硬木木材未來可用性的林業展望.pdf

1、Forestry Perspective on the future availability of hardwood timber Silvio SchlerDepartment of Forest Growth,Silviculture and GeneticsInternational Hardwood Conference 2024Vienna8.November 2024Europe Hardwood stocksSource:State of Europes Forests 2020 https:/foresteurope.org/state-of-europes-forests/

2、Europe Hardwood stocksSource:State of Europes Forests 2020 https:/foresteurope.org/state-of-europes-forests/Oak,Beech,Birch 29%of stocks 8 8 180180 millionmillionmmEurope Hardwood stocksSource:State of Europes Forests 2020 https:/foresteurope.org/state-of-europes-forests/Share of hardwood vs.Share o

3、f hardwood vs.softwood also around softwood also around 50%in Central and 50%in Central and Southern Europe Southern Europe But stocks are But stocks are significantly lower in significantly lower in the South!the South!Example Austria Forest AreaForest Area Forest Area DevelopmentDevelopmentTotal c

4、onifersTotal BroadleavesOthersForest Area(in 1000 ha)Inventory periodExample Austria Growing StocksStock development+123 Mill.m=15%+123 Mill.m=15%+70 Mill.m=39%+70 Mill.m=39%Forest stocks(Mill m)InventoryperiodConifersBroadleafesAustrias seedling marketNational FRM StatisticConifer seedlingdecreasin

5、g stronglyBroadleavedseedling increasingcontinuouslyAustrias seedling marketNational FRM StatisticSpruce seedlingdecrease stronglyOther conifers stayconstant(larch)orincrease(silver firand Douglas-fir)Austrias seedling marketNational FRM StatisticOak(Q.robur)seedlings increasemost stronglyIncrease a

6、lso forbeech,other oaksincl.red oakAustrias seedling marketNational FRM StatisticOak(Q.robur)seedlings increasemost stronglyIncrease also forbeech,other oaksincl.red oakGeneral trend across Central Europe!Climate crisis reached European forests!Photo:Hoch,BFWPhoto:Schler,BFWStormBark beetlesWildfire

7、Snow breakesPhoto:Schueler,BFWPhoto:WikipediaPhoto:WikipediaPhoto:UWZClimate crisis reached European forests!Photo:Hoch,BFWPhoto:Schler,BFWStormBark beetlesWildfireSnow breakesPhoto:Schueler,BFWPhoto:WikipediaPhoto:WikipediaPhoto:UWZClimate change Change in species distributione.g.e.g.NorwayNorwaysp

8、rucespruceZAMGZAMGPotential Potential sprucesprucedistributiondistributionareaarea19701970-200020002100210021002100+2+2 C C+4+4 C CChakraborty et al.2021Predicted tree species changeHanewinkelHanewinkelet al.2012et al.2012Tree species change of major European treesConsequences of climate changeIncre

9、asing growth in hardwood and softwood since the 1950s140 Jahre25 JahreDurchmesser 39 cmDurchmesser 30 cmNorway Spruce at 1200m AltitudePretzsch et al.2014Diameter 39 cm Diameter 30 cm140 years25 yearsConsequences of climate changeIncreasing growth in hardwood and softwood since the 1950s2nd Generati

10、on Beech Trial Pailerstein in Lower Austria from 1900-2020161718192021222324252627282930313233340102030405060708090 100 110 120 130 140mAlterP2(mig durchforstet)P3(stark durchforstet)P4(schwach durchforstet)P3(mig durchforstet)P2(stark durchforstet)P4(schwach durchforstet)P1(ohne Behandlung-Nullflch

11、e)Buchenversuche Nr.204 und Nr.318(Pailerstein/N)EKL BU-Braunschweig10VorbestandFolgebestand01002003004005006007008009001.0000102030405060708090 100 110 120 130 140Vfm/haAlterOberhheGesamtwuchsleistung9876First Gen.Trial First Gen.Trial untiluntil19601960Second Gen.Trial Second Gen.Trial fromfrom196

12、01960Stand heightBroadleaves Changing SilvicultureFacilitating single-tree growth viastrong thinningunmanagedWeakly thinnedStrongly thinnedOak growth potentialExample:35-year oldOak stand in the Alpine ForelandBest site condition withBest silviculturePerspectivesAs consequence of climate change,fore

13、stry is now using more hardwood than in the pastIncreasing hardwood quantities(Oak,Beech,red oak,black walnut)With climate change,hardwood species are also growing faster than in the pastChanges in silviculture(from 120-250 years to 80-150 years)Changing qualities(larger ring widths)Costs of hardwoo

14、d timber production are higher and require more silvicultural know-how Share of high-quality timber might be limited Broadleaved timber applicationsLarge share ofbroadleavedtimber is used forbiomassproduction and energetic useFor mitigating climate change,the share of harvested woodproducts with lon

15、g-term use needs to be increased!Large scale threatsCiceu et al.2024(Science Ciceu et al.2024(Science ofof Total Environment)Total Environment)Oak lace bugLarge scale threatsCiceu et al.2024(Science Ciceu et al.2024(Science ofof Total Environment)Total Environment)Oak lace bug spreading across Europ

16、e Foto:C.FreinschlagAsh diseaseHeino Konrad,Gregor M.Unger,Aglaia Szukala,Thomas Kirisits,Silvio Schler,Thomas Geburekhttp:/www.eschehttp:/www.esche-in in-not.atnot.atLarge scale threats17.08.201104.06.2015 Fotos:T.Kirisits17.08.201122.08.2015Erhebung und Auswertung:2011 C.Freinschlag:187 Bume(51 Kl

17、one)&2015 T.Kirisits:184 Bume(51 Klone)14B14B8A8ABackground detection of resistance in clonal seed orchardsHeritability 0,30-0,65Ash in Distress-Phase I(08.2015 09.2019)Steps 1 to 3:Search,collection,raisingof seedlings874 forest sites reported435 sites visited715 mother trees selected Fotos:C.Schmi

18、edbauer;G.M.Unger;2017 Google;2009 GeoBasis-DE/BKG;Map:Google EarthRaising of seedlingsRaising of 35,000 seedlings4 plots in a common garden(harvests 2015 2017)Largesttrial in Central Europe!Fotos:G.M.UngerSeeds from 715 mother treesR3R4After 3 years still around 20%disease free offsping!Data:G.M.Un

19、gerR3 R4Results of disease incidenceStep 1:Selectionand propagationof bestclonesSteps to bring ash back to the forestStep 2:Provision of clonal material to forest managers installation of field trials with clonal materialStep 3:Establishment of seedorchards with elite clones(geography,elevation)Foto

20、s:L.Weienbacher;G.M.UngerStep 1:Selectionand propagationof bestclonesSteps to bring ash back to the forestStep 2:Provision of clonal material to forest managers installation of field trials with clonal materialStep 3:Establishment of seedorchards with elite clones(geography,elevation)Fotos:L.Weienba

21、cher;G.M.UngerSimilar programmes acrossEurope!Conclusions Long-term perspectives for hardwood timber are increasing due to higher share of broadleaved,improved growth and changingsilviculture Also hardwood forests face increasing threats by climatechange and global pest That may be handled(Success i

22、n Ash breeding)Hardwood timber requires technological advancements to makebetter use of timber ressources and to contribute stronger toclimate change mitigation! fr WaldAustria,1131 WienSeckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8Tel.:+43 1 878 38-0direktionbfw.gv.atwww.bfw.gv.atFolgen Sie unsFolgen Sie unsBFW BFW BILDUNGFORSCHUNGWALDKontaktKontaktManyMany thanksthanks forfor youryour attentionattention!