1、GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsPrefaceUrban growth and ever-increasing consumption patterns are putting pressure on our planets resources like never before.This is challenging the traditional methods employed by an increasing number of climate-c
2、onscious local governments and influential stakeholders within the construction industry.These stakeholders encompass material producers,developers,designers,and architects who are actively engaged in researching and implementing diverse biobased construction materials and are looking to explore the
3、 potential of these materials to serve as a viable solution for mitigating the large carbon footprint often associated with construction projects.To keep pace,it is estimated that two billion square metres of new building stock will be required every year between 2023 and 2028 alone.The climate impa
4、ct of such development will be significant in terms of both embodied and operational emissions.To reduce impact on climate and promote healthy living places we must focus on the consequences of our material,design,and fabrication choices.To ensure that the buildings and construction sector is on tra
5、ck to meet the Paris Agreement goals,we need to acknowledge the built environment as a system in which all actors in the construction material supply chain have a role and responsibility to reduce emissions across the full life cycle of built assets.Carbon performance needs to become an integral par
6、t of the assessment during every transaction all along the value chain and cities are uniquely placed to demand this and integrate carbon performance into procurement and regulations.Space and resource constraints,climate change mitigation and resilience,and a greater focus on human well-being,among
7、 other factors,have stimulated new solutions and encouraged innovation.For some this has meant a return to various biobased building materials.The potential of these versatile materials is immense,with benefits including reduced energy consumption,reduced CO2 emissions,healthier spaces,and a route t
8、o sustainable forest,spatial and agricultural management all key tenets of the UN Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).Appropriately diverse and well managed biobased supply chains and models of construction can help to reduce net carbon emissions by locking carbon into the building fabric.It is enco
9、uraging to witness a significant increase in the use of wooden buildings in recent years.This shift towards timber construction reflects a growing recognition of the benefits associated with biobased materials.This trend is not limited to any specific region;it is a global phenomenon.As we strive to
10、 address the challenges posed by urbanization,climate change,and the pursuit of healthier,more sustainable living environments,the adoption of biobased building materials,such as wood,is gaining momentum.To accelerate this transformation and make a meaningful impact on our built environment,we must
11、continue to promote and expand the use of these materials on a larger scale.2Cover image antonella bozzini/Alamy Stock PhotoGlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsAcknowledgementsThe following have shared their insights in the making of the report:Simon
12、e MangiliExecutive Director,Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance Irene GarciaBuilt Environment Lead,Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance Peter VangsboAssociate Director for Climate and Sustainability Services,ArupMagnus Egelund ThomsenSustainability Consultant,ArupBruna FrydmanSenior Materials Engineer,ArupMari
13、na SaezSustainability Consultant,ArupAyoe SkotteJunior Sustainability Consultant,ArupSean LockieDirector Integrated City Planning,ArupLean DoodyDirector for Cities planning and Design,ArupEmily WalportSenior Materials Engineer,ArupCNCA knowledge partnersEuropean municipalitiesDesire Bernhardt,Amster
14、dam MunicipalityStefan Rigter,Amsterdam MunicipalityRemy Spiewak,Bordeaux Mtropole Emma Morton,Glasgow MunicipalityRoss Hocknull,City Building(Glasgow)LLPAdam Wadsten,Lund MunicipalityLena Nordenbro,Lunds Kommuns Fastighets AB Tanja Tyvimaa,Tampere Municipality North American municipalitiesCarolyn E
15、lam,BoulderLauren Zimmermann,PortlandFernando Carou,TorontoJames Nowlan,TorontoPatrick Enright,VancouverConnor Rattey,Washington DCStephanie Myles,Washington DC DisclaimerThis publication is part of the CNCAs project“Dramatically Reducing Embodied Carbon in Europes Built Environment”,funded by Laude
16、s and Built by Nature.Arup is responsible for its content.About CNCAThe Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance(CNCA)is a collaboration of leading global cities working to achieve carbon neutrality in the next 10-20 years the most aggressive GHG reduction targets undertaken anywhere by any city.CNCAs mission
17、 is to mobilise transformative climate action in cities in order to achieve prosperity,social equity,resilience and better quality of life for all on a thriving planet.CNCA is committed to a just carbon neutral future that recognises and redresses the disproportionate burdens and the disproportionat
18、e benefits of the fossil fuel economy by prioritizing climate action that advances the well-being of low-income people,Indigenous Peoples,communities of colour,immigrants and refugees and other historically marginalised communities.About ArupArup is a global collective of designers,consultants and e
19、xperts dedicated to sustainable development.We use technology,imagination and rigour to shape a better world.Arups primary goal is to develop a truly sustainable built environment.This means that in all our work,we aim to identify a balance between the needs of a growing world population and the fin
20、ite capacity and health of our planet.3GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsTable of ContentsGlossaryScopeContextBiomaterials in constructionBenefits of the application of bio-based constructionRenewableLow-embodied carbonLow toxicityLocal social valu
21、e generationResource useMisconceptions and knowledge gaps for the application of bio-based constructionAvailability of dataFire performanceMoisture regulationRodents and insectsDurabilityAvailability,scalability and costOpportunities and recommendations for cities to increase uptake of bio-based mat
22、erialsKnowledge and collaborationPolicyFinanceRegulationsKey EU regulationsMaterials handbookHow to use this handbookStructureTimberBambooHemp BrickInsulationHemp Fibre BattsHempcreteStraw Panels and BoardsRice Panels and BoardsHemp Panels and BoardsWood Fibre InsulationSheep Wool InsulationExpanded
23、 CorkMycelium Insulation BoardsSeagrass InsulationLiningHemp BoardsCompressed Straw Boards(CSB)Wood Wool BoardsOSB WoodBio-based construction material casesCertificates in the building sectorIntroduction of carbon regulations in DenmarkMunich subsidy programme for timber housing constructionsWood Bu
24、ilding Programme in FinlandSupporting timber construction in Tampere through subsidy grantsIncreasing use of bio-based materials through building codes and procurement guidelines in Washington DCBigwood Interreg project overcomes resistance against the use of timber in high-volume constructionInnoRe
25、new CoE research institute Slovenias largest wooden buildingTimber innovation in social housing in BarcelonaSocial housing in Rovereto(Italy)utilising recovered wood from storm VaiaReferences4GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsGlossaryTermExplanatio
26、nA1-A3(LCA)The“product stage”of a components life cycle.A1 refers to raw material extraction and processing and processing of secondary material input(e.g.,recycling processes).A2 refers to transport to the manufacturer.A3 refers to manufacturing.BinderA binderis a substance that causes two or more
27、materials to bond together or blend.Biogenic carbonBiogenic carbon is carbon that is sequestered from the atmosphere during growth of biomass and may be released back to the atmosphere later due to combustion of the biomass or decomposition.The principles for biogenic carbon accounting are defined i
28、n the international standard,ISO 21930.Standard EN 16785-1 determines the content of biobased elements through a radiocarbon and an elementary analysis.BiomaterialsBiomaterials are materials that have non-specific biological association and includes a wide array of materials(such as naturalmaterials
29、 e.g.,timber through to bio synthetics).All biomaterials are bio-based and are generally used to describe an end-product,a finished material in the built environment.Biotic materialBiotic material is defined by materials made from living organisms without further modification.Bio-based materialBio-b
30、ased materials are made from substances derived from living organisms.These kinds of materials might go through a process before reaching the product state.When the term biobased material is used as it is defined by the standard EN 16575:2014,we consider the part of the product that comes from the b
31、iomass.This origin can be total or partial,the minimum rate that should contain a material to benefit from this designation is not mentioned by any standards.Bio-fabricated materialAny biological product made by micro-organisms such as yeast,mycelium,algae,and bacteria.CO2-eqCO2-equivalent(CO2-eq)is
32、 a comparable way to measure the emissions from various GHG based on their GWP,by converting amounts of other gases to the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide with the same GWP.Embodied carbonEmbodied carbon is the total GHG emissions associated with the production of a material/product/asset.This i
33、ncludes emissions caused by extraction,manufacture/processing,transportation and assembly of every product and element in a material/product/asset.In some cases,it may also include the maintenance,replacement,deconstruction,disposal and end-of-life aspects of the materials and systems that make up t
34、he material/product/asset.ISO 16745,Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works Carbon metric of an existing building during use stage,Parts 1 and 2,will provide,in a simple way,a set of methods for the calculation,reporting,communication and verification of a collection of carbon metric
35、s for GHG emissions arising from the measured energy use during the activity of an existing building,the measured user-related energy use,and other relevant GHG emissions and removalsEnd-of-lifeEnd-of-liferefers to the final stages of a products life when its no longer in the stages of being used.5G
36、lossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsTermExplanationEndocrine-disrupting chemical(EDC)Endocrine-disrupting chemicals(EDCs)are substances in the environment that interfere with the normal function of the human bodys endocrine system.The endocrine system
37、 works through hormones and with other systems to regulate the bodys healthy development and function throughout life.EDCs can be found in everyday products such as plastics,pesticides,flame retardants,personal care products,and certain industrial chemicals.Environmental product declarations(EPD)A t
38、hird-party verified,standardised document that provides the environmental impact of a product,based on the data from a life cycle assessment(LCA).An EPD is usually valid for five years and is generated according to the relevant standards.Construction EPDs are based on the ISO 14040/14044,ISO 14025,E
39、N 15804 or ISO 21930 standards.Global warming potential(GWP)GWP is a numerical value used to measure the relative contribution of GHGs to global warming.It compares the warming effect of a particular gas to that of CO2 over a specific time period,usually 100 years.GWP values help in assessing the ov
40、erall climate impact of different GHGs.Greenhousegases(GHG)GHG is a common name for the gasses in the atmosphere that trap heat in the atmosphere.Hygroscopic bufferingHygroscopic bufferingrefers to a protective barrier that prevents a solid substance from absorbing moisture from the surroundings.Lif
41、e cycle assessment(LCA)LCA refers to a method of evaluating the impact that a material,product or an asset has on the environment during its whole life cycle.MyceliumMycelium is the root-like network of fine,branching threads called hyphae that make up the vegetative part of a fungus.Sequestered CO2
42、Sequestered carbon dioxide(CO2)is the removal and long-termstorage of CO2 that originally comes from the atmosphere.Soil permeabilizationSoil permeabilizationis the process allowing penetration through the membrane in the cells.This process allows new properties to be added to the soil without the s
43、oil being broken down.Vapour permeabilityVapour permeability refers to a materials ability to allow water to pass through it.Volatile organic compounds(VOC)VOCs are organic chemicals that easily evaporate into the air at room temperature.They are emitted by various sources such as industrial process
44、es,solvents,paints,and cleaning products.VOCs can contribute to air pollution,impact human health,and play a role in the formation of ground-level ozone and smog.Controlling VOC emissions is important for improving air quality and reducing environmental and health risks.Glossary6GlossaryScopeContext
45、BiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsScopeWith support from the Laudes Foundation and Built By Nature,in 2021 the Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance(CNCA)launched the“Dramatically Reducing Embodied Carbon in Europe”project which aims to foster widespread adoption of ambitiou
46、s local,national and regional policies that will reduce embodied carbon and increase the uptake of bio-based materials in the built environment in Europe.In 2022,CNCA commissioned Arup to develop a“City Handbook for Building Carbon Neutral Buildings”specifically to support cities in evaluating how t
47、o reduce whole life carbon in construction,using bio-based building materials.The handbook has been developed in close collaboration with CNCA to support policymakers and planners with technical information on the benefits of bio-based materials,challenges,misconceptions and knowledge gaps for the a
48、pplication of biobased construction,as well as regulation and good practices to grow the opportunity for cities to access and utilise bio-based building materials.The handbook incorporates the findings of:Interviews carried out with procurement officials across CNCA member cities,Interviews with key
49、 stakeholders along the procurement chain(procurement leads,law makers,investors,developers,designers,insurers,consultants,contractors,material suppliers),Engagement workshops,Review of commercially viable bio-based building materials,Current best practice,regulatory context and state of the art in
50、relation to 3 selected exemplary European countries.LimitationsIt is important to highlight that this handbook does not provide an exhaustive list of biomaterials or manufacturers currently available on the market.Arup has not carried out a technical due diligence of the products described in the ha
51、ndbook.7iStock Hispanolistic GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsContextIt is estimated that one billion new homes need to be built in cities around the world between 2020 to 2025.There will be twice as many buildings on earth by 2050 than thereare t
52、oday.Without low-carbonconstruction,those buildings are going to lock in huge amounts of greenhouse gas emissions and accelerate the climate crisis.Delivering a carbon net zero built environment is one of the most critical challenges of our times.The built environment and construction industry contr
53、ibutes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions and broader environmental impacts,e.g.impacts to biodiversity,waste generation and depletion of non-renewable resources.As cities around the world increasingly recognise the role of this industry,we are seeing trends across all actors in the su
54、pply chain towards more sustainable approaches,with improvements to the way we design,use materials and operate assets.To make a meaningful contribution,the construction industry must aim not only to significantly reduce negative impact,but also strive for more planet and people positive and regener
55、ative outcomes.Cities are uniquely placed to demand that carbon performance become an integral part of the assessment during every transaction along the entire value chain and that it is integrated in both procurement and building regulations.In 2020 CNCA outlined 52 detailed policies to reduce embo
56、died carbon as part of the City Policy Framework for Dramatically Reducing Embodied Carbon 1.This current work builds upon the CNCAs previous guidance for policymakers,emphasizing the importance of addressing the full carbon footprint to meet the Paris Agreements goal of achieving net zero embodied
57、carbon by 2050.Materials are rarely inherently sustainable;even materials that are purported to be low-carbon or low-impact may cause harm when used inappropriately.Environmental impact is not just defined by the type of material or where it comes from,but how it is used,how long it is used for,and
58、what happens to it at the end of its useful life.For example,engineered timber is often considered a sustainable structural material.Despite this,if responsible forestry practices are not followed and/or the timber is used inappropriately(through inefficient design or use for a short life applicatio
59、n),the global net carbon impact can be unfavourable,in addition to wider negative impacts from deforestation.The right material must be selected for each application and scenario;the lowest impact material for one application,will often be completely different from another.This technical handbook sh
60、owcases products available on the market,providing information about technical performance,health and safety,responsible sourcing,circularity and names of specific manufactures,to support city officials and public procurement officers in developing low carbon construction tenders.The Handbook also o
61、utlines challenges,misconceptions and knowledge gaps for the application of biobased construction materials from applied cases in Europe and North America.8iStock fstop123 GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsBiomaterials in constructionThe term bio-b
62、ased material is broad,covering all materials that are to some degree derived from living organisms such as plants,which have been processed into a functional product.Bio-based construction refers to the use of such materials in construction of the built environment.Building structures can be consid
63、ered predominantly made up of four constituent parts:Examples of bio-based materials in construction include:timber(used for multiple applications including the structure and external cladding),bamboo(used for lightweight construction,in geographical regions where bamboo is prevalent),hemp(as a plan
64、t-based aggregate and insulative material),straw(typically wheat straw,the stalk of which is a waste material),wood-fibre(used as sheathing and insulation board),cork(used as insulation and as an internal finish),wool(as insulation)andmycelium(as insulation and interior finishes).The structure Which
65、 can be either a frame or a series load bearing walls1The insulationWhich gives the building its thermal and/or acoustic performance2The lining Which forms the internal surfaces3The envelopeWhich forms the outer skin of the building49GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulat
66、ionsHandbookBenefitsBenefits of the application of bio-based constructionFor many applications,the use of biomaterials can deliver several benefits as compared to traditional construction materials and approaches.The benefits associated to bio-based materials as well as the limits of these are highl
67、ighted below.RenewableWhen sustainably and responsibly sourced,bio-based construction materials can be described as renewable.They can be harvested and regenerated within years or decades.While bio-based materials are derived from biological sources,some might contain non-degradable compounds.In suc
68、h cases,separating the biological content from non-biodegradable materials is necessary for biodegradation.Low-embodied carbonConstruction materials made from biological components require significantly less energy in their production than more conventional materials,such as aluminium,concrete,and s
69、teel,which often require high temperatures during processing.Furthermore,bio-based materials can actively absorb carbon dioxide(CO2)while the constituent elements are growing.This sequestered CO2,also referred to as biogenic carbon,is then trapped in the material when it is harvested.In other words,
70、by including bio-based content in our building and construction products,specifically renewable plant-based materials,we can keep previously absorbed carbon from re-entering the atmosphere.And by doing so,we significantly reduce the carbon footprint of those products since carbon footprint is measur
71、ed as the greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.The use of bio-based building material has a ripple effect as well.Lowering the carbon footprint of products means reducing the carbon footprints of the consumers who buy them.As we better understand the severity of the climate crisis,more and more consumers an
72、d companies are taking strides to reduce their environmental impact.This includes taking a deeper look into how the products and materials they consume are made.If the material is sent to landfill or burnt for energy,the sequestered CO2 will be released.The reuse or recycling of bio-based materials
73、to extend their life-cycle and CO2 storing capacity therefore presents an opportunity to lower the carbon footprint even further over time.Finally,if bio-based materials can be sourced locally,i.e.at a regional level,their use can also reduce the carbon impact associated with transportation,further
74、reducing the environmental impact.10GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsBenefits of the application of bio-based constructionLow toxicityOne factor influencing building indoor air quality is contaminants introduced by materials and fittings,including
75、 volatile organic compounds(VOCs)and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals(EDCs).The presence of VOCs and the associated health risks in residential and public buildings are well reported.VOCs are widely used in construction and building products like paints,varnishes,adhesives,solvents and flame retardant
76、s.Bio-based materials typically will be low-emitting and create a healthier indoor environment.Bio-based construction is predominantly breathable,which can help to regulate moisture,humidity and indoor air quality within the structure,provided that correct design and installation approaches are foll
77、owed.Job opportunity and construction safetyIncreasing job numbers in biobased construction and its associated supply chains could result in labourers being exposed to fewer contaminants and hazardous conditions during construction and many jobs being moved off the construction site.Off-site jobs ca
78、n be up to 80%safer with working conditions often significantly improved.25Additionally,the expedited construction process facilitated by prefabrication and preassembly minimises disturbance to neighboring activities and users.Local social value generationLocal sourcing of bio-feedstocks and manufac
79、turing can also bring socio-economic benefits,such as creating local employment,helping to retain economic value in the region,and supporting diverse economic distribution across the supply chain.Where materials are developed from agricultural waste streams,these new products can bring value diversi
80、fication to the existing industry and businesses.Resource useThe use of bio-based construction materials encompasses significant land use for the growth of the required biomass.The natural limitation of available resources imposes cross-sectoral land use competition which could affect both reforesta
81、tion efforts and food security.Forests,including plantation forests,provide a series of both tangible and intangible services to society and to human well-being,ranging from the production of raw materials and regulation of water flows to the protection of soils and conservation of biodiversity.The
82、rise of bio-economy-driven wood markets presents an opportunity to redefine the equilibrium between wood demand and the preservation of vital ecosystem services.While tree plantations inherently exhibit lower plant and animal diversity due to their defined nature and limited wildlife resources,they
83、can still play a significant role in enhancing biodiversity when replacing human-modified ecosystems like degraded pasture,rather than native ecosystems.There is a strong argument in favour of fast-growing bio-based materials such as wheat,corn and rice.In particular,materials that are currently by-
84、products of agricultural practice such as straw,corn stalks,or rice husks which can be repurposed and transformed into construction materials.Another fast-growing crop with potential in the construction sector is industrial hemp.Studies have shown that hemp can be used to regenerate brown fields,mea
85、ning to restore areas that suffered from industrialization,while avoiding land competition with existing crops.Although hemp is available in many European countries its use remains limited due to policy restrictions.11GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBene
86、fitsMisconceptions and knowledge gaps for the application of bio-based constructionDespite the growing use of bio-based construction materials and methods,such as the increasing use of structural timber instead of steel and concrete in Finland and Sweden,and the rising popularity of biobased insulat
87、ion in countries like France and The Netherlands,many challenges remain to be overcome for these innovations to achieve wider adoption.Some of the challenges are technical,other financial or regulatory,and some are perceived,based on insufficient information or misconceptions.Some of the primary cha
88、llenges,misconceptions and knowledge gaps are described below:Availability of dataData,whether describing technical performance,supply chain transparency,or environmental impact and attributes,is critical to enable scaled use of a new product.Due to the costly nature of testing and supply chain moni
89、toring,availability of data often presents a key barrier for new products to enter the market.Without such data,it can be challenging for designers to have confidence in their performance,ensuring compliance with building codes and regulations.Environmental impact data is also increasingly required
90、by designers,who seek to take data-informed approaches to reduce the impact of their designs,through review of data products like Environmental Product Declarations(EPDs)and Life Cycle Assessment(LCA).Fire performanceRegulation relating to combustible materials has a significant impact on the use/ap
91、plicability of bio-based materials in the built environment.All building materials,bio-based or otherwise,must meet a minimum fire safety requirement.While bio-based materials are organic and,therefore combustible,synthetic and/or biobased natural additives can be combined with these to significantl
92、y improve their fire performance.For example,lime,a biobased natural additive,is often used as a binder in biobased materials to improve fire performance.Furthermore,fire safety can be engineered and there are numerous strategies for achieving this with biomaterials as with any other construction ma
93、terial.The nature of materials,bio-based or otherwise,must be considered when developing the fire strategy for a building.Best practice for fire safe design,regardless of the material used,is to design knowingly using evidence from research,testing and validated methods of calculation.This allows sp
94、ecific risks to be defined and quantified and appropriate fire safety provisions to be made as part of a holistic design strategy.Moisture regulationA common perception is that bio-based materials create damp environments.However,when properly utilised,these materials can facilitate the moisture reg
95、ulation of indoor environments and is therefore also mentioned in the previous section on benefit.Hygroscopicity is the capacity of a material to absorb and release water vapour from and to the air as the relative humidity of the air changes.Many bio-based materials have excellent hygroscopic perfor
96、mance,as well as a higher degree of vapour permeability than non-bio-based materials,enabling the development of breathable build-ups and stable environments.In any construction method,the correct design and installation of vapour control layers and vapour permeable layers in wall build-ups is neces
97、sary.The relevance of this moisture regulating performance will also depend on the operation of a space hygroscopic buffering of moisture regulation requires low air changes for a space.12GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsMisconceptions and knowled
98、ge gaps for the application of bio-based constructionRodents and insectsThere is a popular misconception that bio-based materials provide more attractive homes to common household pests such as rodents and insects.While some bio-based materials may be more susceptible to pests compared to traditiona
99、l materials like concrete or steel,proper preventive measures can effectively mitigate these risks and ensure the long-term durability and performance of bio-based construction materials.Preventative measures include:Proper storage:Storing materials in dry and well-ventilated areas,away from potenti
100、al sources of pests,such as food or waste.Surface treatments:Applying protective coatings or sealants to the surface of bio-based materials can act as a barrier against pests and moisture.Pest control measures:Implementing pest control measures,such as regular inspections,using bait stations,traps,o
101、r insecticides,can help prevent or address infestations.Structural design:Incorporating design features that minimise access points for pests,such as sealing gaps or using mesh screens,can reduce the likelihood of infestations.DurabilityThe durability of a material is dependent on its exposure condi
102、tion.Bio-based materials are often considered to have a short lifespan.However,this misconception is often due to a lack of knowledge,poorly detailed use or outdated information.By keeping bio-based materials dry,their lifespan can be comparable to traditional construction materials.For example,some
103、 straw bale insulation manufacturers offer warranties for 25 years,which is comparable to Expol Extruded Polystyrene(XPS)insulation systems.Bio-based materials can be treated to improve their durability,but like for treatments for fire performance,it should be noted that such treatments may have neg
104、ative embodied carbon or toxicity implications.As is true of all materials used externally,lifespan will be determined by the project location,material type,treatment,detailing and maintenance.13GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsMisconceptions and
105、knowledge gaps for the application of bio-based constructionAvailability,scalability and costBio-based materials can be more expensive than traditional construction techniques.The availability,scalability,and cost of bio-based construction materials varies depending on the specific material,regional
106、 production,market demand,and government policies.In Europe,as in many other regions,there has been an increasing focus on bio-based materials,driven by the need for low-carbon construction solutions.Many bio-based materials,such as timber,straw,and flax,are available in some European regions due to
107、 the specific regions abundant agricultural and forestry resources.Studies have shown that the land currently available for growing wood and straw is sufficient in every European region to meet the future evolution of the building stock.However,this is not the case for other materials,such as cork a
108、nd hemp,which will need to be scaled as markets expand.The scalability of bio-based construction materials is improving as the industry continues to grow.There is a rising trend in research and development efforts to enhance the performance and expand the range of bio-based materials suitable for co
109、nstruction applications.However,scalability is highly dependent on market demand which needs clear policy signals in order to grow steadily.The supply and demand conflict in turn affects the cost.In general,bio-based materials can be more expensive than traditional construction techniques.Timber pro
110、jects for example are generally 5%to 10%more expensive than traditional ones in Western Europe 1.Bio-based materials usually have higher upfront costs compared to conventional materials due to production methods,limited economies of scale,or additional processing steps.However,as the industry mature
111、s and demand increases,economies of scale and technological advancements are expected to drive cost reductions over time.Furthermore,as society decouples economic growth from resource use through higher resource efficiency,material cost can be compensated based on a more holistic whole life-cycle co
112、st taking into account the benefits of lightweight construction,prefabrication construction practices,and true pricing(considering health benefits and carbon emissions).Lack of certification and testing The provision of objective information on the performance of available biobased technologies thro
113、ugh product certifications needs to be accelerated in order to facilitatematerials coming to market.Harmonised and standardised national/international testing and evaluation procedures for specific biobased products and technologies should be prioritised to increase understanding among developers,ar
114、chitects and installers and accelerate the maturity of the industry more broadly.To a large extent the current standardised tests are not appropriate and/or effective for bio-based materials(e.g.moisture regulating effect and fire regulation of biobased materials).14GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsM
115、isconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsOpportunities and recommendations for cities to increase uptake of bio-based materialsCities can address the barriers and accelerate the adoption of bio-based building materials by fostering knowledge dissemination and cross-sector collaboration,a
116、s well as creating policy support and financial incentives to promote sustainable and resilient construction practices that benefit both the environment and society.Knowledge and collaborationKnowledge enhancement:Develop comprehensive educational programs and workshops to increase knowledge and und
117、erstanding of bio-based materials among procurement officials,decision-makers,and stakeholders.This should include training sessions on the benefits,characteristics,and applications of bio-based materials,as well as sharing successful case studies and best practices.Capacity building and training:Pr
118、ovide ongoing capacity building and training programs for procurement officials,ensuring they have the necessary skills and knowledge to evaluate,compare,and select bio-based materials effectively.This can include training on life cycle assessments,cost-benefit analyses,and sustainable procurement p
119、ractices.Community based biogenic hubs:Cities have a major role to encourage community transformation and to establish the infrastructure to ensure that carbon remains stored within the city.This could include specific community-based wood recycling projects,biobased material libraries,bio-based bui
120、lding material master classes etc.)Incorporate bio-based materials in learning curricula:Collaborate with educational institutions to include bio-based materials in relevant curricula,such as architecture,engineering,and construction programs.This ensures that future professionals are equipped with
121、the knowledge and understanding of bio-based materials,fostering their adoption in the industry.Share best(and worst)practices:Establish platforms or networks to share best practices,lessons learned,and case studies related to bio-based materials.This information sharing can help disseminate knowled
122、ge,promote successful projects,and highlight challenges to avoid,ultimately advancing the understanding and implementation of bio-based materials.Establish a local collaborative bio-based construction materials working group:Create a collaborative working group that brings together government repres
123、entatives,industry stakeholders,and experts to drive the development,promotion,and standardization of bio-based construction materials.This group can work towards creating supportive policies,sharing knowledge,and establishing certification or labelling schemes for bio-based materials.Sourcing local
124、ly:Cities are uniquely placed to map out potential regional biobased material sources locally(within 100km),to understand current product availability,existing supply chains into the city,potential biomaterial sources and highlight supply chains that could benefit from support.Cities might find some
125、 surprising opportunities if they do this.Examples can be found as 24 2515GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsOpportunities and recommendations for cities to increase uptake of bio-based materialsKnowledge and collaboration Collaboration with industr
126、y partners:Collaborate with industry partners,such as manufacturers and suppliers of bio-based materials,to enhance their availability,affordability,and accessibility.Encourage the development of a diverse range of bio-based materials and establish reliable supply chains to meet the increasing deman
127、d in the market.An example is the Timber Perception Lab in the Milan Innovation District which is a one million square meter showcase for an ambitious regeneration project designed to feature innovative timber buildings selected for their quality in design and construction.The Timber Perception Lab
128、presents an opportunity to overcome the barriers related to limited knowledge and experience,as well as cultural acceptance,by involving stakeholders across the timber value chain.The Lab is a public-private partnership with Arup,Built by Nature,EIT Climate-KIC,Lendlease,Polytechnic Foundation of Mi
129、lan,Store Enso,UCL and Waugh Thistleton Architects.Awareness campaigns:Launch awareness campaigns targeting both professionals in the construction industry and the general public to promote the benefits and potential of bio-based materials.Highlight the environmental advantages,carbon sequestration
130、potential,and positive social impacts associated with the use of these materials.PolicyAdvocate for governmental change:Engage in advocacy efforts to influence governmental policies and regulations that support the adoption of bio-based materials.This can involve participating in policy discussions,
131、providing expert input,and highlighting the benefits of bio-based materials in terms of sustainability,carbon reduction,and local economic development.Policy support:Advocate for supportive policies at the local,regional,and national levels that encourage the use of bio-based materials in constructi
132、on projects.This can include incentives and regulations that promote sustainable procurement practices and prioritise the integration of bio-based materials in public and private construction initiatives.Change planning policy:Work with local authorities and planning bodies to revise planning polici
133、es and regulations to explicitly encourage or incentivise the use of bio-based materials in construction projects.This can include incorporating sustainability criteria,providing streamlined approval processes,and granting exemptions or bonuses for projects using bio-based materials.Multi-criteria d
134、ecision-making:Implement decision-making frameworks that consider multiple criteria beyond just cost,including environmental impact,social sustainability,and long-term benefits.This can help prioritise sustainable choices and overcome the conflict between cost and sustainability objectives.Focus on
135、the largest material flows:Identify and prioritise the largest material flows in construction and target efforts towards replacing these conventional materials with bio-based alternatives.This strategic approach can maximise the impact of adopting bio-based materials and facilitate a more significan
136、t shift towards sustainable construction practices.16GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsOpportunities and recommendations for cities to increase uptake of bio-based materialsFinanceFund demonstrator projects:Allocate research like H2020,Mission Inno
137、vation and European Research funds and philanthropic funding to support small-scale demonstrator projects that showcase the successful integration of bio-based materials.These projects can serve as tangible examples of the feasibility,performance,and benefits of bio-based materials,instilling confid
138、ence and encouraging further adoption.An example could be the 15 multiple examples of biobased pavilions showcased during the World Congress of Architects in Copenhagen in July 2023 funded by philanthropic funds,private enterprises and EU research programmes.Each pavilion is the result of a collabor
139、ation between architects,engineers,material producers,science institutions,associations,and foundations,all working towards asking the right questions when it comes to building for the future,relating to one or more of the UNs 17 Sustainable Development Goal(SDGs).Fund large-scale bio-based flagship
140、 projects:Provide financial support for large-scale flagship projects that utilise bio-based materials extensively.These projects can demonstrate the capacity and viability of bio-based materials in meeting the requirements of significant construction endeavours,building confidence in the supply cha
141、in and driving market demand.An example is the 8.200 square meter InnoRenew CoE research institute in Livade which is the largest wooden building in Slovenia and a unique facility for research and innovation in the field of renewable materials and healthy living environmentsStimulate innovative proc
142、urement measures:Encourage the use of innovative procurement measures,such as open innovation calls and targeted calls for small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs),to foster collaboration and stimulate the development and supply of bio-based materials.These measures can support the growth of the bio
143、-based industry while ensuring a diverse and competitive market.An example of such innovative procurement measure is the Urban Food from Residual Heat Open Innovation program,facilitated by EIT Climate-KIC in partnership with the Swedish Cities of Malm,Lund,Bjuv and Oskarshamn in collaboration with
144、E.ON,ICA Fastigheter,and Veolia,aiming to design low carbon building to utilise low temperature residual heat.The final design is currently under construction in Malm and is a textbook example of executing Open Innovation ideas into low carbon construction building.Updated product specifications:Sup
145、port industry stakeholders in developing and updating product specifications for bio-based materials,addressing any gaps or outdated requirements.Specifically,ensure that fire safety specifications are adequately incorporated to enhance confidence in the performance and compliance of bio-based mater
146、ials.Incentives and financial support:Introduce financial incentives,such as grants,tax incentives,or subsidies,to offset the higher upfront costs associated with bio-based materials.This can encourage procurement officials and builders to consider sustainable options and promote the wider adoption
147、of bio-based materials in construction projects.17GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsRegulationsThe EU has declared in a position paper on the Commissions Bioeconomy Strategy and Action Plan Review 1,published in 2017,that the bio-based products sec
148、tor is a priority area with high potential for future growth,reindustrialisation,and addressing societal challenges.An assessment done by the European Commission has indicated that bio-based products and biofuels represent approximately 57 billion in annual revenue and involve 300,000 jobs.The annua
149、l revenue and job creation potential specifically for bio-based building materials is not estimated but could be up to 18-20%of the entire bio-based production sector.In general terms the bio-based sector is seen as a catalyst for systemic change by the EU commission,national governments,and the pri
150、vate sector.From a regulation perspective the bio-based sector is opening new ways of producing and consuming resources while respecting our planetary boundaries.Thus,it contributes directly to achieving the economic,social,and environmental goals of the EUs Green Deal.In this context,bio-sourced co
151、nstruction materials,if managed in a sustainable way during their whole life cycle,have a major role in the decarbonisation of the construction sector.The development of technological innovation,value chains and skills ecosystems however require evidence-based regulation across sectors.The following
152、 section describes the newest regulations,policy adaptations and best practices which are and will be influencing the legal framework for developing bio-based building materials going forward and commercialise the entire value chain behind bio-based building material design,production and use.Key EU
153、 regulationsThe European Union(EU)has implemented various regulations and policies that promote the use of bio-based construction materials and encourage sustainable construction practices.Listed below are some key regulations and initiatives relevant to bio-based construction materials in the EU:Th
154、e European Green DealIn November 2019,the Parliament declared a climate emergency asking the European Commission to adapt all its proposals in line with a 1.5 C target for limiting global warming and ensure that greenhouse gas emissions are significantly reduced.In response,the Commission unveiled t
155、he European Green Deal,a roadmap for Europe becoming a climate-neutral continent by 2050,where:There are no net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050.Economic growth is decoupled from resource use.No person and no place is left behind.In order to achieve these goals,the deal spans across many policy
156、 areas including biodiversity,from farm to fork,sustainable agriculture,eliminating pollution,climate action and sustainable industry.Examples of how the bioeconomy contributes to the European Green Deal:Climate pact and climate law:Carbon sequestration in soil,blue carbon and carbon storage in fore
157、sts and harvested wood products,is mentioned in the climate pact and climate law of the European Green Deal as examples of impactful bioeconomy contributions.Together with material substitution of fossil-based products(plastics,energy,textiles),they can generate significant carbon savings and make u
158、s fit for-55%by 2030.Striving for green industry:Circular use of biomass promotes resource efficiency and stimulates the production of high added-value products from side and waste streams.Bark residues,for example,can be used for extraction of protective compounds used for non-toxic treatment of wo
159、od-based construction materials.18GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsRegulationsMaking homes energy efficient,renovate:.The use of bio-based insulation materials such as cellulose fibre and sheeps wool can effectively insulate buildings in a way tha
160、t also minimises their embodied greenhouse gas emissions.Life cycle assessment and circularity are among the key principles for building renovation towards 2030 and 2050.As such,they have been enshrined in the Renovation Wave for Europe Strategy,adopted by the European Commission in October 2020 in
161、the framework of the European Green Deal.According to the EU executive,to achieve a climate-neutral building stock in the long-term it is essential to invest in resource efficiency and circularity and to start seeing buildings as carbon sinks.This can be done by turning to low-impact and bio-based c
162、onstruction materials,such as sustainably sourced wood,storing CO2 and avoiding emissions associated with the production of conventional construction materials.The European Circular Bioeconomy Fund with a volume of up to 250 million will invest in innovative circular bioeconomy projects,in the areas
163、 of agriculture,aquaculture and fisheries,the forest-based sectors,biochemicals and biomaterials.The New European BauhausThe New European Bauhaus initiative,launched in January 2021,points to the extensive role that bio-based products like wood and hemp as a building material can play in the design
164、of beautiful,sustainable and inclusive forms of living together,thus contributing to turn the European Green Deal into a tangible and aesthetically pleasant experience for all Europeans.EU Timber Regulation(EUTR)The EUTR prohibits the placement of illegally harvested timber and timber products on th
165、e EU market.It aims to prevent deforestation and promote sustainable forest management practices.Timber used as a bio-based construction material must comply with the EUTR requirements.Construction Products Regulation(CPR)The Construction Products Regulation(CPR)which has been applied fully since Ju
166、ly 2013 aims to achieve the proper functioning of the internal market for construction products(such as sheets for waterproofing,thermal insulation foams,chimneys and wood-based panels produced for permanent incorporation in construction works),by means of harmonised rules for their marketing in the
167、 EU.CPR provides a framework for assessing the performance of construction products,including bio-based materials,and requires the CE marking for products placed on the EU market.Currently the directive is under revision to make sustainable products the norm in the EU and boosting circular business
168、models.Fitfor55The European climate law makes reaching the EUs climate goal of reducing EU emissions by at least 55%by 2030 a legal obligation.Published by the Commission on 16th of July 2021 under the Fitfor55 package,the new EU Forest Strategy for 2030 is set to enhance the multifunctional role of
169、 forests in achieving climate neutrality,putting biodiversity on the path to recovery and supporting a circular bioeconomy.To achieve these goals,the new Strategy calls upon the forest-based sector to optimise the use of wood in accordance with the cascading principle,which also entails prioritising
170、 the resource-efficient production of long-lived building materials to replace carbon-intensive and fossil-based ones.To help turning the construction sector from a source of greenhouse gas emissions into a carbon sink,the Strategy sets forth the intention of the EC to develop a 2050 roadmap for red
171、ucing whole life-cycle carbon emissions in buildings and to define a methodology to quantify the climate benefits of wood construction products in the next revision of the Construction Product Regulation.The Fitfor55 fund will be part of the EU budget and be fed by external assigned revenues up to a
172、 maximum amount of 65 billion.19GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsRegulationsEnergy Performance of Buildings Directive(EPBD)Without an effective EPBD with clear embodied carbon reduction targets,the EU is unlikely to meet its 2050 carbon neutrality
173、 goal.The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive(EPBD)is pointed out as the main policy tool for setting requirements to reduce carbon emissions over the full life cycle of buildings.The approval by the European Parliament on this proposal represents a crucial step in the Directives revision proc
174、ess,which is currently going through interinstitutional negotiation.Embodied carbon is responsible for roughly 1020%of the total carbon footprint of buildings and is estimated to represent as much as half of the whole-life cycle emissions for new buildings constructed in line with advanced energy pe
175、rformance standards.The European Parliament passed its EPBD recast in March 2023,calling for an EU-wide framework for calculating life-cycle Global Warming Potential(GWP),and for Member States to publish roadmaps that introduce limit values and targets on life-cycle GWP.The EPBD vote ensures several
176、 positive steps forward for decarbonising buildings,of which two need to be highlighted:1)It will establish a harmonised framework for addressing and measuring whole-life carbon,and 2)it will set targets for embodied carbon reduction in the EU.This results in that each Member State must develop nati
177、onal building renovation plans,including renovation targets suited to each countrys building stock and needs,and illustrate how these national targets are to be met.By calling for this,the EU is ensuring that high quality data on embodied carbon will be widely available to all relevant actors in the
178、 buildings sector.Coupled with the clear signals provided by targets,this information could help trigger a scale-up of the production and use of low-carbon construction materials.1EU Circular Economy PackageTransitioning to a circular economy is one of the EUs ambitions.A circular economy calls for
179、minimizing resource use by using as few resources as possible,keeping materials and products in the economy for as long as possible and making use of generated waste so that waste materials are fed back into the economy.These resource savings may contribute to mitigating climate change by avoiding e
180、missions associated with the extraction and processing of new resources.The Circular Economy Package was published by the EU Commission on November 2022 and sets out a comprehensive strategy to transition the EU to a more circular economy.It includes measures to promote resource efficiency,waste red
181、uction,and recycling.These initiatives indirectly support the use of bio-based construction materials derived from renewable and recycled resources.By avoiding or delaying the use of new materials in buildings,circular economy-based approaches to renovation can help to reduce embedded greenhouse gas
182、 emissions.It is estimated that 20-25%of the life cycle emissions of the current EU building stock are embedded in building materials.Circularity is one of the most effective tools to reduce embodied emissions in buildings.They can be implemented without the need to establish benchmarks on WLC.Based
183、 on the current data of available secondary materials in the market and European experiences on Circular Economy,the EPBD should establish requirements for the Member States to set specific national targets for 2030 of at least 15%for reused and recycled contents in buildings by 2025 based upon curr
184、ent average levels in the construction sector.20GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsRegulationsEU Waste Framework Directive(WFD)Construction and demolition waste is the largest waste stream in the EU,accounting for more than a third of all waste gene
185、rated in the EU.Reuse and recycling rates currently vary considerably across the EU.The WFD establishes waste management principles and sets targets for waste prevention,recycling,and landfill diversion.It promotes the concept of a circular economy,encouraging the use of recycled or waste-derived bi
186、o-based materials in construction.The Renovation Wave for Europe strategy,published by the Commission in October 2020,aims to help at least double the annual energy renovation rate of residential and non-residential buildings by 2030,and to foster deep energy renovations,where energy consumption is
187、reduced by at least 60%.This could lead to the renovation of 35 million building units with all that this implies in terms of construction products use.Green Public Procurement(GPP)GPP encourages public authorities in the EU to consider environmental and sustainability criteria when procuring goods
188、and services.It can drive the demand for bio-based construction materials by including specific requirements or preferences for these materials in public tenders.A solid provision for green public procurement(GPP)was approved by the EU Commission in March 2023,highlighting the fact that GPP is a key
189、 tool to drive development and uptake of low-carbon construction materials.So far,green public procurement has been an underutilised tool to drive low-carbon solutions that should be strengthened in all relevant legislation.Green public procurement is a potential tool to integrate and advance bio-ba
190、sed,circular,green,sustainable and even innovative purchase at regional level and in considerable volume.Hence,it can help in the profiling of a region,and in communicating and implementing bioeconomic strategies.Horizon 2020 and Horizon EuropeThese EU research and innovation funding programs suppor
191、t projects and initiatives focused on sustainable construction and the development of bio-based materials.They provide financial support for research,development,and demonstration of innovative bio-based construction materials and technologies.21How to use this handbookStructureInsulationLiningBio-b
192、ased Materials handbookHow to use this handbookStructureInsulationLiningBio-based How to use this handbookThis handbook seeks to inform the reader of available bio-based products in the European market and highlights key aspects that should be considered when evaluating them for use in building and
193、construction applications.These considerations are grouped by the following themes:technical performance;health and safety;responsible sourcing and circularity.An overview of what is captured within these sections is described in turn below.It is also important to highlight that the appropriate use
194、of materials(both for bio-based and traditional materials)goes beyond the material choice.It is also dependent on a suitable design,detailing,workmanship and maintenance practices.DescriptionThe handbook is divided into three sections,based on the key elements of a building where bio-based materials
195、 can be used:1.the structure-which can be either a frame or a series load bearing walls;2.the insulation-which gives the building its thermal and/or acoustic performance;3.the lining-which forms the internal surfaces.The fourth key element of a building,the envelope,has not been included as a sectio
196、n as these products are already included in other sections or have a low readiness level.Products currently available include timber cladding,reed,hemp fibre cladding and expanded cork.Each section contains different types of products based on their biotic origin and use,which is depicted under the
197、Description heading.Technical PerformanceFor a selected example product for each material type,this section highlights the technical performance,illustrating the achievable properties of different product groups.These are not intended to show the highest or lowest performing products but rather illu
198、strate what is achievable.Based on this they should not be used to compare different product types.Key metrics have been defined for each product category(structure,insulation,lining).Technical properties are product dependent;contacting manufacturers for product specific information is recommended.
199、Continuous monitoring of the development of products is advised due to ongoing fast-paced developments of these types of products.Health and SafetyAs we seek to use materials for as long as possible,we must ensure that the materials we are using are safe for all people through the supply chain(from
200、extraction through use and end of life),as well as to the environment.In the European Union,legislation and standards such as REACH,COSHH,ECHA,POPs and local building regulations establish the chemicals that are restricted in construction material.Compliance with these is highly dependent on the mat
201、erials making up the products.However,the legislations and standards still allow for the use of certain substances which still present higher health,wellbeing and environmental impacts,and these should be identified,and the use minimised where possible.23How to use this handbookStructureInsulationLi
202、ningBio-based How to use this handbookResponsible SourcingResponsible sourcing is the management of sustainable development in the provision or procurement of a product.This involves the incorporation of key ethical,sustainability,and social responsibility/value principles into the sourcing and proc
203、urement of materials and labour within the supply chain.It is recommended to look for FSC,PEFC and EKO and other similar responsible sourcing certifications schemes.Ethical sourcing of input materials and labour includes ensuring that the procurement of labour and materials for the product does not
204、contribute to or sustain modern slavery,forced labour,or child labour.Another additional consideration for biomaterials is the impact of these on biodiversity,and soil health,carbon sequestration,the impact of land intensity,land use and harvest cycles are also key considerations.CircularityThe sust
205、ainability of materials must be considered from a whole life-cycle perspective.Considering the entirelife cycle of a product gives the most accurate reflection of the impact of the existence of the product on both people and the planet.The life-cycle approach according to EN 15804 and EN 16449 taken
206、 for a product by a manufacturer is key to minimising negative whole-life impacts of the product,and maximising its potential benefits,such as how and where input materials and energy are sourced,and the ability to participate in a circular economy.The three key principles of the circular economy ar
207、e:the elimination of waste and pollution;the circulation of products and materials at their highest value;and the regeneration of nature.The overall goal is to decouple economic activity from the consumption of finite resources.The Global Warming Potential(GWP)of specific products have been reported
208、 in the handbook,in order to illustrate achievable values of different product groups.GWP values have been reported considering emissions associated with lifecycle stages A1-A3 cradle-to-gate as defined in EN15978.The cradle to gate emissions considers the impacts associated with the production of a
209、 product or material that is ready to ship to the construction site,including raw materials extraction,transport during production,and manufacturing emissions.The transportation of materials to site,construction processes,use and operational carbon are not included.Where possible the biogenic carbon
210、(amount of CO2 absorbed by bio-based materials)has been reported in addition to the A1-A3 emission.Whilst it is generally accepted that bio-based materials are more sustainable than traditional materials,the assessment of biogenic benefits is manageable.The principles for biogenic carbon accounting
211、are defined in the international standard,ISO 21930.It must be noted that sequestered carbon can be managed at end-of-life but is not mandatory.End-of-life options include reuse,recycling,biomass energy extraction through combustion or landfill.In the case of the material being sent to landfill or b
212、urned for energy,the sequestered CO2 will be released and further GHG emissions may occur.However,it is worth to highlight that carbon capture and storage in biobased buildings is one of the greatest CO2 benefits:it helps us to mitigate climate effects,combined with cascading carbon can be stored fo
213、r centuries and CO2 emissions are postponed.Manufacturers and Scale of ProductionA non-exhaustive list of manufacturers have been listed under each product type.It is important to note that this is a fast-changing industry,therefore continuous monitoring of both manufacturers and available products
214、is recommended.The scale of production and manufacturing of bio-based materials for construction varies depending on the specific material and geographic region.While there is an increasing interest and demand for bio-based construction materials,their overall market share is still relatively small
215、compared to conventional construction materials.A high-level overview of the scale of production in the context of bio-based materials has been provided for each product type based on the European market.24How to use this handbookStructureInsulationLiningBio-based StructureHow to use this handbookSt
216、ructureInsulationLiningBio-based TimberStructure and EnvelopeDescriptionStructural timber refers to timber that is strength-graded for construction use.The classification system gives reasonable predictions of the structural performance of the individual piece of timber,ensuring that it can withstan
217、d the highest anticipated load.In general,across Europe,the grading is regulated by Building Standards,in accordance with EN 14081.Structural timber can be either sawn directly from logs,or it can be processed into Engineered Timber.Engineered Timber is another form of structural timber.A broad term
218、,it can refer to timber processed to make use of waste,or to timber processed to improve the performance of the construction product.Commonly used engineered timbers are:Engineered Joists,Cross Laminated Timber(CLT),Glue Laminate Timber(Glulam),Structurally Insulated Panels(SIPS)and the innovative n
219、ew Dowel Laminated Timber(DLT).It is important to highlight that timber-based products are also widely used as cladding material as well as lining.Technical PerformanceEN 1995 contains the mechanical resistance,serviceability,durability and fire resistance of timber structures.The carbon assessment
220、of timber is highly sensitive to sourcing,as well as the energy use during production.Refer to the IStructEs guide for“Mass timber embodied carbon factors”1.Considerations of the processing and transportation of structural timber products is necessary in order to calculate an accurate GWP.Health and
221、 SafetyTimber is intrinsically a healthy and safe material,however it may be subjected to processes where additives are added.Engineered timber products such as CLT and Glulam,for example,contain adhesives such as Polyurethane,two-part thermosetting adhesives or single pack adhesives.Adhesives such
222、as PRF,MUF or MF contain added formaldehyde which is a known carcinogen which is also toxic and causes skin and eye damage.Production methods have greatly reduced formaldehyde emissions,and these can be reduced further by selecting no added formaldehyde products,however this can affect the performan
223、ce(as formaldehyde-based adhesives are typically the most durable,moisture and heat resistant).Similarly,additional sealants,intumescent paint or varnish or chemical treatments may be added in order to improve fire and/or moisture resistance of timber elements.Compliance with COSHH,REACH,ECHA,as wel
224、l as local building regulations should be checked for individual products.Responsible SourcingThe wood used in engineered timber products comes from trees grown in forests worldwide.Re-growing these trees and maintaining ecological systems is essential to mitigate the impacts of climate change.Under
225、standing how our forests can be maintained and restored to become sustainable sources of wood requires intricate knowledge on the wider carbon cycles and the importance of biodiversity.On a global scale,forests are key in managing and maintaining the earths carbon balance as they act as one of the w
226、orlds largest carbon sinks by storing carbon in soil long-term.If managed correctly,harvesting improves the carbon balance of forests in the long run.In Europe,almost all timber is grown sustainably;however,there are two global certification schemes(FSC and PEFC)which ensure supplies are from sustai
227、nably managed forests.Being conscious about where timber is harvested from plays a significant role in creating carbon stores and lowering greenhouse gas emissions.The ability to protect and restore these forests lies within the biodiversity of these ecosystems.Village Walk Mall ArupCircularityAt th
228、e end of its life timber products can be reused,processed into other products such as panel boards or animal bedding or used as biomass fuel(which returns the sequestered carbon back to the atmosphere).However,surface treatments(paints and varnishes)and other chemical treatments(for preservation or
229、fire performance)may impact the ability for timber products to be recycled.SMHScale of Production26How to use this handbookStructureInsulationLiningBio-based BambooStructure and EnvelopeDescriptionMore than 1,600 bamboo species have been identified worldwide,but only a few possess the characteristic
230、s that make them compatible for construction.Moso,Asper and Guadua are the most common.Bamboo as a structural element can be used directly from bamboo culms or processed into Structural Engineered Bamboo(SEB).Natural bamboo is vulnerable to insects,fungi and ultraviolet radiation;hence it usually re
231、quires additional chemical treatments to improve durability.SEB products improve the performance of the building product.Laminated bamboo is produced from flat bamboo strips,which are laid horizontally or vertically and adhesively fixed together,producing base material for different applications.The
232、 density and strength of laminated bamboo can be compared to that of laminated timber products;however,they are likely to consume more energy due to the higher amount of processing,waste and adhesives required.Technical PerformanceLike trees,different bamboo species have different structural and mec
233、hanical properties.For example,some have large,straight culms,while others are smaller and more flexible.In addition,there are other conditions in bamboo growth that can affect the mechanical properties of bamboo within a species,such as climate,altitude and soil.Tropical bamboos tend to be taller a
234、nd larger than temperate bamboos and have thicker walls,which usually translates into better structural and mechanical properties.ISO 22156 contains the requirements for mechanical resistance,serviceability and durability of bamboo structures.The embodied carbon of bamboo is highly dependent on whet
235、her energy is required for drying the bamboo or heating up the treatment liquid.Furthermore,given the locations bamboo grows embodied carbon associated with transportation may dominate the total global warming potential.Considerations of the processing and transportation of bamboo are necessary in o
236、rder to calculate an accurate GWP.Health and SafetyBamboo is inherently a healthy and safe material,but to improve its properties it can be subjected to processes in which chemical additives are added.Chemical treatments containing boron or copper-based chemicals may be added to improve the fire and
237、/or moisture resistance of bamboo elements.Furthermore,through the incorporation of varnishes or during the manufacture of bamboo laminate products,formaldehydes or other harmful compounds may be added to the product.Compliance with COSHH,REACH,ECHA and local building regulations must be checked for
238、 each product.Responsible SourcingBamboo is a rapidly self-generating crop:it grows fast,and when well managed it can be harvested without the need to replant.Bamboo grows in a“belt”running through tropical,subtropical and temperate climates around the globe,and up to 3,500m altitude.Depending on th
239、e species,bamboo can be ready for harvesting in less than 10 years.It has a higher yield per hectare and greater resilience than traditional timber resources.When suitably managed,bamboo plantations may aid in restabilising eroded landscapes,enhancing soil health and preventing erosion.However,speci
240、al care must be taken with bamboo plantations and their relationship with ecosystems,as some species can become invasive if not strictly controlled.Similarly to timber,it is important to maintain ecological systems around these crops to mitigate the impacts of climate change.Products with FSC certif
241、ication or similar should be sought to ensure supplies are from sustainably managed plantations.CircularityBamboo cannot realistically be recycled,but it can be reused,for example,for building something else.SEB elements can be reused,transformed into other products such as fibreboard,particleboard,
242、flooring,furniture or used as biomass fuel.However,surface treatments and other chemical treatments will limit the ability of bamboo products to be recycled.SMHScale of Production Laminated Bamboo by ReNTeqAt the end of its useful life,depending on the preservatives used,it can be burnt as a biofuel
243、 or safely buried and composted.This is the case for boron treated bamboo however,bamboo treated with copper-based chemicals is more difficult to safely dispose of,should not be burnt,and generally should be buried.Any residual solution from the boron treatment can be safely diluted down and used as
244、 a fertiliser.However,overuse or simply dumping into rivers can have detrimental impacts such as eutrophication of rivers.27How to use this handbookStructureInsulationLiningBio-based Hemp BrickStructure and EnvelopeDescriptionHemp blocks are the most accessible form of hempcrete,as well as being an
245、alternative to conventional masonry solutions,such as clay or concrete.They are made from a mixture of hemp shives with a binder and mineral aggregates such as hydraulic lime,which provide mechanical strength,density and thermal inertia.Used as traditional masonry,there are many brick options;solid,
246、hollow,with straight joints,amongst others.They are light and easy to install,both in new construction and retrofit.Technical PerformanceThe hemp blocks can be used to form the building envelope,external insulation,interior insulation,floor insulation and interior masonry.Depending on the thickness,
247、they are self-supporting up to 10 metres high.Depending on the product they may need to be protected from the weather.Technical performance data for hemp blocks by Hemp Block Company is provided below to illustrate the achievable properties of hemp in structural use.Health and SafetyHemp shives are
248、non-toxic themselves,however they are often mixed or applied with other materials such as adhesives and flame retardants.The treatments improve properties such as durability and fire resistance but can commonly contribute to decreased air quality.Through design,off-gassing periods and alternative ma
249、terials such as VOC-free adhesives,the health and safety of materials can be mitigated,however these are product specific solutions.Compliance with COSHH,REACH,ECHA,as well as local building regulations should be checked for individual products.Responsible SourcingIndustrial hemp is a very fast-grow
250、ing plant which improve soil structure and nutrient levels due to its particularly long taproots.Due to its rapid growth,it only requires a very simple type of crop management and does not require pesticides.Its root system promotes soil permeabilization,i.e.,water retention,and replaces carbon and
251、nitrogen,and the plant can act as a barrier to fires.Moreover,according to recent studies,industrial hemp absorbs more CO2 per hectare than any forest or cash crop and is therefore the ideal carbon sink.CircularityThe recyclability of hemp blocks is highly dependent on the type of binder used in the
252、 product.Tuorla Agricultural School tested blocks made from hemp head and slaked lime as a binder.Blocks were crushed into the soil and found to be degradable.In addition,the residual material was found to improve the soil structure and hemp cultivation could be resumed from this point.Manufacturers
253、ISOHEMP,BelgiumSchnthaler Bausteinwerk,GermanyCannabric,SpainEdilcanapa,ItalyBiosys,FranceCNHAMOR,Portugal Gohemp,IndiaAfrimat,South AfricaHemp Block Company,UK Hemp bricks by Hemp Block Company.Photos by Wiliam StanwixSMHScale of ProductionTHICKNESS:30 mmBULK DENSITY:330 kg/m COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:0
254、,40 N/mm2REACTION TO FIRE:B-s1,d0(EN 13501-1)FIRE RESISTANCE:NOT AVAILABLETHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:0,07 W/mK THERMAL RESISTANCE RD:4,54 m2K/W GWP:fossil 240/biogenic-264 kgCO2-eq/m3 1BIOGENIC CARBON:66 kg C/m31.EPD functional unit GWP calculations hempcrete blocks,pallets and packaging.28How to use this
255、 handbookStructureInsulationLiningBio-based InsulationHow to use this handbookStructureInsulationLiningBio-based Hemp Fibre BattsThermal InsulationDescriptionRigid and flexible insulation batts can be manufactured from hemp fibre.Some batts are mixed with supplementary materials,such as recycled pol
256、yester or clay.In general,hemp fibre batts are light and provide thermal insulation for internal and external walls as well as floor and roof.They usually preserve a high level of breathability and are resistant against rot and mold as they are moisture absorbent.Technical PerformanceTechnical perfo
257、rmance data for Hemspan Bio Wall is provided below to illustrate the achievable properties of hemp fibre batts.Health and SafetyHemp fibres are non-toxic themselves,however they are often mixed or applied with other materials such as adhesives and flame retardants.The treatments improve properties s
258、uch as durability and fire resistance but can commonly contribute to decreased air quality.Through design,off-gassing periods and alternative materials such as VOC-free adhesives,the health and safety of materials can be mitigated,however these are product specific solutions.Compliance with COSHH,RE
259、ACH,ECHA,as well as local building regulations should be checked for individual products.Responsible SourcingIndustrial hemp is a very fast-growing plant which improve soil structure and nutrient levels due to its particularly long taproots.Due to its rapid growth,it only requires a very simple type
260、 of crop management and does not require pesticides.Its root system promotes soil permeabilization,i.e.,water retention,and replaces carbon and nitrogen,and the plant can act as a barrier to fires.Moreover,according to recent studies,industrial hemp absorbs more CO2 per hectare than any forest or ca
261、sh crop and is therefore the ideal carbon sink.CircularityCircularity of the product depends on the binders and additives included in the manufacturing process.In general batts can be recycled at the end-of-life or re-processed in non-woven textile mills.ManufacturersCannabric,SpainEdilcanapa,ItalyI
262、ndiNature,UKHempitecture,USAHemspan,UK Bio Wall by Hemspan SMHScale of ProductionTHICKNESS:30mm-160mmBULK DENSITY:85-115 Kg/mFIRE RESISTANCE:NOT AVAILABLEREACTION TO FIRE:E(EN 13501-1)THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:0.039 W/mK THERMAL RESISTANCE RD:NOT AVAILABLEGWP:fossil 21,80/biogenic-44 kgCO2-eq/m3 1BIOGENI
263、C CARBON:YES1.EPD functional unit GWP calculations includes Hemp Fibre Batts and the use of packaging materials.30How to use this handbookStructureInsulationLiningBio-based HempcreteThermal and Acoustic InsulationDescriptionHempcrete is a composite material that is non-structural and is created by m
264、ixing hemp shiv with a binder and mineral aggregates.It is versatile and can be used in different forms for walls,floors,and roofs.Hempcrete can be cast into formwork around a timber frame or precast in block form.After being air-dried,it can be laid with lime mortar.Technical PerformanceThis materi
265、al provides a thermal and acoustic insulation that allows for vapor permeability.Unlike other lighter insulation materials,hempcrete has a higher thermal mass.Technical performance data for IsoHemp hemp block is provided below to illustrate the achievable properties of hempcrete.Health and SafetyHem
266、p shives are non-toxic themselves,however they are often mixed or applied with other materials such as adhesives and flame retardants.The treatments improve properties such as durability and fire resistance but can commonly contribute to decreased air quality.Through design,off-gassing periods and a
267、lternative materials such as VOC-free adhesives,the health and safety of materials can be mitigated,however these are product specific solutions.Compliance with COSHH,REACH,ECHA,as well as local building regulations should be checked for individual products.Responsible SourcingIndustrial hemp is a v
268、ery fast-growing plant which improve soil structure and nutrient levels due to its particularly long taproots.Due to its rapid growth,it only requires a very simple type of crop management and does not require pesticides.Its root system promotes soil permeabilization,i.e.,water retention,and replace
269、s carbon and nitrogen,and the plant can act as a barrier to fires.Moreover,according to recent studies,industrial hemp absorbs more CO2 per hectare than any forest or cash crop and is therefore the ideal carbon sink.CircularityDepending on the nature of binder used,hempcrete can be biodegradable.Tuo
270、rla Agricultural School tested blocks made from hemp head and slaked lime as a binder.Blocks were crushed into the soil and found to be degradable.In addition,the residual material was found to improve the soil structure and hemp cultivation could be resumed from these points.ManufacturersIsoHemp,Be
271、lgiumTradical Hempcrete,FranceHempFlax,NetherlandsHempitecture,USA Hempcrete block by IsoHemp SMHScale of ProductionTHICKNESS:70-360 mmBULK DENSITY:340Kg/m REACTION TO FIRE:B,s1-d0(EN 13501-1)FIRE RESISTANCE:60min(for 120mm thickness),120min(for 200MM thickness)*SOUND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT:0.85AIRB
272、ORNE NOISE TRANSMISSION:NOT AVAILABLEGWP:0.22-0.57 kgCO2-eq/kgBIOGENIC CARBON:YESTHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:0.071 W/mKTHERMAL RESISTANCE RD:1.06-5.37 mK/W*Masonry wall with redder on one side31How to use this handbookStructureInsulationLiningBio-based Straw Panels and BoardsThermal and Acoustic Insulation
273、DescriptionStraw is a versatile insulating material that can be used in various construction components.When compressed,straw bales can be used as external wall insulation as they have high insulation properties and low embodied energy.They are typically paired with a timber structural frame and lim
274、e rendering on both the interior and exterior.Combining straw with earth and clay can enhance its insulation capabilities while also improving binding strength and stability.Additionally,prefabricated compressed straw Structural Insulated Panels(SIPs)are an efficient use of straw in construction.Tec
275、hnical PerformanceTechnical performance data for EcoCocon Straw Wall System(which includes timber-straw panel,clay plaster and wood fibre board)is provided below to illustrate the achievable properties of straw board panels.Health and SafetyStraw itself is a non-toxic material,and usually there is n
276、o need for any toxic binders to be mixed into the products,as the straw can easily hold its form when compressed,especially in timber framed elements.Straw is a hygroscopic material,meaning that it can absorb moist from the surroundings until equilibrium is reached.If the absorption limit of straw i
277、s exceeded,the water molecules are available for microorganism which can lead to mold and rot,ultimately compromising the integrity of the product.Therefore,straw is safest to use in less humid surroundings.Responsible SourcingStraw is a by-product of wheat production,is readily available in most ge
278、ographies and can be sourced locally.Choosing locally sourced straw can help reduce transportation emissions and support the local economy,and selecting straw from regenerative agricultural practices,such as those using no-till farming,can increase soil health and carbon sequestration.CircularityStr
279、aw can be recycled or repurposed as animal bedding or compost or incinerated as biomass fuel.It must be noted that sequestered carbon needs to be managed at end-of-life.In the case of the material being sent to landfill or burned for energy,the sequestered CO2 will be released and further GHG emissi
280、ons may occur.ManufacturersEcoCocon,Slovakia(and other European countries)Croft,USAOkambuva,SpainModcell,UKModulina,LithuaniaEco-Bud,UkraineSMHScale of ProductionTHICKNESS:400mm timber-straw panel+30mm clay plaster+60mm wood fibre board BULK DENSITY:110Kg/m(average straw density)REACTION TO FIRE:B-s
281、1,d0(EN 13501-1)FIRE RESISTANCE:120min(EN 13501-2)SOUND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT:NOT AVAILABLE AIRBORNE NOISE TRANSMISSION:NOT AVAILABLEGWP:INC.BIOGENIC CARBON-88.7 kgCO2-eq/kg/m2BIOGENIC CARBON:YESTHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY :0,0645 W/mKTHERMAL RESISTANCE RD:8,1 mK/W EcoCocon Straw Wall System 32How to use
282、this handbookStructureInsulationLiningBio-based Rice Panels and BoardsThermal and Acoustic InsulationDescriptionRice panels and boards are semi-rigid or rigid building materials made from rice husk and other natural fibres,compressed and bonded.They are usually used as insulation material(both therm
283、al and acoustic)for walls,floors and roofs.The high silica content found in rice husks exhibits pesticidal properties,effectively acting as a natural pesticide against certain pests and insects.Technical PerformanceTechnical performance data for the RH50 insulating panel by Rice House is provided be
284、low to illustrate the achievable properties of rice panels.Health and SafetyRice husk are inherently non-toxic;however,binders may be added to products in the manufacturing process that may be classified as dangerous to health and the environment.Compliance with COSHH,REACH,ECHA,as well as local bui
285、lding regulations should be checked for individual products.Responsible SourcingRice husk represents the agricultural by-product resulting from the process of dehulling of raw rice or paddy rice.Rice is one of the only biotic materials presents on all five continents,making local sourcing possible.M
286、ore than half of the worlds population relies on rice as a staple food,but rice production generates significant amounts of husk annually.Presently,only around 20%of the rice husk is utilised for practical purposes.Following harvest,the straw is often either burned where it stands,incorporated into
287、the soil,or used as mulch for the next crop.Although rice husk is an agricultural bi-product,rice production can have a significant impact on the environment,therefore electing rice from regenerative agricultural practices is an important consideration in order to reduce the impact on land intensity
288、 and soil health.CircularityAt their end of life,rice panels and boards can be composted depending on the nature of binders and additives used during the manufacturing process.Boards and panels can also be used as biomass fuel,generating energy or heat,however in this case the sequestered CO2 will b
289、e released and further GHG emissions may occur.Studies have demonstrated that the silicate residues generated from the conversion of rice husk to ash possess the potential to be incorporated into concrete as a partial replacement for cement,improving the concretes compressive strength.ManufacturersR
290、ice House,ItalyECOBoards,NetherlandsEcopanel systems,UKSMHScale of ProductionTHICKNESS:45-200 mmBULK DENSITY:50 Kg/m REACTION TO FIRE:E(EN 13501-1)FIRE RESISTANCE:NOT AVAILABLEGWP(kgCO2-eq/kg):NOT AVAILABLEBIOGENIC CARBON:YESTHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:0,039 W/mKTHERMAL RESISTANCE RD:N/ASOUND ABSORPTION CO
291、EFFICIENT:0.5 0.9 depending on thickness AIRBORNE NOISE TRANSMISSION:NOT AVAILABLE RH50 Insulating panel by Rice House33How to use this handbookStructureInsulationLiningBio-based Hemp Panels and BoardsThermal InsulationDescriptionHemp panels and boards are rigid natural thermal insulation solutions
292、consisting primarily of hemp straw and binders.They are used as thermal insulation for walls,roof and floor construction.Given the nature of the product it also has good acoustic properties.In general,these types of products are vapour-permeable and moisture-absorbent.Therefore,when installed and ma
293、intained appropriately they are resistant against rot and mold.Technical PerformanceTechnical performance data for the THERMO HANF insulating panel from Hemp Flax,which also contains jute fibres from upcycled cocoa and coffee bags,is provided below to illustrate the achievable properties of this mat
294、erial as thermal insulation.Health and SafetyHemp fibres are non-toxic themselves,however they are often mixed or applied with other materials such as adhesives and flame retardants.The treatments improve properties such as durability and fire resistance but can commonly contribute to decreased air
295、quality.Through design,off-gassing periods and alternative materials such as VOC-free adhesives,the health and safety of materials can be mitigated,however these are product specific solutions.Compliance with COSHH,REACH,ECHA,as well as local building regulations should be checked for individual pro
296、ducts.Responsible SourcingIndustrial hemp is a very fast-growing plant which improve soil structure and nutrient levels due to its particularly long taproots.Due to its rapid growth,it only requires a very simple type of crop management and does not require pesticides.Its root system promotes soil p
297、ermeabilization,i.e.,water retention,and replaces carbon and nitrogen,and the plant can act as a barrier to fires.Moreover,according to recent studies,industrial hemp absorbs more CO2 per hectare than any forest or cash crop and is therefore the ideal carbon sink.CircularityThe circularity of hemp p
298、anels and boards depend on the nature of binders and chemical treatments used.However,in general,the products can be recycled or composted.ManufacturersHempFlax,Germany Hempitecture,USACannabric,SpainArtimestieri,ItalyEdilcanapa,ItalyECI,TurkeyEkolution,SwedenKOBE,Czech RepublicTHICKNESS:40-160mmBUL
299、K DENSITY:37 Kg/m REACTION TO FIRE:B2,E(EN 13501-1)FIRE RESISTANCE:NOT AVAILABLEGWP:fossil 32,1/biogenic-53,50 kgCO2-eq/m3BIOGENIC CARBON:13,18 kgC/m3 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:0.040W/m.K THERMAL RESISTANCE RD:NOT AVAILABLE HEMP WOOL INSULATION BATT by ECISMHScale of Production34How to use this handbookS
300、tructureInsulationLiningBio-based Flex 036 by STEICOWood Fibre InsulationThermal InsulationDescriptionWood fibre insulation,derived from discarded coniferous and deciduous wood.Products can be either rigid or flexible.The insulation is produced using residual wood and non-sawable thinnings obtained
301、during the manufacturing of construction-grade timber.Wood fibre insulation can be used to insulate walls,floors and roofs.In general,wood fibre insulation is moisture-resistant and not prone to pests,fungi,and decay.Additionally,it can be treated to repel water,making it suitable to be placed below
302、 rainscreen cladding.Technical PerformanceTechnical performance data for the Flex 036 insulation by STEICO is provided below to illustrate the achievable properties of wood fibre insulation.Health and SafetyWood fibre panels can be made both with or without the use of additional binders,depending on
303、 the processing technique used.Wood fibre insulation products,may contain binding agents or fire retardants that emit formaldehyde and VOCs.Compliance with COSHH,REACH,ECHA,as well as local building regulations should be checked for individual products.Responsible SourcingWood fibre insulation is ty
304、pically made from waste wood obtained from forestry and lumber operations.The wood used in wood fibre insulation is primarily derived from non-sawable thinnings,sawmill residues,and forest residues,such as branches and treetops,that are typically left behind after the harvesting of timber.There are
305、two global certification schemes(FSC and PEFC)which ensure supplies are from sustainably managed forests.Even though wood fibre insulation is made from waste products of the timber industry,being conscious about where timber is harvested from plays a significant role in creating carbon stores and lo
306、wering greenhouse gas emissions from production.CircularityAt the end-of-life wood fibre insulation with no binder product can be recycled into the fibre stream for other fibre products.Products containing binders cannot easily be recycled,therefore they are typically used as biomass fuel,generating
307、 energy or heat;however,in this case the sequestered CO2 will be released and further GHG emissions may occur.ManufacturersSTEICO,Germany and UKGUTEX,GermanyBuilding Products of Canada/SmartCore,CanadaBetonWood,ItalyTimberHP,USATHICKNESS:40mm thickness 200mmBULK DENSITY:60 kg/m REACTION TO FIRE:E(EN
308、 13501-1)FIRE RESISTANCE:NOT AVAILABLEGWP:-84 kg CO2-eq/mBIOGENIC CARBON:NOT AVAILABLETHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:0,036 W/mKTHERMAL RESISTANCE RD:1.1-5.55 mK/W(depending on thickness)SMHScale of Production35How to use this handbookStructureInsulationLiningBio-based Sheep Wool InsulationThermal and Acoustic
309、 InsulationDescriptionSheep wool is a natural and renewable fibre with a long tradition of being used as an insulation material as it is a breathable and hygroscopic material.Within the built environment,sheep wool insulation can be used as thermal or acoustic insulation for roofs,walls and floors.P
310、roducts in general contain combination of sheep wool,recycled synthetic fibres such as PET and binders.It is usually manufactured as batts,rolls,and as loose wool products.Technical PerformanceTechnical performance data for CosyWool roll insulation by Thermafleece is provided below to illustrate the
311、 achievable properties of sheep wool insulation.Health and SafetySheep wool insulation is a natural material that can be made both with and without fibres and chemical binders,depending on the manufacturer.Binding chemicals may emit formaldehyde and VOCs.Compliance with COSHH,REACH,ECHA,as well as l
312、ocal building regulations should be checked for individual products.Sheep wool has the ability to absorb moisture and release it again without compromising its insulating properties.This helps in maintaining optimal indoor humidity levels.Responsible SourcingSheep wool is typically sourced by sheari
313、ng the sheep.Shearing is the process of removing the wool fleece from the sheeps body using electric clippers or scissors.The process is typically done in the spring or early summer when the weather is warm,and the sheeps fleece has grown long enough to be removed without harming the animal.Shearing
314、 helps to keep the sheep cool and comfortable during the warmer months.Certification programs such as the Responsible Wool Standard provide guidelines for animal welfare in sheep farming and wool production.CircularityWhen sheep wool insulation is made without synthetic fibres and chemical binders i
315、t is biodegradable.When disposed of in appropriate conditions,such as composting facilities,the wool fibres will break down over time,returning to the environment without causing harm or pollution.When the product includes synthetic fibres and chemical binders the product is typically used as biomas
316、s fuel,generating energy or heat,however in this case the sequestered CO2 will be released and further GHG emissions may occur.2 3ManufacturersThermafleece,UKSheep Wool Insulation,IrelandHavelock Wool,USAIsolena/Lehner Wool,AustriaTHICKNESS:50mm,75mm,100mm,140mm,150mm BULK DENSITY:18 kg/mREACTION TO
317、 FIRE:E(EN 13501-1)+EN 11925-2:Pass FIRE RESISTANCE:N/A GWP:0.19531 kgCO2-eq/m3(for 100 mm thickness)BIOGENIC CARBON:-3.3516 kgCO2-eq/m3 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:0.039 W/mKTHERMAL RESISTANCE RD:1,25 R 3,5SMHScale of Production CosyWool by ThermafleeceSOUND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT:1.05 100mmAIRBORNE NOISE
318、 TRANSMISSION:Not Available36How to use this handbookStructureInsulationLiningBio-based Expanded CorkInsulation and EnvelopeDescriptionThermal insulation panels made from cork granules subjected to high temperatures.Under these conditions a honeycomb structure is formed with good thermal and acousti
319、c properties.Expanded cork products are in general lightweight,resistant to water and high temperatures.Some manufacturers have developed products that are also suitable for exterior cladding applications.Technical PerformanceTechnical performance data for Amorims Expanded insulation corkboard solut
320、ion is presented below as a reference of the achievable properties of expanded cork insulation.Health and SafetyTo produce expanded cork products,cork granules are exposed to superheated steam.This heating process expands the cork granules and activates a natural binder,which is known as suberin.Exp
321、anded cork products are binded naturally with its own resin,and mainly consists of cork plus water.Thus,it is a 100%natural and additive-free material,which is free from VOCs.Responsible SourcingCork production depends solely on the extraction of material from the cork oak.The cork oak is an endemic
322、 species that grows in a narrow region of the western Mediterranean,especially in the Iberian Peninsula.The importance of this agroforestry system lies in the fact that a natural and renewable raw material-cork-is extracted in a sustainable way without endangering the tree,while preserving biodivers
323、ity.Cork extraction,also known as cork debarking is done by mechanical means,and it is a process where the bark is obtained from the tree without cutting it down.Thus,its carbon footprint is almost zero.However,its transportation is done by fuel engine vehicles.According to a stydy about cork debark
324、ing from 2013 4,during the extraction and manufacture in Catalonia,for each ton of cork extracted,200 kg of CO2 eq were emitted.If the emissions from the extraction and the carbon contained in the products are discounted from the total fixation exerted by the tree,the resulting balance is that for e
325、ach ton of cork,18 kg of CO2 are sequestered.CircularityFor the manufacture of expanded cork panels,the by-product from the cork stopper industry(cork granules)is often used.Similarly,during production,any offcuts are fed back into the production cycle.Expanded cork has a durability of 50 to 60 year
326、s without loss of characteristics,and because of its composition it is recyclable.ManufacturersAmorim Cork Insulation,PortugalDiasen,ItalyThermacork,SpainBarnacork,Spain BetonWood,Spain ThermalCork,USA Boudjelida,AlgiersBatiliege,FranceTHICKNESS:30 mmBULK DENSITY:110 kg/m3REACTION TO FIRE:E(EN 13170
327、)FIRE RESISTANCE:NOT AVAILABLEGWP:fossil 82,8/biogenic-2.120 kgCO2-eq/m3 1BIOGENIC CARBON:4.554 kgC/m3THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:0,039 W/mK THERMAL RESISTANCE RD:0,75 m2K/WSMHScale of Production EXPANDED INSULATION CORKBOARD by Amorim Cork InsulationSOUND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT:NOT AVAILABLE AIRBORNE SOUN
328、D TRANSMISSION:Rw=5055 dB1.EPD functional unit GWP calculations Expanded insulation cork board,as well as packaging materials and other ancillary materials37How to use this handbookStructureInsulationLiningBio-based Mycelium Insulation BoardsAcoustic InsulationDescriptionInsulating product resulting
329、 from the growth process of fungi on agricultural or forestry residues.The mycelium functions as a natural,self-assembling binder to generate a rigid structural insulation,ultimately producing a completely natural composite material.Final material is fire and moisture resistant with high acoustic an
330、d thermal insulation capacity.Technical PerformanceDue to its numerous advantages,in recent years there has been an increasing amount of research into this material with the aim of finding a solution for its use in construction.However,there are not so many examples in the current European productio
331、n,as it is not yet a commonly used material and it is still under research.Mogu Acoustic is the first commercially available product of its kind,which is entirely made of fungal mycelium and upcycled textile residues.Technical performance for Mogu Plain acoustic board is provided below.Health and Sa
332、fetyInsulation made from mycelium is a natural material without toxic adhesives or other synthetic resin-based compounds that can cause harmful toxic fumes and the rapid spread of flames in the event of a fire.In order to prevent any health risk for operators and future users relating to spores from
333、 the fungi,manufacturers have developed technologies securing that no spores are produced throughout the production process as well as during its lifespan.To enhance fire performance,fire retardants are used in some products.Such products commonly contribute to decreased air quality performance.However,Mogu for example uses a water-based intumescent paint which has low VOC emission and formaldehyd
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