment,anyone read the diagnostic measurement items regarding smart ports and indicate whether each measurement item is present.If the measurement item exists,describe the ratio of the measurement value in you

276、r organization.In the case of measurement items(for example,goals)for which the ratio cannot be written among the evaluation indicators,indicate the presence or absence of goals within the organization in the presence/absence box.If your organization has goals,write the ratio of the goals in the ove

277、rall work of the organization.If your organization doesnt have goals or plans to establish goals,then fill out details regarding your plan in the remark column.The Likert value is calculated per each indicator,and the Likert scale values are a 5-level criterion.S:91100%A:7190%B:5170%C:3150%D:030%Bus

278、an port of the Republic of Korea received the highest score overall in terms of smart port maturity,and Sihanoukville port of the Kingdom of Cambodia was judged to be still immature.Table 8.Result of analysis for the readiness assessment Area Indicator Port Sihanoukville Busan Bangkok Danang Legal(1

279、0%)Law,Regulation,Policy D A B C Digital vision(15%)Goals and action plans,Strategy Leadership,Partnership D A B C Digital technology(40%)ICT utilization,Introduction of digital technology Digital skills,Informatization,Data Infrastructure,Cyber security D A B C Process(10%)Planning,development and

280、operations C B C C STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 49 Propulsion system(10%)Dedicated team,Work automation C B D C Capacity strengthens(10%)R&D capacity,Learning capacity,Human resource capacity,Recruiting D B C C Performance evaluation(5%)Evaluation C A D

281、 D Sihanoukville port is interested in smart ports,but related laws do not exist(being prepared).The Kingdom of Cambodia does not have plans to pursue smart ports but needs to proceed in the future.The target port uses the EDI system for port operations,but this EDI system does not cover the entire

282、port operations.The level of smart port maturity of Busan port may be relatively high.And they continue progressing in R&D and projects aimed at automating and improving port operations.In addition,they continue establishing policies and progressing in R&D for unmanned ports.The internal work enviro

283、nment for smart ports in a port also needs to be improved,but they are focusing on port operations.Third is the Bangkok port of the Kingdom of Thailand.Improvement of port infrastructure is being promoted based on their national policy.Although port operations are progressing using ICT,the utilizati

284、on of e-documents may be somewhat low.From an interoperability perspective,the ratio of standard usage may be somewhat low.Danang port of Viet Nam tries to improve the port based on the national master plan.An information system is being built and utilized for port operations but does not cover the

285、entire port operations.From an interoperability perspective,the ratio of standard usage may be somewhat low.They have recognized the need for smart ports,but the overall environment may be somewhat weak to progress it.Table 9.Result of analysis for the readiness assessment(2)Port Result of analysis

286、Sihanoukville They are interested in smart ports,but related laws do not exist(being prepared)A nation does not have plans to pursue smart ports but needs to proceed in the future.The target port uses the EDI system for port operations,but this EDI system does not cover the entire port operations ST

287、UDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 50 Busan The level of smart port maturity may be relatively high Continue progressing in R&D and projects aimed at automating and improving port operations.Continue establishing policies and progressing in R&D for unmanned por

288、ts The internal work environment for smart ports in a port also needs to be improved,but they are focusing on port operation Bangkok Improvement of port infrastructure is being promoted based on their national policy.Although port operations are progressing using ICT,the utilization of e-documents m

289、ay be somewhat low.From an interoperability perspective,the ratio of standard usage may be somewhat low.Danang Efforts are being made to improve the port based on the national master plan.An information system is being built and utilized for port operations but does not cover the entire port operati

290、ons.From an interoperability perspective,the ratio of standard usage may be somewhat low.They have recognized the need for smart ports,but the overall environment may be somewhat weak to progress it STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 51 5.Further strategies f

291、or Smart ports based on the results of the readiness assessment This report designed the readiness assessment for smart ports to determine the level of the target port to promote smart ports.The development of the readiness assessment was based on diagnostic indicators and related information regard

292、ing smart ports or digital transformation.Survey results from Delphi analysis were also considered.The following sections use the results of the carried out readiness assessment to derive further strategies for the smart port development using a quadrant analysis model.5.1 5.1 Quadrant analysis mode

293、lQuadrant analysis model A Quadrant Analysis chart is a very generic tool used for decision-making in a business environment and is technically a scatterplot divided into four sections or quadrants.In quadrant analysis,performance along two parameters is evaluated for each entity.Depending on how an

294、 entity performs on one of the KPIs,the entity is grouped into one of the quadrants.After identifying which quadrant an entity falls into,actions can be taken to improve performance based on relevant KPIs.The quadrant analysis model in this study is based on the quadrant models of George Westerman,D

295、idier Bonnet,and Andrew McAfee and was defined with leadership capabilities and digital capabilities as axes.It can check the current level through the smart port diagnostic index evaluation in Chapter 4 and determine the maturity of the current port for smart ports in the quadrant analysis model in

296、 this chapter.Figure18.Quadrant model for smart ports STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 52 Table 10.Details of Quadrant model Quadrant model Description Ready They are interested in smart ports,but related laws do not exist(being prepared)Low level of digita

297、lization,unprepared to manage towards change to smart port Preparation is required as the smart ports conversion strategy for the port is not applied Introduce The level of smart port maturity may be relatively high The strategy and infrastructure for smart port transition are lacking,but the level

298、of preparedness,including organization and human resources,is high There is a lack of tasks and techniques used in ports,but the level of preparation is high,so smart ports can be transformed and introduced immediately.Settlement There are no changes that satisfy the requirements of an organization.

299、Therefore,it is necessary to define a policy for smart ports beforehand.Expansion there may be a high level of digitalization management leadership may address business requirements arising during smart port transformation Digital transformation has been partially introduced and continued spread for

300、 smart ports is possible.The maturity level in Table 12 was defined based on the analysis values in Table 8 and the current status data of the target ports.In the Legal Area,Cambodia does not have national laws related to smart ports but plans to promote them in the future.So,this corresponds to“Rea

301、dy”in the quadrant model.Port improvements in Thailand are being made based on national policy Thailand 4.0,while port improvements in Viet Nam are being made based on the national master plan.So this falls under“Introduce”category in the quadrant model.Table 11 shows the results of the quadrant mod

302、el matching method using the Legal Area as an example.Table 11.How to derive quadrant model Port Legal Likert value status Quadrant model Sihanoukville D interested in smart ports,but related laws do not exist Ready STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 53 needs

303、 to proceed in the future Busan A has levant laws,policies,and regulation Ready to establish policies and progressing in R&D for unmanned ports Expansion Bangkok B has levant policies(Thailand 4.0)Improvement of port infrastructure is being promoted based on their national policy Introduce Danang C

304、tries to improve the port based on the national master plan recognized the need for smart ports Introduce Based on the PoC results in Chapter 4,the maturity level of the smart port by evaluation area of the target ports may be constructed in the quadrant model as follows.Table 12.maturity level of t

305、arget ports Port Legal Digital vision Digital technology Process Propulsion system Performance evaluation Capacity strengthens Maturity level A Ready Ready Ready Ready Introduce Ready Ready Not started B Expansion Expansion Expansion Introduce Introduce Introduce Introduce Stable C Introduce Introdu

306、ce Introduce Ready Ready Ready Ready In progress D Ready Introduce Introduce Ready Ready Ready Ready Beginner A:Sihanoukville B:Busan C:Bangkok D:Danang As shown at Table 12,Bangkok,Danang,and Sihanoukville ports are the same combined ready and introduce types.The maturity level of a port is determi

307、ned comprehensively based on the maturity level criteria,including the output of the readiness assessment.As a result,Sihanoukville ports smart port maturity level is Not started stage.The maturity level of Danang port can be judged to be in the“beginner”stage,and Bangkok port can be in the in progr

308、ess stage.Busan port is the combined introduce and expansion type and can be in the stable stage.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 54 5.2 5.2 Stepwise Stepwise strategstrategiesies forfor selected ports based on their selected ports based on their current de

309、velopment current development level level Based on these results in Section 5.1,this section defines general and specific policy considerations aimed at further supporting smart port development in the ports of Cambodia,Thailand and Viet Nam.Since Busan is at the high stage in the readiness assessme

310、nt and is in a stable state in the maturity model,it was excluded from the analysis in this section and the analysis was conducted focusing on the other three ports.5 5.2.2.1 1 G Generic eneric considerationconsideration The following matters must be considered in the efforts to promote smart ports.

311、a.Legal and policy aspects Efforts are needed to proactively prepare legal and regulatory measures to transition to smart ports,ensuring all parties fully understand and engage in the progress.Efforts must be made to reflect relevant policies or regulations in practice and should improve the readine

312、ss to promote smart ports.Relevant laws and regulations should be reviewed to promote smart ports systematically,bearing in mind the growing role of global standards in port digitalization In the process of establishing policies,a community including participating parties should be formed under the

313、leadership of government or related organizations to lead discussions in an inclusive manner.b.Operational aspects of using new technologies Since various technologies and informatization are required to transition to smart ports,a review is needed to determine whether to apply them and,if necessary

314、,to secure systems and related technologies While promoting the transition to smart ports,work process improvement is necessary,and technical requirements such as introducing related solutions,developing new systems,or improving existing systems may be necessary Depending on the size of the organiza

315、tion,capacity building and technical support on using technologies should be provided by Government or other actors.In the case of high-cost issues such as infrastructure construction,collaboration with the government or external organizations will be required.To revitalize smart ports,it is efficie

316、nt to discover and supplement problems through pilot tests before actual application and to strengthen the technical capabilities in through pilot tests.STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 55 Sharing experiences gained through examples of existing leading orga

317、nizations or pilot tests will help minimize the trial and error of organizations promoting smart ports through experience.c.Technical approach and standardization To ensure interoperability and scalability in smart port utilization,it is necessary to apply international,national,or industrial standa

318、rds when developing smart ports.To apply electronic means such as informatization and electronic documents,if a newly developed standard exists or an existing standard has been modified when developing the necessary standards,it is recommended to promote standardization work as much as possible for

319、future application and diffusion.Issues of interoperability and cybersecurity must be addressed.It is recommended that prepare a plan for on smart port transformation,addressing:Goals,work area,and scope of transition Dedicated organization and community Measuring performance within the organization

320、 Progressing methodology and schedule 5 5.2.2.2 2 Specific Policy Recommendations:Specific Policy Recommendations:5.2.2.1 5.2.2.1 Sihanoukville port,the Kingdom of CambodiaSihanoukville port,the Kingdom of Cambodia Sihanoukville port is in the not started stage of the maturity model,meaning that the

321、re is interest in smart ports,but the overall conditions do not support it.Therefore,the following actions may be recommended:Establishing a policy foundation for progressing towards smart ports Review of existing laws,regulations,or policies for relevance and need for revision If required,consider

322、establishment of new laws,regulations,or policies for smart ports Designate a leading organization Establish and implement a progress plan for the smart port centered around the leading organization The Sihanoukville Port of the Kingdom of Cambodia should determine its schedule for implementing smar

323、t ports,taking into account its priorities and strategies.A stepwise approach may be needed for smart ports as this process can take a long time(See figure 19).STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 56 Figure 19.Proposed implementation plan of smart ports for Sih

324、anoukville port 5 5.2.2.2.22.2 BangkokBangkok port,the Kingdom of port,the Kingdom of ThailandThailand Bangkok Port is interested in smart ports and is promoting smart ports based on related national policy,Thailand 4.0.Therefore,Bangkok Port may be considered in the in progress stage of the maturit

325、y model.Therefore,the following action plan may be considered:Establishing smart port vision and goals Defining smart port strategy and action plans and the related tasks,establish implementation plan Forming the dedicated team(or task-force team)and establishing an investment plan Smart port infras

326、tructure design development,introduction,and construction The Bangkok Port of the Kingdom of Thailand should determine its schedule for implementing smart ports,taking into account its priorities and strategies.A stepwise approach may be needed for smart ports as this process can take a long time(Se

327、e figure 20).STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 57 Figure 20.Proposed implementation plan of smart ports for Bangkok port 5 5.2.2.2.3.2.3.Danang porDanang port,t,Viet NamViet Nam Danang Port is interested in smart ports,and although there are no laws or regul

328、ations related to smart ports,it is in the process of promoting port automation based on the national master plan.Therefore,Danang port may be considered in the Beginner stage of the maturity model.*“Beginner”:There is interest in smart ports(digital transformation),but systematic planning or strate

329、gy is not prepared Therefore,the following action plan may be considered:Check the current level of the target port through readiness assessment for Smart Ports(using the Maturity Model)Develop the To-BE Model of the target port based on the result of the readiness assessment The Danang Port of Viet

330、 Nam should determine its schedule for implementing smart ports,taking into account its priorities and strategies.A stepwise approach may be needed for smart ports as this process can take a long time(See figure 21).STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 58 Figur

331、e 21.Proposed implementation plan of smart ports for Danang port STUDY ON SMART PORT REFORMS AND PORT DIGITALIZATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 59 6.Conclusion The conclusions obtained from this study can be summarized as follows.6.16.1.Policy response Policy response forfor digital transformation digi

332、tal transformation With the transition to a non-face-to-face society and the activation of telecommuting or remote work after COVID-19,requirements for informatization,automation,and unmanned working style in the port domain are increasing.In preparation for the post-COVID,the importance of digital

333、transformation centered on ICT and smart port transition is increasing.As some policies such as the Digital New Deal are promoted,the need for digital transformation,smart ports,and the application of emerging technologies is being raised in ports.Regarding smart ports,most countries are recognizing the need for digital transformation and smart ports and are establishing or implementing policies o