聯合國：2020年可持續發展融資報告 （英文版）（207頁）.pdf

1、19-01084 Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2020 Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development READ MORE Domestic Public Resources Private Business and Finance Development Cooperation DebtSystemic IssuesIssues Technology and Capacity TradeDomestic Public Resources Private Business a

2、nd Finance Development Cooperation DebtSystemicTechnology and Capacity Trade Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2020 20-02510 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Cover_Final-2b-11x17-2020.pdf 1 3/31/20 1:29 PM Report of the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development FINANCING FOR SUSTAINABLE DE

3、VELOPMENT REPORT 2020 United Nations New York, 2020 This report is a joint product of the members of the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development. The Financing for Sustainable Development Offi ce of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Aff airs serves as the coordinator

4、and substantive editor of the Financing for Sustainable Development report. The online annex of the Task Force (http:/developmentfi nance.un.org) comprehensively monitors progress in implementation of the Financ- ing for Development outcomes, including the Addis Ababa Action Agenda and relevant mean

5、s of implementation targets of the Sustainable Development Goals. It provides the complete evidence base for the Task Forces annual report on progress in the seven action areas of the Addis Agenda (chapters III.AIII.G). The report is by necessity more concise and selective and should thus be read in

6、 conjunction with the online annex. Inquiries about the Task Force or its report and online annex can be sent to: Financing for Sustainable Development Offi ce Department of Economic and Social Aff airs 2 United Nations Plaza (DC2- 2170) New York, N.Y. 10017 United States of America +1-212-963-4598

7、developmentfi nanceun.org http:/developmentfi nance.un.org How to cite this report: United Nations, Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development, Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2020. (New York: United Nations, 2020), available from: https:/developmentfi nance.un.org/fsdr2020. U

8、nited Nations publication Sales No.E.20.I.4 ISBN 978-92-1-101422-8 Copyright United Nations, 2020 All rights reserved. The production of this report and the online annex of the Inter-agency Task Force are generously supported by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development of German

9、y. iii iii Foreword This report is being issued as the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic grow deeper and more devastating. Already we see the rising risk of a global recession, and disproportionate suff ering by the most vulnerable members of the human family. We must act quickly and decisively to pr

10、otect people and strengthen societies in the face of this shock, which comes on top of a global climate emergency, soaring inequality and growing discontent with the economic and social order in general. Beyond the necessary and immediate interventions in the realm of global public health, the 2030

11、Agenda for Sustainable Development remains humankinds best blueprint for fi nding solutions to our biggest challenges. Mobilizing fi nancing is critical to supporting emerging economies and developing countries. This United Nations report points the way. The immediate focus must be on reversing the

12、trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic, and responding to the unfolding economic crisis. Public health spending must increase, and rapid income support needs to be provided to those who lose jobs and business. This is particularly important for the poorest without health care and those with precarious

13、employment. Concessional lending programmes for small and mid-sized enterprises, as well as waivers on loan repayments, will also be necessary. Rapid response measures should be coordinated at the global level to ensure maximum impact and to signal shared resolve to maintain economic and fi nancial

14、stability, promote trade and stimulate growth. While the pandemic continues to evolve, the future landscape will be uncertain, especially for those countries less able to cope. This report identifi es four key areas of long-term action to promote stability and well-being: First, reversing the backsl

15、iding we are seeing in the commitments enshrined in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, including the decline in Offi cial Development Assistance, especially to least developed countries, and the growing debt distress of low-income and vulnerable countries. Second, raising ambition on climate mitigation,

16、 adaptation and fi nance. Third, making the most of the opportunities that arise from new digital technologies by closing the digital divide and creat- ing decent jobs. Fourth, capitalizing on the growing momentum for sustainable investment among investors, fi rms and savers. This report brings toge

17、ther the latest thinking on these issues from across the international system and presents a wide range of policy recommendations in each of these areas. I hope that it will provide useful guidance to all as we address todays crisis and embark on a Decade of Action to deliver the Sustainable Develop

18、ment Goals. Antnio Guterres iv v v Mobilizing financing is key to implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. But finance is not an end in itself it is a means to improve peoples lives and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Without resources, we cannot meet these goals.

19、Financing is not only about money. Policy and regulatory actions are also necessary both at na- tional and international levels. In 2015, Member States adopted, through the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, a global framework to guide these actions. While significant steps have been made since its adoption

20、, financing remains a major bottleneck. The current global environment, including slow growth and high debt, has compounded financing challenges. The Covid-19 crisis threatens to derail implementation of the SDGs further, with significant human and economic consequences. The international community

21、needs to come together and forcefully act as we progress into the Decade of Action to deliver the SDGs. The new coronavirus underscores the need for global cooperation to share lessons and solutions, agree on common standards, and help countries most in need. The 2019 High-level Dialogue on Financin

22、g for Development, under the auspices of the United Nations General Assembly, showed political will. We must turn this will into concrete actions and raise our ambition. The 2020 Financing for Sustainable Development Report, the fifth report of the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Developmen

23、t, provides a comprehensive assessment of the state of sustainable finance. Prepared by more than 60 agencies of the United Nations system and partner international organizations, the report brings together a wide range of expertise and perspectives. It puts forward a set of policy recommendations t

24、o mobilize financing flows, and align them with eco- nomic, social and environmental priorities. These recommendations should assist Member States and all other stakeholders as they work toward fully implementing the Addis Agenda and achieve the SDGs. Six key messages emerge from this years analysis

25、: The global context is difficult; growth remains subpar, with serious downside risks, while high debt levels and rising greenhouse gas emissions exacerbate challenges. Recent trends on several issues are not going in the right direction and need to be reversed. ODA must be increased; trade tensions

26、 resolved and investment in the SDGs mobilized. Collective action is crucial as key challenges to sustainable development are global in nature and cannot be addressed by single-country efforts. On the positive side, several MDBs completed successful replenishments, increased lending and further alig

27、ned their financing with the SDGs. Digital technologies present tremendous potential for the SDGs, but public policies should be adjusted to acceler- ate progress, address exclusion and risks of discrimination, and ensure benefits for the society at large, including decent jobs. The private sector g

28、radually realizes that business as usual is not the future and that a transition towards more sustain- ability is key to the long-term financial success of companies. Policymakers need to support this transition and make financial systems a driver of change. Preface 2020 FINANCING FOR SUSTAINABLE DE

29、VELOPMENT REPORT vi The report begins its assessment of progress with an analysis of the global macroeconomic context, which sets the economic framework for implementation eff orts. The subsequent thematic chapter explores how digital technologies are fundamen- tally changing fi nancing for sustaina

30、ble development and impacting all action areas of the Addis Agenda. The remainder of the report discusses progress in these seven action areas and data. The report also addresses, throughout the chapters, the seven requests for analysis that Member States made in the outcome of the 2019 FfD Forum. A

31、dditional analysis and data are presented in the comprehensive online annex of the Task Force (http:/develpomentfi nance.un.org). Liu Zhenmin Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Aff airs United Nations Chair of the Inter-agency Task Force vii Contents Foreword iii Preface v Inter-agency

32、Task Force members ix Overview xvii I The global economic context and its implications for sustainable development 1 1. Introduction . . . 1 2. Outlook and risks for the global economy . . . 2 3. Medium-term challenges: productivity and equity . . . 8 4. Policies for sustainable development . . 11 I

33、I Financing sustainable development in an era of transformative digital technologies 15 1. Introduction . . 15 2. The impact of new digital technologies on economies and societies . . 16 3. Sustainable financing and development policies for a digital era . . 21 IIIA Domestic public resources 37 1. K

34、ey messages and recommendations . . 37 2. Domestic resource mobilization . . 38 3. International tax cooperation . . 43 4. Illicit financial flows . . 47 5. Expenditure and strategic procurement in public budgets . . 50 IIIB Domestic and international private business and finance 59 1. Key messages

35、and recommendations . . 59 2. Investment trends . . 60 3. Private sector development strategies . . 61 4. Financial instruments to mobilize private finance . . 66 5. Sustainable corporate practices and financial systems . . 71 IIIC International development cooperation 81 1. Key messages and recomme

36、ndations . . 81 2. Trends in international development cooperation . . 82 3. Public finance instruments . . 89 2020 FINANCING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT viii 4. Graduation and access to concessional finance . 95 5. Quality, impact and effectiveness of development cooperation . 98 IIID Intern

37、ational trade as an engine for development 107 1. Key messages and recommendations . 107 2. Developments in international trade . 108 3. The multilateral trading system . 112 4. Bilateral and regional trade and investment agreements . 114 5. Facilitating international trade . 117 6. Promoting intern

38、ational trade that is consistent with the Sustainable Development Goals in an era of disruptive technologies . 118 IIIE Debt and debt sustainability 127 1. Key messages and recommendations . 127 2. Recent trends in debt burdens . 128 3. Sustainable and responsible borrowing and lending for the SDGs

39、. 132 4. Innovative debt instruments . 136 5. When sovereign debt relief is warranted . 137 IIIF Addressing systemic issues 141 1. Key messages and recommendations . 141 2. International standards of financial regulation . 142 3. Macroeconomic management and crisis response . 149 4. Strengthening gl

40、obal governance . 151 IIIG Science, technology, innovation and capacity-building 157 1. Key messages and recommendations . 157 2. Measuring progress towards the Addis Agenda in science, technology and innovation . 157 3. New and emerging technologies and the Sustainable Development Goals . 163 4. Fi

41、ntech trends and financial inclusion . 165 5. United Nations actions on science, technology and innovation . 169 IV Data, monitoring and follow-up 175 1. Key messages and recommendations . 175 2. Funding for data for sustainable development . 175 3. New sources of data and evolving national statistical systems . 177 4. Progress in strengthening data frameworks, measurements and data collection . 178 5. Monitoring the financial sector . 180 ix Inter-agency Task Force members Task Force coordinator and substantive