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1、E n d-o f-L i f e Ma n a g e me n t Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s V e r s i o n 1.0 Iberdro l aE n d-of-L i f e Ma n a ge me n t Be st P r a c ti c e G ui d e l i n e s3ForewordWelcome to the first edition of SolarPower Eu rope s End-of-Life(EoL)Management Best Practice Gu idelines.In 2 0 2 3

2、,ov er 55 GW of solar was installed across the EU in y et another record-breaking y ear for the indu stry.This record shou ld be celebrated,and it means that Eu rope now has a cu mu lativ e installed capacity of 2 6 3 GW and one of the oldest solar fleets in the world.A part of the ex isting fleet w

3、ill start reaching EoL in the nex t decade,with increasingly more waste being produ ced as time progresses.This makes the qu estion of how to handle significant solar PV waste streams,a pressing one.Moreov er,what shou ld the indu stry do with equ ipment that has been replaced,bu t still fu nctions?

4、Ensu ring qu ality and circu lar EoL management of PV waste,is cru cial to the su stainability of the indu stry and pu blic acceptance of solar,as a responsible,clean sou rce of energy.Ov e r th e c our se of i ts se v e n ye a r s of ope r a ti on,th e wor k str e a m h a s d e v e l ope d f i v e

5、se ts of Be st P r a c ti c e G ui d e l i n e s,c ov e r i n g E n gi n e e r i n g,P r oc ur e me n t&Con str uc ti on (E P C),Ope r a ti on s&Ma i n te n a n c e (O&M),Asse t Ma n a ge me n t,th e L i f e c yc l e Qua l i ty Be st P r a c ti c e G ui d e l i n e s,a n d n ow th e E n d-of-L i f e

6、 Be st P r a c ti c e G ui d e l i n e s.T h i s d oc ume n t i s th e r e sul t of a ye a r of i n te n si v e wor k b y 30 l e a d i n g sol a r e xpe r ts,f r om ov e r 15 c ompa n i e s.T h e c on tr i b utor s wor k a c r oss th e sol a r P V i n d ustr y,a n d th e y i n c l ud e E P C a n d O

7、&M se r v i c e pr ov i d e r s,pr od uc e r r e spon si b i l i ty or ga n i sa ti on s(P R O s),Asse t Ma n a ge r s,Asse t O wn e r s,ma n uf a c tur e r s,l e ga l e xpe r ts,d i gi ta l sol uti on s pr ov i d e r s,te c h n i c a l a d v i sor s,i n v e stor s a n d or ga n i sa ti on s.T h e f

8、 i r st e d i ti on of th e E oL Be st P r a c ti c e G ui d e l i n e s i s a n i n d ustr y-f i r st se t of r e c omme n d a ti on s on h ow to b oost th e susta i n a b i l i ty of sol a r.Wi th 30 c on tr i b utor s,th e y c on sti tute th e most c ompl e te ov e r v i e w of h ow to h a n d l

9、e k e y c ompon e n ts of a sol a r syste m on c e th e y h a v e r e a c h e d th e e n d of th e i r use f ul l i v e s,i n c l ud i n g th e i r d e c ommi ssi on i n g a n d r e pl a c e me n t.T h e gui d e l i n e s a l so h i gh l i gh t th e k e y e l e me n ts of E ur ope a n l e gi sl a ti

10、 on th a t a ppl y to wa ste e l e c tr i c a l a n d e l e c tr on i c e q ui pme n t(WE E E),a n d gov e r n th e E oL of P V c ompon e n ts,goi n g i n to d e ta i l on th e c ol l e c ti on a n d r e c yc l i n g sc h e me s th a t a r e a v a i l a b l e to th e sol a r i n d ustr y.Wi th c i r

11、 c ul a r i ty a l so b e c omi n g a n i n c r e a si n gl y i mpor ta n t th e me,th e gui d e l i n e s of f e r r e c omme n d a ti on s on h ow to a sse ss th e pote n ti a l f or se c on d l i f e of c ompon e n ts of a P V syste m.T h e wor k str e a m h a s b e e n b usy i n 2023,l a un c h

12、i n g a n e w d i gi ta l pl a tf or m f or th e Be st P r a c ti c e G ui d e l i n e s,ma k i n g th e m mor e se a r c h a b l e a n d a c c e ssi b l e th a n e v e r b e f or e.A n e w j ob s gui d e f or j ob se e k e r s l ook i n g to e n te r th e i n d ustr y wa s l a un c h e d a t th e S

13、 ol a r P owe r S ummi t.T h e r e h a s a l so b e e n a mi n or upd a te to th e E P C Be st P r a c ti c e G ui d e l i n e s c on tr a c ti n g se c ti on th a t c a n b e f oun d on sol a r b e stpr a c ti c e s.c om.Br a n c h i n g out f r om pr e v i ous ye a r s,th e wor k str e a m h a s b

14、 e e n i n v ol v e d i n a d a pti n g th e E ur ope a n Agr i sol a r Be st P r a c ti c e G ui d e l i n e s to th e I n d i a n c on te xt,b ui l d i n g on th e wor k d on e on th e I n d i a n e d i ti on s of th e O&M a n d E P C Be st P r a c ti c e G ui d e l i n e s.T h i s b ui l d s on a

15、 n e xtr e me l y a c ti v e 2022,wh i c h sa w th e l a un c h of E P C Be st P r a c ti c e G ui d e l i n e s S ub-S a h a r a n Af r i c a e d i ti on a n d th e J or d a n i a n v e r si on s of th e E P C a n d O&M Be st P r a c ti c e G ui d e l i n e s.We th a n k our me mb e r s f or th e i

16、 r e xtr a or d i n a r y l e v e l of e n ga ge me n t,wh i c h r e f l e c ts th e i mpor ta n c e of l i f e c yc l e q ua l i ty f or th e sol a r i n d ustr y.We wi l l c on ti n ue th e wor k i n 2024 a n d i n v i te i n te r e ste d sta k e h ol d e r s to j oi n our c ommun i ty to b e pa r

17、 t of th i s un d e r ta k i n g.WOJ T E K S WI E T OCH OWS K I G e n e r a l Ma n a ge r S ol a r T e c h n ol ogy,ABO Wi n d Ch a i r of th e L i f e c yc l e Q ua l i ty wor k str e a m WAL BU R G A H E ME T S BE R G E R Ch i e f E xe c uti v e Of f i c e r,S ol a r P owe r E ur opeE n d-of-L i f

18、 e Ma n a ge me n t Be st P r a c ti c e G ui d e l i n e s4Chair of the Lifecy cle Qu ality workstream:Woj te k S wi e toc h owsk i,ABO Wi n d.Coordinator of the SolarPower Eu rope Lifecy cle Qu ality Workstream:Be n j a mi n Cl a r k e,S ol a r P owe r E ur ope.Contact:i n f osol a r powe r e ur o

19、pe.or g.Contribu tors and co-au thors:An a s G oua b a ul t,S or e n;Ar e n d e v a n d e r P ol,S un r oc k;Be n j a mi n Cl a r k e,S ol a r P owe r E ur ope;Br e c h t v a n d e r L a a n,H ol l a n d S ol a r;Ca l i n Ca s,S un r oc k;Ca r ol i n Aposte l,S MA;Ch r i sti a n S c h ol z,S MA;Ch r

20、 i stoph e r T ol l e,G r e e n te c h;Cl a i r e Mor i n,S ol a r P owe r E ur ope;D a n i e l a Ar i ol l i,Ba yWa r.e.;D a v i d Mose r,E U R AC R e se a r c h;D e r e k S te e ma n,H ol l a n d S ol a r;G ui l l e r mo O v i e d o,Ba yWa r.e.;H a n n a D i ttma r,S ol a r P owe r E ur ope;I oa n

21、 n i s T sa n a k a s,CE A I n e s;J a n Cl yn c k e,P V CY CL E;J a n-Wi l l e m J e h e e,Z on n e R e c yc l i n g N e th e r l a n d s;J e r oe n G j a l te ma,H ol l a n d S ol a r;K a te Bl a d e s,L i gh tsour c e b p;L ui s R od r i gue s,L i gh tsour c e b p;Ma r i ya n a Y a n e v a,R e n

22、e r gy;Ma r ti n L tge n s,ABO Wi n d;Ma th i e u D e l pi e r r e,F r on i us;Ma x L a n gk a b e l,G r e e n te c h;N i c ol a s D e f r e n n e,S or e n;N i c ol e ta L i pc a n e a n u,S ol a r P owe r E ur ope;P a tr i c i o S a n c h e z,P I Be r l i n;P i a Al i n a L a n ge,T r i n a S ol a

23、r;R a f f a e l e R ossi,S ol a r P owe r E ur ope;T h oma s S a ue r,T E X X E CU R E;Woj te k S wi e toc h owsk i,ABO Wi n d.Acknowledgements:S ol a r P owe r E ur ope woul d l i k e to e xte n d a spe c i a l th a n k s to a l l me mb e r s th a t c on tr i b ute d th e i r k n owl e d ge a n d e

24、 xpe r i e n c e to th i s r e por t.T h i s woul d n e v e r h a v e b e e n possi b l e wi th out th e i r c on ti n uous suppor t.Project Information:T h e S ol a r P owe r E ur ope O&M T a sk F or c e of f i c i a l l y sta r te d i ts wor k i n Apr i l 2015,a n d i t b e c a me th e L i f e c y

25、c l e Qua l i ty Wor k str e a m i n 2020,to c ov e r O&M,Asse t Ma n a ge me n t a n d E P C.I t ope r a te s th r ough f r e q ue n t e xc h a n ge s a n d me e ti n gs.T h e wor k str e a ms f l a gsh i p r e por ts a r e th e O&M Be st P r a c ti c e G ui d e l i n e s,th e Asse t Ma n a ge me n

26、 t Be st P r a c ti c e G ui d e l i n e s,th e E P C Be st P r a c ti c e G ui d e l i n e s,a n d th e L i f e c yc l e Qua l i ty G ui d e l i n e s.T h e y r e f l e c t th e e xpe r i e n c e a n d v i e ws of a c on si d e r a b l e sh a r e of th e E ur ope a n sol a r i n d ustr y tod a y.T

27、h e r e h a s b e e n n o e xte r n a l f un d i n g or spon sor sh i p f or th e se r e por ts.Thanks to ou r sponsor members:Disclaimer:T h i s r e por t h a s b e e n pr e pa r e d b y S ol a r P owe r E ur ope.I t i s pr ov i d e d to r e c i pi e n ts f or ge n e r a l i n f or ma ti on on l y.

28、N oth i n g i n i t sh oul d b e i n te r pr e te d a s a n of f e r or r e c omme n d a ti on of a n y pr od uc ts,se r v i c e s or f i n a n c i a l pr od uc ts.T h i s r e por t d oe s n ot c on sti tute te c h n i c a l,i n v e stme n t,l e ga l,ta x or a n y oth e r a d v i c e.R e c i pi e n

29、ts sh oul d c on sul t wi th th e i r own te c h n i c a l,f i n a n c i a l,l e ga l,ta x or oth e r a d v i sor s a s n e e d e d.T h i s r e por t i s b a se d on sour c e s b e l i e v e d to b e a c c ur a te.H owe v e r,S ol a r P owe r E ur ope d oe s n ot wa r r a n t th e a c c ur a c y or

30、c ompl e te n e ss of a n y i n f or ma ti on c on ta i n e d i n th i s r e por t.S ol a r P owe r E ur ope a ssume s n o ob l i ga ti on to upd a te a n y i n f or ma ti on c on ta i n e d h e r e i n.S ol a r P owe r E ur ope wi l l n ot b e h e l d l i a b l e f or a n y d i r e c t or i n d i r

31、 e c t d a ma ge i n c ur r e d b y th e use of th e i n f or ma ti on pr ov i d e d a n d wi l l n ot pr ov i d e a n y i n d e mn i ti e s.Design:On e h e mi sph e r e,S we d e n.E ma i l:c on ta c ton e h e mi sph e r e.se.Cov er image:S h utte r stoc k.c om ISBN:9 7 8 9 46 46 6 9 114.Pu blished:

32、J a n ua r y 2024.E n d-of-L i f e Ma n a ge me n t Be st P r a c ti c e G ui d e l i n e s5SolarPower Eu rope wou ld like to thank the members of its Lifecy cle Qu ality Workstream that contribu ted to this report inclu ding:T E C H NO LO G IE Scast4allE nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti

33、 c e G ui d e li ne s6F o r e wo r d3 T a b l e o f c o n t e n t s6 L i s t o f t a b l e s,b o xe s a n d f i g u r e s7 L i s t o f a b b r e v i a t i o n s9 1I n t r o d u c t i o n10 1.1.Rat io nal e,aim and s co p e 10 1.2.Ho w t o benefit fro m t his do cument 11 2E U l e g a l f r a me wo r

34、 k f o r P V i n d u s t r y p r o d u c t s a t t h e E n d-o f-L i f e13 2.1.Quant ificat io n o f ris k s13 2.2.Ext ended Pro ducer Res p o ns ibil it y 13 2.3.Requirement s aris ing fo r t he PV s ect o r fro m t he fro m t he Was t e Framewo rk Direct ive14 2.3.1.S umma ry of c urre nt p rod uc

35、 e r ob li g a ti ons 14 2.3.2.Outlook15 2.4.Requirement s aris ing fo r t he PV s ect o r fro m t he WEEE Direct ive 15 2.4.1.S umma ry of c urre nt p rod uc e r ob li g a ti ons 15 2.4.2.Outlook17 2.5.Requirement s aris ing fo r t he PV s ect o r fro m t he Bat t ery Direct ive 18 2.5.1.S umma ry

36、of c urre nt p rod uc e r ob li g a ti ons18 2.5.2.Outlook19 2.6.Requirement s aris ing fo r PV s ect o r fro m Pack aging Direct ive 22 2.6.1.S umma ry of c urre nt p rod uc e r ob li g a ti ons22 2.6.2.Outlook23 2.7.Requirement s aris ing fo r t he PV s ect o r fro m t he Eco des ign regul at io n

37、s 26 2.7.1.P re p a ra tory stud y for P V e c od e si g n 26 2.7.2.Outlook 28 3T r a n s i t i o n f r o m o p e r a t i o n s t o E n d-o f-L i f e 29 3.1.The PV-was t e chal l enge29 3.2.Management o f deco mmis s io ned PV p anel s:current p ract ices 32 3.3.The re-us e mark et:o p p o rt unit i

38、es and chal l enges32 3.3.1.C h a lle ng e s34 3.4.Guidel ines fo r p rep aring fo r re-us e 34 35 4 1 4 1 4 5 4 6 48 3.4.1.P V p a ne ls3.4.2.P V i nve rte rs 3.4.3.C ommuni c a ti on d e vi c e s 3.4.4.Ba tte ri e s3.4.5.R a c ki ng syste ms a nd tra c ke rs 3.5.Seco nd l ife bus ines s mo del s 3

39、.6.Out l o o k and inno vat ive t rends 49 4T a ke b a c k a n d r e c yc l i n g p r o g r a mme s 50 4.1.Recycl ing chal l enges50 4.2.Tak eback p ro ces s es fo r different co mp o nent s51 4.2.1.P V p a ne ls51 4.2.2.I nve rte rs51 4.2.3.C ommuni c a ti on d e vi c e s52 4.2.4.Ba tte ri e s52 R

40、e f e r e n c e s54T a b l e o f c o n t e n t sE nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s7L i s t o f t a b l e sL i s t o f b o xe sL i s t o f f i g u r e sFigure 1:S ola r e le c tri c i ty g e ne ra ti on c ost i n c omp a ri son wi th oth e r p owe r sourc e s 2009-202

41、310 Figure 2:E U Annua l sola r P V i nsta lle d c a p a c i ty 2000-202311 Figure 3:Ove rvi e w of th e wa ste h i e ra rc h y a s d e fi ne d i n th e Wa ste F ra me work D i re c ti ve14 Figure 4:C urre nt p ra c ti c e s b a se d on wa rra nty te rms30 Figure 5:T h e P V wa ste c h a lle ng e a

42、nd th e se c ond li fe op p ortuni ty31 Figure 6:E nd-of-L i fe ma na g e me nt th e sta te-of-th e-a rt32 Figure 7:T h e p ote nti a l of re-use33 Figure 8:P roc e d ure s for p re p a ra ti on for re-use 35 Figure 9:S ug g e ste d d i ffe re nti a te d p a c ki ng a p p roa c h e s for non-func ti

43、 ona l mod ule s a nd th ose d e sti ne d for re-use38 Figure 10:S p e c i a li se d qua li ty a ssura nc e p roc e d ure s for mod ule s d e sti ne d for re-use39 Figure 11:T h e S e c ond L i fe C yc le4 0 Figure 12:F low of th e L i-i on ma te ri a l4 5 Figure 13:S e c ond li fe b usi ne ss mod e

44、 l for a se c ond-h a nd tra d e r4 8 Figure 14:K e y E oL op e ra ti ons of th e b a tte ry re c yc li ng p roc e ss53 Tabl e 1:Ove rvi e w of mi ni mum re c ove ry a nd re c yc li ng ta rg e ts i n P P WR25 Bo x 1:H ow d o we d e fi ne a func ti ona l P V mod ule?35 Bo x 2:T h e i mp orta nc e of

45、p rop e r h a nd li ng a nd p a c ka g i ng38 Bo x 3:E xa mp le s of c i rc ula r b usi ne ss mod e ls foc use d on re-use4 9 SolarPower Europe L e a d i ng th e E ne rg y T ra nsi ti on S ola rP owe r E urop e i s a me mb e r-le d a ssoc i a ti on th a t a i ms to e nsure th a t more e ne rg y i s

46、g e ne ra te d b y sola r th a n a ny oth e r e ne rg y sourc e b y 2030.www.solarpowereurope.orgJ oi n 300+InfluenceIntelligenceNetworkDiscountsVisibilityE urop eme mb e rsS ola rP owe rE nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s9AC Alte rna ti ng C urre nt AN S I Ame ri c a

47、 n N a ti ona l S ta nd a rd s I nsti tute B2B Busi ne ss-to-b usi ne ss B2C Busi ne ss-to-c li e nts BMS Ba tte ry Ma na g e me nt S yste ms BOM Bi ll of Ma te ri a ls BO S Ba la nc e-of-syste m C C G T C omb i ne d C yc le G a s T urb i ne C&I C omme rc i a l a nd I nd ustri a l C E AP C i rc ula

48、r E c onomy Ac ti on P la n C OD C omme rc i a l Op e ra ti on D a te D C D i re c t C urre nt E L E le c trolumi ne sc e nc e E oL E nd-of-L i fe E P BT E ne rg y P a yb a c k T i me E P C E ng i ne e ri ng,P roc ure me nt&C onstruc ti on E P R E xte nd e d P rod uc e r R e sp onsi b i li ty E V E

49、le c tri c a l V e h i c le G E C U S G re e n E le c troni c s C ounc i l G P P G re e n P ub li c P roc ure me nt H&S A H e a lth&S a fe ty Auth ori ty L i s t o f a b b r e v i a t i o n sJ E A J a p a n E nvi ronme nt Assoc i a ti on L MT L i g h t Me a ns of T ra nsp ort O&M Op e ra ti ons a nd

50、 Ma i nte na nc e OE M Ori g i na l E qui p me nt Ma nufa c ture r P I D P ote nti a l I nd uc e d D e g ra d a ti on P L R P owe r L oss R a te p p m P a rts P e r Mi lli on P P WD P a c ka g i ng a nd P a c ka g i ng Wa ste D i re c ti ve P P WR P a c ka g i ng a nd P a c ka g i ng Wa ste R e g ul

51、a ti on P R O P rod uc e r R e sp onsi b i li ty Org a ni sa ti on R&D R e se a rc h a nd D e ve lop me nt R F I D R a d i o F re que nc y I d e nti fi c a ti on R oH S D i re c ti ve on th e R e stri c ti on of H a za rd ous S ub sta nc e s i n E le c tri c a l a nd E le c troni c E qui p me nt S L

52、 I S ta rt,L i g h t a nd I g ni ti on S ME s S ma ll Me d i um E nte rp ri se s S N S e ri a l N umb e r S T C S ta nd a rd T e st C ond i ti ons T C 82 T e c h ni c a l C ommi tte e 82 WE E E Wa ste from E le c tri c a l a nd E le c troni c E qui p me nt WF D Wa ste F ra me work D i re c ti ve 1.1

53、.R a t i o n a l e,a i m,a n d s c o p e The Euro p ean s o l ar indus t ry has exp erienced unp recedent ed gro wt h in recent years.Driven by a rap idl y decreas ing l evel is ed co s t o f el ect ricit y(LCOE)and a redo ubl ing o f effo rt s t o accel erat e t he EUs green t rans it io n,s o l ar

54、 is beginning t o real is e it s p o t ent ial as t he s p ine o f Euro p es new,mo dern and res il ient energy s ys t em.H owe ve r,th i s i mp re ssi ve g rowth p ose s a ke y c h a lle ng e for th e i nd ustry i n th e future;na me ly,wh a t to d o onc e a ll th e sola r P V th a t h a s b e e n

55、i nsta lle d b e g i ns to re a c h i ts E oL.Ac ross th e E U,ove r 26 0 G W of sola r c a p a c i ty we re i n op e ra ti on a t th e e nd of 2023,a fle e t th a t i s p oi se d to g row to a t le a st 750 G W b y 2030,a s p e r th e R E P owe rE U ta rg e t.C onsi d e ri ng th a t th e fi rst P V

56、 syste ms we re i nsta lle d i n th e e a rly 2000s,a nd E nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s10I n t r o d u c t i o n1 M2020,Shut t ers t o ck.co mFIGURE 1 S OL AR E L E C T R I CI T Y GE NE R AT I ON COS T I N COMP AR I S ON WI T H OT HE R P OWE R S OUR CE S 2009-202

57、3050100150200250300USD/MWh6050701171802009 2010201120122013201420152016201720182019 2020 20212023CCGTSolarWindCoalNuclearS OU R C E:L a za rd (2023).H i stori c a l me a n unsub si d i se d L C OE va lue s(nomi na l te rms,p ost-ta x).S OL AR P OWE R E U R OP E 2023E nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be

58、st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s11a ssumi ng a 30-ye a r op e ra ti ona l li fe ti me for P V mod ule s,i t c a n b e e xp e c te d th a t sola r wa ste stre a ms wi ll sta rt b e c omi ng si ze a b le a round 2030,a nd wi ll c onti nue g rowi ng i n th e followi ng d e c a d e s.I f p oorly ma na

59、g e d,th e e nvi ronme nta l i mp a c t of sola r wa ste h a s th e p ote nti a l to c a use se ri ous d a ma g e to sola rs re p uta ti on a s a n e nvi ronme nta lly fri e nd ly te c h nolog y.S i mi la rly,p ub li c op i ni on c ould p ote nti a lly turn a g a i nst th e i nd ustry a s la nd fi l

60、ls b e g i n to fi ll up wi th sc ra p p e d sola r p a ne ls.T h e se G ui d e li ne s d e ta i l th e fi na l sta g e of a ny sola r a sse ts li fe c yc le.T h e y a i m to p rovi d e a c le a r d e sc ri p ti on of th e le g a l ob li g a ti ons th a t a p p ly to sta ke h old e rs of a P V p owe

61、 r p la nt onc e i t re a c h e s E oL a nd th e ma i n me th od s th a t th e y c a n use to e nsure c omp li a nc e.T h roug h ra i si ng a wa re ne ss a mong st th e i nd ustry of b e st p ra c ti c e a nd th e i nnova ti ons ta ki ng p la c e,th e se g ui d e li ne s a lso se e k to e nsure th a

62、 t sola r i s a b le to ma ke a va lua b le c ontri b uti on to th e E U s c i rc ula r e c onomy a i ms.1.2.H o w t o b e n e f i t f r o m t h i s d o c u me n t T h e se G ui d e li ne s i nc lud e a n ove rvi e w of th e le g i sla ti ve fra me work g ove rni ng wa ste ma na g e me nt a nd ma na

63、 g e me nt of wa ste e le c tri c a l a nd e le c troni c e qui p me nt(WE E E),d ra wi ng out th e ob li g a ti ons p la c e d on th e sola r i nd ustry a t th e E oL sta g e of a sola r a sse t.Alth oug h th e y h a ve not b e e n ta i lore d to i nd i vi d ua l sta ke h old e rs,th e p urp ose of

64、 th e G ui d e li ne s i s si mi la r for a ll und e rsta nd i ng th e ma nd a tory re qui re me nts for a ll sta ke h old e rs a nd th e wa ys to e nsure c omp li a nc e wi th th e m.F urth e rmore,th e G ui d e li ne s se e k to re g roup c urre nt re se a rc h a nd e fforts th a t a re b e i ng d

65、 e ve lop e d to i mp rove th e c i rc ula ri ty of sola r,suc h a s p re p a ra ti on for re-use of P V p a ne ls th a t h a ve b e e n d e c ommi ssi one d d uri ng re va mp i ng or re p owe ri ng (for more i nforma ti on on b e st p ra c ti c e s for re va mp i ng a nd re p owe ri ng,se e C h a p

66、 te r 7.Rev amping and Repower ing,i n S ola rP owe r E urop e s O&M Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s.)Any sta ke h old e rs c a n b e ne fi t from th i s work a nd ta i lor i t to th e i r ne e d s wi th out lowe ri ng th e b a r a nd know wh a t to a sk for,offe r or e xp e c t.FIGURE 2 E U AN

67、NU AL S OL AR P V I NS T AL L E D C AP AC I T Y 2000-2023GermanyNetherlandsSpainItalyFrancePolandBelgiumGreeceAustriaHungaryRest of EU S OL AR P OWE R E U R OP E 2023E nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s121 I n t r o d u c t i o n /c onti nue dI n li ne wi th oth e r Be

68、 st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s from S ola rP owe r E urop e th e va lue p rop osi ti on of th i s re p ort i s i ts i nd ustry-le d na ture,g a th e ri ng th e knowle d g e a nd e xp e ri e nc e of we ll-e sta b li sh e d a nd le a d i ng c omp a ni e s i n th e fi e ld of O&M se rvi c e p rovi

69、si on,re c yc li ng a nd c i rc ula ri ty,wa ste ma na g e me nt,uti li ti e s,a nd ma nufa c ture rs.T h e sc op e of th e le g i sla ti on c ove re d i n th e se g ui d e li ne s c ove rs th e uti li ty-sc a le,c omme rc i a l a nd i nd ustri a l,a nd re si d e nti a l se g me nts.T h e G ui d e l

70、i ne s a re b a se d on th e e xp e ri e nc e of c omp a ni e s op e ra ti ng g lob a lly(wi th a foc us on E urop e)a nd i d e nti fy h i g h-le ve l re qui re me nts th a t c a n b e a p p li e d i n E urop e.H owe ve r,i t sh ould b e note d th a t th e re ma y b e d i ffe re nc e s i n th e wa y

71、 th a t E U d i re c ti ve s a re tra nsp ose d i nto E U Me mb e r S ta te na ti ona l le g i sla ti on.T h i s i s not i nc lud e d a nd sh ould th e re fore b e c onsi d e re d se p a ra te ly i f th e G ui d e li ne s a re to b e use d i n sp e c i fi c c ountri e s.T h e c onte nt c ove rs te c

72、 h ni c a l a nd non-te c h ni c a l re qui re me nts,c la ssi fyi ng th e m,wh e n p ossi b le,i nto th e followi ng:1.Minimum requirement s,b e low wh i c h th e a p p roa c h to wa ste ma na g e me nt i s non-c omp li a nt wi th th e re le va nt E U le g i sla ti on.2.Bes t p ract ices,wh i c h a

73、 re me th od s c onsi d e re d sta te of-th e-a rt,p rod uc i ng op ti ma l re sults b y b a la nc i ng th e te c h ni c a l a s we ll a s th e fi na nc i a l si d e.3.Reco mmendat io ns,wh i c h c a n a d d to th e qua li ty of th e se rvi c e,b ut wh ose i mp le me nta ti on d e p e nd s on th e c

74、 onsi d e ra ti ons of th e Asse t Owne r,suc h a s th e a va i la b le b ud g e t a nd se rvi c e s offe re d b y th e ori g i na l e qui p me nt ma nufa c ture r.T o d i ffe re nti a te b e twe e n th e se th re e c a te g ori e s,ve rb s suc h a s“sh ould”i nd i c a te mi ni mum re qui re me nts,

75、unle ss sp e c i fi e d oth e rwi se,a s i n,“sh ould,a s a b e st p ra c ti c e”or“a s a re c omme nd a ti on”.NFs t ock,Shu t t ers t E nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s132.1.Qu a n t i f i c a t i o n o f r i s ks L e g a lly,th e h a nd li ng of E oL p rod uc ts i

76、 n th e P V i nd ustry i s sub j e c t to E xte nd e d P rod uc e r R e sp onsi b i li ty(E P R)p oli c i e s,wh i c h not only c ove r P V p a ne ls b ut a lso e xte nd to i nve rte rs,stora g e syste ms,a nd th e i r a c c omp a nyi ng p a c ka g i ng.I t i s wi th i n th i s le g a l c onte xt th

77、 a t th e i nd ustry i s ta ske d wi th up h old i ng e nvi ronme nta l i nte g ri ty,from th e i ni ti a l sta g e s of p rod uc t d e si g n to th e E oL.T h i s c h a p te r offe rs a c omp re h e nsi ve a na lysi s of th e c urre nt E U le g i sla ti on th a t p e rta i ns to E oL ma na g e me n

78、t wi th i n th e P V i nd ustry.I t p re se nts th e sp e c i fi c le g i sla ti ve re qui re me nts i mp ose d on th e P V se c tor,p rovi d i ng a d e ta i le d und e rsta nd i ng of th e re g ula tory fra me work g ove rni ng th e i nd ustrys re sp onsi b le E oL p ra c ti c e s.More sp e c i fi

79、c a lly,th e c h a p te r h i g h li g h ts th e Wa ste E le c tri c a l a nd E le c troni c E qui p me nt(WE E E)D i re c ti ve,th e Ba tte ry D i re c ti ve (soon to b e re p la c e d b y a n up d a te d Ba tte ry R e g ula ti on),th e Wa ste F ra me work D i re c ti ve (WF D),E c od e si g n R e

80、g ula ti ons,a nd th e P a c ka g i ng D i re c ti ve.By sh e d d i ng li g h t on e xi sti ng le g i sla ti ons a nd offe ri ng i nsi g h ts i nto future re g ula tory d e ve lop me nts,th i s c h a p te r a i ms to p rovi d e c la ri ty on th e e volvi ng le g a l re sp onsi b i li ti e s a nd e n

81、vi ronme nta l a c c ounta b i li ty for th e E urop e a n P V i nd ustry.2.2.E xt e n d e d P r o d u c e r R e s p o n s i b i l i t y T h e p ri nc i p le of th e E xte nd e d P rod uc e r R e sp onsi b i li ty(E P R)me a ns th a t wh oe ve r p la c e s a p rod uc t on th e E urop e a n ma rke t,

82、i s a lso re sp onsi b le for org a ni si ng i ts c olle c ti on,tre a tme nt a nd fi na nc i ng onc e th e se b e c ome wa ste.T h e re fore,i n a d d i ti on to g ua ra nte e i ng th e qua li ty a nd sa fe ty of th e p rod uc ts p la c e d on th e E urop e a n ma rke t,p rod uc e rs must a lso p r

83、ovi d e for th e e nvi ronme nta lly sound ma na g e me nt of wa ste from p rod uc ts a nd p a c ka g i ng.E P R i s one of th e ma i n i nstrume nts th e E U h a s e sta b li sh e d to sup p ort th e d e ve lop me nt of a circul ar eco no my,usi ng d i sc a rd e d p rod uc ts a s a sourc e for ma t

84、e ri a ls th a t c a n b e re-use d,re d uc i ng th e ne e d to use ne w ra w ma te ri a ls.E P R h a s b e e n a p p li c a b le to P V p a ne ls si nc e 2012,wh e n th e y we re i nc lud e d i n th e sc op e of th e WE E E D i re c ti ve.Be fore 2012,th e E U P a c ka g i ng D i re c ti ve a nd th

85、 e Ba tte ry D i re c ti ve i mp ose d E P R ob li g a ti ons on b a tte ri e s use d i n p h otovolta i c i nsta lla ti ons a nd p a c ka g i ng i n wh i c h va ri ous P V p rod uc ts a re d e li ve re d i n.T o c omp ly wi th E P R ob li g a ti ons,p rod uc e rs c a n c h oose to d o i nd i vi d u

86、a lly,or c olle c ti ve ly vi a P rod uc e r R e sp onsi b i li ty Org a ni sa ti ons(P R Os)a nd c omp li a nc e sc h e me s.I n a ll c a se s th e ob li g a ti ons re qui re th e e sta b li sh me nt of c olle c ti on ne tworks for d i ffe re nt typ e s of wa ste,a nd th e re qui si te log i sti c

87、s a nd tre a tme nt te c h nolog i e s for e nh a nc e d re c ove ry of ma te ri a ls.I n th i s wa y,E P R h e lp s th e d e ve lop me nt of susta i na b le wa ste ma na g e me nt a nd re c yc li ng i nd ustri e s th a t c a n a lso b ri ng si g ni fi c a nt e nvi ronme nta l,soc i a l a nd e c ono

88、mi c b e ne fi ts.C omp li a nc e sc h e me s g ua ra nte e th a t wa ste from th e i r p a rti c i p a nts c omp li e s wi th WE E E,b a tte ry a nd p a c ka g i ng E P R ob li g a ti ons.T h e y a re org a ni se d on a c olle c ti ve b a si s,g e ne ra ti ng c ost e ffi c i e nc i e s for th e i r

89、 me mb e rs.E U l e g a l f r a me wo r k f o r P V i n d u s t r y p r o d u c t s a t t h e E n d-o f-L i f e 2 Taras Val erievich,Shut t ers t o ck.co mE nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s14T h e re a re P R Os i n op e ra ti on i n e a c h of th e 27 E U Me mb e r

90、S ta te s a nd th e U K th a t a d h e re stri c tly to loc a l re qui re me nts a nd re g ula ti ons.T h e c olle c ti on a nd re c yc li ng ne tworks e sta b li sh e d b y sc h e me s li ke th e se i nc lud e c e rti fi e d op e ra tors e qui p me nt wi th a ll th e qua li ty sta nd a rd s a nd fi

91、 na nc i a l c a p a b i li ti e s to me e t th e re le va nt c olle c ti on a nd re c yc li ng re qui re me nts.2.3.R e q u i r e me n t s a r i s i n g f o r t h e P V s e c t o r f r o m t h e Wa s t e F r a me wo r k D i r e c t i v e 2.3.1.Summary o f current p ro ducer o bl igat io ns T h e Wa

92、 ste F ra me work D i re c ti ve 2008/98/E C (WF D)c a me i nto forc e i n 2008,re p e a li ng th e D i re c ti ve s 75/4 39/E E C,91/6 89/E E C a nd 2006/12/E C.A c onsoli d a te d ve rsi on wa s p ub li sh e d i n 2018.T h i s d i re c ti ve outli ne s th e wa ste ma na g e me nt g ui d e li ne s

93、i n th e E U a nd la ys d own me a sure s to p rote c t th e e nvi ronme nt a nd h uma n h e a lth.T h e WF D e sta b li sh e s th e ke y p ri nc i p le s for wa ste ma na g e me nt,i nc lud i ng a wa ste h i e ra rc h y th a t ord e rs wa ste ma na g e me nt p ra c ti c e s from most d e si ra b le

94、 to le a st d e si ra b le.Arti c le 8 of th e WF D outli ne s th e c onc e p t of ext ended p ro ducer res p o ns ibil it y(E P R),wh i c h re qui re s p rod uc e rs to ta ke fi na nc i a l a nd org a ni sa ti ona l re sp onsi b i li ty for th e ma na g e me nt of wa ste g e ne ra te d b y th e i r

95、 p rod uc ts.T h i s i s d one th roug h th e es t abl is hment o f EPR s chemes t hat are regul at ed by Art icl e 8a.T h e p urp ose of Arti c le s 8 a nd 8a i s to p romote susta i na b le wa ste ma na g e me nt p ra c ti c e s a nd to outli ne th e g e ne ra l mi ni mum re qui re me nts for E P

96、R sc h e me s th a t th e E U Me mb e rs S ta te s c a n i mp le me nt loc a lly.T h e E P R sc h e me s must h a ve a c le a rly d e fi ne d g e og ra p h i c a l,p rod uc t a nd ma te ri a l c ove ra g e wi th out g i vi ng p re fe re nc e to th ose a re a s wh e re th e c olle c ti on a nd ma na

97、g e me nt of wa ste are t he mo s t p ro fit abl e.T h e y sh a ll a lso b e re sp onsi b le for e nsuri ng th a t wa ste c olle c ti on syste ms h a ve a n a p p rop ri a te le ve l of a va i la b i li ty wi th i n th e a re a s und e r th e i r g e og ra p h i c sc op e.T h e y sh a ll h a ve th e

98、 ne c e ssa ry fi na nc i a l a nd/or org a ni sa ti ona l me a ns to me e t th e i r ob li g a ti ons a nd wi ll e sta b li sh a n a d e qua te s el f-co nt ro l mechanis m,sup p orte d,wh e re re le va nt,b y regul ar indep endent audit s.I n a d d i ti on,th e y sh a ll mak e info rmat io n a b o

99、ut th e a tta i nme nt of th e wa ste ma na g e me nt ta rg e ts p ub li c ly a va i la b le.2 E U l e g a l f r a me wo r k f o r P V i n d u s t r y p r o d u c t s a t t h e E n d-o f-L i f e /c onti nue dFIGURE 3 OV E R V I E W OF T HE WAS T E HI E R AR CHY AS DE F I NE D I N T HE WAS T E F R AM

100、E WOR K DI R E C T I V EPREVENTIONRECYCLINGRECOVERYDISPOSALWaste Product(non-waste)PREPARING FOR RE-USESOURCE:E urop e a n C ommi ssi on.T h e Me mb e r S ta te s s hal l al l o w p rod uc e rs p la c i ng p rod uc ts i n a noth e r Me mb e r S ta te to a p p oi nt a n aut ho ris ed rep res ent at i

101、ve on i ts te rri tory to fulfi l th e i r ob li g a ti ons.Me mb e r S ta te s ma y a lso se t re qui re me nts for th i s a uth ori se d re p re se nta ti ve,suc h a s re g i stra ti on,i nforma ti on,a nd re p orti ng re qui re me nts,to moni tor a nd ve ri fy c omp li a nc e.Me mb e r S ta te s

102、a re re qui re d to fa c i li ta te re g ula r c ommuni c a ti on a mong sta ke h old e rs suc h a s p rod uc e rs,d i stri b utors,wa ste op e ra tors,loc a l a uth ori ti e s,c i vi l soc i e ty org a ni sa ti ons,a nd soc i a l e c onomy a c tors re g a rd i ng th e i mp le me nta ti on of E P R

103、sc h e me s.2.3.2.Out l o o k D e sp i te e xi sti ng le g i sla ti on,muni c i p a l wa ste g e ne ra ti on h a s i nc re a se d ove r th e la st d e c a d e.T h e re fore,th e E urop e a n C ommi ssi on i s c urre ntly worki ng on a ta rg e te d re vi si on of th e WF D a nd h a s c ond uc te d a

104、p re li mi na ry a na lysi s to a sse ss i ts i mp a c t,i nc lud i ng sta ke h old e r c onsulta ti ons runni ng from J a nua ry-F e b rua ry 2022.Ac c ord i ng to th e a na lysi s,low re c yc li ng ra te s,a s we ll a s lowe r qua li ty re c yc la b le ma te ri a ls,a re i n p a rt d ue to i ne ff

105、i c i e nt wa ste-c olle c ti on syste ms.T h e C ommi ssi on d e fi ne d th e sc op e of th e ta rg e te d a me nd me nt of th e WF D i n 2023,b a se d on th i s a na lysi s,a nd ta ki ng i nto c onsi d e ra ti on e fforts to i mp le me nt th e 2018 Wa ste P a c ka g e,a nd th e ong oi ng re vi e w

106、s of th e P a c ka g i ng D i re c ti ve,Ba tte ri e s R e g ula ti on,I nd ustri a l E mi ssi ons D i re c ti ve,a nd th e E c od e si g n for S usta i na b le P rod uc ts re g ula ti on.T h i s sui te of re forms a i ms to d e c re a se wa ste g e ne ra ti on,a nd to i mp rove se p a ra te wa ste

107、c olle c ti on,a s we ll a s a voi d i ng th e c onta mi na ti on of re c yc la b le wa ste.T h e i ni ti a ti ve a i ms to a c h i e ve th e se ob j e c ti ve s b y p romoti ng full i mp le me nta ti on of wa ste p re ve nti on p rovi si ons a nd re c yc li ng,p rovi d i ng a d d i ti ona l g ui d

108、a nc e,a nd c onsi d e ri ng re g ula tory me a sure s.T h e re g ula tory me a sure s ma y i nc lud e t arget s o n was t e reduct io n a nd/or re si d ua l wa ste re d uc ti on,exp anding t he ro l e o f EPR s chemes i n a tta i ni ng wa ste-p re ve nti on ob j e c ti ve s,i ntrod uc i ng mi ni mu

109、m re qui re me nts for sourc e se g re g a ti on a nd se p a ra te c olle c ti on of wa ste,a nd b y e xp a nd i ng E P R sc h e me s to oth e r p rod uc t c a te g ori e s.T ra nsp osi ng a nd i mp le me nti ng ne w p rovi si ons a nd a d a p ti ng c olle c ti on sc h e me s ma y le a d to a d d i

110、ti ona l c osts a t th e na ti ona l a nd loc a l le ve ls.P rod uc e rs ma y a lso i nc ur c osts th roug h a d j ustme nts ma d e to e xi sti ng E P R sc h e me s,or th e e sta b li sh me nt of ne w one s.On th e oth e r h a nd,re d uc i ng wa ste c ould le a d to lowe r wa ste-ma na g e me nt c o

111、sts a nd b e ne fi t th e c ost-e ffi c i e nc y of th e wa ste-ma na g e me nt se c tor a nd se c ond a ry ra w ma te ri a ls ma rke ts.Afte r th e c omp le ti on of th e i mp a c t a na lysi s,th e E urop e a n C ommi ssi on sta rte d a p ub li c c onsulta ti on wi th a ll re le va nt sta ke h old

112、 e rs.T h e c onsulta ti on wa s h e ld to g a th e r fe e d b a c k a nd i np ut from i nte re ste d p a rti e s on th e p rop ose d c h a ng e s to th e D i re c ti ve.T h e c onsulta ti on e nd e d on 24 Aug ust 2022,a nd th e C ommi ssi on p ub li sh e d i ts P rop osa l to a me nd th e D i re c

113、 ti ve i n J uly 2023.T h e fe e d b a c k p e ri od on th e p rop osa l la ste d unti l N ove mb e r 2023,a nd wi ll b e p re se nte d to th e E urop e a n P a rli a me nt a nd C ounc i l to fe e d i nto th e le g i sla ti ve d e b a te.2.4.R e q u i r e me n t s a r i s i n g f o r t h e P V s e c

114、 t o r f r o m t h e WE E E D i r e c t i v e 2.4.1.Summary o f current p ro ducer o bl igat io ns T h e WE E E D i re c ti ve i ntrod uc e s E P R wh i c h ob li g e s th e p rod uc e r of e le c troni c a nd e le c tri c e qui p me nt to fi na nc e th e c olle c ti on,tre a tme nt,re c ove ry,a nd

115、 e nvi ronme nta lly sound d i sp osa l of th e e-wa ste.F urth e rmore,th e WE E E D i re c ti ve p romote s th e e c od e si g n of e le c tri c a nd e le c troni c e qui p me nt i n vi e w of fa c i li ta ti ng th e re-use,d i sma ntli ng,a nd re c ove ry of WE E E,i ts c omp one nts,a nd ma te r

116、i a ls.I n th e P V i nd ustry th e p rod uc e r i s norma lly th e e qui p me nt ma nufa c ture r,or a d i stri b utor th a t h a s i mp orte d th e c omp one nt i nto a n E U Me mb e r S ta te s ma rke t.T h e WE E E D i re c ti ve d i sti ng ui sh e s b e twe e n e qui p me nt use d b y p ri va t

117、e h ouse h old s,a nd th a t use d b y p rofe ssi ona ls wh e n e la b ora ti ng th e fi na nc i ng struc ture for th e ma na g e me nt of e le c tri c a nd e le c troni c e qui p me nt:1.P rod uc ts use d by bo t h p rivat e us ers and p ro fes s io nal s a re c onsi d e re d a s h ouse h old e qui

118、 p me nt(al s o cal l ed B2C equip ment),th a nks to th e d ua l noti on a nd sh ould b e re g i ste re d a nd re p orte d a s suc h (for e xa mp le -sta nd a rd P V p a ne ls g e ne ra ti ng e le c tri c i ty i nsi d e i n p ri va te h ouse h old s a nd i n sola r p a rks a re c onsi d e re d a s h

119、 ouse h old e qui p me nt).P rod uc e rs or i mp orte rs of h ouse h old E nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s15E nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s162 E U l e g a l f r a me wo r k f o r P V i n d u s t r y p r o d u c t s a t t h e E n d

120、-o f-L i f e /c onti nue de qui p me nt a re ob li g e d to fi na nc e th e c olle c ti on,tre a tme nt,re c ove ry,a nd e nvi ronme nta lly sound d i sp osa l of WE E E from p ri va te h ouse h old s.Wh e n a p rod uc e r p la c e s a p rod uc t on th e ma rke t,th e y must p rovi d e a g ua ra nte

121、 e sh owi ng th a t th e ma na g e me nt of a ll WE E E wi ll b e fi na nc e d.T h e g ua ra nte e ma y ta ke th e form of p a rti c i p a ti on i n a p p rop ri a te c omp li a nc e sc h e me s for th e fi na nc i ng of th e ma na g e me nt of WE E E,re c yc li ng i nsura nc e,or a b loc ke d b a n

122、k a c c ount.2.P rod uc ts use d o nl y by p ro fes s io nal s (B2B equip ment)g e ne ra te e-wa ste i n la rg e r qua nti ti e s,from c omme rc i a l,i nd ustri a l,i nsti tuti ona l,a nd oth e r sourc e s.I n th e c a se of a la rg e-sc a le P V syste m,d e si g ne d for p rofe ssi ona l use,th e

123、p rod uc e r of th e p rofe ssi ona l e qui p me nt use d (e.g.,uti li ty-sc a le i nve rte rs,ra c ki ng syste ms)must fi na nc e th e c ost of c olle c ti on,tre a tme nt,re c ove ry,a nd th e e nvi ronme nta lly sound d i sp osa l of WE E E.P rod uc e rs a nd use rs oth e r th a n p ri va te h ou

124、se h old s ma y c onc lud e a g re e me nts d e fi ni ng oth e r fi na nc i ng me th od s.T h e WE E E D i re c ti ve d i vi d e s e le c tri c a l a nd e le c troni c e qui p me nt(E E E)i nto 6 c a te g ori e s.PV p anel s fal l under Cat ego ry 4,dedicat ed t o Large Equip ment.I t i s worth me n

125、ti oni ng th a t e a c h Me mb e r S ta te c a n se t up i ts own c a te g ori sa ti on for P V p a ne ls wh i lst tra nsp osi ng th e WE E E D i re c ti ve i nto i ts na ti ona l le g i sla ti on.P roj e c t d e ve lop e rs sh ould a lwa ys b e a wa re of th e se d i ffe re nc e s i n th e tra nsp

126、osi ti on of th e WE E E D i re c ti ve a c ross E U Me mb e r S ta te s.T h e D i re c ti ve i mp ose s a se t of se ve n ob li g a ti ons on p rod uc e rs of E E E,i nc lud i ng P V p a ne ls,wh e re th e p rod uc e r must:1.Regis t er i n th e na ti ona l WE E E re g i ste r,i n c a se of d i sta

127、 nc e se lli ng th roug h th e a uth ori se d re p re se nta ti ve.2.Finance th e c olle c ti on a nd tre a tme nt of wa ste P V p a ne ls.T h i s ob li g a ti on c a n b e fulfi lle d e i th e r i nd i vi d ua lly or b y j oi ni ng a c olle c ti ve sc h e me.3.T h e p rod uc e r must e nsure th a t

128、 p ri va te h ouse h old s c a n re turn WE E E fre e of c h a rg e.4.Ac h i e ve annual co l l ect io n and reco very,recycl ing t arget s.5.Rep o rt on a re g ula r b a si s to th e a uth ori ti e s a b out th e qua nti ty of P V p a ne ls a nd i nve rte rs p ut on th e ma rke t i n th a t c ountr

129、y,of th e a c h i e ve me nt of c olle c ti on a nd tre a tme nt ta rg e ts,a nd wa ste sh i p p e d wi th i n or outsi d e th e E U.6.Mark th e p rod uc t wi th a c rosse d-out wh e e li e b i n.T h i s i s d e si g ne d to i nd i c a te to th e e nd-use r th a t th e e qui p me nt must not b e p u

130、t i n th e g e ne ra l rub b i sh b ut c onsi g ne d to i ts own wa ste stre a m.7.Pro vide i nforma ti on for end-us ers abo ut t he p ro p er dis p o s al of P V p a ne l wa ste,th e role of th e e nd-use r i n wa ste ma na g e me nt,th e p ote nti a lly h a rmful e ffe c t of th e p re se nc e of

131、 h a za rd ous sub sta nc e s i n E E E,a nd th e me a ni ng of th e c rosse d-out wh e e li e b i n.8.Pro vide i nforma ti on for was t e t reat ment p l ant s o f t he co mp o s it io n o f t he p ro duct,i nc lud i ng th e use of th e h a za rd ous sub sta nc e s to sup p ort p rop e r tre a tme

132、nt.As a llud e d to a b ove,th e WE E E D i re c ti ve (Art.7(1)e sta b li sh e s c olle c ti on ta rg e ts th a t must b e fulfi lle d b y p rod uc e rs of e-wa ste.T h e se i nc lud e a mi ni mum c olle c ti on ra te to b e a c h i e ve d a nnua lly of:65%of th e a ve ra g e we i g h t of E E E p

133、l aced o n t he mark et i n th e th re e p re c e d i ng ye a rs i n th e Me mb e r S ta te c onc e rne d,or a lte rna ti ve ly 85%o f WEEE generat ed on th e te rri tory of th a t Me mb e r S ta te.Me mb e r S ta te s must d e monstra te a c h i e ve me nt of e i th e r one of th e c olle c ti on r

134、a te s a b ove on a n a nnua l b a si s.C olle c ti on ra te s se t i n Art.7(1)d o not se t i nd i vi d ua l c olle c ti on ra te s for sp e c i fi c p rod uc t c a te g ori e s,th e y re fe r to th e na ti ona l ta rg e t to b e a c h i e ve d for WE E E i n g e ne ra l a nd not to e a c h one of

135、th e d i ffe re nt c a te g ori e s.T h e WE E E D i re c ti ve a lso se t reco very t arget s and recycl ing and re-us e t arget s fo r equip ment fal l ing int o Cat ego ry 4 fro m 15 Augus t 2018(Art.11 a nd Anne x V):E nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s17A mi ni mu

136、m of 85%of a ll p rod uc ts und e r C a te g ory 4 must b e re c ove re d.A mi ni mum of 80%of th e se re c ove re d p rod uc ts(i nc lud i ng P V p a ne ls)sh a ll b e p re p a re d for re-use or re c yc le d.T h e se ta rg e ts a re i np ut-b a se d a nd a re c a lc ula te d b y d i vi d i ng th e

137、 we i g h t of WE E E e nte ri ng th e re c ove ry or re c yc li ng/p re p a ri ng for re-use fa c i li ty,b y th e we i g h t of a ll se p a ra te ly c olle c te d WE E E of th e sa me c a te g ory,e xp re sse d a s a p e rc e nta g e (Arti c le 11(2).S i ng le c ountri e s c a n a p p ly a d i ffe

138、 re nt c a lc ula ti on mod e l for th e c olle c ti on ta rg e t of P V p a ne ls d ue to th e ve ry low re turn ra te (a c tua lly b e low 1%of th e volume p ut on th e ma rke t).T h i s c a n h e a vi ly i nflue nc e th e c ost of wa ste c omp li a nc e for th i s c a te g ory.T h e WE E E D i re

139、 c ti ve d oe s not d e fi ne sp e c i fi c c a te g ori e s for P V c omp one nts,suc h a s i nve rte rs a nd mod ule s.T h e re fore,E oL ma na g e me nt va ri e s d e p e nd i ng on th e E U Me mb e r S ta te i n que sti on a nd th e i r na ti ona l re g ula ti ons.U sua lly,i nve rte rs a re c o

140、nsi d e re d a nd h a nd le d a s“h ouse h old e le c troni c s”or“c onsume r e le c troni c s”b y e-wa ste c omp a ni e s a nd a fi na nc i a l c ontri b uti on must b e p a i d b y th e i nve rte r ma nufa c ture r to a na ti ona l syste m to e nsure p rop e r ma na g e me nt of th e i nve rte r a

141、 t th e E oL sta g e.N a ti ona l re g ula ti ons d i ffe r i n c ri te ri a (le ve ls,we i g h t,si ze s,e tc.)a nd a d i ffe re nc e b e twe e n i nd ustri a l a nd h ouse h old e-wa ste i s ofte n ma d e.H owe ve r,th e b ound a ri e s b e twe e n th e d i ffe re nt p owe r c a p a c i ti e s a r

142、e not a lwa ys c le a rly d e fi ne d or h a rmoni se d.T h e re fore,a c le a re r or more h a rmoni se d d i sti nc ti on b e twe e n p owe r c a p a c i ti e s for e le c troni c s(wh a t i s“h ouse h old”?Wh a t i s“c omme rc i a l”?)c ould fa c i li ta te th e ma na g e me nt of i nve rte rs wa

143、 ste for th e re le va nt sta ke h old e rs.2.4.2.Out l o o k T h e P rop osa l for a D i re c ti ve of th e E urop e a n P a rli a me nt a nd of th e C ounc i l a me nd i ng D i re c ti ve 2012/19/E U on wa ste e le c tri c a l a nd e le c troni c e qui p me nt(WE E E)2023/0025(C OD)a i ms to a me

144、nd Arti c le 12,p a ra g ra p h s 1,3 a nd 4,Arti c le 13(1)a nd Arti c le 15(2)of th e WE E E D i re c ti ve a s a follow-up to th e j ud g e me nt of th e C ourt of J usti c e of th e E urop e a n U ni on i n c a se C-181/20.T h e p rop osa l ma i nta i ns th e full e ffe c ti ve ne ss of th e E P

145、 R p rovi si ons.H owe ve r,th e E P R ob li g a ti ons c urre ntly p la c e d on p rod uc e rs c a nnot b e a p p li e d re troa c ti ve ly to P V e qui p me nt th a t wa s p ut on th e ma rke t of a Me mb e r S ta te b e fore i t wa s i nc lud e d i n th e sc op e of th e WE E E D i re c ti ve.T h

146、 e p rop osa l a lso a i ms to a me nd Arti c le 14(4)a nd Arti c le 15(2)to up d a te th e re fe re nc e to th e E urop e a n sta nd a rd E N 504 19 b y re p la c i ng i t wi th th e re vi se d ve rsi on of th i s sta nd a rd,a d op te d i n 2022.T h e se p rop ose d ta rg e te d a me nd me nts d o

147、 not re la te to a ny oth e r p oli c y p rovi si on i n th e WE E E a re a.IM Imagery,Shu t t ers t E nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s182 E U l e g a l f r a me wo r k f o r P V i n d u s t r y p r o d u c t s a t t h e E n d-o f-L i f e /c onti nue dOn Oc tob e r 6

148、,2022,th e E urop e a n C ommi ssi on d e c i d e d to e va lua te th e p rog re ss ma d e und e r th e WE E E D i re c ti ve 2012/19/E U.T h e e va lua ti on of th e WE E E D i re c ti ve i s e xp e c te d to p rovi d e e vi d e nc e on wh e th e r th e D i re c ti ve i s sti ll fi t for p urp ose,

149、to e xp lore a ny unta p p e d p ote nti a l for si mp li fi c a ti on a nd b urd e n re d uc ti on a s we ll a s h e lp to d e te rmi ne wh e th e r a re vi e w i s ne e d e d.T h e e va lua ti on re p ort wi ll b e g ui d e d b y th e followi ng th re e que sti ons:1.T o wh a t e xte nt wa s th e

150、i mp le me nta ti on of th e WE E E D i re c ti ve suc c e ssful a nd wh i c h we re th e ma i n p rob le ms a nd th e ma i n c h a lle ng e s a nd wh y?2.D i d th e E U i nte rve nti on ma ke a d i ffe re nc e?3.I s th e i nte rve nti on sti ll re le va nt g i ve n d e ve lop me nts si nc e i ts e

151、ntry i nto forc e?T h e e va lua ti on wi ll c ove r th e i mp le me nta ti on of th e WE E E D i re c ti ve a long wi th th e re la te d se c ond a ry le g i sla ti on a nd a ny re la te d me a sure s a nd g ood p ra c ti c e s ta ke n a t th e na ti ona l le ve l i n a ll Me mb e r S ta te s.I t w

152、i ll p a y p a rti c ula r a tte nti on to a sp e c ts for wh i c h i mp le me nta ti on h a s b e e n p a rti c ula rly c h a lle ng i ng,suc h a s:1.Meet ing t he WEEE co l l ect io n t arget s.2.Ens uring t he p ro p er t reat ment o f WEEE,and a rel at ed l evel p l aying fiel d.3.Ap p l ying t

153、he Ext ended Pro ducer Res p o ns ibil it y requirement s (in p art icul ar fo r o nl ine s al es).4.Co mbat ing il l egal act ivit ies and s ubs t andard p ract ices in t he who l e WEEE management p ro ces s.More ove r,th e e va lua ti on wi ll c onsi d e r a nd c olle c t e vi d e nc e on a ll re

154、 le va nt le g a l(e.g.,le g a l c oh e re nc e a nd c onsi ste nc y wi th re la te d le g i sla ti on),e nvi ronme nta l,e c onomi c,soc i a l,e mp loyme nt,h e a lth a nd te c h nolog i c a l a sp e c ts a nd d e ve lop me nts re la ti ng to th e g e ne ra ti on a nd ma na g e me nt of WE E E.I t

155、wi ll p rovi d e a n ove rvi e w of th e c urre nt si tua ti on a nd p rovi d e c le a r p oi nts of c omp a ri son a g a i nst wh i c h to j ud g e c h a ng e s,p rog re ss a nd c h a lle ng e s fa c e d.2.5.R e q u i r e me n t s a r i s i n g f o r t h e P V s e c t o r f r o m t h e Ba t t e r y

156、 D i r e c t i v e 2.5.1.Summary o f current p ro ducer o bl igat io ns T h e D i re c ti ve 2006/6 6/E C of th e E urop e a n P a rli a me nt a nd of th e C ounc i l of 6 S e p te mb e r 2006 on b a tte ri e s a nd a c c umula tors a nd wa ste b a tte ri e s a nd a c c umula tors a nd re p e a li n

157、g D i re c ti ve 91/157/E C (th e Ba tte ry D i re c ti ve)e nte re d i nto forc e i n S e p te mb e r 2006.T h e D i re c ti ve d i sti ng ui sh e s b e twe e n p orta b le b a tte ri e s a nd a c c umula tors a nd i nd ustri a l a nd a utomoti ve b a tte ri e s a nd a c c umula tors.Ac c ord i ng

158、to th e D i re c ti ve,bat t eries and accumul at o rs use d i n c onne c ti on wit h PV Po wer Pl ant s and o t her renewabl e energy ap p l icat io ns a re c onsi d e re d a s indus t rial bat t eries and accumul at o rs a nd a re d e fi ne d a s follows:Indu s t r ial bat t er y or accu mu lat or

159、 means any bat t er y or accu mu lat or des igned for exclu s iv ely indu s t r ial or pr ofes s ional u s es or u s ed in any t ype of elect r ic v ehicle.T h e D i re c ti ve se ts th e mi ni mum co l l ect io n t arget for E U Me mb e r S ta te s of 4 5%for a ll b a tte ri e s b y 26 S e p te mb

160、e r 2016.Me mb e r S ta te s sh a ll a d a p t c olle c ti on ra te s on a ye a rly b a si s a c c ord i ng to a sp e c i fi c sc h e me d e fi ne d i n th e D i re c ti ve.T h e D i re c ti ve a lso e sta b li sh e s th e followi ng minimum recycl ing t arget s:6 5%b y a ve ra g e we i g h t of le

161、a d-a c i d b a tte ri e s a nd a c c umula tors.75%b y a ve ra g e we i g h t of ni c ke l-c a d mi um b a tte ri e s a nd a c c umula tors.50%b y a ve ra g e we i g h t of oth e r wa ste b a tte ri e s a nd a c c umula tors.T h e D i re c ti ve e sta b li sh e d two b a si c re qui re me nts a d d

162、 re ssi ng th e p ro ducers o f indus t rial bat t eries and accumul at o rs d i re c tly:Co l l ect io n:p rod uc e rs,or p a rti e s a c ti ng on th e i r b e h a lf,must ta ke b a c k wa ste b a tte ri e s from e nd-use rs,i nd e p e nd e ntly of th e i r c h e mi c a l c omp osi ti on a nd ori g

163、 i n.At th e sa me ti me,th e le g i sla ti on d oe s not forb i d th e c olle c ti on of wa ste i nd ustri a l b a tte ri e s b y i nd e p e nd e nt th i rd p a rti e s.E nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s19Financing:p rod uc e rs,or p a rti e s a c ti ng on th e i r

164、b e h a lf,must fi na nc e th e c olle c ti on,tre a tme nt a nd re c yc li ng of a ll wa ste i nd ustri a l b a tte ri e s a nd a c c umula tors th e y h a ve c olle c te d.On th e oth e r h a nd,p rod uc e rs a re a lso a llowe d to c onc lud e fi na nc i ng a g re e me nts wi th th e use rs,i n t

165、h i s wa y d e vi a ti ng from th i s fi na nc i a l ob li g a ti on.2.5.2.Out l o o k T o mod e rni se th e E U le g i sla ti ve fra me work for b a tte ri e s a nd a c c umula tors,a Ba tte ry R e g ula ti on,wh i c h wi ll re p e a l Ba tte ry D i re c ti ve,wa s p rop ose d for d i sc ussi on a

166、nd p ub li sh e d for c onsulta ti on i n D e c e mb e r 2020.C ontra ry to a D i re c ti ve,wh i c h ne e d s to b e tra nsp ose d i nto na ti ona l la ws,a R e g ula ti on h a s d i re c t e ffe c t a nd e nte rs i nto forc e on a se t d a te i n a ll th e Me mb e r S ta te s.Be g i nni ng i n J u

167、ne 2023,th e E urop e a n Ba tte ry R e g ula ti on wi ll g ra d ua lly re p la c e D i re c ti ve 2006/6 6/E C.I t wi ll b e i mp le me nte d i n a ll E U Me mb e r S ta te s si multa ne ously for th e c ommon p urp ose of mi ni mi si ng th e h a rmful e ffe c ts of b a tte ri e s on th e e nvi ron

168、me nt.F or th e fi rst ti me,th e ne w re qui re me nts wi ll c ove r th e e nti re li th i um b a tte ry li fe c yc le (from e xtra c ti on of th e ra w ma te ri a l to p rod uc ti on,d e si g n,la b e lli ng,tra c e a b i li ty,c olle c ti on,re c yc li ng a nd re-use).Ba tte ri e s wi ll b e d i

169、vi d e d i nto th e followi ng g roup s,d e p e nd i ng on th e a p p li c a ti on for wh i c h th e y a re d e si g ne d:1.P orta b le a nd se a le d b a tte ri e s we i g h i ng 5 kg or le ss.2.P orta b le b a tte ri e s for g e ne ra l use,re c h a rg e a b le a nd non-re c h a rg e a b le.3.L MT

170、 (li g h t me a ns of tra nsp ort)b a tte ri e s se a le d a nd we i g h i ng 25 kg or le ss.4.S L I (sta rt,li g h t a nd i g ni ti on)b a tte ri e s for a utomoti ve use.5.E V (e le c tri c ve h i c le)b a tte ri e s,d e si g ne d to p rovi d e p owe r for tra c ti on of h yb ri d or e le c tri c

171、ve h i c le s.6.I nd ustri a l b a tte ri e s a nd a ll oth e r b a tte ri e s we i g h i ng ove r 5 kg not for use on ve h i c le s or li g h t me a ns of tra nsp ort.U nd e r th e Ba tte ry R e g ula ti on,I nd ustri a l b a tte ry me a ns a ny b a tte ry:D e si g ne d sp e c i fi c a lly for i nd

172、 ustri a l use s,or I nte nd e d for i nd ustri a l use s a fte r b e i ng sub j e c t to p re p a ra ti on for re-use or re p urp osi ng,or Any oth e r b a tte ry wi th a we i g h t a b ove 5 kg th a t i s not a n L MT b a tte ry,a n e le c tri c ve h i c le b a tte ry or a n S L I b a tte ry.Ap a

173、rt from mod i fyi ng th e d e fi ni ti on of a n i nd ustri a l b a tte ry a nd i nse rti ng th e ne w one s,th e p rop ose d R e g ula ti on sug g e sts va ri ous c h a ng e s a nd i mp rove me nts i n te rms of des ign,minimum p erfo rmance l evel s and general t ak e-back o bl igat io ns.Ju ice F

174、lair,Shu t t ers t E nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s202 E U l e g a l f r a me wo r k f o r P V i n d u s t r y p r o d u c t s a t t h e E n d-o f-L i f e /c onti nue dDet ail ed EPR o bl igat io ns C ontra ry to th e Ba tte ry D i re c ti ve,th e R e g ula ti on d

175、 e ta i ls th e ob li g a ti on to p rovi d e Eo L info rmat io n to th e e nd use r,a s we ll a s i nforma ti on on sa fe ty a nd p rote c ti on me a sure s for d i stri b utors a nd oth e r e c onomi c op e ra tors.Ac c ord i ng to th e R e g ula ti on,p rod uc e rs c a n c h oose wh e th e r to c

176、 omp ly wi th E P R on a n i nd i vi d ua l b a si s,or vi a a P R O,wh i c h c a n mod ula te p rod uc e r fe e s a g a i nst e nvi ronme nta l c ri te ri a.Both i nd i vi d ua l a nd c olle c ti ve syste ms must h a ve aut ho ris at io n from th e c omp e te nt a uth ori ti e s to op e ra te on th

177、 e ma rke t.C olle c ti on of i nd ustri a l b a tte ri e s must b e org a ni se d b y p rod uc e rs or c olle c ti on p oi nts-org a ni se d i n c oop e ra ti on wi th d i stri b utors a nd op e ra tors c a rryi ng out re-use,re p urp osi ng,tre a tme nt a nd re c yc li ng fa c i li ti e s,a s we l

178、l a s p ub li c a uth ori ti e s-fre e of c h a rg e for th e e nd-use rs.T h e f o l l o wi n g n e w mi n i mu m r e c yc l i n g e f f i c i e n c i e s a r e i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e R e g u l a t i o n:No l at er t han 31 December 2025 75%b y a ve ra g e we i g h t of le a d-a c i d b a tt

179、e ri e s.6 5%b y a ve ra g e we i g h t of li th i um-b a se d b a tte ri e s.80%b y a ve ra g e we i g h t of ni c ke l-c a d mi um b a tte ri e s.50%b y a ve ra g e we i g h t of oth e r wa ste b a tte ri e s.T h e re c yc li ng e ffi c i e nc y re fe rs to th e p e rc e nta g e of th e e nti re b

180、 a tte ry th a t i s re c yc le d.I t i s c a lc ula te d on th e b a si s of th e ove ra ll c h e mi c a l c omp osi ti on(a t e le me nta l/c omp ound le ve l)of th e i np ut a nd outp ut fra c ti ons.I np ut fra c ti on re fe rs to th e c omp one nts of th e b a tte ry e nte ri ng th e re c yc li

181、 ng p roc e ss a nd outp ut fra c ti on re fe rs to th e c omp one nts th a t a re p rod uc e d from th e i np ut fra c ti on a s a re sult of th e re c yc li ng p roc e ss.No later than 31 December 2030 80%b y a ve ra g e we i g h t of le a d-a c i d b a tte ri e s.70%b y a ve ra g e we i g h t of

182、li th i um-b a se d b a tte ri e s.A ne w re qui re me nt re la te d to a mi ni mum re c ove ry le ve l of sp e c i fi c ma te ri a ls i n th e re c yc li ng p roc e ss i s a lso i ntrod uc e d:By 31 December 2027 90%of c ob a lt,c op p e r,le a d,ni c ke l a nd 50%of li th i um sh a ll b e re c ove

183、 re d.By 31 December 2031 95%of c ob a lt,c op p e r,le a d,ni c ke l a nd 80%of li th i um sh a ll b e re c ove re d.T h e R e g ula ti on a lso p rovi d e s th e e xa c t i nforma ti on th a t th e re g i stra ti on a p p li c a ti on of b a tte ry p rod uc e rs sh a ll c onta i n a nd se ts a d e

184、 a d li ne for th e i ssua nc e of re g i stra ti on numb e rs.I n a d d i ti on,i t ob li g e s th e p rod uc e rs of i nd ustri a l b a tte ri e s to rep o rt to th e c omp e te nt na ti ona l a uth ori ti e s a nnua lly on th e b a tte ri e s ma d e a va i la b le on th e ma rke t of th e Me mb e

185、 r S ta te,a s we ll a s th e d a ta on c olle c ti ons a nd d e li ve ri e s for p re p a ri ng for re-use or re p urp osi ng,a nd for tre a tme nt.Recycl ed co nt ent 6 0 month s a fte r e ntry i nto forc e of th e R e g ula ti on or 24 month s a fte r th e e ntry i nto forc e of th e d e le g a t

186、e d a c t e sta b li sh i ng th e me th od olog y for th e c a lc ula ti on a nd ve ri fi c a ti on of th e sh a re of re c yc le d me ta ls,wh i c h e ve r i s la te r,indus t rial bat t eries wit h a cap acit y abo ve 2 k Wh,excep t t ho s e wit h excl us ivel y ext ernal s t o rage,th a t c onta

187、i n c ob a lt,le a d,li th i um or ni c ke l i n a c ti ve ma te ri a ls wi ll b e a c c omp a ni e d b y t echnical do cument at io n co nt aining info rmat io n abo ut t he s hare o f met al s reco vered from wa ste.96 month s a fte r e ntry i nto forc e of th e R e g ula ti on,th e te c h ni c a

188、l d oc ume nta ti on of i nd ustri a l b a tte ri e s wi th a c a p a c i ty a b ove 2 kWh,e xc e p t th ose wi th e xc lusi ve ly e xte rna l stora g e,wi ll d e monstra te th e followi ng minimum recycl ed s hares:16%for c ob a lt.85%for le a d.6%for li th i um a nd ni c ke l.156 month s a fte r e

189、 ntry i nto forc e of th e R e g ula ti on:26%for c ob a lt.85%for le a d.12%for li th i um.15%for ni c ke l.E nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s21New info rmat io n and l abel l ing requirement s 36 month s a fte r th e e ntry i nto forc e of th e R e g ula ti on or 1

190、8 month s a fte r th e e ntry i nto forc e of th e i mp le me nti ng a c t,b a tte ri e s wi ll b e ma rke d wi th a l abel co nt aining general info rmat io n o n t he bat t ery i nc lud i ng,hazardo us s ubs t ances co nt ained in t he bat t ery o t her t han mercury,cadmium o r l ead,as wel l as

191、crit ical raw mat erial s.Ad d i ti ona lly,4 2 month s a fte r e ntry i nto forc e of th e R e g ula ti on,b a tte ri e s wi ll b e ma rke d wi th a QR co de p rovi d i ng a c c e ss to:T h e bat t ery p as s p o rt for i nd ustri a l b a tte ri e s wi th a c a p a c i ty a b ove 2 kWh.T h e genera

192、l info rmat io n re fe rre d to a b ove,wh e e li e b i n,c h e mi c a l symb ols,d e c la ra ti on of c onformi ty,th e re p ort on d ue d i li g e nc e p oli c i e s a nd th e i nforma ti on re g a rd i ng th e p re ve nti on of wa ste a nd th e ma na g e me nt of wa ste b a tte ri e s.L a b e ls

193、a nd QR c od e s wi ll b e a p p li e d d i re c tly to b a tte ri e s 12 month s a fte r th e d a te of e ntry i nto forc e of th e R e g ula ti on.St at io nary bat t ery energy s t o rage s ys t ems th a t use a b a tte ry ma na g e me nt syste m wi ll c onta i n i n th e i r b a tte ry ma na g e

194、 me nt syste m c urre nt d a ta on th e p aramet ers fo r det ermining t he s t at e o f heal t h and exp ect ed l ifet ime of b a tte ri e s.T h e i nforma ti on store d wi ll b e ma d e a va i la b le to th e e nd-use rs,a s we ll a s th e th i rd p a rti e s e ng a g e d i n th e re p urp osi ng

195、of th e b a tte ri e s.Co nfo rmit y o f bat t eries T h e R e g ula ti on a lso la ys d own th e re qui re me nts c onc e rni ng th e c onformi ty a sse ssme nt p roc e d ure.All b a tte ri e s,b e fore b e i ng p la c e d on th e ma rke t or p ut i nto se rvi c e i n th e E U,wi ll und e rg o co n

196、fo rmit y as s es s ment.Afte r th a t,th e EU decl arat io n,c onfi rmi ng a b a tte rys c omp li a nc e wi th th e re qui re me nts of th e R e g ula ti on,wi ll b e d ra wn up a nd CE mark ing wi ll b e a ffi xe d to th e b a tte ry.Rep urp o s ing and remanufact uring T h e R e g ula ti on a lso

197、 e sta b li sh e s re qui re me nts a p p li c a b le to th e re p urp osi ng a nd re ma nufa c turi ng of i nd ustri a l b a tte ri e s.T h i s ob li g e s th ose e ng a g e d i n re p urp osi ng a nd re ma nufa c turi ng p roc e sse s to e nsure th a t th ose b a tte ri e s c omp ly wi th a ll re

198、le va nt re qui re me nts e sta b li sh e d i n th e R e g ula ti on a nd th ose re la te d to p rod uc t d e si g n,e nvi ronme nta l,h uma n h e a lth p rote c ti on a nd tra nsp ort sa fe ty i n oth e r E U le g i sla ti on.Sup p l y-chain due dil igence fo r raw mat erial s F rom 24 month s a ft

199、e r e ntry i nto forc e of th e R e g ula ti on,e c onomi c op e ra tors th a t p la c e b a tte ri e s on th e ma rke t wi ll b e ob li g e d to c omp ly wi th th e ne wly e sta b li sh e d sup p ly c h a i n d ue d i li g e nc e ob li g a ti ons.T h e p rop osa l e sta b li sh e s a t urno ver t h

200、res ho l d fo r t his requirement at EUR 40 mil l io n.Ju ice Flair,Shu t t ers t E nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s222 E U l e g a l f r a me wo r k f o r P V i n d u s t r y p r o d u c t s a t t h e E n d-o f-L i f e /c onti nue dAc c ord i ng to th e R e g ula ti

201、 on,bat t er y du e diligence means t he obligat ions of t he economic oper at or,in r elat ion t o it s management s ys t em,r is k management,t hir d-par t y v er ificat ions and s u r v eillance by not ified bodies and dis clos u r e of infor mat ion wit h a v iew t o ident ifying,pr ev ent ing a

202、nd addr es s ing act u al and pot ent ial s ocial and env ir onment al r is ks linked t o t he s ou r cing,pr oces s ing and t r ading of t he r aw mat er ials and s econdar y r aw mat er ials r eq u ir ed for bat t er y manu fact u r ing inclu ding s u pplier s in t he chain and t heir s u bs idiar

203、 ies or s u bcont r act or s t hat per for m s u ch act iv it ies.Bat t ery p as s p o rt F rom 4 2 month s a fte r e ntry i nto forc e of th e R e g ula ti on,e a c h i nd ustri a l b a tte ry wi th a c a p a c i ty a b ove 2 kWh p la c e d on th e ma rke t or p ut i nto se rvi c e sh a ll h a ve a

204、 digit al bat t ery p as s p o rt,wh i c h sh a ll b e acces s ibl e t hro ugh t he QR co de.T h e b a tte ry p a ssp ort sh a ll i nc lud e i nforma ti on on th e b a si c c h a ra c te ri sti c s of th e b a tte ry,th e b a tte ry mod e l a nd i nforma ti on sp e c i fi c to th e i nd i vi d ua l

205、b a tte ry.I n c a se of re p urp osi ng or re ma nufa c turi ng,th e p a rty re sp onsi b le for p utti ng th e re p urp ose d or re ma nufa c ture d b a tte ry on th e ma rke t or i nto se rvi c e wi ll b e re sp onsi b le for th e d a ta p rovi si on i n th e p a ssp ort.2.6.R e q u i r e me n t

206、s a r i s i n g f o r P V s e c t o r f r o m P a c ka g i n g D i r e c t i v e 2.6.1.Summary o f current p ro ducer o bl igat io ns T h e E urop e a n P a c ka g i ng a nd P a c ka g i ng Wa ste D i re c ti ve 94/6 2/E C (1994)(P P WD)e nte re d i nto forc e on J une 30,1996.T h i s D i re c ti ve

207、 c ove rs a ll p a c ka g i ng p la c e d on th e E urop e a n ma rke t,i nc lud i ng i nd ustri a l,c omme rc i a l,se rvi c e,a nd h ouse h old p a c ka g i ng,re g a rd le ss of th e ma te ri a l use d.T h e le g a l a c t a i ms to p re ve nt th e g e ne ra ti on of p a c ka g i ng wa ste a nd m

208、i ni mi se i ts e nvi ronme nta l i mp a c t.T h e p rovi si ons a re le g a lly b i nd i ng only for Me mb e r S ta te s,not p rod uc e rs.T h e re fore,th e e xa c t ob li g a ti ons th a t p rod uc e rs must c omp ly wi th va ry d e p e nd i ng on h ow P P WD h a s b e e n tra nsp ose d i n e a c

209、 h E U Me mb e r S ta te.T h us,th e ob li g a ti on to fi na nc e th e c olle c ti on,re c ove ry,re c yc li ng,a nd re-use,a nd th e a c c omp a nyi ng re g i stra ti on a nd re p orti ng p roc e sse s,a mong oth e rs,a re sub j e c t to na ti ona l le g i sla ti on.C onsi d e ri ng two p ossi b l

210、e a p p li c a ti ons of P V p rod uc ts,one b e i ng re si d e nti a l use,c h a ra c te ri se d b y sma lle r P V p a ne ls,a nd th e se c ond b e i ng la rg e r,or uti li ty-sc a le sola r i nsta lla ti on,P P WD d e fi ne s two d i ffe re nt typ e s of p a c ka g i ng,to wh i c h P V p rod uc ts

211、 c ould b e long:1.F or h ouse h old P V p a ne ls,th e s al es o r p rimary p ack aging,d e fi ne d a s p a c ka g i ng c onc e i ve d so a s to c onsti tute a sa le s uni t to th e fi na l use r or c onsume r a t th e p oi nt of p urc h a se.2.F or i nd ustri a l sola r i nsta lla ti ons,th e tran

212、s p o rt p ack aging o r t ert iary p ack aging,d e fi ne d a s p a c ka g i ng c onc e i ve d so a s to fa c i li ta te h a nd li ng a nd tra nsp ort of a numb e r of sa le s uni ts,or g roup e d p a c ka g i ng to p re ve nt p h ysi c a l h a nd li ng a nd d a ma g e d uri ng tra nsp orta ti on.T

213、ra nsp ort p a c ka g i ng d oe s not i nc lud e roa d,ra i l,sh i p a nd a i r c onta i ne rs.I n te rms of Me mb e r S ta te re sp onsi b i li ti e s,th e y sh a ll ta ke th e ne c e ssa ry ste p s to:1.E nc oura g e th e i nc re a se i n th e sh a re of reus abl e p ack aging p la c e d on th e m

214、a rke t a nd of syste ms to re use p a c ka g i ng i n a n e nvi ronme nta lly sound ma nne r(d e p osi t-re turn sc h e me s;se tti ng of qua li ta ti ve or qua nti ta ti ve ta rg e ts;use of e c onomi c i nc e nti ve s;se tti ng up of a mi ni mum p e rc e nta g e of re usa b le p a c ka g i ng p l

215、a c e d on th e ma rke t e ve ry ye a r for e a c h p a c ka g i ng stre a m).E sta b li sh syste ms to p rovi d e for th e ret urn and/o r co l l ect io n of wa ste p a c ka g i ng from th e c onsume r,oth e r fi na l use r,or from th e wa ste stre a m i n ord e r to c h a nne l i t to th e most a

216、p p rop ri a te wa ste ma na g e me nt a lte rna ti ve s.2.Ai m for th e re-use or re c ove ry of p a c ka g i ng i nc lud i ng re c yc li ng of th e p a c ka g i ng a nd/or p a c ka g i ng wa ste c olle c te d a g a i nst th e followi ng mi ni mum ta rg e ts:a.6 0%of th e we i g h t of p a c ka g i

217、 ng wa ste wi ll b e reco vered o r incinerat ed a t wa ste i nc i ne ra ti on p la nts wi th e ne rg y re c ove ry.b.C urre ntly a mi ni mum of 55%of th e we i g h t of p a c ka g i ng wa ste wi ll b e re c yc le d.T h i s fi g ure wi ll ri se to 6 5%a s of 31 D e c e mb e r 2025,a nd a g a i n to

218、70%a s of D e c e mb e r 2030,wi th a c e i li ng of 80%.E nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s23c.T h e followi ng minimum recycl ing weight t arget s fo r p ack aging mat erial s wi ll b e a tta i ne d:i.G la ss:c urre ntly-6 0%,from 31 D e c e mb e r 2025 70%,from 31

219、D e c e mb e r 2030 75%.i i.P a p e r a nd c a rd b oa rd:c urre ntly-6 0%,from 31 D e c e mb e r 2025 75%,from 31 D e c e mb e r 2030-85%.i i i.Me ta ls:c urre ntly-50%,from 31 D e c e mb e r 2025-70%of fe rrous me ta ls a nd 50%of a lumi ni um;from 31 D e c e mb e r 2030-80%of fe rrous me ta ls a

220、nd 6 0%of a lumi ni um.i v.P la sti c s c urre ntly-22.5%,from 31 D e c e mb e r 2025 50%,from 31 D e c e mb e r 2030 55%.v.Wood:c urre ntly-15%,from 31 D e c e mb e r 2025 25%,from 31 D e c e mb e r 2030-30%.3.E nsure th a t use rs of p a c ka g i ng,i n p a rti c ula r c onsume rs,ob ta i n th e n

221、e c e ssa ry i nforma ti on a b out th e re turn,c olle c ti on a nd re c ove ry syste ms a va i la b le to th e m,th e i r role i n c ontri b uti ng to re-use,re c ove ry a nd re c yc li ng of p a c ka g i ng a nd p a c ka g i ng wa ste,th e me a ni ng of ma rki ng s on p a c ka g i ng c urre ntly

222、on th e ma rke t,a nd th e a p p rop ri a te e le me nts of th e ma na g e me nt p la ns for p a c ka g i ng a nd p a c ka g i ng wa ste.4.E sta b li sh dat abas es o n p ack aging and p ack aging was t e to e na b le Me mb e r S ta te s a nd th e E urop e a n C ommi ssi on to moni tor p rog re ss t

223、owa rd s th e ob j e c ti ve s.2.6.2.Out l o o k C urre ntly,th e Regu lat ion on packaging and packaging wa ste (P P WR),th a t wi ll rep eal PPWD,i s e xp e c te d to b e p ub li sh e d a t th e e nd of 2023 a nd e nte r i nto forc e one ye a r a fte r i ts p ub li c a ti on d a te.PPWR wi ll c re

224、 a te one le g a l i nstrume nt wi th uni form a p p li c a ti on a c ross th e E U Me mb e r S ta te s.T h i s ne w re g ula ti on wi ll se t re qui re me nts ove r th e e nti re li fe c yc le of p a c ka g i ng,re la te d to:E nvi ronme nta l susta i na b i li ty.H a rmoni se d la b e lli ng.Ext e

225、nded Pro ducer Res p o ns ibil it y s ys t ems,c olle c ti on,tre a tme nt a nd re c yc li ng of p a c ka g i ng wa ste,re g i stra ti on a nd re la te d re p orti ng re qui re me nts,mod ula ti on fe e s a mong oth e rs.T h e P P WR re ta i ns d e si g n re qui re me nts from th e P a c ka g i ng D

226、 i re c ti ve a nd i ntrod uc e s some ne w one s.P a c ka g i ng p rod uc e rs,i mp orte rs,a nd th ose se rvi c e p rovi d e rs th a t h e lp th e m fulfi l th e i r ob li g a ti ons must e nsure th a t th e p ack aging co mp l ies wi th th e followi ng:Gabor Tinz,Shu t t ers t E nd-of-L i fe Ma n

227、a g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s24I t h a s b e e n des igned and manufact ured i n a c c ord a nc e wi th th e a p p li c a b le re qui re me nts(sub sta nc e li mi ts,re c yc la b le c onte nt,p a c ka g i ng mi ni mi sa ti on,a mong oth e rs).I t i s l abel l ed i n a c c ord a nc

228、 e wi th th e a p p li c a b le re qui re me nts.I t und e rg oe s th e re le va nt co nfo rmit y as s es s ment p ro cedure.T h i s c a n b e c a rri e d out b y a th i rd p a rty,b ut a ll p a c ka g i ng must h a ve th e re le va nt t echnical do cument at io n and decl arat io n o f co nfo rmit

229、y.I f re qui re d,a p rod uc e r must a ssi g n a n aut ho ris ed rep res ent at ive to e nsure th e fulfi lme nt of th e i r ob li g a ti ons und e r th e P P WR.I n a c c ord a nc e wi th P P WR a ll p a c ka g i ng sh a ll b e recycl abl e.T o b e c onsi d e re d re c yc la b le i t ne e d s to c

230、 omp ly wi th th e followi ng:R e c yc la b i li ty must b e c e ntra l to d e si g n a s of 2030.I t must b e e ffe c ti ve ly a nd e ffi c i e ntly se p a ra te d a nd c olle c te d.I t must b e a b le to b e sorte d i nto d e fi ne d wa ste stre a ms wi th out a ffe c ti ng th e re c yc la b i li

231、 ty of oth e r wa ste stre a ms.Onc e i t h a s b e e n re c yc le d,th e re sulti ng se c ond a ry ra w ma te ri a ls a re of suffi c i e nt qua li ty to sub sti tute p ri ma ry ra w ma te ri a ls.I t c a n b e re c yc le d a t sc a le b y 2035.P rod uc e rs mus t demo ns t rat e co mp l iance of t

232、h i s re qui re me nt th roug h a n E U d e c la ra ti on of c onformi ty.P P WR mod i fi e s th e re c ove ry a nd re c yc li ng ta rg e ts se t i n P P WD a nd a d d s ne w c a te g ori e s of ta rg e ts(mi ni mum re c yc le d c onte nt i n p a c ka g i ng,p re ve nti on of p a c ka g i ng wa ste

233、a nd re-use ta rg e ts).T a b le 1 on th e followi ng p a g e sh ows a n ove rvi e w of th ose ta rg e ts e sta b li sh e d i n P P WR.2 E U l e g a l f r a me wo r k f o r P V i n d u s t r y p r o d u c t s a t t h e E n d-o f-L i f e /c onti nue d Lidia Das kalov a,Shu t t ers t E nd-of-L i fe Ma

234、 na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s25Pro viders o f o nl ine p l at fo rms,a llowi ng c onsume rs to c onc lud e d i sta nc e c ontra c ts wi th p rod uc e rs,must ob ta i n th e followi ng i nforma ti on from p rod uc e rs offe ri ng p a c ka g i ng to c onsume rs loc a te d i n th e

235、 E U:1.T h e p rod uc e rs re g i stra ti on i nforma ti on for th e c onsume rs h ome ma rke t,i nc lud i ng th e i r re g i stra ti on numb e r.2.A se lf-d e c la ra ti on from th e p rod uc e r,c ommi tti ng to only offe r p a c ka g i ng c omp li a nt wi th P P WR.P P WR a llows p rod uc e rs to

236、 e i th e r c omp ly wi th th e i r ob li g a ti ons i nd i vi d ua lly,or th roug h a P rod uc e r R e sp onsi b i li ty Org a ni sa ti on(P R O).Pro ducers wil l be o bl iged t o regis t er t hems el ves.T h e y sh a ll,to th a t e nd,sub mi t a n a p p li c a ti on for re g i stra ti on i n e a c

237、 h Me mb e r S ta te wh e re th e y ma ke p a c ka g i ng a va i la b le on th e ma rke t.T h e p rod uc e rs re g i stra ti on ob li g a ti ons must b e fulfi lle d b y a n a p p oi nte d re p re se nta ti ve for E P R c omp li a nc e.T AR G E T 20 25 20 2020 3520 40Minimum recycl ed co nt ent n/a

238、35%n/a n/a Recycl ing and p ro mo t io n o f recycl ing(Member St at es).By 31 D e c e mb e r 2025,a mi ni mum of 6 5%of th e tota l we i g h t of a ll p a c ka g i ng wa ste g e ne ra te d.By 31 D e c e mb e r 2025,th e mi ni mum p e rc e nta g e s b y tota l we i g h t of th e followi ng sp e c i

239、fi c ma te ri a ls c onta i ne d i n p a c ka g i ng wa ste g e ne ra te d:5 0%of plas t ic.2 5%of wood.7 0%of ferrou s met als.5 0%of alu miniu m.7 0%of glas s.7 5%of paper and cardboard.By 31 D e c e mb e r 2030,a mi ni mum of 70%of th e tota l we i g h t of a ll p a c ka g i ng wa ste g e ne ra t

240、e d.By 31 D e c e mb e r 2030,th e mi ni mum p e rc e nta g e s b y tota l we i g h t of th e followi ng sp e c i fi c ma te ri a ls c onta i ne d i n p a c ka g i ng wa ste g e ne ra te d:5 5%of plas t ic.3 0%of wood.80%of ferrou s met als.60%of alu miniu m.7 5%of glas s.85%of paper and cardboard.n

241、/a n/a Prevent io n o f p ack aging was t e t arget s.n/a 5%10%15%Re-us e t arget fo r t rans p o rt p ack aging in t he fo rm o f p al l et s,p l as t ic crat es,fo l dabl e p l as t ic bo xes,p ail s and drums.n/a F rom 1 J a nua ry 2030,30%of th i s typ e of p a c ka g i ng use d i s re usa b le

242、p a c ka g i ng wi th i n a syste m for re-use.n/a F rom 1 J a nua ry 204 0,90%of th i s typ e of p a c ka g i ng use d i s re usa b le p a c ka g i ng wi th i n a syste m for re-use.Re-us e t arget s fo r t rans p o rt p ack aging fo r t he t rans p o rt and del ivery o f no n-fo o d it ems made av

243、ail abl e o n t he mark et fo r t he firs t t ime via e-co mmerce.n/a F rom 1 J a nua ry 2030,10%of th i s typ e of p a c ka g i ng use d i s re usa b le p a c ka g i ng wi th i n a syste m for re-use;n/a (b)from 1 J a nua ry 204 0,50%of th i s typ e of p a c ka g i ng use d i s re usa b le p a c ka

244、 g i ng wi th i n a syste m for re-use.Re-us e t arget fo r t rans p o rt p ack aging in t he fo rm o f p al l et wrap p ings and s t rap s fo r s t abil is at io n and p ro t ect io n o f p ro duct s p ut o n p al l et s during t rans p o rt.n/a F rom 1 J a nua ry 2030,10%of th i s typ e of p a c k

245、a g i ng use d i s re usa b le p a c ka g i ng wi th i n a syste m for re-use.n/a F rom 1 J a nua ry 204 0,30%of th i s typ e of p a c ka g i ng use d for tra nsp ort i s re usa b le p a c ka g i ng wi th i n a syste m for re-use.TABLE 1 OV E RV I E W OF MI NI MUM RE COV E R Y AND RE CY CL I NG T AR

246、GE T S I N P P WRE nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s26P rod uc e rs or P rod uc e r R e sp onsi b i li ty Org a ni sa ti ons sh a ll e nsure th a t e nd-use rs h a ve a c c e ss to th e followi ng i nforma ti on re g a rd i ng th e p re ve nti on a nd ma na g e me nt

247、of p a c ka g i ng wa ste i n th a t ma rke t:T h e role of e nd-use rs i n c ontri b uti ng to wa ste p re ve nti on,i nc lud i ng a ny b e st p ra c ti c e s.R e-use a rra ng e me nts a va i la b le for p a c ka g i ng.T h e role of e nd-use rs i n c ontri b uti ng to th e se p a ra te c olle c ti

248、 on of p a c ka g i ng wa ste ma te ri a ls,i nc lud i ng h a nd li ng of p a c ka g i ng c onta i ni ng h a za rd ous p rod uc ts or wa ste.T h e me a ni ng of th e la b e ls a nd symb ols a ffi xe d,ma rke d or p ri nte d on p a c ka g i ng.T h e i mp a c t on th e e nvi ronme nt a nd on h uma n h

249、 e a lth or sa fe ty of p e rsons of i na p p rop ri a te d i sc a rd i ng of p a c ka g i ng wa ste,suc h a s li tte ri ng or d i sc a rd i ng i n mi xe d muni c i p a l wa ste,a nd th e a d ve rse e nvi ronme nta l i mp a c t of si ng le-use p a c ka g i ng,i n p a rti c ula r p la sti c c a rri e

250、 r b a g s.T h e c omp osti ng p rop e rti e s a nd a p p rop ri a te wa ste ma na g e me nt op ti ons for c omp osta b le p a c ka g i ng.2.7.R e q u i r e me n t s a r i s i n g f o r t h e P V s e c t o r f r o m t h e E c o d e s i g n r e g u l a t i o n s a n d v o l u n t a r y e c o l a b e

251、l s T h e E U le g i sla ti on d oe s not c urre ntly a d d re ss th e e c od e si g n of P V p a ne ls or i nve rte rs.D i re c ti ve 2011/6 5/E U of th e E urop e a n P a rli a me nt a nd of th e C ounc i l of 8 J une 2011(Ro HS Direct ive)on th e re stri c ti on of th e use of c e rta i n h a za

252、rd ous sub sta nc e s i n e le c tri c a l a nd e le c troni c e qui p me nt(re c a st)la ys d own rule s on th e re stri c ti on of th e use of 10 h a za rd ous sub sta nc e s i n e le c tri c a l a nd e le c troni c e qui p me nt(E E E).P V p a ne ls a re e xc lud e d from th e sc op e of th e R o

253、H S,a c c ord i ng to th e followi ng d e fi ni ti on i n Art.2.4.“Phot ov olt aic panels int ended t o be u s ed in a s ys t em t hat is des igned,as s embled and ins t alled by pr ofes s ionals for per manent u s e at a defined locat ion t o pr odu ce ener gy fr om s olar light for pu blic,commer

254、cial,indu s t r ial and r es ident ial applicat ions”.N one th e le ss,c e rta i n ma nufa c ture rs stri ve to d i ffe re nti a te th e mse lve s b y e mp h a si si ng th e a b se nc e of sub sta nc e s re stri c te d und e r R oH S,suc h a s le a d,c a d mi um a nd p h th a la te s.2.7.1.Prep arat

255、 o ry s t udy fo r PV Eco des ign and Energy Label l ing I n N ove mb e r 2020,th e J oi nt R e se a rc h C e ntre of th e E urop e a n C ommi ssi on p ub li sh e d a P re p a ra tory stud y for sola r p h otovolta i c mod ule s,i nve rte rs a nd syste ms to pr ov ide policy maker s wit h t he ev id

256、ence bas is for as s es s ing whet her t o implement fou r policy ins t r u ment s:Ecodes ign,Ener gy Label,Ecolabel and Gr een Pu blic Pr ocu r ement (GPP)for phot ov olt aic pr odu ct s.O ne of th e foc us p oi nts of th e stud y wa s e xi sti ng E c od e si g n i nstrume nts i n th e E U.T h e st

257、ud y c onfi rme d th a t th e re a re c urre ntly no CE mark ing co nfo rmit y requirement s,o r rel at ed Euro p ean harmo nis ed t es t ing s t andards,e sta b li sh e d a t E U le ve l sp e c i fi c a lly for sola r P V p a ne ls or i nve rte rs.H owe ve r,th e ma nufa c ture rs of th e P V p a n

258、e ls a nd i nve rte rs ne e d to c onsi d e r re qui re me nts th a t e sta b li sh ma rke t e ntry c ri te ri a re la te d to:C onstruc ti on p rod uc ts i n a c c ord a nc e wi th R e g ula ti on(E U)N o 305/2011,E le c troma g ne ti c c omp a ti b i li ty i n a c c ord a nc e wi th D i re c ti ve

259、 2014/30/E U,L ow volta g e e le c tri c a l e qui p me nt i n a c c ord a nc e wi th D i re c ti ve 2014/35/E U,a nd R e stri c ti on of H a za rd ous S ub sta nc e s i n E le c tri c a l a nd E le c troni c E qui p me nt(R oH S)i n a c c ord a nc e wi th th e re c a st D i re c ti ve 2011/6 5/E U.

260、T h e se a ll se t re qui re me nts th a t a p p ly to P V p a ne ls,i nve rte rs,a nd oth e r c omp one nts of P V syste ms wh e n th e se e nte r th e ma rke t of th e E urop e a n U ni on.T h e y a lso re qui re AC a nd D C p owe r sup p ly syste ms to c onform wi th th e se re g ula ti ons.E U G

261、 re e n P ub li c P roc ure me nt(G P P)c ri te ri a for th e sola r p h otovolta i c p rod uc t g roup d oe s not c urre ntly e xi st.T h e sa me stud y i d e nti fi e d th e followi ng i nte rna ti ona l,vo l unt aril y Eco l abel crit eria th a t a p p li e d to some e xte nt to P V p rod uc ts:T

262、 V R h e i nla nd e sta b li sh e d c ri te ri a for P V p a ne ls und e r i ts G re e n P rod uc t Ma rk E c ola b e l.T h e se a re li ke ly a d a p te d from E P E AT,th e E c ola b e l sc h e me of th e U S G re e n E le c troni c s C ounc i l(G E C).J a p a n E nvi ronme nt Assoc i a ti on(J E

263、A)a nd K ore a E nvi ronme nta l I nd ustry&T e c h nolog y I nsti tute d e ve lop e d c ri te ri a for c onsume r p rod uc ts 2 E U l e g a l f r a me wo r k f o r P V i n d u s t r y p r o d u c t s a t t h e E n d-o f-L i f e /c onti nue dE nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d

264、e li ne s27i nc orp ora ti ng p h otovolta i c c e lls.S i mi la rly,S i ng a p ore E nvi ronme nt C ounc i l d e ve lop e d c ri te ri a only for c onsume r p rod uc ts.T h e G e rma n na ti ona l E c ola b e l,th e Blue Ang e l,h a s i nc lud e d c ri te ri a for i nve rte rs si nc e 2012.T h e Am

265、e ri c a n N a ti ona l S ta nd a rd s I nsti tute (AN S I)e sta b li sh e d e c ola b e lli ng c ri te ri a for P V p a ne ls i n AN S I sta nd a rd 4 57,d e ve lop e d b y N S F I nte rna ti ona l wi th th e sup p ort of th e U S G re e n E le c troni c s C ounc i l(G E C).T h e U S non-p rofi t o

266、rg a ni sa ti on C ra d le to C ra d le P rod uc ts I nnova ti on I nsti tute h a s e sta b li sh e d a c e rti fi c a ti on for th e i nh e re nt susta i na b i li ty of p rod uc ts a nd th e i r c omp one nt ma te ri a ls.The Bl ue Angel i s a n e c ola b e l e sta b li sh e d b y th e G e rma n g

267、 ove rnme nt i n 1978,p i one e ri ng th e d e ve lop me nt of p rod uc t p e rforma nc e c ri te ri a for a b roa d ra ng e of c onsume r p rod uc ts.T h e 2012 Blue Ang e l c ri te ri a for invert ers a p p ly to stri ng a nd multi-stri ng i nve rte rs wi th a n outp ut p owe r of up to 13.8 kV A,

268、th a t a re d e si g ne d for use i n g ri d-c onne c te d P V p owe r syste ms.E xc lud e d from th e p rod uc t g roup a re i nve rte rs i nte g ra te d i nto a mod ule (mi c ro-i nve rte rs)a nd i nve rte rs d e si g ne d for use i n sta nd-a lone syste ms.T h e e i g h t te c h ni c a l c ri te

269、ri a a re:1.E ne rg y e ffi c i e nc y 2.R e a c ti ve p owe r c a p a b i li ty 3.Ma te ri a l re qui re me nts i nc lud i ng p la sti c a nd e le c troni c c omp one nts 4.R e c yc li ng a nd d i sp osa l 5.S a fe ty 6.E le c troma g ne ti c c omp a ti b i li ty 7.N oi se e mi ssi ons T h e c ri t

270、e ri a a re a ll p a ss or fa i l a nd c urre ntly no li c e nc e s h a ve b e e n a wa rd e d.P re vi ous a tte mp ts to d e ve lop c ri te ri a se ts b y th e Blue Ang e l for P V s ys t ems and mo dul es h a ve not b e e n suc c e ssful.Es t abl is hing crit eria fo r PV s ys t ems ra n i nto d i

271、 ffi c ulty wh e n no a g re e me nt c ould b e re a c h e d on th e a sse ssme nt of e ne rg y yi e ld a nd th e re stri c ti on of h a za rd ous sub sta nc e s.T h e re wa s a lso no c onse nsus on th e me th od s for p e rformi ng c omp a ra ti ve a na lyse s of syste m p e rforma nc e,i nste a d

272、 d e si g ne rs we re offe re d a ra ng e of op ti ons a nd softwa re tools.The mo dul e crit eria we re to i nc lud e re qui re me nts re la ti ng to mod ule qua li ty(wi th re fe re nc e to I E C 6 1215 a nd I E C 6 16 4 6 21),th e E ne rg y P a yb a c k T i me (E P BT)of th e p rod uc t,th e ma r

273、ki ng of c omp one nts for re c yc li ng p urp ose s,a nd a re qui re me nt for R oH S c omp li a nc e wh i c h would h a ve e xc lud e d c e rta i n P V-te c h nolog i e s c onta i ni ng le a d or c a d mi um.S i mi la rly,a g re e me nt c ould not b e re a c h e d on h ow to me a sure p e rforma n

274、c e.Sarawu t Kh,Shu t t ers t S i nc e 2015,th e U S org a ni sa ti on N S F I nte rna ti ona l,wi th th e sup p ort of th e G re e n E le c troni c s C ounc i l(G E C),h a s b e e n le a d i ng a p roc e ss to d e ve lop e nvi ronme nta l c ri te ri a for p h otovolta i c mod ule s.T h e re sult of

275、 th i s wa s th e p ub li c a ti on of AN S I sta nd a rd 4 57,wh i c h i s se t to b e c ome a n E P E AT sta nd a rd a s p a rt of th e g lob a l e c ola b e lli ng sc h e me for I T p rod uc ts.G i ve n th e g lob a l suc c e ss of th e E P E AT sta nd a rd s for I C T e qui p me nt,th i s ne w s

276、ta nd a rd h a s p ote nti a lly wi d e r si g ni fi c a nc e th a n j ust wi th i n th e U S A.T h e sta nd a rd c onta i ns p rod uc t p e rforma nc e c ri te ri a,e nvi ronme nta l a nd soc i a l,a nd c onsi sts of th e followi ng se ve n p e rforma nc e c a te g ori e s:1.Ma na g e me nt of sub

277、sta nc e s 2.P re fe ra b le ma te ri a ls use (d e c la ra ti on of re c yc le d c onte nt i n p rod uc t)3.L i fe c yc le a sse ssme nt 4.E ne rg y e ffi c i e nc y&wa te r use 5.E oL ma na g e me nt&d e si g n for re c yc li ng 6.P rod uc t p a c ka g i ng 7.C orp ora te re sp onsi b i li ty L i

278、ke a ll E P E AT sta nd a rd s th re e le ve ls of p e rforma nc e c a n b e a c h i e ve d b ronze,si lve r a nd g old.T h e b ronze le ve l i s i nte nd e d to re fle c t th e p e rforma nc e of th e top th i rd of th e ma rke t.F or E P E AT Bronze only ma nd a tory c ri te ri a me t,for S i lve

279、r a t le a st 50%of op ti ona l c ri te ri a a re me t a nd for G old a t le a st 75%of op ti ona l c ri te ri a a re me t.T h e Cradl e t o Cradl e p rog ra mme i s a t hird p art y verified l abel l ing s cheme i n th e U S A th a t a i ms to d e te rmi ne th e e xte nt to wh i c h th e d e si g n

280、 a nd ma te ri a l c omp osi ti on of a p rod uc t a re a b le to fa c i li ta te future re c yc li ng.T wo ma j or sola r P V p a ne l ma nufa c ture rs a re c urre ntly li ste d a s h a vi ng p rod uc ts c e rti fi e d a c c ord i ng to th e U S C ra d le to C ra d le sc h e me S unp owe r a nd J

281、i nko S ola r.T h e p rog ra mme s c ri te ri a a re g roup e d a c c ord i ng to th e followi ng a ttri b ute s:Mat erial heal t h:U se of ma te ri a ls th a t a re sa fe for h uma n h e a lth a nd th e e nvi ronme nt th roug h a ll use p h a se s.Mat erial reut il is at io n:P rod uc t a nd syste

282、m d e si g n for ma te ri a l re uti li sa ti on,suc h a s re c yc li ng or c omp osti ng.R enewabl e energy and carbo n management:U se of re ne wa b le e ne rg y i n p rod uc ti on.Wat er s t ewards hip:E ffi c i e nt use of wa te r,a nd ma i nte na nc e of wa te r qua li ty a t p rod uc ti on si

283、te s.So cial fairnes s:C omp a ny stra te g i e s for soc i a l re sp onsi b i li ty.C e rti fi c a ti on i s i n four ti e rs of a tta i nme nt-Ba si c,S i lve r,G old,a nd P la ti num le ve ls.T h e c e rti fi c a ti on p rog ra m a p p li e s to ma te ri a ls,sub-a sse mb li e s a nd fi ni sh e d

284、 p rod uc ts.2.7.2.Out l o o k Afte r i ts i ni ti a l p re p a ra tory stud y,th e E urop e a n C ommi ssi on p ub li sh e d a re g ula tory i ni ti a ti ve,na me d “E nvi ronme nta l i mp a c t of p h otovolta i c mod ule s,i nve rte rs a nd syste ms”i n S e p te mb e r 2021.I t foc use s on fe a

285、si b i li ty of re g ula tory a p p roa c h e s for th e e nvi ronme nta l i mp a c t of p h otovolta i c p rod uc ts(p a ne ls,i nve rte rs a nd syste ms)b a se d on Eco des ign D i re c ti ve 2009/125/E C a nd Energy Label l ing R e g ula ti on(E U)2017/136 9.T h e i mp a c t a sse ssme nt a na ly

286、se s re g ula tory soluti ons wi th th e a i m of:F oste ri ng p a ne l a nd i nve rte r d e si g ns th a t h a ve i mp rove d l o ng-t erm energy yiel d,circul arit y(i.e.,i mp rove d a b i li ty to b e re p a i re d a nd re c yc le d)a nd sma rt re a d i ne ss.T a ki ng l o w qual it y p rod uc ts

287、 off th e ma rke t th a t c a n le a d to higher l ife cycl e co s t s.Cl o s ing t he info rmat io n gap (i n te rms of a va i la b i li ty a nd re li a b i li ty)on p rod uc ts a va i la b le on th e E U ma rke t,to sup p ort th e c onsume rs a nd oth e r ma rke t a c tors,suc h a s S ME s,i n th

288、e re c yc li ng a nd re-use se c tors,i n g e tti ng c omp a ra b le i nforma ti on on mod ule e ne rg y yi e ld,mod ule p e rforma nc e long-te rm d e g ra d a ti on a nd li fe-c yc le e ne rg y i mp a c ts.Op t imis ing and increas ing th e e ne rg y yi e ld of sma ll P V i nsta lla ti ons(i nd i

289、c a ti ve ly le ss or e qua l to 20 kW)b y e na b li ng c onsume rs to ma ke a n i nforme d c h oi c e b a se d on th e p e rforma nc e of syste m d e si g ns offe re d b y re ta i le rs a nd i nsta lle rs.Afte r a p ub li c c onsulta ti on th a t ra n from S e p te mb e r-D e c e mb e r 2022,th e E

290、 urop e a n C ommi ssi on i s c urre ntly summa ri si ng th e i np uts a nd d ra fti ng th e re le va nt re g ula tory i nstrume nts.Ba se d on th i s le g i sla ti ve p roc e ss,ne w E U rule s i ntrod uc i ng P V E c od e si g n a nd E ne rg y L a b e lli ng re qui re me nts a re e xp e c te d to

291、b e fi na li se d i n th e c ourse of 2024.2 E U l e g a l f r a me wo r k f o r P V i n d u s t r y p r o d u c t s a t t h e E n d-o f-L i f e /c onti nue dE nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s28E nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s29T r

292、a n s i t i o n f r o m o p e r a t i o n s t o E n d-o f-L i f e3 no s t al 6ie,Shut t ers t o ck.co mWit h t he increas e in t he ins t al l ed cap acit y o f s o l ar energy wo rl dwide,t he vo l umes o f p ho t o vo l t aic(PV)mo dul es t hat wil l be deco mmis s io ned in t he co ming years are

293、 drawing increas ing at t ent io n.In Euro p e,t his t o p ic is es p ecial l y imp o rt ant fo r t wo main reas o ns:(i)t he WEEE Direct ive,which cat ego ris es and s et s p recis e t arget s fo r t he co l l ect io n and recycl ing o f al l WEEE,incl uding PV p anel s under cat ego ry 4,and(ii)t

294、he fact t hat many l arge PV fl eet s are ap p ro aching t he end o f t heir des igned t echnical l ife(20-25 years)o r being revamp ed/rep o wered wit h newer t echno l o gy.T od a y,P V p a ne ls a re c ontri b uti ng si g ni fi c a ntly to th e fi rst ste p i n th e wa ste h i e ra rc h y,p re ve

295、 nti on of wa ste.Wi th p rod uc t g ua ra nte e s of te n ye a rs a nd p e rforma nc e g ua ra nte e s of ove r 20 ye a rs,P V p a ne ls a re ve ry e ffe c ti ve a t e nsuri ng th a t soc i e ty a voi d s th e i mp a c ts of wa ste a nd th e re la te d c osts for ma ny ye a rs.Wh e n P V syste ms a

296、 re d e c ommi ssi one d,i t i s p ossi b le for th e li fe ti me of P V p a ne ls to b e e xte nd e d d uri ng a se c ond li fe,wh i c h i s a c knowle d g e d und e r th e Wa ste F ra me work a nd WE E E D i re c ti ve s a s re-use.N e ve rth e le ss,re c yc li ng i s th e d e fa ult stra te g y f

297、or d e c ommi ssi one d P V p a ne ls i n E urop e.H owe ve r,i t i s e sti ma te d th a t i n th e ne xt 10-15 ye a rs,more th a n 50%of th e P V p a ne ls c onsi d e re d a s“wa ste”c ould b e re-use d b e c a use th e y a re sti ll func ti ona l.T h i s would b e on c ond i ti on th a t th e re-u

298、se i s d one und e r e nvi ronme nta lly sound,qua li ta ti ve a nd sa fe c ond i ti ons.1 T h i s i s i n li ne wi th th e p ri nc i p le s of c i rc ula ri ty,wh i c h a i m a t ma xi mi si ng th e usa g e of e qui p me nt b e fore re a c h i ng th e re c yc li ng sta g e s(for more i nforma ti on

299、 on re c yc li ng P V c omp one nts,re fe r to C h a p te r 4.T a ke b a c k a nd re c yc li ng p rog ra mme s).T h e work p re se nte d i n th i s c h a p te r i s me a nt,th e re fore,to i nc re a se a wa re ne ss a nd und e rsta nd i ng of th e c urre nt sta te-of-th e-a rt p ra c ti c e s re g a

300、 rd i ng th e E oL ma na g e me nt of P V p a ne ls,g e ne ra lly c a rri e d out b y O&M se rvi c e p rovi d e rs on b e h a lf of th e P V p la nts owne rs a nd i d e nti fy b e st p ra c ti c e s th a t c ould g ui d e a nd a li g n a ll sta ke h old e rs.T h e g ui d e li ne s p rop ose d h e re

301、 a re me a nt to b ri ng c onse nsus,i mp rove me nts,a nd re c omme nd a ti ons for more e ffi c i e nt wa ste ma na g e me nt me a sure s.T h e y a lso a i m to c ontri b ute to th e p rop e r,tra nsp a re nt a nd org a ni se d re d uc ti on of P V wa ste,th us sup p orti ng th e tra nsi ti on to

302、a more susta i na b le a nd c i rc ula r P V se c tor.3.1.T h e P V-wa s t e c h a l l e n g e D uri ng th e op e ra ti on p h a se of la rg e-sc a le P V p la nts,th e re a re th re e ma i n a c ti vi ti e s th a t c ontri b ute to th e g e ne ra ti on of d e c ommi ssi one d P V p a ne ls a nd i n

303、ve rte rs:2 i.P re ve nti ve a nd c orre c ti ve ma i nte na nc e i i.R e va mp i ng a nd re p owe ri ng i nte rve nti ons i i i.D i sp osa l,i.e.,wh e n th e owne r of th e P V p a ne ls or i nve rte rs d i sc a rd s,i s wi lli ng to d i sc a rd or must d i sc a rd th e se p rod uc ts 1Ovi e d o H

304、e rna nd e z et al.,2022.2E T I P P V,2022.E nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s30P V d e vi c e s a re c onsi d e re d a s wa ste wh e n th e y a re no long e r a b le to p e rform th e i r ori g i na lly i nte nd e d func ti on,e ve n a fte r re p a i r.R e c yc la te

305、 s a re le g a lly c onsi d e re d wa ste a s we ll,h owe ve r,re c yc la te s a re se c ond a ry ra w ma te ri a ls th a t h a ve b e e n g e ne ra te d b y me a ns of th e re c ove ry of wa ste or a re g e ne ra te d i n th e d i sp osa l of wa ste a nd a re sui ta b le for th e p rod uc ti on of

306、p rod uc ts.Wh e n i t c ome s to P V p a ne ls,th e sola r i nd ustry usua lly c onsi d e rs th e m a s wa ste wh e n p owe r d rop s b e low a g ua ra nte e d le ve l(se e F i g ure 4)or a s p a rt of a n i nsura nc e c la i m a fte r d a ma g e s from se ve re we a th e r e ve nts(e.g.,h a i l).I

307、 n a d d i ti on,wh e n a P V p a ne l re a c h e s th e e nd of i ts na tura l te c h ni c a l li fe (a fte r a t le a st 25 ye a rs of op e ra ti on),i t i s e sti ma te d th a t i t sti ll p osse sse s a p p roxi ma te ly 80%of i ts i ni ti a l p owe r g e ne ra ti on c a p a c i ty th a t c ould

308、 b e e xp loi te d b y g i vi ng th e mod ule a n e xte nd e d,or se c ond li fe.3 3 T r a n s i t i o n f r o m o p e r a t i o n s t o E n d-o f-L i f e /c onti nue dFIGURE 4 CUR R E NT P R AC T I CE S BAS E D ON WAR R ANT Y T E R MSSOURCE:Ba yWa r.e.008080909090.790.79797100100%115510101515202025

309、25YearsStandard linear warrantyStandard linear warranty80.280.2If Pactual P warranty=wasteResidual power10 years product warranty25 years linear power warranty3 Ma j e wski et al.,2021.E nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s31C urre ntly,th e ve ry fi rst E urop e a n P V

310、 fle e ts,i nsta lle d d uri ng th e b oom of fe e d-i n ta ri ff sc h e me s,h a ve p a sse d mi d li fe (10+ye a rs old)a nd we a re e xp e ri e nc i ng a n unp re c e d e nte d i nc re a se i n re va mp i ng a nd re p owe ri ng a c ti vi ti e s a i me d a t i mp rovi ng th e p e rforma nc e of e

311、xi sti ng a sse ts th roug h th e re p la c e me nt of old P V p a ne ls a nd i nve rte rs wi th ne w one s.T h i s c ontri b ute s to a n i nc re a si ng numb e r of p a ne ls b e i ng d e c ommi ssi one d b e fore th e y re a c h th e e nd of th e i r na tura l li fe ti me s,a s would h a ve b e e

312、 n e nvi si one d i n th e p roj e c ts ori g i na l fi na nc i a l mod e l.T h e pr emat u r e re p la c e me nt of P V p a ne ls p re se nts ne w op p ortuni ti e s for op ti mi si ng th e p e rforma nc e of e xi sti ng P V a sse ts wi th out re qui ri ng ne w la nd.At th e sa me ti me,h owe ve r,

313、i t p ose s c h a lle ng e s for O&M se rvi c e p rovi d e rs,loc a l wa ste c onsorti a a nd re c yc le rs wh o must c olle c t a nd p rop e rly h a nd le th e i nc omi ng volume s of d e c ommi ssi one d P V p a ne ls.I s re c yc li ng th e only op ti on or a se c ond li fe c a n b e e xp lore d (

314、F i g ure 5)?FIGURE 5 T HE P V WAS T E CHAL L E NGE AND T HE S E COND L I F E OP P OR T UNI T YSOURCE:Ba yWa r.e.O&M Service providerPV Plant ownerPV Plantservice lifetime20-25yearsYESCorrective maintenanceRevamping/RepoweringEnd-of-Lifeapprox.10 yearsDecommissionedPV unitsSafe&Functional?NOWaste co

315、nsortiumRecycling/DisposalSecond lifeRepair/Re-useYESChallenge:to handle tonsof decommissioned PV componentsE nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s323.2.Ma n a g e me n t o f d e c o mmi s s i o n e d P V p a n e l s:c u r r e n t p r a c t i c e s I t i s c ommon p ra c

316、ti c e i n th e uti li ty-sc a le se c tor th a t wh e n P V syste ms ne e d to b e d e c ommi ssi one d,i t i s th e O&M se rvi c e p rovi d e r th a t ofte n a c ti va te s th e p roc e ss of d i sma ntli ng a nd d i sp osa l on b e h a lf of th e p la nt owne rs,p rovi d i ng ma i nly le g a l/a

317、d mi ni stra ti ve sup p ort a nd log i sti c s.T h e d e c ommi ssi one d P V p a ne ls a nd/or i nve rte rs a re th e n c olle c te d b y a n a p p rove d wa ste c olle c ti ng c omp a ny wh o sh i p s th e se to a tre a tme nt fa c i li ty to b e p roc e sse d i n li ne wi th to th e re le va nt

318、na ti ona l a nd loc a l le g i sla ti ve fra me work.4 A more d e ta i le d p roc e ss i s sh own i n F i g ure 6 b e low.3.3.T h e r e-u s e ma r ke t:o p p o r t u n i t i e s a n d c h a l l e n g e s F rom th e p re vi ous se c ti on,we le a rne d th a t i t i s c ommon p ra c ti c e th a t d e

319、 c ommi ssi one d P V syste ms e nte r th e wa ste stre a m d i re c tly a nd a re p roc e sse d to re c ove r ma te ri a ls.H owe ve r,some stud i e s a nd e xp e rts h a ve e na b le d a d i sc ussi on a b out d e fi ni ng wh a t c onsti tute s a re usa b le P V p a ne l or i nve rte r a nd und e

320、r wh i c h c ond i ti ons th e se p rod uc ts c a n b e tra nsforme d i nto qua li ta ti ve,sa fe a nd e nvi ronme nta lly sound se c ond-h a nd p rod uc ts.53 T r a n s i t i o n f r o m o p e r a t i o n s t o E n d-o f-L i f e /c onti nue dFIGURE 6 E ND-OF-L I F E MANAGE ME NT -T HE S T AT E-OF-T

321、 HE-AR TSOURCE:Ba yWa r.e.O&M service provider&plant ownerO&M service providerWaste operatorWaste operatorO&M service provider,waste operator&local authoritiesAgreement on service/offer&contractSelection of waste operatorDismounting&Storage on-siteCollection&transportationDisposal&RecyclingManagemen

322、t of EoL documentationActivitiesO&M service provider&plant owner Acceptance order from O&M service provider or PV plant owner Invoice issued by the PV waste operator SN number list Shipment order H&SA clearnace Transfer of ownership Certificate of proper disposal Service contract Declaration by PV p

323、lant owner that decommissioned components are wasteStakeholders involvedDocumentationexchangeDisposal and Recycling are currently the mainstream options4 Ovi e d o H e rna nd e z et al.,2022.5Ma j e wski et al.,2020,T sa na ka s et al.,2020,L e mp kowi c z et al.,2021,D od d et al.,2020,G od i nh o

324、Ari olli,2021,S a li m et al.,2019,V a n D e r H e i d e et.al.,2022,V a n Op sta l a nd S me e ts,2023.E nd-of-L i fe Ma na g e me nt Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s33D e c re a si ng th e e nvi ronme nta l i mp a c t of th e P V se c tor a nd i mp rovi ng e ne rg y a c c e ss,e sp e c i a lly

325、 i n p oorly c onne c te d a re a s.F urth e rmore,a c c ord i ng to th e Wa ste F ra me work D i re c ti ve s wa ste h i e ra rc h y,re-use h a s a h i g h e r p ri ori ty th a n re c yc li ng,re c ove ry,a nd d i sp osa l,c omi ng j ust a fte r wa ste p re ve nti on.T h us,i d e a lly,re c yc li n

326、g would only b e c onsi d e re d wh e n qua li ta ti ve,sa fe a nd e nvi ronme nta lly sound p re p a ra ti on for re-use i s not p ossi b le,suc h a s i n si tua ti ons wh e re th e c omp one nts a re d a ma g e d a nd c a nnot b e re p a i re d.H owe ve r,to c omp ly wi th th e p ri nc i p le s of

327、 c i rc ula ri ty a nd susta i na b i li ty,p re p a ra ti on for re-use c a n only ta ke p la c e wh e n th e re i s a se t of te c h ni c a l c ond i ti ons th a t d e fi ne wh e n a P V p a ne l i s re usa b le (e.g.mi ni mum th re sh old of e le c tri c i ty outp ut,mi ni mum a mount of te sti n

328、g,i d e nti ty c a rd a c c omp a nyi ng e a c h P V p a ne l p re p a re d for re-use a nd c ond i ti ons und e r wh i c h a re-use c e ntre for P V p a ne ls c a n op e ra te).I n oth e r word s,d e c ommi ssi one d P V p a ne ls sh ould only re a c h th e re c yc li ng p h a se wh e n th e se a r

329、e no long e r func ti ona l nor sa fe for se c ond-h a nd usa g e.T h e ma i n re a sons for p re p a ri ng func ti ona l P V p a ne ls or i nve rte rs for re-use a re c onne c te d to th e op p ortuni ti e s a nd a d va nta g e s th a t th i s p ra c ti c e c a n b ri ng suc h a s th e e xa mp le s

330、 me nti one d b e low a nd i n F i g ure 7.H owe ve r,b e yond th e op p ortuni ti e s a nd a d va nta g e s,th e b usi ne ss p e rsp e c ti ve sh ould b e c onsi d e re d a s we ll.P re p a ri ng func ti ona l P V p a ne ls or i nve rte rs for re-use not only unloc ks e c onomi c b e ne fi ts b ut

331、a lso se rve s a s a me a ns of c omp lyi ng wi th e xi sti ng le g i sla ti on a nd b olste ri ng th e re p uta ti on of c omp a ni e s for susta i na b i li ty a nd c i rc ula ri ty.The oppor t u nit ies and adv ant ages of pr epar ing fu nct ional PV panels and inv er t er s for r e-u s e ar e:P

332、re ve nti ng th e m from p re ma ture ly e nte ri ng th e wa ste stre a m.R e d uc i ng th e a mount of wa ste g e ne ra te d b y th e P V i nd ustry.R e d uc i ng th e unne c e ssa ry e xtra c ti on of va lua b le ra w ma te ri a ls a nd e na b li ng th e re c ove ry of re le va nt e le me nts,suc

333、h a s me ta ls.FIGURE 7 T HE P OT E NT I AL OF R E-US ESOURCE:Ba yWa r.e.Second lifeCorrective maintenance Repowering/Revamping End-of-LifeDisposal&RecyclingUtility-scale PV PlantE-wastetreatment facility Repair old systems with feed-in-tariff,replacing rare PV modules(rare PV)Off-grid solutions(e-bikes,irrigation,public lighting,healthcare centres)Residential rooftops,carports Off-grid hybrid sys