Center for Biological Diversity2005年年度報告.pdf

1、 2 0 0 5 A N N U A L R E P O R T C E N T E R F O R B I O L O G I C A L D I V E R S I T YPROMISE A SAMPLING OF THE CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYS WORK IN 2005ALASKAHAWAIIJAPAN DESERTS1.Won court ruling restoring proposal to list flat-tailed horned lizard as endangered species.2.Advocated for Endang

2、ered Species Act (ESA)protections for 17 invertebrates endemic to Algodones Dunes.3.Halted off-road vehicle use on 572,000 acres of desert tortoise habitat.4.Blocked installation of game“guzzlers”harmful to tortoises in Mojave National Preserve.5.Fought attempt to overturn critical habitat for Penin

3、sular bighorn sheep.6.Advocated for habitat protections for Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep.7.Petitioned for ESA protections for greater sage grouse.RIVERS8.Restored full flows to Fossil Creek by forging partnership to decommission 100-year-old hydroelectric complex.9.Won ESA and critical habitat protec

4、tions for Gila chub.10.Advocated for stronger protection of Devils River minnow.11.Stopped illegal channel relocation on the Virgin River.12.Advocated for ESA protections for Bonneville cutthroat trout.13.Advocated for increased habitat protections for Santa Ana sucker.14.Won proposed ESA protection

5、s for Californias southern population of green sturgeon.FORESTS15.Halted old-growth logging on Grand Canyons North Rim.16.Appealed inadequate management plans for four southern California forests.17.Appealed new oil and gas drilling in Los Padres National Forest.18.Halted old-growth logging in Giant

6、 Sequoia National Forest.19.Challenged increased snowmobile use in habitat for last few U.S.woodland caribou.20.Challenged administrations elimination of key wildlife protection program in Pacific Northwest forests.OCEANS21.Won ESA protections for Puget Sounds “Southern Resident”killer whales.22.Won

7、 ESA protections for sea otters in Alaska peninsula and Aleutian islands.23.Won court ruling resulting in proposed habitat protections for North Pacific right whale.24.Challenged plans for liquefied natural gas terminal near important nesting habitat for Xantuss murrelet in Coronado Islands.25.Secur

8、ed settlement moving Atlantic white marlin closer to ESA protection.26.Fought plans for military airbase near endangered dugong habitat on Okinawa coast.27.Compelled environmental review of proposed longline fishing off Antarctica.MORE HIGHLIGHTS28.Challenged plans for massive hydroelectric dam proj

9、ect in Panamas La Amistad International Biosphere Reserve.29.Advocated for ESA protections for 12 species of Hawaiian picture-wings.30.Advocated for ESA protections for Hermes copper and Thornes hairstreak butterflies.31.Compelled Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)to evaluate pesticide effects on

10、California red-legged frog.32.Secured settlement to protect critical habitat for six rare San Bernardino Mountains wildflowers.33.Compelled EPA to evaluate pesticide effects on Barton springs salamander.34.Challenged oil and gas drilling in Alaskas National Petroleum Reserve and Western Arctic Reser

11、ve.35.Advocated for ESA protections for polar bear.36.Advocated for emergency ESA protections for Miami blue butterfly.37.Advocated for ESA protections for elkhorn and staghorn corals.PANAMA282629151318101989311633121172014345216252134352223Photo by Diana RhoadesW W W.B I O L O G I C A L D I V E R S

12、 I T Y.O R G“We have not inherited the world from our forefathers,we have borrowed it from our children.”Kashmiri proverb 2 0 0 5 A N N U A L R E P O R T 1Michael Finkelstein,Executive DirectorTodays headlines are tough to read and the top environmental headlines are no exception.Polar bears perishi

13、ng as global warming melts away Arctic sea ice.Ancient trees falling to the ax.Attacks on our most important wildlife protection law,the Endangered Species Act.Worst of all,an administration working to shortsightedly squander our natural resources instead of holding them in trust for future generati

14、ons.Those of us who care deeply about our planet have two choices:turn away and give up,or face todays environmental challenges and fight for a better tomorrow.We should be inspired to fightbecause for every headline shouting the Bush administrations latest blow to the environment,there are headline

15、s celebrating the courage and hard work of citizens,conservationists,and local leaders who are determined to stand up and save what we can of the wild.In these pages weve shared our own success stories defending some of the Earths greatest treasures in 2005.When the administration tried to log ancie

16、nt trees in Giant Sequoia National Monument and alongside the Grand Canyon,we stopped them.When the administration failed to join 141 nations in enacting the greenhouse-gas reducing Kyoto Protocol,we took the first steps to protect gravely threatened polar bears under the Endangered Species Act and

17、sparked new media debate on national energy policy.And when the Endangered Species Act itself came under attack by Richard Pombo and his allies in Congress,the Center worked tirelessly in Washington D.C.and nationwide to hold those attacks at bay.The work of the Centers dedicated and passionate staf

18、f inspires me.But I also take heart from grassroots campaigns across the nation to deliver on a promise to the planet,our fellow species,and future generations.Communities all over the country have passed their own resolutions supporting a strong Endangered Species Act.Eleven states and more than 22

19、5 U.S.mayors have rebuked the administrations lack of leadership on confronting climate change and have pledged to adopt Kyoto-like standards for greenhouse gas emissions.And our membership,which has grown to 25,000,reminds me everyday how individuals working together can make a difference;just this

20、 summer,weve heard from some of our youngest members,whove run lemonade stands in their own towns to fight global warming and protect endangered species.To every one of our courageous and committed supporters,I thank you.Michael FinkelsteinExecutive DirectorANTARCTICA27North Pole173224 303637DESERTS

21、 Much of the deserts beauty is in its brave stand against the elements:a persistent blossom peering from wind-swept sand dunes,a desert stream determinedly trickling its way along an impossible course.But underlying the astounding tenacity of desert life are some of our most fragile ecosystems,where

22、 many plants and animals have an increasingly uncertain foothold on survival.The Sonoran Deserts Algodones Dunes are one such ecosystem,where ever-shifting sands shelter spectacularly unique plants and animals that live nowhere else on Earth.The Center has long worked to preserve the Dunes and their

23、 wildlife,and in 2005,we kept vigilupholding protections for nearly 50,000 acres in spite of Bush administration plans to open them to devastating off-road vehicle abuse.We turned back attempts to strip Endangered Species Act protection from the threatened Peirsons milk-vetch,one of the Dunes signat

24、ure flowering plants.We went to court to seek protection for the Andrews scarab beetle and 16 other invertebrate species endemic to the Dunes,and we challenged the administrations move to deny protection to the flat-tailed horned lizard.In the western Sonoran Desert,we intervened against developers

25、to uphold protections for endangered Peninsular bighorn sheep critical habitat from Palm Springs to Baja California.In the Mojave National Preserve,we successfully blocked installation of“guzzlers”for game hunting,which are known to drown desert tortoises or expose them to increased predation.In the

26、 northern Mojave,eastern Sierra,and Great Basin,we filed suit to compel the administration to designate critical habitat for endangered Sierra Nevada bighorns,where the government has absurdly proposed to“protect”bighorns by shooting those who come into contact with disease-spreading domestic sheepi

27、nstead of more appropriately barring domestic sheep grazing on public lands in bighorn habitat.And elsewhere in the Great Basin,we petitioned to gain Endangered Species Act protection for the plummeting Mono Basin population of greater sage grouse,whose sagebrush-steppe habitat has been severely fra

28、gmented by roads,development,livestock grazing,off-road vehicles and other threats.Algodones DunesPhoto Andrew M.Harvey/ C A M P A I G N S P O T L I G H T:R A N G E R E S T O R A T I O NIn October 2005,the Government Accountability Office(GAO),a nonpartisan research arm of Congress,released a report

29、 showing public lands grazing programs deeply in the red,costing taxpayers at least$123 million annually.The report also revealed that grazing lease fees collected from public lands ranchers fell far short of footing the bill in 2004,covering just one-sixth of the cost of the program.The Center has

30、long worked to expose the antiquated grazing fee formula that allows ranchers to graze livestock on public lands at a fraction of the rates paid by ranchers on comparable private lands.But our range restoration campaign also aims to bring attention to the whole story of grazings costs to our public

31、lands,including accelerated erosion,degraded watersheds,invasive weed infestation,and devastation of wildlife habitat,among otherscosts not considered by the GAO report.A 2002 Center study examined both the economic and ecological costs of the federal grazing program and estimated the true costs at

32、closer to$500 million annually.Building on the momentum from the GAO report last year,the Center and other groups petitioned the government to revisit its fee formula and raise grazing fees on federal lands to a more equitable level that aims to recover the full costs of the public lands grazing pro

33、gram.Greta Anderson,Range Restoration Coordinator,Tucson“Livestock grazing has become so much a part of how we see the western landscape that most people cant imagine what our deserts and grasslands might look like,or how many species and habitats could be restored,by removing livestock from fragile

34、 ecosystems.I work to educate the public and identify opportunities where management changes on our public lands can benefit native plants and animals.”3Flat-tailed horned lizardPhoto BonTerra Consulting Peninsular bighorn sheepPhoto 2003 Christopher L.Christie Greater sage grouse tail feather displ

35、ay Photo 2003 Carol Davis 2RIVERS One hundred years ago,Arizonas Fossil Creek was truly a testament to natures artistry.Artesian springs fed the creek at an astounding 300 gallons per second,eternally reshaping and refining a rare riparian masterpiece.The springs calcium-rich deposits sculpted an ex

36、quisite“travertine”system of small dams,pools and waterfalls perfect pockets of habitat for native fish.Sycamores,alders and cottonwoods lined the banks,adding to the rivers refuge for birds and other wildlife.Few desert rivers are what they were 100 years ago.Many have not survived at all;more than

37、 90 percent of the Southwests native riparian areas have been lost or terribly degraded.But thanks to a rare partnership,Fossil Creek has a singular chance at rebirth.In 2005,the Center celebrated the decommissioning of two hydroelectric power plants and the dam that had drained the river for nearly

38、 a century.The historic return of full flows to Fossil Creek marked a milestone for the Centers eight-year campaign,which led the plants operators to agree to shut down the complex and join in the effort to restore the river.Downstream from Fossil Creek,the 170-mile Verde Rivervital habitat for the

39、desert nesting bald eagle,southwestern willow flycatcher,and numerous native fishis threatened by a pipeline that would dramatically deplete the aquifer that sustains the rivers flow.Last year,we continued our campaign to halt plans for the pipeline;we also stopped Virgin River channel relocation th

40、at further endangered several imperiled species,including the willow flycatcher,Virgin River chub,Yuma clapper rail,Virgin spinedace and woundfin.We continued to challenge excessive groundwater pumping that threatens southern Arizonas San Pedro River,and we filed suit to address the Glen Canyon Dams

41、 degradation of the Colorado River,the endangered humpback chub,and other native fish.O T H E R A C H I E V E M E N T S Winning Endangered Species Act protection for the Gila chub and 160 miles of its river habitat in Arizona and New Mexico.Reaching settlement agreements to protect the Yellowstone c

42、utthroat trout,Kootenai River white sturgeon and Montana fluvial arctic grayling in the Northern Rockies,and the Mexican garter snake in the Southwest.Going to court to increase Endangered Species Act protections for the Rio Grande Basins Devils River minnow,and to secure protection for Utahs Bonnev

43、ille cutthroat trout.Jeff Miller,Bay Area Wildlands Coordinator,San Francisco“My greatest passions are exploring rivers and restoring native fish,so there is a special satisfaction in rafting down a river the Center has worked hard to protect.I also love working for an organization that allows me to

44、 advocate for the conservation of underappreciated fishes,such as lamprey,sturgeon,minnows and smelt.”Mexican garter snakePhoto by Erik Enderson/Fossil CreekPhoto by Paul S.Hamilton/lizardchasers.org54Arctic graylingPhoto by Ernest R.KeeleyBonneville cutthroat troutPhoto by Peter Rissler,USGSSouthwe

45、stern willow flycatcherPhoto courtesy of USGSYuma clapper railPhoto by Jim Rorabaugh,USFWSHumpback chubPhoto by Matt Lauretta,USGSCalifornias Giant Sequoia National Monument protects two-thirds of the worlds Sequoia redwoods.The monument was set aside by presidential proclamation in April 2000,prese

46、rving this national treasure for future generations.But the“redwood forests”immortalized by Woody Guthrie in 1940 as a priceless piece of our national heritage have been put up for sale by the Bush administration,which rewrote the rules to enable logging of Giant Sequoias and other ancient trees.In

47、a glaring breach of the public trust,the administration turned loose bulldozers and chainsaws inside the monument last year.After the Center and other groups stepped in,the courts ruled that the administration had acted irresponsibly and illegally,and blocked further logging in the monument.In South

48、ern California,we appealed pro-development management plans for the Los Padres,Angeles,San Bernardino and Cleveland National Forests and completed a study of biodiversity“hotspots”in those forests,advocating for stronger protections.We also appealed plans to expand oil and gas drilling in Los Padres

49、,which shelters 26 federally threatened or endangered species.Last year we furthered many more campaigns to protect our nations forests,successfully challenging the administrations attempts to fast-track old-growth logging from the Pacific Northwest to the Grand Canyons North Rim.And in the Northern

50、 Rockies,we filed suit to curb increasingly heavy snowmobile traffic in high-elevation forests that house winter feeding and calving grounds for the last few remaining woodland caribou in the United States.We also worked to shape forest policy on other levels in 2005.We fought the administrations re

51、versal of the“Roadless Rule,”gaining appointment to the National Roadless Advisory Committee and mobilizing thousands of Center members to persuade western governors to demand strong protections for the national forests under their watch.Both in the West and nationally,we took lead roles developing

52、scientifically sound forest restoration policies and projects.And in the Southwest,we worked to guide new Forest Service policies for off-road vehicle use on national forests.C A M P A I G N S P O T L I G H T:O F F-R O A D V E H I C L E R E F O R M Many scientists warn that off-road vehicle(ORV)use

53、is the greatest threat to wildlife on our public lands,damaging soil,vegetation,water and air quality.The Forest Service has identified it as one of the four“key threats”to national forests,and in November 2005 released a“Travel Management Rule”to address this threat.The Center advocated for key pro

54、visions in the rule,which reverses the long-standing practice of giving ORVs default access wherever“closed”signs are not posted.Each national forest will now work with the public to determine which areas it will designate for ORVs on a“travel use map”that more explicitly preserves forest lands for

55、wilderness and non-motorized recreation.Wildlife Biologist Chris Kassar has been busily building support for strong off-roading guidelines:meeting with staff on every national forest in Arizona and New Mexico;organizing collaborative workshops representing diverse interests;documenting areas of conc

56、ern in each forest;planning field trips and restoration projects;and building a team of Off-Road Vehicle Reform Advocates,volunteers who will make sure that wildlife,plants,and other“quiet users”have a voice in this process.6Chris Kassar,Wildlife Biologist,Tucson“Protecting wild places and the critt

57、ers that live in them is my passion.Working at the Center has given me the opportunity to pursue this passion and to be surrounded by incredible people who want to do the same.Each day I wake up and know that I am part of a larger effort that really is making a difference.”FORESTS Southwestern pond

58、turtle,Los Padres National ForestPhoto 2005 Christopher L.ChristieOff-road vehicle hill-climbing wear and tear,Santa Fe National ForestPhoto by Chris KassarLogged ancient tree,three feet across,Giant Sequoia National MonumentPhoto by Carla CloerCaribouPhoto by Jon Nickles,USFWSPacific Northwest old

59、growthPhoto by David M.Cobb/7OCEANSMany of us feel a certain awe and affection for the mammals that inhabit our seas;we are drawn to their charisma,fascinated by their intelligence,humbled by their might and magnificence.But while they are among our cultures most beloved creatures,many marine mammal

60、s are also some of the most imperiled animals on Earth.In 2005,the Center celebrated hard-won victories for three gravely threatened marine mammals.In Puget Sound,a five-year battle against the Bush administration led to the long-awaited protection of the“Southern Resident”killer whale population as

61、 an endangered species.The Centers journey to protect the Sounds orcas began in 2001,when we published a scientific study showing that without special protection,the population would go extinct within 100 years.The Bush administration nevertheless declared the population“not significant”enough to pr

62、otect,refusing to act until a judge denounced its“arbitrary”delay tactics in 2003.We kept the pressure on,finally securing full protection for the Southern Residents in December 2005.Endangered Species Act protections will help stop polluters from dumping toxins that travel up the food chain and dep

63、osit in high concentrations in whale blubbera menace that not only has made the Sounds orcas one of the most contaminated species on Earth,but dooms young whales that inherit toxins through their mothers milk.Protection will also help prevent harassment by vessels and degradation of the whales food

64、supply,two other primary threats to the species survival.Last year we also won a court ruling ordering the administration to end long delays protecting critical habitat for the North Pacific right whale,an animal once hunted to near-extinction and now the most imperiled whale on Earth.Our court vict

65、ory resulted in a proposal to protect 36,ooo square miles in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska for the whale.And in response to another five-year campaign by the Center,the administration finally listed as“threatened”sea otters in the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islandsidentified by scientists as

66、the worlds most endangered sea otters.O T H E R A C H I E V E M E N T S Initiating a team to reduce unintentional by catch and killing of marine mammals by longline fishing vessels in the Atlantic.Maintaining closures of harmful California drift gillnet and longline commercial fisheries.Securing a p

67、roposal to protect Californias southern population of green sturgeon as a “threatened”species under the Endangered Species Act.8Sea otter and pupPhoto Steven J.Kazlowski/ 9Michelle Vasquez,Regional Office Manager,Tucson“Working for the Center has educated me about ways we can protect our earth and t

68、he species that live here.The passion and courage our staff and members bring to this goal is awesome.Theres no place I would rather work than the Center.”Orca breaching in Puget SoundPhoto Chris Huss/SeaP Background image:Miles of fishing rope are trailed through the ocean for longline fishingPhoto

69、 by William B.Folsom,NOAACLIMATE,AIR&ENERGY1011Summers for the polar bears of Western Hudson Bay are a feat of endurance.Polar bears fast through the warmest months,and wait for the return of the sea ice upon which nearly every aspect of their survival depends.But as temperatures rise due to global

70、warming,polar bears have a longer wait until the sea ice returns and hunting can resume.The season for nourishing themselves and their young grows shorter,and fewer bears survive.With their sea-ice habitat melting out from under the bears,some scientists predict their extinction by the end of this c

71、entury.Saving the polar bear requires immediate action to dramatically curb the greenhouse gas emissions that produce global warming.Last year,we advanced several campaigns to compel the U.S.government to adopt urgently needed responsible energy policies.O T H E R A C H I E V E M E N T S Raising the

72、 profile of biodiversity protection in international climate negotiations as an official Observer Organization to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.Challenging the Environmental Protection Agencys failure to update standards for harmful air pollutants.Filing suit to block oil

73、 and gas drilling in Alaskan wildlands and Californias Wind Wolves Preserve.We filed a scientific petition to protect polar bears under the Endangered Species Act,and when the government refused to act on our petition,we took the bears case to courtprompting the government to take the first step tow

74、ard listing the species as“threatened.”We secured a proposal to protect the Caribbeans elkhorn and staghorn corals,now the first species to gain Endangered Species Act protection due to threats from global warming.And we filed suit to gain long-overdue protections for the Kittlitzs murrelet,a vulner

75、able Alaskan seabird.Protecting these animals under the Act will obligate the government to address the greenhouse gas emissions that threaten their survival.We also filed suit against 14 federal agencies for their failure to comply with the Energy Policy Act,a Gulf War-era law requiring increased u

76、se of alternative fuel vehicles.And finally,we laid groundwork for a legal challenge of the Bush administrations abysmally weak fuel economy standards for sport utility vehicles and pickup trucks.Polar bears,“Born of the North Wind”Photo Thomas D.Mangelsen/I Black brants and caribou at Teshekpuk Lak

77、e,National Petroleum Reserve-AlaskaPhoto 2000 Gary Braasch/Staghorn coralPhoto by Mark RosensteinElkhorn coralPhoto by C.John Easley/DKittlitzs murreletPhoto by R.H.Daywould severely jeopardize endangered plants and animals:among them an upscale resort development on Southern Californias Tejon Ranch

78、,a vital wildlife corridor and critical habitat for the California condor;a“McMansion”development on top of Rattlesnake Mountain near San Diego that would degrade habitat for the California gnatcatcher and other imperiled coastal sage scrub species;and construction of a 12-mile long,150-foot wide tr

79、iple fence south of San Diego along our shared border with Mexico,a project that would plow over two mesas and through two canyons,irreversibly damaging the biologically rich Tijuana Estuary.A favorite tactic of the Bush administration has been to pit economic“benefits”against so-called“costs”of pro

80、tecting endangered species and habitat ignoring the benefits of preserving healthy ecosystems,clean air and water,and open space.In 2005,the Center defended Californias arroyo toad after the administration slashed its protected critical habitat 97 percent from the area originally proposed by the gov

81、ernments own scientists.Bowing to pressure from developers,the administration justified its hatchet job with the same“voodoo economics”it has invoked to slash protections for other endangered species,inflating the costs of setting aside habitat while disregarding long-term benefits to human communit

82、ies.Our Urban Wildlands Program works within some of the Wests fastest growing regions to promote a vision of“community”that recognizes the value of wildlife and wild places.Last year we continued to take lead roles shaping several“habitat conservation plans,”which profess to balance urban growth wi

83、th preservation of wildlife and open space,but too often result in weakly enforced and poorly budgeted“guidelines”exploited by developers looking to sidestep the Endangered Species Act.We prepared to legally challenge Western Riverside Countys conservation planwhich has failed to designate adequate

84、land,funding or scientific oversight to ensure that development projects do not harm the Quino checkerspot butterfly,Stephens kangaroo rat and other endangered species.And we continued to advocate for the strongest possible conservation plans in San Diego County and Arizonas Pima County.We also work

85、ed to challenge several sprawling projects that O T H E R A C H I E V E M E N T S Advocating for Endangered Species Act protection for 10 populations of west coast steelhead trout,whose runs are threatened by water diversion and development.Taking legal action to advance protection for San Diego Cou

86、ntys Hermes copper and Thornes hairstreak butterflies,threatened by wildfire and urban sprawl.Moving to keep southern Arizonas last few cactus ferruginous pygmy owls on the federal list of endangered species,after developers sued to remove protection from the owl.“We abuse land because we regard it

87、as a commodity belonging to us.When we see land as a community to which we belong,we may begin to use it with love and respect.”Aldo Leopold,A Sand County Almanac,1949URBAN WILDLANDS Arroyo toadPhoto by Jason Jones California CondorPhoto by Scott Frier,USFWSCactus ferruginous pygmy owlPhoto by Glenn

88、 Proudfoot,USFWSIleene Anderson,Ecologist,Los Angeles“How many places in the world can you go from the ocean to 11,000-foot mountain peaks to deserts in less than 100 miles?Southern California is still one of our planets world-class biodiversity hotspots.The Center gives me the opportunity to channe

89、l my passion for local plants and animals into making a conservation difference.”Thornes hairstreak butterflyPhoto by Douglas AguillardTejon RanchPhoto Andrew M.Harvey/1213INTERNATIONAL 1415Henoko Coast,OkinawaPhoto courtesy ofDugong NetworkOkinawaMiddle photo:Dugong advocacy meetingLas Islas Corona

90、do off Baja California,Mexico,are exceptionally biologically rich;the islands host 10 plant and animal species found nowhere else on Earth and provide nesting habitat for six imperiled bird species,including the largest known nesting area for the rare Xantuss murrelet.In 2005,the Center led a coalit

91、ion of scientists and conservationists on both sides of the border to protect the murrelet and other seabirds from a proposed liquefied natural gas terminal near the islands that would pose hazards to nesting birds.Our petition,filed with an international environmental commission created under NAFTA

92、,seeks proper environmental review for this “energy maquiladora.”Another of the planets biodiversity hotspots,Panamas La Amistad International Biosphere Reserve shelters Central Americas largest intact tropical rainforest.Unfortunately the surrounding ecosystem is under threat from four proposed hyd

93、roelectric dam projects,promoted by the Panamanian government and U.S.and Columbian corporations,that would dramatically alter several hundred miles of stream habitat and devastate native fish populations.Last year,the Center joined indigenous tribes and international organizations to protect this e

94、cological jewel,successfully pressuring the Inter-American Development Bank to drop funding for the dams.Unfortunately,the destructive dam projects continue to move forward,now with private financing.We continue to work with Panamanian groups to oppose the projects.Okinawa,Japan,second only to Austr

95、alias Great Barrier Reef in the biodiversity of its coral reefs,has been called the“Galapagos of the East.”In 2005,we gained momentum in our campaign to protect the Okinawa dugong,an endangered manatee-like creature,from construction of a massive military airbase along a fragile reef.In an historic

96、ruling,a U.S.Adam Keats,Staff Attorney&General Counsel,San Francisco“The Centers work seeks answers to fundamental moral questions about how were going to continue living on this planet.Well need a lot more people raising these questions for them to be heard,let alone answered,but the Center sure is

97、 doing its part.Its an honor to be able to add my voice to that clamor.”Resplendent quetzal,one of many rare bird species found in La Amistad Biosphere ReservePhoto by Greg&Mary Beth DimijianOkinawa dugongPhoto by Mr.Suehiro Nitta1966 stamp commemorating the dugongs designation as a natural monument

98、Xantuss murreletPhoto by Glen Tepke/ judge acknowledged the dugongs revered place as an Okinawan cultural treasure and allowed our lawsuit to proceed under the U.S.National Historic Preservation Act.In response to our international coalitions advocacy,the U.S.and Japanese governments abandoned plans

99、 for construction on top of the reef.However,the two governments have announced modified plans to build the base along the nearby coastlinethus still jeopardizing a vast expanse of ocean,including sea grass beds,a critical food source for the dugong.The Center and our U.S.and Japanese partners will

100、continue to oppose any plans that would devastate the Okinawa dugongs last remaining habitat.Poison arrow frog,PanamaPhoto by Cynthia Elkinscourt victories requiring the Environmental Protection Agency to address pesticide effects on the California red-legged frog and the Barton Springs salamander i

101、n Texas.And we represented some truly tiny species,securing Endangered Species Act protections for three snails and a freshwater shrimp,indicators of water quality in rare wetlands of the Pecos River Basin in New Mexico and Texas,and 12 species of Hawaiian picture-wings,insects thought to harbor tra

102、its that may help find cures for life-threatening diseases in humans.We also continued campaigns to protect the larger“keystone”creatures that keep healthy ecosystems in balance.In addition to securing endangered species listings for ocean predator killer whales and sea otters,we compiled science to

103、 advocate for protected jaguar habitat in the Southwest and won court victories upholding protection for gray wolves across the lower 48 states.And we redoubled our efforts to ban lead ammunition use in habitat for endangered California condors,which are dying from toxic levels of lead consumed whil

104、e scavenging on hunter-shot animals.“Every scrap of biological diversity is priceless,to be learned and cherished,and never to be surrendered without a struggle.”E.O.Wilson,The Diversity of LifeAsh-gray Indian paintbrush,San Bernardino National ForestPhoto by Chris WagnerMichael Robinson,Carnivore C

105、onservation Coordinator,Pinos Altos“Ive seen amazing changes along the Gila River since I first hiked there in 1984.When I kayak the Gila these days,the resurgence of healthy plants and lively animals reminds me that when the Center protected the river for an endangered songbird a decade or so ago,a

106、n entire beautiful ecosystem was unleashed.”The Centers work to preserve biodiversity honors both the web of life that sustains us and the distinct animals and plants within that web.In 2005,we protected mighty creatures:the killer whale,the polar bear,the bald eagle.But we also strove to give voice

107、 to the obscure and tiny creatures that make an overwhelming contribution to the health of Planet Earth.Among our campaigns for“forgotten”species was our continued effort to gain protection for 283 species on the federal“candidate”list,a waiting list for plants and animals that the government agrees

108、 warrant protection but that are denied due to“higher priorities.”Unfortunately,the Bush administration has all but shut down the program to place species on the endangered list,leaving more species in limbo than ever.Not surprisingly,most species relegated to“candidate”status are those that escape

109、the public eye;nearly half are plants,and nearly a third are invertebrates.On average,they have been waiting for protection for 17 years.In 2005,the Center filed a lawsuit challenging the administrations failure to move the candidate species onto the endangered list.We also took legal steps to speed

110、 protection for the San Fernando Valley spineflower,a candidate plant,and for the Miami blue butterflya candidate species so close to disappearing forever that it was believed extinct after 1992s Hurricane Andrew.We reached a settlement to establish critical habitat for six extremely rare wildflower

111、s in Californias San Bernardino Mountainsfour of which survive nowhere else on Earthand gained proposed habitat for the endangered southern mountain yellow-legged frog.We won 16Lanai tree snail,candidate speciesPhoto by W.P.MullMiami blue butterfly,candidate speciesPhoto by Jaret C.Daniels,PhD,McGui

112、re Center for Lepidoptera and BiodiversityCalifornia red-legged frogPhoto by John Sullivan/Ribbit Photography Rota bridled white-eye,candidate speciesPhoto by Fred Amidon,USFWSHawaiian picture-wingPhoto by W.P.MullBarton Springs salamanderPhoto by Wyman MeinzerBIODIVERSITY 17ESA ADVOCACY 1819With th

113、e signing of the Endangered Species Act in 1973,the federal government acknowledged that imperiled“species of fish,wildlife,and plants are of esthetic,ecological,educational,historical,recreational,and scientific value to the Nation and its people.”Broadly supported by citizens and Congress alike,th

114、e Act became our nations collective commitment to save species faced with extinction,and to hand forward that legacy to future generations.More than 30 years later,the Endangered Species Act has been a resounding success,keeping hundreds of species from disappearing forever.And our nations commitmen

115、t to protect endangered species is undiminished;the majority of Americans today support the promise made by the Acts authors.Unfortunately,that promise has been betrayed by an administration with the worst endangered species record in the Acts historyand in 2005,the Act came under unprecedented atta

116、ck by its enemies in Congress.In September,the U.S.House of Representatives passed an“Extinction Bill”authored by Rep.Richard Pombo,R-Calif.,that would dramatically weaken the landmark law.Sped through the House on a largely partisan 229-193 vote with virtually no debate,the bill includes measures t

117、o eliminate critical habitat,exempt dangerous pesticide use from environmental review,give politicians precedence over scientists in deciding when to protect endangered species,and ask taxpayers to pay off developers for obeying the law.In a year when the Acts enemies made destroying it a top priori

118、ty,the Center made defending it ours.Last year,we stepped up our presence in Washington,D.C.,educating members of Congress and mobilizing opposition to the Extinction Bill.We staved off even more severe attacks,exposing one draft of Pombos bill that would have repealed the Act in its entirety in 201

119、5,and thwarting his timeline to move a bill to the Senate earlier in the year.And we didnt miss a beat to derail the bill in the Senatewhich to date has not taken any action to amend the Act.We also stirred up a sweeping grassroots movement nationwide.We worked with editorial boards across the count

120、ry to generate more than 120 editorials supporting the Act,and helped organize hundreds of scientists and educators to speak out on its behalf.We supported a Congressional resolution establishing a national Endangered Species Day,and helped local communities pass their own resolutions supporting the

121、 Act.And our members spoke loudly as well,helping place more than 60,000 signatures on an Endangered Species Act Legacy Pledge asking Congress and the administration to stand by the Acts promise.Hundreds of plants and animals have escaped extinction because they have the strong protections of the En

122、dangered Species Act,including our national symbol,the bald eagle.Pictured here are just of few of the other species whose numbers have rebounded significantly since they were listed under the Act.Clockwise,from left page:whooping crane,humpback whale,Robbins cinquefoil,American burying beetle,Canad

123、a lynx,grizzly bear,Kemps ridley sea turtle,and American alligator.Photo credits:Crane and grizzly by Robin Silver;humpbacks courtesy of NOAA;cinquefoil by Doug Weihrauch;beetle by Doug Backlund,SD Game,Fish&Parks;lynx by Don Getty/DonGettyP;sea turtle by Bill Reeves,Texas Parks&Wildlife;alligator b

124、y Don Jeane.Melissa Waage,Legislative Director,Washington,D.C.“Today,its not rare to see bald eagles swoop over the Potomac right here in Washington,D.C.What a victoryand a symbol of the commitment America has made to bring species back from the brink of extinction.Im proud to work with the Center a

125、s we fight to uphold that commitment by defending and strengthening the Endangered Species Act.”THANK YANNUAL REPORT CREDITSGraphic Design:aire design companyWriting&Concept Design:Julie MillerPhoto Editing:Julie MillerMelisa DeNinnoMap:Curtis BradleyWe would like to extend our special thanks to the

126、 talented photographers who generously contributed images to this report:Douglas Aguillard,Fred Amidon,Doug Backlund,Gary Braasch,BonTerra Consulting,Christopher L.Christie,Carla Cloer,David M.Cobb,Jaret C.Daniels,Carol Davis,Robert H.Day,Greg&Mary Beth Dimijian,Dugong Network Okinawa,C.John Easley,

127、Erik Enderson,William B.Folsom,Scott Frier,Don Getty,Paul S.Hamilton,Andrew Harvey,Chris Huss,Don Jeane,Jason Jones,Steven J.Kazlowski,Ernest R.Keeley,Matt Lauretta,Thomas D.Mangelsen,Wyman Meinzer,Jon Nickles,William P.Mull,Mr.Suehiro Nitta,Glenn Proudfoot,Bill Reeves,Peter Rissler,Jim Rorabaugh,Ma

128、rk Rosenstein,Jenny Ross,Robin Silver,John Sullivan,Glen Tepke,Chris Wagner,Doug Weihrauchprinted on recycled paperORCATheresa AcerroJim&Peggy AlexanderStuart W.&Cindy Alt Steven A.Anderson Jeff&Carol Augustine,Mazatzal Tree FarmKaty Belt Kate Bernheimer&Brent HendricksThe W.&R.Bernheimer Family Fou

129、ndation Krista&Alan Binnie Helen Bourne George Cattermole,Coastside Habitat Coalition Frederic Conte Laura Deikel David Desjardins Crosby Doe Constantina Economou Sarah Edwards-Schmidt Nora&Andrew Fiedler James T.Field Michael Finkelstein&Diana RhoadesDonald B.&Paige C.Francis Jim Gilchrist Phoebe G

130、ilchrist Martin&Enid Gleich Agnes Goshe&James GarrettJennifer&Alton Hallum Richard&Eileen Hayes Thomas A.Hopkins JELF Osaka Elise Kroeber Juliet Lamont&Phil Price,Creekcats Environmental FundLouis Laz A.Lane Leckman,M.D.George&Cathy Ledec Susan Loesser Kenneth M.Masters David McCargo Howard Mechanic

131、,Capsule ConnectionChristopher D.Meyer Matthew C.Michael&Maki FifeJohn&Jan Mueller Neil Multack Marcey Olajos Peter&Jean Ossorio Leigh Ann Phillips Daniel&Ellen Plunkett Lindsey Quesinberry Barbara Radwan-Kuzelewski&Joe Durnell Anita&Howard Richmond Foundation,Inc.Stacey Richter Michael Robinson Reg

132、ina&Hugh Rodgers Renee Rondeau&Gordon RoddaSally Salisbury&Matt FrankelRogil Schroeter Richard&Lois Shelton Sierra Club Oregon Chapter Robin Silver&Karyn McCreary Jeri Smith-Fornara Sarah Snell&Eric MeyerJennifer&Randy Speers Dugald StermerTom&Eleanor Wootten,T&E IncorporatedGlenn Vargas Gina Varric

133、hio Warm Family Warren&Janis Watkins Hansjorg Wyss Roy Young,Natures OwnJAGUARNina AllenNorman Anderson John Arnold&Gayle KlauserBeech Hill Foundation,Inc.,Robert J.&Peter J.Galvin Will Berliner Matt Berman&Gabrielle BarnettSpencer&Kerstin Block Arden&Betsy Buck Anne Evelyn Carl&Al AndersonThomas Ca

134、rlino Steven Chambers,O.F.Sally Close Van Clothier&Donna StevensDan Coleman Sevren&Dennis Coon William Copeland Andrew&Diane Currie Kevin Dowd Al&Joanne Finkelstein Nicholas E.Flores,M.D.Robert J.Galvin David B.Galvin Paul&Mickie Gelsinger Carolyn Goss Lana Guziewicz Victoria&Jonathan Hanna Alan Har

135、per&Carol BairdCynthia&Leo Harris Jennifer Harris John&Laura Hofer Barbara Kingsolver&Steven HoppDr.Fayette Krause Paul Krehbiel Calvin E.Lash Roger Lee&Irisita AzaryEric D.Lemelson Harold&Kathleen Les Cristi&Gregory Lewis Keith Loring Andrew Luk David Lutz John Mackin Tom Mader Ara Marderosian,Sequ

136、oia Forest KeeperWalter&Laurina Matuska Suzanna McDougal James&Lola McGrew Maxine R.Stearn Moore Philip Morgan Derry Moritz&Charles ShepardRich Moser Anupam Narayan&Judith SuggBeryl Ness New Harvest Organics Richard Olson Carol A.ONeil Ryan&Gregg Ose Jeanette Perlman Dr.Ingeborg Poglayen Dale Pogore

137、lski Arian Pregenzer Barbara K.Present Sue Princiotta Karen&James Reifschneider Christopher Reith David M.Salman John Schaar Susan Schwartz Robin&Louis Silver Albert Singleton Dan Smith Debbie Sonenblick Gregg&Susan Spindler Paul Torrence&Bonnie JohnsonKatherine H.Troutner Susan Tweit&Richard CabeMa

138、rtha&Eric Van Dyke Bill Viola&Kira PerovHarold Whistler,Jr.Walter Wictor World Reach,Inc.Michael Zagone SPOTTED OWLRosalind S.Abernathy,M.D.Marilyn Abraham&Charles HouseJohn&Susanne Alcock Harriet R.Allen Mark L.Andersen John Anderson Kathy Anderson Holly Annala&Rob MahedyDavid&Linda Astill Lee&Mari

139、lyn Athenour Dan Aylward John&Robin Baade Barbara Baer Nancy Baker&George AlexanderMark&Cheryl Balitzer Paul Bartek Molly H.Bartlett Robert&Gail Bates Lowell Baumunk&Barb LewisJennifer Becker Joseph Belli Dale Berry Klee Bethel,M.D.David S.Binns Jenny Blaker Michael Bleakley Jim Blickenstaff Bob&Irm

140、a Bond John H.Boyles,M.D.Eunice Bradley-Fox,Ed.D.&Mitch FoxLyman Brainerd,Jr.Jerry&Esther Breckenridge Kim F.Brink Anne Britt Michelle Brodie&Susan BarnesSarah Brooks&Valerie CottenCecilia Brown Lawrence&Roberta Bryant Debbie Bulger Betty L.Burge Charles Buse Paul&Dana Buseck California Native Plant

141、 Society,Los Angeles ChapterJoel Carson Bill Chambers,Jr.Jonathan R.Childs Kelly Davidson Chou Cyril Christo&Marie WilkinsonRobert Clark Alfred&Patricia Clark James W.&Jeanne Clarke Joyce Clements&Susan RobinsonShelley Cohen Clayton Collins Charles Convis&Bettina McLeodPhilip Cook Daniel Cooke Diane

142、 Coombs David Coplen Michael Craib Brad Crowder Diana K.Cunningham Bena Currin Greg Danforth William&Jennifer Davies Jim&Mary Dale Deacon Caroline Deegan Frank&Janice Delfino Judy Dillman Cheri Ditto Strachan Donnelley,Center for Humans and NatureAnthony Donnici Elisabeth&John Drees Helen Drury Chri

143、stopher Earle Ruth Eckert Su Egen Hugo Ehret Betty Elmquist Douglas R.Emery Bruce&Canda Emmeluth Anne Epstein Meryl A.Faulkner Paul Faulstich Thomas Feldenheimer Donald&Diane Fike Richard Fireman Jay R.Fisgus Kenneth Fletcher Linda Foote Mary Forbes William Fothergill Naomi Franklin Anthony Frates S

144、hirley Frederick Dr.Pat&Howard Frederick Raymond S.Freyer Jeffrey Fuller Peter J.Galvin Robert Garrett K.W.Gephart David J.Goodwin Geoffrey Gorbold Al Granzow Gary Green Thomas Gross Barry Grosskopf,M.D.Chelsea&Ryan Gwyther Maureen Hackett Diana Hadley Matthew Henry Hall Philip&Anne-Marie Hall Teres

145、a Hare Marylin&Warren Harkey Lynne Harkins Roger Harmon Phil&Krista Hebets Scott&Claudia Hein Donald Helfrich Robert Herdliska&Mary Jo RecktenwaltVirginia&Robert Heuga Lynn&Nancy Higbee Carol&Jim Hinton Ginna Hoff Douglas E.Holmgren Dennis Holz Dr.Joyce Huesemann C.Ron&Anne Hummel Heather Hundt Russ

146、el Hunter Melinda F.Irvin John Isaacs Art Janssen,M.D.Tim&Candace Johnson Erik Johnson Holiday Johnson Steve Johnson Denver S.Johnston Marilyn Jones,M.D.Stephen&Debby Jones Gene Joseph&Jane EvansE.William Judson Hugh&Molly Rice Kelly Bruce Kendall William Kent,Burst ElectronicsMary Kiger Jeanie Kilg

147、our Edward B.&Miriam Kirsten Brent&Sally Kitson Mary A.Klauzer Mark Knight Margot Knuth Irene Kondor Jennifer J.Krauel Celia Kutcher Herschel D.Kwinter Pierre Landau&Katherine PetersonEloise Lanum David Larson Philip Lathrap Kevin Lay Kerry Milligan&Craig LeCroy,LeCroy&Milligan Associates,Inc.Bo Lem

148、ler Kristin J.Leuschner Mary Ann Lockhart Jean Lowe Mark Luce Betty White Ludden Wayne Maes Ruth Magar Omid Mahdavi Brian C.Malk Chris Mann Ken Marineau James T.Martin Richard Martin Paul Martin Doretta Marwin Charlotte&Alex Masarik Neil Matthew Olive Mayer Chris&Brian F.McCabe David&Patti McCaleb C

149、ate McCarthy&Giovanni PanzaWilliam McCoy Duncan McFetridge Catherine P.McGowan Sally&John McInnes Edward McKay Gregory T.Mecklem&Diana YatesKatherine A.Meyer&Eric GlitzensteinJill&Eric Meyerhofer Shefali&Gavin Milczarek-Desai Ken Miller Joan E.Miller Saralaine Millet Clark Mitchel Rob Modica Hiram F

150、.Moody,IIIT.Charles Moore Jim Morehead Bryan&Axson Morgan Patricia Ann Morris Edward Mudd,Jr.Jean Muste Margaret Naylor&Farzad FarrJim&Mary Nelson Alice Neuhauser&Thomas ConroyAndrea Newman William K.Nisbet Matthew OBrien Joanne Odenthal Danielle Okin David Owen Angus M.Parker Tom Parrish Roberta Pa

151、rry Carol Patton George&Jane Pauk Robert B.&Patricia N.Paul J.C.&Sharon Pedersen Gordon&Pamela Pedrow Warren Perkins Van&Kathy Perkins Jim&Barbara Peugh Thomas J.Phalen Robert&Nadira Plater Richard&Gail Potts J.Michael Powers,M.D.Keri Dixon,Membership Director,Tucson“I really believe in the Centers

152、work to protect the rare,unique,and often forgotten species.Humans are an important species in this intricate web of lifewe have the opportunity to make a difference for others by taking a stand.Im pleased to be part of the Centers membership and staff.”Peter Quinby Skip Radau James Rader Eric A.Rec

153、hel Dan A.Redwine Matt Renner Dave Rich Anna M.Richards Laurose&Burton Richter Linda&Martin Ridenour Winifred Rideout Susan&Dion Rivera John M.Roberts Bruce Robertson David Rocco Dr.J.Speed Rogers Linda&Martin Rosenthal Shellie Roth James Rothney Tom&Eileen Rotkis Ms.Barrie Ryan Robert Sanderson Chr

154、is Sar&Megan B.KimballDebby Satter Jack Sawyer Mark J.Saylor,D.D.S.P.B.Schechter Harold Schessler Robert Schlesinger Eugene&Ellen Schneller Anna Schrenk Ursula Schuch Susan Schuhardt Douglas Schulke Charles Schulz Anne Scofield Celia&Peter Scott Shirley C.Seagren Victoria M.Seidman Dr.Ronald Sell Ca

155、rol Sessler Allen W.Shelton John Sherman Robert Silsbee Peter Sinclaire Pete Skartvedt Eric K.Smith Marion Smith,Florence G.Smith FoundationJohn Smith-Lontz,IISteven&Cornelia Snoey Mr.&Mrs.Sunil Somalwar Tim Spears Sandy Steers David&Karen Steichen Arlene E.Stevenson-Booth Christopher Stover&Lorrain

156、e R.BazanKieran Suckling&Lydia MilletDr.Don Szekely Jennifer R.Szoke Tamarack Lagoon Corporation Dwight Taylor Ron E.Thigpen&Lisa BachelderDave Thompson Dr.Donald A.Thomson Alan Timmerman Steven Tracy Aaron Turkewitz Carrington Tutwiler Michael&Janet Valder John Van Sickle Wayne&Blaire Van Valkenbur

157、gh Michael J.Vandeman,Ph.D.Susan Vaughan&William K.BrubakerGreg Vines Robert Mueller,Virginians for Wilderness Carey Wall Phillip&Haji Warf John&Erin Watson Judith F.Watson Nancy Whitmore Robert H.Whitson Tracey Wik Howard G.Wilshire Crane Winton Laurie Wirt Robert Wiygul&Julia WeaverJennifer Wolch&

158、Michael DearGerry&Vicki C.Wolfe Rachel Woodard Elaine Woodriff David Wright David Yetman MATCHING GIFT PROGRAMS Amgen FoundationAventis Computer Associates Global Impact Hewlett PackardSymantec Veritas Working AssetsFOUNDATIONSArgosy FoundationArizona Combined Federal CampaignAveda Corporation The B

159、ay and Paul FoundationsThe Burning FoundationCalifornia Community FoundationCalifornia Native Plant SocietyCedar Tree Foundation Desert Protective Council Firedoll FoundationLemmon FoundationLuster Family Foundation Marisla FoundationPeter H.Michaelson FoundationNew Mexico Community Foundation The O

160、cean FoundationThe Russell Family FoundationThe San Diego Foundation The Sandler Family Supporting FoundationSpirit Mountain Community FundWilburforce FoundationThe Wyss Foundation.AND THANKS TO ALL OUR 25,000 MEMBERS FOR HELPING TO KEEP THE PROMISE.Elizabeth Hospodarsky,Associate Director for Devel

161、opment,Tucson“I enjoy my work at the Center because it is an opportunity to make the world a better place for all beings.I am committed to helping plants and animals that cant protect themselves,and I am inspired by all of our wonderful supporters who share this mission.”Members Paul Torrence and Bo

162、nnie Johnson,with dog Zeus,at the summit of Colorados Mount Harvard.Paul and Bonnie have been dedicated supporters of the Center since 1999.They live in Flagstaff,Arizona.“We support the Centers work because the earth and her flora and fauna have given us great joy.We believe that our children and g

163、randchildren have a right to experience that same natural world and joy,undiminished by human actions.”20OU SUPPORTERSSUPPORT AND REVENUEGrants and DonationsGrants$1,840,398Membership and donations 731,508Total public support 2,571,906Revenue Legal returns 684,936Contracts 25,358Sale of property 186

164、,161Miscellaneous 200Investment income 44,483Total revenue 941,138Total Support and Revenue$3,513,044EXPENSESProgram ServicesConservation programs,education and information 2,380,746 Total program services 2,380,746Supporting ServicesGeneral and administrative 337,886 Fundraising 237,249 Total suppo

165、rting services 575,135 Total Expenses$2,955,881*Lawsuit settlement 500,000 Change in net assets 57,163Net assets,beginning of year 2,290,828Net assets,end of year$2,347,991*Totals include restricted and unrestricted revenues.Audited financial statements are available upon request.*Judgment from a la

166、wsuit that has been appealed.Management is optimistic that the decision will be overturned.STAFFGreta AndersonIleene AndersonJustin AugustineLisa BelenkyMonica BondCurtis BradleyJohn BuseBrendan CummingsKeri DixonCynthia ElkinsMichael FinkelsteinPeter GalvinNoah GreenwaldMichelle HarringtonBill Hask

167、insDavid HoganElizabeth HospodarskyShane JimerfieldChris KassarAdam KeatsJeff MillerJulie MillerBrian NowickiBryan ONealDaniel PattersonBrent PlaterEmily Brin RobersonMichael RobinsonErik RybergTodd SchulkeIsabel SegoviaJennifer ShepherdKelli ShieldsKassie SiegelRobin SilverRhiwena SlackKieran Suckl

168、ingJulie TeelMichelle VasquezMelissa Waage BOARD OF DIRECTORSPeter GalvinBrent HendricksKatherine A.MeyerMarcey OlajosTodd SchulkeRobin Silver Kieran Suckling(81%)(11%)(8%)8%Fundraising81%Program&ServicesUSAGE OF FUNDS 2005 S TATEMEN T O F A C T I V I T Y for Year Ended 12/31/05*11%ManagementW W W.B

169、 I O L O G I C A L D I V E R S I T Y.O R GP.O.Box 710,Tucson AZ 85702-0710Nonprofit OrgUS POSTAGEPAIDTUCSON AZPermit No 1308CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYBECAUSE LIFE IS GOODCover:“Stalking Beneath the Ice”photo Jenny Ross,Polar bears depend upon sea ice for nearly every aspect of their survival,as

170、 do the ringed seals that are the bears primary prey.Despite excellent swimming ability,a polar bear cannot catch a fast and agile seal in open water;all the bears specialized seal hunting skills rely on the ice.With our cover image,the photographer illustrates the“aquatic stalk,”in which a swimming

171、 bear underwater stalks a seal lying on the fractured ice.Suddenly exploding from the water,the bear attempts to catch its prey before the seal dives into the sea.That future generations still share the planet with polar bears,whose sea-ice habitat is surrendering to global warming,is a promise this generation must makeand a promise the Center is working to keep.