1、JOURNALEDITION VLatest developments worldwideAUTONOMOUS MOBILIT Y JOURNAL2025JOSEPH SALEMPartner,Head of Travel,Transportation&Hospitality(TTH)Middle EastSAMIR IMRANPartner,TTH DubaiACHRAF JOUMAAPartner,TTH DubaiMICKAEL TAUVELPartner,TTH ParisANTONIO SEMERAROPrincipal,TTH DubaiPHILIPP SEIDELPrincipa

2、l,TTH,Automotive&Manufactured Goods MunichHASSAN KHAIRATPrincipal,TTH DubaiRAGHAV BHASINManager,TTH DubaiXIAO YANGConsultant,Growth TokyoWALID BENHAMMADIConsultant,TTH DubaiKARIM SAFIConsultant,TTH DubaiALEXANDER SOKOLOVSKIYConsultant,TTH DubaiCONTENTFOREWORD 31.INDUSTRY DYNAMICS 42.USE CASE OF THE

3、SEMESTER 103.CITY OF THE SEMESTER:BEIJING 144.INTERVIEW OF THE SEMESTER 182Dear reader,In response to interest generated by the previous four editions and our ongoing commitment to deliver cutting-edge insights on the autonomous mobility sector,we are excited to share the 5th edition of our Autonomo

4、us Mobility Journal.Previous editions highlighted the transformative potential of autonomous technology;now,over the course of 2024,amidst ongoing advancements,we find ourselves reviewing the degree of actual integration of autonomous vehicles(AVs)into our daily lives.In todays context,we foresee a

5、growing interest in the research,development,and imminent rollout of autonomous mobility solutions across the transport value chain,allowing mobility industry players to innovate and cater to shifting consumer preferences.This includes public transit as well as logistics and freight transport.Indust

6、ry players,both public and private,must remain vigilant in recognizing the transformative potential of autonomous mobility.As we navigate this paradigm shift,it is imperative to anticipate and address the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.Throughout the past year,our collaboration with glo

7、bal mobility stakeholders has provided insights into emerging trends,opportunities,and challenges.In this journal,we share our findings and offer perspectives on the evolving landscape of autonomous mobility in 2025 and beyond.While the journey toward full-scale adoption of autonomous solutions rema

8、ins ongoing and rigorous,the momentum is undeniable.We invite you to explore the latest industry dynamics,key considerations,and challenges that are shaping the future of autonomous mobility.We hope that you enjoy reading,and we look forward to hearing your ideas,thoughts,and queries.Joseph SalemPar

9、tner,Head of Travel,Transportation&Hospitality,Middle East Arthur D.LittleFORE WORDARTHUR D.LITTLE31.INDUSTRY DYNAMIC SDespite a sluggish venture-funding environment that has hit its lowest point since 2021,1 the autonomous driving sector has continued its quest for commercialization.In this chapter

10、,we explore select trends and pressing issues in the autonomous driving industry:-Continuous expansion of AV testing and development.Real-world testing and deployment of self-driving vehicles,including taxis,buses,and shuttles,are expanding globally,with examples like Baidus Apollo robotaxi service

11、in China,Beeps roboshuttle platform in the US,and the testing of robobuses in Norway and Scotland.-Financial struggles and new avenues for profitability.Investors are shifting their focus from Level 4/Level 5 autonomous driving2 to more targeted applications,including trucking and last-mile delivery

12、.This is illustrated by funding rounds in companies such as Stack AV,Aurora,and Oxa(formerly Oxbotica).-Full ecosystem play as key to successful AV commercialization.AV companies integrate autonomous driving algorithms,process inputs from sources like sensors and high-definition maps,and operate sel

13、f-driving vehicles.The successful commercialization of these companies calls for taking an ecosystem approach and collaborating with the public sector,transport agents,and technology players to continue encouraging innovation in the mobility sectors.Additionally,robobuses and robotaxis are being exp

14、lored as part of mobility-as-a-service(MaaS)platform offerings,as illustrated by partnerships between Via and May Mobility.While MaaS growth has been slower than expected,advancements in AV technology could still provide scalable use cases and help address some of its challenges.CONTINUOUS EXPANSION

15、 OF AV TESTING&DEPLOYMENTThe subdued venture-funding climate has not prevented real-world testing and deployment of AVs.On the contrary,AV companies are scaling up testing and commercial pilot efforts globally,most notably in the US and China.Nevertheless,contrasting players are driving the AV testi

16、ng landscape,which clearly differs between the US and China.In the US,Waymo(and Cruise,prior to its closure in 2024 following safety concerns and regulatory scrutiny from a 2023 accident in San Francisco)has expanded its robotaxi services,which do not use a safety driver,beyond California and into A

17、rizona.It also recently made its driverless rides available in San Francisco.Meanwhile,Chinese firms like self-driving software company WeRide,Pony.ai,and Baidu Apollo are all expanding their testing and commercialization footprints.Baidu Apollo has launched fully driverless robotaxi pilots across m

18、ultiple cities and initiated 24/7 operations in early 2024 as on-road data accumulated,steadily improving the technology.However,robotaxis remain limited to geo-fenced areas with lighter traffic and pedestrian flows.AV testing and commercialization pilots are being brought online beyond the US and C

19、hina.In particular,the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC)is an emerging hotspot,with global players like Evocargo and WeRide rolling out pilots in Dubai,Riyadh,and Abu Dhabi.Similarly,robobus and robotruck firms are eyeing the region for early commercial deployments.4AUTONOMOUS MOBILIT Y JOURNAL:L ATEST

20、DEVELOPMENTS WORLDWIDEARTHUR D.LITTLEFINANCIAL STRUGGLES&NEW AVENUES FOR PROFITABILITYThough real-world testing continues apace,AV companies have struggled to achieve profitability because of the high costs associated with developing and deploying the technology.For instance,robotaxis are more expen

21、sive to operate than regular taxis or ride-hailing services due to the array of cameras,sensors,advanced software systems,and human monitoring required.The financial strain on many AV operators is evident.Argo AI,a Pittsburgh-based company that received a total investment of US$3.6 billion from Ford

22、 and VW at its inception,ceased operations in 2022 due to its inability to achieve profitability and attract new investors.For its3 part,China-based AV start-up iMotion,which went public in Hong Kong in December 2023,reported losses of$139 million from 2020 to 2023.4However,there are exceptions.Baid

23、u Apollo is aiming to break even by 2024 and achieve profitability by 2025.Apollo boasts one of the largest robotaxi worldwide operations.In Q4 2023 alone,Apollo operated over 800,000 robotaxi rides,with approximately 45%being fully driverless,effectively removing human labor costs.5 Baidu is also b

24、uilding its own electric robotaxi vehicles through a joint venture with a local Chinese OEM,achieving a price tag of$28,000 per vehicle less than half the cost of its previous generation.Additionally,Baidu has partnered with municipal governments in China to roll out an autonomous MaaS platform,inte

25、grating its robobus,roboshuttle,and autonomous industrial services.Not every AV company has the financial and technological backing to undertake such initiatives,but there are other paths to potential profitability.Examples include:-Focusing on specific use case scenarios rather than striving for an

26、 all-encompassing L4/L5 system.For example,in the subsector of autonomous goods transportation,trucking technology company Gatik has focused on a niche of middle-mile delivery(moving goods from warehouse to stores)rather than focusing on the more common highway long-haul AV trucking applications.Gat

27、ik has been regularly operating its driverless medium-duty box trucks for Walmart since 2022 and is currently developing mass-produced autonomous trucks for middle-mile delivery in partnership with Isuzu,aiming for a 2027 launch.-Monetizing existing L4/L5 technologies by focusing on lower-level auto

28、nomous features.For example,WeRide has been approached by Bosch to produce an L2/L3 assisted driving software system for personal vehicles.Funding has also started to shift toward simpler,more targeted AV solutions:-Venture capital funding has recently been directed toward specific AV use cases,prim

29、arily simpler,non-passenger transporting applications,such as trucking,last-mile delivery,and industrial uses.For example,Stack AV and Aurora,two companies specializing in autonomous trucking,have secured investments for such use cases.-Toyota,Nvidia,and Volvo Groups are among the investors in the$9

30、3 million funding round for Fortelellix,an Israel-based developer of driver-assist and AV system testing and verification platforms that employ big data analytics and AI to support system development and testing.6Although achieving financial sustainability remains a significant challenge for the AV

31、industry,efforts to increase user bases,reduce costs,and focus on specific,scalable business cases are proving to be viable paths toward profitability.Figure 1 illustrates key AV players and their respective use case focus.5FULL ECOSYSTEM PLAY:KEY TO SUCCESSThe close ties between AVs and MaaS hint a

32、t the broader importance of collaboration and the development of a robust ecosystem.A siloed approach,where stakeholders operate independently without substantial collaboration,is unlikely to succeed due to the complex interplay between governments,urban planners,transit agencies,and mobility provid

33、ers.An ecosystem-based approach promotes deeper collaboration among these stakeholders,creating an integrated environment that is more commercially viable.Arthur D.Little(ADL)closely monitors the development of advanced mobility ecosystems worldwide,particularly in pioneering countries like the Unit

34、ed Arab Emirates(UAE),the US,and China.Distinguishing elements of these ecosystems include thriving start-up landscapes,supportive regulatory environments,and tangible progress toward commercialization.We observe two predominant models:the government-led ecosystem and the industry-led ecosystem:-Gov

35、ernment-led ecosystem.The government plays a pivotal role in shaping the AV industry.This includes establishing regulatory frameworks,providing funding for R&D,and creating policies that incentivize the adoption of AV technologies.The government often collaborates closely with local companies,academ

36、ia,and research institutions to drive innovation and ensure that the country remains competitive in the global AV market.-Industry-led ecosystem.This is characterized by the dominance of market-driven approaches.In these ecosystems,companies take the lead in innovation,development,and deployment of

37、AV technologies,often in the absence of a comprehensive national regulatory framework.The governments role is more limited,providing support primarily through general regulations and standards rather than direct intervention.Additionally,we can further categorize the ecosystems based on their primar

38、y funding source and emphasis on transportation mode(discussed later).Government-led ecosystem buildingChinaThe Made in China 2025 vision has spurred substantial public and private investments in high-tech sectors like AI,the Internet of Things(IoT),and electric vehicles(EVs)to bolster the mobility

39、value chain.A wave of state-led projects has poured resources into improving physical and digital infrastructure for future mobility.In parallel,policy sandboxes and generous subsidies have created testbeds for AVs across 20+cities,including the capital Beijing(see Chapter 3),where Baidu has been op

40、erating its robotaxi service,Apollo Go,since 2021.On the regulatory front,China made notable strides in 2023 by laying foundations to define different AV applications,requirements for safety operators or remote operators,and data-reporting obligations in the event of accidents.Figure 1.Key global AV

41、 players and respective use case focusSource:Arthur D.LittleSource:Arthur D.LittleFigure 1.Key global AV players and respective use case focusROBOBUSROBOTAXITRUCKINGLAST-MILE DELIVERYINDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT6AUTONOMOUS MOBILIT Y JOURNAL:L ATEST DEVELOPMENTS WORLDWIDEARTHUR D.LITTLEUAEThe UAE is also act

42、ively laying the regulatory groundwork for an AV ecosystem,with an established governance model,growing testing activities,and an emerging R&D and incubation environment.The Emirate of Dubais transport regulator,the Roads and Transport Authority(RTA)has spearheaded these efforts,streamlining policym

43、aking for mobility technology trials and fostering strategic partnerships to attract international players,including WeRide and Evocargo.Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaAs part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabias(KSAs)“Future of Mobility”initiative,the Kingdoms AV sector has seen rapid development under the guid

44、ance of KSAs National Transport and Logistics Strategy(NTLS)and Saudi Vision 2030.A panel of government agencies,including the Transport General Authority(TGA),Ministry of Transport and Logistics Services(MOTLS),and Saudi Data and AI Authority(SADAI),has come together to try to make this a reality.K

45、SA already conducted several limited-scale roboshuttle and robobus pilots with companies such as Navya and WeRide and is on the way to rolling out larger-scale commercial tryouts nationally to meet the ambitious AV targets by 2030.Industry-led ecosystem buildingUSIn the US,the private sector spearhe

46、ads the development and deployment of AV technologies.Start-ups like Waymo and Stack and academic institutions,including Stanford and the University of California,Berkeley,have invested heavily in R&D to drive progress in the AV field.The US has a fragmented regulatory landscape,where individual sta

47、tes have significant autonomy to create their own AV regulations,unlike countries with a unified national regime.This patchwork approach allows for diverse experimentation and pilot projects across different states,enabling rapid iteration and advancements in technology.Additionally,the US benefits

48、from a robust venture capital ecosystem,which provides the necessary funding to support start-ups and established companies alike.GermanyKnown for its automotive industry,Germanys AV ecosystem is driven by major manufacturers like Volkswagen,BMW,and Daimler and technology suppliers such as Bosch and

49、 Continental.These companies invest heavily in R&D,collaborating with start-ups and research institutions to advance AV technologies.While the German government provides a supportive regulatory environment and has initiated pilot projects for AV testing,the primary impetus comes from the private sec

50、tors market strategies.South KoreaSouth Koreas AV industry is propelled by leading tech giants like Samsung and Hyundai,which have made substantial investments in AV technology development.While the South Korean government does provide a conducive environment for testing and development through regu

51、latory support and infrastructure projects,the primary drive still comes from the private sector.Based on their(1)primary funding source and(2)transportation mode focus,we can categorize the ecosystems into the matrix shown in Figure 2.As we can see,there are varying global approaches to AV technolo

52、gy deployment,influenced by regional public transportation histories.On the left side,countries like Germany,KSA,and UAE,largely funded by government sources,prioritize AVs for public transport through roboshuttles and buses,with strong regulatory and investment support.On the right,regions like Sou

53、th Korea and the US,primarily backed by private funding,emphasize individual transport solutions like robotaxis,aiming to replace ride-hailing and private cars.Despite different starting points,theres a converging trend toward combining these categories as AV technology advances.Irrespective of whet

54、her an ecosystem play is more government-led or industry-led,a complete ecosystem must exist for the industry to grow.Key enablers of such an ecosystem encompass national ambitions,supportive regulation,appropriate funding,demand,supply partners,and AV services and capabilities.Figure 3 illustrates

55、selected imperatives for an ecosystem play.7Figure 2.Ecosystem categorization matrixSource:Arthur D.LittleSource:Arthur D.LittleFigure 2.Ecosystem categorization matrixFinanced by private entities&private fundsFinanced by government&public fundsFocus on public transportFocus on individual transportS

56、IMPLIFIEDUSChinaUAEKSAGermanySouth Korea Robotaxis to replace ride hailing&private cars Strong government support through regulation sandboxes&targeted investment initiatives Roboshuttles/robobuses,mostly supplementing PT networks Strong government support through regulation sandboxes&targeted inves

57、tment initiatives Roboshuttles/robobuses,mostly supplementing PT networks Projects are operated&financed by private start-ups&industry investors Robotaxis to replace ride hailing&private cars Projects are operated&financed by private start-ups&industry investorsFigure 3.AV target ecosystem playVTOL=

58、vertical takeoff and landingSource:Arthur D.LittleVTOL=vertical takeoff and landingSource:Arthur D.LittleFigure 3.AV target ecosystem playKey servicesEnabling capabilitiesAV land mobilityOn-demand passenger mobilityScheduled passenger mobilityLast-mile goods deliveryGround specialized industrialLong

59、-haul goods movement AV aerial mobilityVTOL goods mobilityVTOL passenger mobilityVTOL specialized industrialAV marine mobilityUrban goods mobilitySpecialized industrialUrban passenger mobilityOpen water mobilityTechnologyInfrastructureR&D&innovation accelerationAwareness&social acceptanceCompetencie

60、s&capabilitiesOperating modelDEMANDFUNDING ECOSYSTEMSUPPLY PARTNERSNATIONAL AMBITION®ULATIONVision&strategiesLaws®ulationsStandardsGiga projectsPublic investorsVenture capitalInvestment banksPassenger transportGoods transportPrivate institutionsPublic institutions8AUTONOMOUS MOBILIT Y JOURNAL:

61、L ATEST DEVELOPMENTS WORLDWIDEARTHUR D.LITTLE92.USE CASE OF THE SEMESTERINTRODUCTION TO AUTONOMOUS BUSESEcosystems around the world both government-and industry-led are at different stages of maturity,but specific technologies and use cases are advancing globally,with autonomous buses a case in poin

62、t.The integration of autonomous buses,or robobuses,into urban transportation systems marks a significant development in urban mobility solutions as cities strive for sustainable and equitable transportation networks.Not only are autonomous buses poised to enhance the efficiency and safety of public

63、transit,but they also address the pressing driver shortages affecting the industry.Robobuses operate at approximately L4 autonomy and can handle most driving tasks independently within designated environments.Successfully integrating robobuses into public transportation systems presents unique chall

64、enges.These include ensuring safety and seamless connectivity,improving sensing capabilities,increasing consumer acceptance,and optimizing routes and services.7 This chapter explores these complexities,examining current challenges,deployment requirements,and the key factors for successful implementa

65、tion.It also delves into diverse use cases of robobuses across different countries,illustrating their varied applications and experiences within distinct urban contexts.AUTONOMOUS BUSES:INTEGRATION IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMSWhile robobuses have emerged as a promising solution as cities seek to enha

66、nce their public transport systems,the path to fully autonomous robobuses is not without its obstacles,and a proper commissioning process is essential to ensure their safe and efficient deployment.Robobuses offer several socioeconomic benefits for both operators and passengers.Operators will no long

67、er need bus drivers,reducing operational costs by approximately 45%,as per a study by the University of Texas.8 Robobuses would also increase operational productivity independent of human drivers where operating hours would not be limited to human shift hours.For passengers,robobuses represent an op

68、portunity for greater road safety,given that 94%of crashes are due to human behavior.There is an expectation of less traffic congestion since robobuses could reduce headways between vehicles and ultimately decrease congestion-related delays by 60%on highways.9The key differences between robobuses an

69、d traditional buses lie in the advanced technologies they employ,such as cameras,remote sensing technology LiDAR(light detection and ranging),and sophisticated software algorithms that enable real-time navigation and obstacle detection.These technologies require precise calibration and integration t

70、o function effectively,which presents unique challenges.1 0AUTONOMOUS MOBILIT Y JOURNAL:L ATEST DEVELOPMENTS WORLDWIDEARTHUR D.LITTLEFor instance,achieving complete sensor coverage is more complex due to the larger operational footprint of robobuses,and they must manage longer stopping distances,par

71、ticularly when fully loaded with passengers.These limitations highlight the need for a piloting process to validate the performance and safety of robobuses in various scenarios.The piloting phase plays a crucial role in the deployment of robobuses,ensuring that these vehicles are ready for operation

72、 through rigorous testing and validation.This process may also require infrastructural modifications,such as dedicated lanes and improved traffic signals,to accommodate the unique operational requirements of robobuses and optimize their performance within existing transportation networks.As robobus

73、technology continues to evolve,the challenges must be overcome prior to integrating it into public transport systems and realizing the full potential of autonomous mobility.With well-planned and executed piloting processes,cities can further test new technologies and applications to pave the way for

74、 a future where robobuses become an integral part of a sustainable and efficient public transportation system.THE ROAD TO AUTONOMOUS BUS DEPLOYMENTSeamless integration into public transport systems is critical to the success of any robobus service,but so too is deployment.Robobuses must be deployed

75、into existing transportation infrastructure,which involves careful planning and execution.Figure 4 shows the process across three pilot phases:planning,commissioning,and operationalization:1.Planning focuses on testing and validating the technology and operational processes in a controlled environme

76、nt2.Commissioning involves deployment of robobuses in geo-fenced areas to further test and refine the technology and operational processes3.Operating sees full-scale deployment of robobuses in a real-world setting,integrating them into the existing transportation infrastructureFigure 4.Robobus pilot

77、 phases Source:Arthur D.LittleSource:Arthur D.LittleFigure 4.Robobus pilot phases TechnologyLocationRegulationsPLANNINGRegulatory&legal frameworkConduct regulatory researchEngage with regulatory bodiesSecure insurance coverageSelection of location&use caseDefine specific use casesEngage stakeholders

78、Vehicle&technology selectionChoose autonomous bus modelsPartner with technology providersCOMMISSIONINGDetailed regulatory approvals&safety certificationsFinalize permits®ulatory approvalsComplete safety assessments&obtain certificationsLocation&vehicle preparationAssess&modify location infrastruc

79、tureBrand&configure vehiclesVehicle testingPerform calibration¶meter adjustments Optimize initial gapOPERATINGSoft launchData collection&evaluationCustomer feedback collectionPerformance evaluationScale up operationsPlan&expand routesIncrease fleet sizeContinuous improvementOngoing monitoring&op

80、timizationFull-scale deployment(if not completed during scaling up)1 1Planning The planning phase lays the groundwork for launching robobus operations and involves preparatory steps that distinguish it from conventional service launches.The planning encompasses three components:1.Regulatory and lega

81、l framework.Set the regulations for autonomous mobility,ensure compliance with data-sharing and privacy laws,and establish appropriate insurance processes for vehicles.2.Selection of location and use case.Identify use cases where robobuses can provide the most benefit,such as last-mile connectivity

82、or shuttle services within confined areas.3.Vehicle and technology selection.Match the needs of these use cases with the types of robobuses available in the market,and forge partnerships with appropriate technology providers.Commissioning The commissioning phase focuses on obtaining necessary approv

83、als and preparing the infrastructure and vehicles for the upcoming pilot testing.Three main steps are involved in this phase:1.Obtaining detailed regulatory approvals and safety certifications.Obtain all safety assessments and necessary certifications.2.Location and vehicle preparation.Assess risks

84、such as road width,obstructions,and traffic movement.Accordingly,the location is enhanced with necessary modifications,such as installing vehicle-to-everything devices and trimming bushes to ensure clear pathways.3.Vehicle configuration and testing.Conduct high-definition mapping,LiDAR mapping,and c

85、onfigure key operational parameters such as vehicle speed and stops.Operating The operating phase involves data collection,customer feedback,and limited-scale initiation of robobus operations,allowing for real-world testing and evaluation of the service.This phase is distinct from conventional servi

86、ce launches due to the experimental nature of introducing AVs into public transportation systems.The operating phase comprises three key components:1.Soft launch.Collect data to assess the viability and effectiveness of the service.This period is crucial for identifying any operational issues,user e

87、xperience concerns,and areas for enhancement.2.Scale up of operations.Expand routes and increase fleet size.This iterative process enables adaptive strategies to address emerging challenges and optimize service delivery.3.Continuous improvement.Make updates in response to real-world conditions and u

88、ser feedback.USE CASE:ROBOBUS DEPLOYMENT IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTSUpon successfully executing pilots across each of the three above phases,technology developers,in collaboration with public partners,can deploy robobuses for specific use cases,as shown in Figure 5.Given the current technology and operati

89、onal requirements,global use cases are diverse,with each case study reflecting varying technological advancements,passenger capacities,and operational contexts that suit its corresponding city needs and infrastructure readiness.1 2AUTONOMOUS MOBILIT Y JOURNAL:L ATEST DEVELOPMENTS WORLDWIDEARTHUR D.L

90、ITTLESUCCESS FACTORS FOR ROBOBUS DEPLOYMENTAs the number of pilot initiatives grows,the success factors for robobuses are becoming increasingly clear.Among the primary factors are the existence of a supporting environment and sophisticated public transport infrastructure,as well as the opportunity f

91、or strategic scaling.Supporting environment-Integration with public transport authorities.Close coordination with public transport authorities provides insights into passenger flow,peak transit times,optimal routing,and integration with other modes of transport(trains,trams,etc.).-Specialized insura

92、nce policies.Insurance policies specific to the autonomous nature of robobuses cover potential risks associated with operating vehicles with higher numbers of passengers.-Established public-private partnerships.Innovative financing models,such as public-private partnerships,specifically address the

93、high capital requirements and operational costs of robobus projects.Strategic scaling-Testing in low-complexity environments.Successful robobus applications have been observed in low-complexity environments,such as closed communities,college campuses,and airport runways,all of which are characterize

94、d by short,uncomplicated routes and minimal traffic.THE SUCCESS FACTORS FOR ROBOBUSES ARE BECOMING INCREASINGLY CLEAR-Improved sensing and navigation.State-of-the-art sensors,machine learning algorithms,and high-definition maps specifically address the unique challenges presented by the relatively s

95、mall sizes of robobuses and their limited passenger capacity.-Phased scaling.Scaling robobuses requires careful consideration of factors such as route intricacy,vehicle speed,traffic density,diverse road users,weather conditions,and crash-fatality risk to support the operational design domain.Sophis

96、ticated public transport infrastructure-Established public transportation infrastructure.Regions with significant investments in public transportation infrastructure,like Europe,have demonstrated higher success rates in implementing robobuses.-Dedicated lanes and stops for robobuses.Setting up dedic

97、ated lanes or predefined routes that minimize interaction with regular traffic can enhance safety and reliability.Figure 5.Use cases of operational robobuses Source:Arthur D.LittleSource:Arthur D.LittleFigure 5.Use cases of operational robobuses LOCATIONTIMELINETECHNOLOGY DEVELOPERTECHNOLOGY&SERVICE

98、PASSENGER CAPACITYOPERATIONAL CONTEXTSingaporeOctober 2020Volvo Buses collaborated with Nanyang Technological UniversityFull-size autonomous electric bus(12 m long,up to 80 passengers)for university campus useUp to 80 passengersUniversity campus deploymentChinaJune 2022King Long&Baidu Level 4 Apollo

99、 autonomous bus,operating in 28 cities with 140K km mileage,carrying 120K passengers120K passengersWide city coverageUKApril 2023Alexander DennisLaunched 5 CAVForth 11.8m Enviro200 single-deck autonomous buses on 45-km network(80 mph max speed)with preprogrammed stops37 passengersDefined route netwo

100、rkUS(California)August 2023BeepIntroduced autonomous bus shuttle services operating within closed communities in San Francisco Bay;anticipating surge in autonomous bus pilots after robotaxi launch10 passengersClosed community serviceNetherlandsMarch 2024ADASTEC Corp.Implemented SAE Level 4 automated

101、 bus service using two Karsan Autonomous e-ATAK buses for Rotterdam The Hague Airport(mixed traffic)Not specifiedAirport transportation1 33.CIT Y OF THE SEMESTER:BEIJINGBEIJINGS ACCELERATED JOURNEY IN AV DEPLOYMENTAs companies and countries around the world roll out pilot projects and ramp up their

102、AV capabilities,Beijing has emerged as one of the leading cities globally in continuous expansion of AV testing and development.By January 2024,over 300 autonomous delivery and retail vehicles had fulfilled over 4 million orders across the city.Furthermore,AV deployment in Beijing has expanded to in

103、clude three autonomous shuttles,11 autonomous trucks,and 10 connected buses,further cementing the citys commitment to integrating advanced transportation solutions.10As for robotaxis,the city authorized public road tests in 2022,which enabled the 2024 launch of an AV connection between Beijing City

104、and Daxing Airport,the sixth-largest airport in the world by area.The launch of such an offering in a large-scale complex environment represents a milestone in technology deployment.It also creates an opportunity for increasing the number of users experiencing AVs,either as passengers or as observer

105、s on the road,thus impacting public perception of autonomous mobility use cases.Underpinning these achievements are efforts across:(1)the enabling regulatory environment,(2)close-field testbeds and open roads testing,(3)infrastructure development,and(4)public awareness campaigns.Clear progress on ea

106、ch of these fronts motivated our selection of Beijing as City of the Semester.SUPPORTIVE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENTAV support in China has been spearheaded at the national level through the following regulatory initiatives:-Made in China 2025s vision identified the development of AVs as a primary focus

107、area over the next decade.-The AV Testing and Deployment Management Code facilitated the testing of AVs in 34 distinct traffic scenarios,such as decelerating upon detecting speed limit signs and stopping for pedestrians,thus standardizing expected behavior in these situations across the nation.-The

108、Intelligent Vehicle Innovation and Development Strategy outlined crucial elements for fostering and advancing the AV ecosystem in China,an effort supported by 11 government ministries.To complement the national framework,Beijing has been at the forefront of defining specific regulations for AV testi

109、ng and commercial deployment.In 2018,the city introduced its first rules covering AV road tests,through the collaborative issuance of two documents:“Guiding Opinions of the Beijing Municipality on Accelerating the Work of Road Tests for Autonomous Vehicles(for Trial Implementation)”and the“Detailed

110、Implementation Rules of the Beijing Municipality for the Administration of the Road Tests of Autonomous Vehicles(for Trial Implementation).”1 4AUTONOMOUS MOBILIT Y JOURNAL:L ATEST DEVELOPMENTS WORLDWIDEARTHUR D.LITTLEBEIJING HAS BEEN AT THE FOREFRONT OF DEFINING SPECIFIC REGULATIONS FOR AV TESTING A

111、ND COMMERCIAL DEPLOYMENTThese regulations were the first of their kind in China to address AV public road testing.Subsequently,as illustrated in Figure 6,Beijing further expanded its regulatory framework in October 2022 with additional provisions for driverless road testing within the Beijing Intell

112、igent Connected Vehicles Policy Pilot Zone(BJHAD).The regulatory advancements have established Beijing as an attractive testing ground for AV use cases and technologies.In July 2023,Beijing authorities allowed the expansion of operations within the BJHAD to driverless taxis operating without a safet

113、y supervisor on board,thus allowing for commercial deployment in the region.This major milestone in the AV ecosystem led to exceptional outcomes,achieving a user satisfaction rate exceeding 95%from 1.5 million pilot rides.11TESTS&COMMERCIAL DEPLOYMENTA supportive regulatory environment has enabled B

114、eijing to actively facilitate the testing and deployment of AVs through the utilization of both close-field testbeds and public road testing within the BJHAD area.These close-field testbeds are meticulously built to emulate an urban environment within a specialized area,specifically designed to eval

115、uate new technologies prior to their validation for public road testing.Beijings testbed remains one of the most advanced AV testing centers in China.Developed in 2019,the Beijing Yizhuang Intelligent Connected Vehicle Closed-Field Testing Center(currently part of BJHAD)started operations as a colla

116、boration between the government,tech companies,and OEMs.Around 85%of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region urban traffic scenes,90%of highway traffic scenes,and 80%of rural traffic scenes can be simulated within the base.By May 2023,the Yizhuang Base had already provided nearly 300,000 kilometers and 10,000

117、hours of close-field testing and verification services for over 40 domestic and foreign autonomous driving players,including private companies,universities,and research institutes.Figure 6.Driverless road testing via BJHADSource:Arthur D.LittleSource:Arthur D.LittleFigure 6.Driverless road testing v

118、ia BJHADYizhuang New TownDaxing International AirportLegendScope of policy priority areaBeijing Daxing Airport ExpresswayDaxing Airport North ExpresswayBeijing section of Beijing-Taiwan Expressway Beijing section of Beijing-Tianjin ExpresswaySouth Fifth Ring Road connecting sectionSouth Sixth Ring R

119、oad connecting sectionPhysical scope of BJHAD Pilot ZoneCoverage:225 square km of planning area in E-Town&Beijing Daxing AirportExpressways:6 expressway sections with total length of 143 km1 5These testing capabilities supported 18 companies and 384 AVs in obtaining the Beijing Autonomous Vehicle Ro

120、ad Test License and contributed to enabling the authorization of public road tests,as illustrated in Figure 7.12Beijing public road tests were first introduced in BJHAD in 2022.In just two years,the driverless road-testing area grew from 20 square kilometers to 225 square kilometers,hosting 28 diffe

121、rent players and delivering over 2 million robotaxis.13 In addition to robotaxis,seven other AV use cases were tested,including robobus,autonomous shuttle,unmanned retail vehicle,last-mile delivery,AV petrol car,AV truck,and AV road cleaner.14In March 2024,the first autonomous highway route was perm

122、itted,connecting Daxing Airport with the Yizhuang district.Along with the airport area,Beijing has ambitious plans to cover 600 square kilometers with AV technology,as shown in Figure 8.The rapid development and expansion of the AV landscape in Beijing demonstrates the citys commitment to advancing

123、AV technology and its potential to transform transportation,logistics,and urban mobility in the coming years.Figure 7.Beijing Yizhuang Intelligent Connected Vehicle Closed-Field Testing CenterSource:Arthur D.LittleSource:Arthur D.LittleFigure 7.Beijing Yizhuang Intelligent Connected Vehicle Closed-F

124、ield Testing CenterMAIN INVESTORSFACILITY OVERVIEWMay 20190.43 sq kmBeijing cityTest&approve AV for deployment in greater Beijing metropolitan areaOngoingTESTING CAPABILITIES Road types:urban,suburban,highway,tunnel,toll station,service area,level crossing(represents 85%of road types in Beijing metr

125、opolitan area)Simulated conditions:rain,fog,high-beam headlight glareTesting scenarios Testing permit in this test center has been issued to total of 18 companies with 384 vehicles(as of August 2023)Current testing scale SAE L4Levels of autonomy for testing Robotaxi Roboshuttle Autonomous last-mile

126、delivery Autonomous highway truck Autonomous street sweeper Autonomous patrolMobility modes being testedStart dateLand areaLocationKey objectiveOperator statusPublicTech CompanyOEMFigure 8.BJHAD expansion planSource:Arthur D.LittleSource:Arthur D.LittleFigure 8.BJHAD expansion planAirport&train/subw

127、ay stationKey connection linesExisting areasNew expansion areasDaxing International AirportQinghe stationChaoyang stationBeijing South stationBeijing Fengtai stationCity Sub-Center stationBeijing Capital International AirportBJHAD initial area1 6AUTONOMOUS MOBILIT Y JOURNAL:L ATEST DEVELOPMENTS WORL

128、DWIDEARTHUR D.LITTLEUNDERLYING DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTUREBeijing has developed advanced digital infrastructure that features three major components critical to success:(1)high-speed 5G networks,(2)smart traffic management systems,and(3)extensive data centers.Each is outlined below:1.High-speed 5G networ

129、ks.A main enabler of autonomous mobility in Beijing is the rapid deployment of 5G networks.According to the Beijing Municipality,the city had over 114,000 5G base stations in April 2024.15 The high-speed,low-latency communication provided by 5G is essential for the real-time data transmission requir

130、ed by AVs,allowing them to make split-second decisions and communicate with other vehicles and infrastructure.2.Smart traffic management systems.Another critical component of Beijings digital infrastructure is its smart traffic management system.The city has implemented an intelligent transportation

131、 system(ITS)that uses advanced technologies such as AI,big data,and IoT to optimize traffic flow and improve road safety.The system provides valuable data and insights for AVs,enabling them to navigate complex urban environments more efficiently.Beyond benefits for AVs,ITS showed significant impact

132、on the overall traffic flow after just six months from implementation across key intersections,decreasing average vehicle delays by 30%and increasing its number of trips by 11%.163.Extensive data centers.Beijing has invested heavily in data centers to support the data generated by AVs and other smar

133、t city applications.The city has established the Data Infrastructure Pilot Zone(DIPZ),covering 68 square kilometers,to aggregate high-value data assets and foster technological innovation across multiple sectors,including AVs.As of January 2024,the cumulative data volume had reached 4.8 petabytes,wi

134、th a consistent daily increase of 300 terabytes.17These investments in digital infrastructure have laid a solid foundation for the growth of autonomous mobility in Beijing,positioning the city as a global leader in this emerging field.PUBLIC PERCEPTION&AWARENESSBeijing has launched several initiativ

135、es to raise awareness and foster public acceptance of autonomous mobility.These initiatives aim to educate the public about the technology,address safety concerns,and demonstrate the positive impact of AVs on urban life:-Knowledge sharing.The Beijing International Forum on Autonomous Driving is an a

136、nnual event that brings together experts,policymakers,and industry leaders.The forum serves as a platform for sharing knowledge and experiences,fostering collaboration,and promoting public understanding of AVs.-Testing zones.Beijing has established several pilot zones for testing and demonstrating A

137、Vs,such as the Yizhuang Autonomous Vehicle Testing Zone and the Haidian District AV demonstration area.These zones allow the public to witness AVs in action,building trust and familiarity with the technology.-Public education campaigns.Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport has published informat

138、ional materials and organized events to promote understanding of AVs,including improved road safety,reduced traffic congestion,and lower emissions.Through these initiatives,Beijing is actively working to raise public perception and awareness,paving the way for the widespread adoption of AVs in the c

139、ity.SUMMARYBeijing has emerged as a leading city in enabling autonomous mobility,with supportive regulations,advanced testing infrastructure and R&D,solid underlying digital infrastructure,and thoughtful initiatives.The development of proactive regulations to drive AV testing and commercial deployme

140、nt operations has enabled ecosystem growth and allowed for the launch of new use cases,which include complex environments such as the robotaxi connection between Beijing City and Daxing Airport.Thanks to this holistic approach,Beijing is positioning itself as a leading city in AV ecosystem maturity

141、globally.1 74.INTERVIE W OF THE SEMESTERInterview with Dr.Tony Han,CEO and founder of WeRideIn 2017,Tony Han founded WeRide,becoming one of the leading scientists dedicated to the R&D and commercialization of autonomous driving technology.Within a span of just seven years,WeRide has become the top c

142、ompany by revenue among L4 autonomous driving players globally.Prior to founding WeRide,Tony worked as chief scientist of Baidus autonomous driving division.Before that,he served as a doctoral advisor and tenured professor at the University of Missouri and as director of its computer vision and mach

143、ine learning lab.Tony holds a PhD from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Q:How would you describe the state of autonomous transportation today?A:The autonomous driving industry has successfully navigated through its testing phase and is now poised to enter the realms of commercializatio

144、n and widespread production.Throughout this journey,remarkable advancements have been witnessed,encompassing substantial technological progress,the establishment of new regulations,and the expansion of international markets,among other pivotal developments.Q:What is WeRides status in the autonomous

145、transport industry and what products and services does it offer?A:WeRide stands as a global leader in the autonomous driving industry,offering a comprehensive range of technologies and products spanning from Level 2 to Level 4 autonomous driving.We do not just focus on vehicles for people transport.

146、Rather,our diverse product portfolio includes robotaxis,serving as an operator for ride-hailing services;robobuses,facilitating public ride-sharing services;robosweepers,catering to urban sanitation services;and robovans,which enable autonomous intra-city delivery services.We also cover advanced dri

147、ver assistance systems(ADAS),as a technology supplier to Tier 1/OEMs for consumer vehicles.As the only tech company that simultaneously holds driverless permits in four countries(China,the US,UAE,and Singapore),WeRide has made a reputation of its globalization strategy.For example,WeRide launched it

148、s robotaxi service together with local partner Bayanat in Abu Dhabi in 2021,making it the company with the richest robotaxi operation experience in the Middle East.Currently,WeRide presents two flagship products:Robobus and Robosweeper.Our Robobus operations span approximately 30 cities worldwide,in

149、cluding prominent urban centers such as Beijing,Guangzhou,Singapore,and Abu Dhabi.On 3 April 2024,we launched our second autonomous driving sanitation product,Robosweeper S1(“1”symbolizing 1 ton).It is the worlds first Level 4 autonomous driving sanitation equipment capable of covering all scenarios

150、 on open roads.The launch saw orders amounting to nearly$10 million.Q:Which issues facing current transport systems will AVs help to solve?A:Autonomous driving technology,products,and services address some critical societal challenges and contemporary concerns.These include alleviating traffic conge

151、stion and mitigating the frequency of traffic accidents,where a substantial portion is attributable to human driving errors.It further helps in addressing the implications of an aging population and confronting labor shortages.1 8AUTONOMOUS MOBILIT Y JOURNAL:L ATEST DEVELOPMENTS WORLDWIDEARTHUR D.LI

152、TTLEFinally,it supports combating global climate change by applying clean and sustainable modes of transportation that are essential for achieving sustainable development and carbon-neutrality goals.Additionally,autonomous transportation has the potential to make significant contributions to public

153、welfare.A notable instance was evident during the COVID-19 pandemic when WeRides autonomous driving robobuses and robotaxis served as lifelines to residents in the lockdown area of Guangzhou.These driverless vehicles efficiently delivered vital supplies,including anti-cancer drugs,infant formula,ven

154、tilators,and everyday essentials like oil,rice,and vegetables.Over a span of 20 consecutive days,WeRides autonomous driving fleet completed over 500 trips,transporting more than 20,000 items weighing over 100 tons.Q:How has user acceptance and user appetite for AVs developed in recent years?A:Irresp

155、ective of region,what users and the public care most about is safety,which is also the highest priority for all autonomous driving companies in the world.The most impactful method of fostering genuine acceptance and adoption of autonomous driving among users is to provide them with the opportunity t

156、o experience riding in an autonomous vehicle firsthand.As technology progresses and applications expand,user confidence and acceptance of autonomous driving continue to grow steadily.Q:What are the most important use cases for automation,and why?A:It is hard to say which use cases hold greater impor

157、tance,as customers and users across various application scenarios face distinct pain points,each requiring tailored solutions to address their unique challenges.That said,one notable discrepancy lies in the ease and speed of scalability across different application scenarios.Low-speed environments,s

158、uch as urban sanitation and shuttle buses,are poised to achieve widespread commercialization at an earlier stage compared to high-speed people transportation scenarios like robotaxis.WeRIDE HAS BECOME THE TOP COMPANY BY REVENUE AMONG L4 AUTONOMOUS DRIVING PLAYERS GLOBALLYQ:What are the key enablers

159、of AV implementation,and what should developers,manufacturers,and operators focus on to achieve the most positive impact?A:Technology,funding,commercialization,and regulations are some of the key enablers.The stability and reliability of the autonomous driving system and integrating software and har

160、dware require the joint efforts of participants with different roles in the industry chain.In particular,multiparty collaboration is required in the early stage of vehicle design.It can be said that predesigned and pre-assembled mass production is the key to achieving large-scale autonomous driving

161、operations.Whether the return on investment meets market demand and expectations is related to multiple factors,including the continual decrease in hardware costs such as LiDAR,the reduction of labor costs through the removal of safety drivers,the establishment of expansive fleets,improving algorith

162、ms reusability,and reducing R&D costs.Meanwhile,policy support,encompassing access permits and operating area scope,mandates concerted advocacy efforts from both governmental entities and enterprises.Whats more,sustained funding from external investors,coupled with revenue generated from commerciali

163、zation endeavors,serves as the lifeblood of operational continuity for companies.1 9Q:Is transport automation a task for the transport system at large or for individual vehicles?A:From my perspective,the operation of a self-driving vehicle fleet inherently entails planning at the transportation syst

164、em level.For instance,WeRide undertakes the daily sanitation of the International Biotech Island in Guangzhou.To enhance the efficiency of various sanitation tasks and maximize economic benefits,meticulous planning of robosweeper launch and operation is imperative at a systemic level.This planning e

165、ncompasses considerations such as quantity,type,operation routes,and operating schedules.Q:How can authorities and regulators further support AV implementation over the coming years?A:The advancement of policies and regulations in several areas is pivotal in fostering the growth of the autonomous dr

166、iving industry.First,expanding the scope of areas for autonomous driving tests and operations is crucial.This expansion should progress from the district level to the city and potentially intercity levels,encompassing diverse environments such as urban roads,highways,and connecting routes to transpo

167、rtation hubs like train stations and airports.Broadening the spectrum of application scenarios is also essential and should encompass various domains,including passenger transportation,goods transportation,environmental sanitation,and other sectors.Lastly,evolving regulations from mandating safety d

168、rivers to permitting fully autonomous operation without onboard supervision is paramount.This progression should also advance from testing and pilot operations to allowing commercial operations with fare charging.Q:Which other key stakeholders are WeRide collaborating with in the development and imp

169、lementation of AVs and transport systems?A:We maintain close collaboration with our stakeholders to reach significant milestones.Autonomous driving represents a complex technology,requiring considerable time and resources from R&D through to production and commercialization.Throughout this journey,b

170、oth financial and strategic investors play pivotal roles by providing essential funding,supply chain support,and business opportunities.The development of the autonomous driving industry hinges upon the establishment of supportive policies and regulations.Here,frequent dialogue with local and centra

171、l government bodies is imperative.Such engagement enables companies like WeRide to advocate for regulations that foster industry growth and innovation.Concurrently,we actively engage with academia and research institutes to stay informed of cutting-edge academic and technological advancements.This c

172、ollaboration also serves as a vital channel for our talent recruitment.Q:What is your vision for 2030 regarding AV implementation?A:WeRide envisions a future where autonomous driving transforms urban living.By 2030,we anticipate widespread adoption of autonomous driving technologies across various u

173、rban scenarios.Picture this:your daily commute to work involves hopping into a robotaxi via online ride-hailing apps.On weekends,you and your family take a robobus to the park.Robosweepers keep the streets clean,and packages are delivered by robovans.In certain areas of some cities,this vision is al

174、ready a reality.We are confident that by 2030,residents in cities worldwide will embrace the convenience,safety,and comfort brought forth by autonomous driving.The team at ADL would like to thank Dr.Tony Han for his time and valuable insights.2 0AUTONOMOUS MOBILIT Y JOURNAL:L ATEST DEVELOPMENTS WORL

175、DWIDEARTHUR D.LITTLEAbout WeRideWeRide is a leading commercial-stage global company that develops autonomous driving technologies from Level 2 to Level 4.It is the only tech company in the world with driverless permits in China,the US,the UAE,and Singapore.The company conducts autonomous driving R&D

176、,tests,and operations in over 30 cities across seven countries and has offices in Guangzhou,Beijing,Shanghai,Shenzhen,San Jose,Abu Dhabi,Singapore,and Stuttgart,among other key locations.WeRide aims to develop safe and reliable driverless solutions to make mobility and transportation safer,more affo

177、rdable,and accessible.As a pioneer in autonomous driving technologies and applications,it offers a mix of robotaxis,robobuses,robovans,robosweepers,and advanced driving solutions,providing smart services in online ride-hailing,on-demand transport,urban logistics,environmental sanitation,and advanced

178、 driving solutions for consumer cars.This innovative company has formed partnerships with renowned global OEMs and industry leaders,including Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance,Yutong Group,GAC Group,Bosch,and others.WeRide has operated a self-driving fleet for more than 1,600 days.2 1ENDNOTES1 Meti

179、nko,Chris.“Autonomous Vehicle Funding Stuck in Neutral.”Crunchbase,3 November 2023.2 There are six levels of autonomous driving(L0-L5):Level 0(no autonomous driving),Level 1(driving assistance),Level 2(partial driving automation),Level 3(conditional driving automation),Level 4(advanced driving autom

180、ation),and Level 5(full driving automation).3 Ferris,Robert.“Why Ford and VW Shut Down Their Multi-Billion-Dollar Self-Driving Project.”CNBC,22 March 2023.4 Cao,Ann.“Chinas Autonomous Driving Players Struggle to Turn a Profit Despite Heavy Investments.”South China Morning Post,18 April 2024.5 Cheng,

181、Evelyn.“Baidus Robo-Taxi Unit Expects to Turn Profitable Next Year.”CNBC,15 May 2024.6 George,Patrick.“AV Fever Has Cooled Off,But Driverless Cars Arent Going Away.”The Verge,5 May 2023.7 Hall,Stephen.“Driverless Buses Could Be on Genevas Streets Very Soon.”World Economic Forum,27 January 2023.8 Qua

182、rles,Neil,Kara M.Kockelman,and Moataz Mohamed.“Costs and Benefits of Electrifying and Automating Bus Transit Fleets.”Sustainability,Vol.12,No.10,May 2020.9“Benefits of Automated Vehicles(AVs).”Alliance for Automotive Innovation,accessed January 2025.10“Beijings Initiatives on Autonomous Driving Indu

183、stry in the Era of Interconnection of Everything.”Beijing High-Level Autonomous Driving Demonstration Zone Work Office,2024.11“Beijing:Driverless Taxis Will Officially Hit the Road.”iNEWS,13 October 2023.12“New Closed Test Site for Unmanned Delivery Vehicles in Beijing E-Town.”Beijing Economic-Techn

184、ological Development Area,15 May 2023.13“Beijings Initiatives on Autonomous Driving Industry in the Era of Interconnection of Everything.”Beijing High-Level Autonomous Driving Demonstration Zone Work Office,2024;“E-Town Practices in Autonomous Driving.”Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area

185、,19 November 2021;and“2022 Pilot Area 225 Square Kilometers.”WeRide,2023.14“Beijings Initiatives on Autonomous Driving Industry in the Era of Interconnection of Everything.”Beijing High-Level Autonomous Driving Demonstration Zone Work Office,2024.15 C.“Beijing Leads the Nation in 5G Base Stations.”T

186、he Peoples Government of Beijing Municipality,20 May 2024.16“Beijings Initiatives on Autonomous Driving Industry in the Era of Interconnection of Everything.”Beijing High-Level Autonomous Driving Demonstration Zone Work Office,2024.17“Beijings Initiatives on Autonomous Driving Industry in the Era of

187、 Interconnection of Everything.”Beijing High-level Autonomous Driving(BJHAD)Demonstration Zone Work Office,January 2024.2 2AUTONOMOUS MOBILIT Y JOURNAL:L ATEST DEVELOPMENTS WORLDWIDEARTHUR D.LITTLE2 3Arthur D.Little has been at the forefront of innovation since 1886.We are an acknowledged thought le

188、ader in linking strategy,innovation and transformation in technology-intensive and converging industries.We navigate our clients through changing business ecosystems to uncover new growth opportunities.We enable our clients to build innovation capabilities and transform their organizations.Our consu

189、ltants have strong practical industry experience combined with excellent knowledge of key trends and dynamics.ADL is present in the most important business centers around the world.We are proud to serve most of the Fortune 1000 companies,in addition to other leading firms and public sector organizations.For further information,please visit .Copyright Arthur D.Little 2025.All rights reserved.