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1、 FOR RELEASE MAY 23,2024 Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in the U.S.64%of Americans live within 2 miles of a public charging station,and those who live closest to chargers view EVs more positively BY Samuel Bestvater and Sono Shah FOR MEDIA OR OTHER INQUIRIES:Samuel Bestvater,Computational

2、Social Scientist Sono Shah,Associate Director,Data Labs Sogand Afkari,Communications Manager 202.419.4372 www.pewresearch.org RECOMMENDED CITATION Pew Research Center,May 2024,“Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in the U.S.”1 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org About Pew Research Center Pe

3、w Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues,attitudes and trends shaping the world.It does not take policy positions.The Center conducts public opinion polling,demographic research,computational social science research and other data-driven research.It studi

4、es politics and policy;news habits and media;the internet and technology;religion;race and ethnicity;international affairs;social,demographic and economic trends;science;research methodology and data science;and immigration and migration.All of the Centers reports are available at www.pewresearch.or

5、g.Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts,its primary funder.Pew Research Center,2024 2 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org How we did this Pew Research Center conducted this study to understand Americans views on electric vehicles.We surveyed 10,329 U.S.adults from May

6、30 to June 4,2023.Everyone who took part in the survey is a member of the Centers American Trends Panel(ATP),an online survey panel that is recruited through national,random sampling of residential addresses.This way,nearly all U.S.adults have a chance of selection.The survey is weighted to be repre

7、sentative of the U.S.adult population by gender,race,ethnicity,partisan affiliation,education and other categories.Read more about the ATPs methodology.We supplemented the data from the survey with data on EVs and charging stations from the U.S.Energy Department,specifically the Office of Energy Eff

8、iciency&Renewable Energy and its Alternative Fuels Data Center.This dataset is updated frequently;we accessed it for this study on Feb.27,2024.The analysis in this report relies on two different measures of community type,one based on what ATP panelists self-reported when asked“How would you describ

9、e the community where you currently live?”This measure is used when discussing differences in public opinion towards EV charging infrastructure or related issues and distinguishes between urban,suburban and rural areas.The other measure is based on the U.S.Census Bureaus urban-rural classification,w

10、hich identifies urban and rural areas based on minimum housing unit density and/or population density thresholds.Here are the questions used for this analysis,along with responses,and the survey methodology.3 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in the U.S

11、.64%of Americans live within 2 miles of a public charging station,and those who live closest to chargers view EVs more positively Several recent laws,including the 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act,have sought to encourage the development of electric ve

12、hicle infrastructure and increase the adoption of electric vehicles(EVs).And a Pew Research Center survey paired with an analysis of U.S.Department of Energy data finds that roughly six-in-ten Americans now live within 2 miles of a public charger.There were over 61,000 publicly accessible electric v

13、ehicle charging stations in the United States as of February 2024.The vast majority of EV charging occurs at home,but access to public infrastructure is tightly linked with Americans opinions of electric vehicles themselves.Our analysis finds that Americans who live close to public chargers view EVs

14、 more positively than those who are farther away.Even when accounting for factors like partisan identification and community type,Americans who live close to EV chargers are more likely to say they:Already own an electric or hybrid vehicle Would consider buying an EV for their next vehicle About 6 i

15、n 10 Americans live within 2 miles of a public EV charger%of U.S.adults living _ from the nearest public electric vehicle charging station Note:Charger location data accessed Nov.8,2023.Source:Survey of U.S.adults conducted May 30-June 4,2023;U.S.Energy Department,Alternative Fuels Data Center.PEW R

16、ESEARCH CENTER 01251020+Distance to nearest EV charging station(miles)2 miles 36%of AmericansMOREPOPULATION39%CLOSER TOCHARGERS4 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Favor phasing out production of new gasoline cars and trucks by 2035 Are confident that the U.S.will build the necessary infrastruc

17、ture to support large numbers of EVs on the roads Here are some other key takeaways from our geographic analysis of EV chargers:The number of EV charging stations has more than doubled since 2020.In December 2020,the Department of Energy reported that there were nearly 29,000 public charging station

18、s nationwide.By February 2024,that number had increased to more than 61,000 stations.Over 95%of the American public now lives in a county that has at least one public EV charging station.EV charging stations are most accessible to residents of urban areas:60%of urban residents live less than a mile

19、from the nearest public EV charger,compared with 41%of those in the suburbs and just 17%of rural Americans.Related:How Americans view electric vehicles Todays electric vehicle market:Slow growth in U.S.,faster in China,Europe 5 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Distribution of EV charging stat

20、ions in the U.S.As of Feb.27,2024,there are more than 61,000 publicly accessible electric vehicle charging stations with Level 2 or DC Fast chargers in the U.S.1 That is a more than twofold increase from roughly 29,000 stations in 2020.For reference,there are an estimated 145,000 gasoline fueling st

21、ations in the country.EV charging stations can be found in two-thirds of all U.S.counties,which collectively include 95%of the countrys population.1 These charging stations collectively contain more than 164,000 individual ports.6 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Electric vehicle charging sta

22、tions exist across the country,but most are concentrated in and around urban areas Number of public electric vehicle charging stations in each 25 mile area Note:Charger location data accessed Feb.27,2024.Source:U.S.Energy Department,Alternative Fuels Data Center.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 7 PEW RESEARCH CE

23、NTER www.pewresearch.org Distribution by state As has been the case in the past,California has the most EV charging infrastructure of any state.The state is home to a quarter of all public EV charging stations in the U.S.,though This represents a slightly decrease from the last time we analyzed this

24、 data source in May 2021.At that time,California contained 31%of all public EV charging stations in the U.S.Californians with an EV might also have a harder time than residents of many states when it comes to the actual experience of finding and using a charger.Despite having the most charging stati

25、ons of any state,Californias 43,780 individual public charging ports must provide service for the more than 1.2 million electric vehicles registered to its residents.That works out to one public port for every 29 EVs,a ratio that ranks California 49th across all 50 states and the District of Columbi

26、a.At the other end of the spectrum,Wyoming(one-to-six),North Dakota(one-to-six)and West Virginia(one-to-eight)have the most ports relative to the much smaller number of EVs registered in their respective states.Infrastructure growth in rural areas Historically,rural parts of the country have had sub

27、stantially less access to EV charging stations.Addressing that issue has been a focus of recent legislation passed into law.For instance,the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act(IRA)contains tax credits designed to incentivize the installation of EV charging stations outside urban areas.Since the IRAs tax c

28、redits became active,the number of EV charging stations nationwide has increased 29%.But rural parts of the U.S.have a slightly faster growth rate in their total number of charging stations when compared with urban areas(34%vs.29%).2 Even so,access to public EV charging remains heavily concentrated

29、in urban areas,which account for nearly 90%of all stations in the U.S.as of Feb.27,2024.2 The 2022 Inflation Reduction Act uses the Census Bureaus definition of urban versus rural areas,which defines an urban area as a census block that encompasses at least 2,000 housing units or has a population of

30、 at least 5,000.8 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Who lives closest to EV charging stations?The vast majority of Americans now live in a county with at least one public EV charging station,But some live closer to this infrastructure than others:39%of Americans live within a mile of a public

31、charging station,and 64%have a charging station within 2 miles of home.Americans who live in cities are especially likely to have a public charging station very close to their home.Six-in-ten urban residents live within a mile of a public charger,compared with 41%of suburbanites and just 17%of rural

32、 Americans.Because of this distribution,those who live closest to EV charging infrastructure tend to share the demographic characteristics of urban residents more broadly.For instance,they tend to be relatively young and are more likely to have a college degree than those in other community types.Lo

33、oking at political affiliation,48%of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents live within a mile of a public charger,compared with 31%of Republicans and Republican leaners.However,there are no substantial differences in distance to the nearest charger by income.Similar shares of Americans with

34、lower,middle and upper incomes live within a mile of public charging stations.City dwellers,Democrats and younger adults are more likely to live near a public EV charger%of U.S.adults living _ from the nearest public electric vehicle charging station Note:Charger location data accessed Nov.8,2023.Sh

35、ares may not sum to 100%due to rounding.Source:Survey of U.S.adults conducted May 30-June 4,2023;U.S.Energy Department,Alternative Fuels Data Center.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 2miles1-2miles2miles1-2miles1mileAll U.S.adults10 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Owning or considering an electric vehicle

36、 Americans who live near a public charger are a bit more likely to say they currently own an electric vehicle or hybrid.As of June 2023,11%of those who live within a mile of a public charger said they owned an EV or hybrid;that figure is 7%for those who live more than 2 miles from a charging station

37、.Those who live close to public charging infrastructure are also much more likely to consider purchasing an EV in the future.Around half of those within a mile of a public charger say they are very or somewhat likely to consider purchasing an EV,compared with just 27%of those for whom the nearest ch

38、arger is more than 2 miles away.These trends persist if we look at urban,suburban and rural areas separately.3 For instance,just 17%of rural Americans live within a mile of an EV charger,but those who do live close to one are substantially more likely to consider buying an EV in the future(33%)when

39、compared with those who live more than 2 miles from the nearest charging station(21%).Likewise,Democrats are much more likely than Republicans to say theyd consider buying an EV,but members of both parties are more willing to consider an EV when they live near charging infrastructure.Just 15%of Repu

40、blicans who live more than 2 miles from a charger say they are very or somewhat likely to consider an 3 In addition to the results reported here,we used binary logistic regression to explore these(and other)relationships while accounting for other attributes(in regression parlance,while“controlling”

41、for other factors).For more about this methodology and to see the results of that analysis in more detail,refer to Appendix A.Those who live closest to charging infrastructure are more likely to consider purchasing an EV%of U.S.adults living _ from the nearest public electric vehicle charging statio

42、n who say they are very or somewhat likely to consider purchasing an EV as their next vehicle Note:Charger location data accessed Nov.8,2023.Source:Survey of U.S.adults conducted May 30-June 4,2023;U.S.Energy Department,Alternative Fuels Data Center.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 0%5010038Urban45Suburban38Rura

43、l27Dem/Lean Dem57Rep/Lean Rep191-2miles2miles47275142473233216050261547275142473233216050261511 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org EV for their next vehicle purchase.But among Republicans who live within a mile of a charger,that share is 26%.And although 60%of Democrats living in close proximit

44、y to chargers say theyd consider buying an EV,that share drops to 50%among those whose nearest public charger is over 2 miles away.Does road tripping experience affect attitudes toward EVs?Some transportation experts have suggested that“range anxiety”associated with the need to charge EVs partway th

45、rough longer road trips is a stumbling block to widespread EV adoption.But our data finds that attitudes toward EVs dont differ that much based on how often people take long car trips.In fact,those who regularly drive more than 100 miles are slightly more likely to say they currently own an electric

46、 vehicle or hybrid and also to say theyd consider purchasing an EV in the future when compared with those who make these trips less often.Those who frequently take long road trips and those who dont have similar attitudes toward EVs%of U.S.adults who take trips longer than 100 miles by car _ who say

47、 they(are)Source:Surveys of U.S.adults conducted May 30-June 4,2023,and Aug.7-27,2023.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 0%2550Every fewmonthsor moreOnce ortwice a yearor lessVery/Somewhat likely to seriouslyconsider purchasing an electric vehiclethe next time they purchase a vehicleCurrently own an electricor hyb

48、rid vehicleExtremely/Very confident that the U.S.will build the charging stations andinfrastructure needed to support largenumbers of electric vehicles on the roadsFavor phasing out production of newgasoline cars and trucks by 203536397111717423836397111717423812 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.

49、org Acknowledgments This report is a collaborative effort based on the input and analysis of the following individuals:Primary Researchers Samuel Bestvater,Computational Social Scientist Sono Shah,Associate Director,Data Labs Research Team Aaron Smith,Director,Data Labs Eileen Yam,Director,Science a

50、nd Society Research Alec Tyson,Associate Director,Science and Society Research Brian Kennedy,Senior Researcher Athena Chapekis,Data Science Analyst Emma Kikuchi,Research Assistant Editorial and Graphic Design Alissa Scheller,Senior Information Graphics Designer Anna Jackson,Editorial Assistant Commu

51、nications and Web Publishing Sogand Afkari,Communications Manager Andrew Grant,Communications Associate Janakee Chavda,Digital Producer In addition,the project benefited greatly from the guidance of Pew Research Centers survey methods team:Courtney Kennedy,Andrew Mercer,Dorene Asare-Marfo,Ashley Ama

52、ya,Arnold Lau and Dana Popky.13 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Appendix A:Regression analyses The following table details the results of a series of statistical models predicting various measures related to peoples attitudes toward electric vehicles from a set of explanatory variables,or pr

53、edictors.These models can be interpreted as estimating the effect of proximity to charging infrastructure on these outcomes of interest,while controlling for other factors related to attitudes towards EVs such as urbanicity,political ideology and socioeconomic status.The models used are binary logis

54、tic regression models based on the full sample of U.S.adults surveyed for this study.The analyses are based on the weighted sample,thus adjusting for differences in the probability of selection and nonresponse differences across groups.Results are reported as statistically significant based on a p v

55、alue threshold of 0.05.Each model omits respondents who gave no response to one or more of the survey questions included in the models.Four binary outcome variables are considered.Model 1 predicts whether respondents favor phasing out production of new gasoline cars and trucks by 2035;Model 2 predic

56、ts whether respondents say they are very or somewhat likely to seriously consider purchasing an EV;Model 3 predicts whether respondents say they are extremely or very confident that the U.S.will build the required infrastructure to support large numbers of EVs on the road;and Model 4 predicts whethe

57、r respondents already own an electric vehicle or hybrid.The explanatory variables included in each of these models are as follows:Distance from nearest charging station:Included in the model as the natural logarithm of the distance from each respondents home address to the nearest publicly accessibl

58、e charging station in miles.4 In the table of results,distances of 1 mile,2 miles,and 5 miles are compared against a baseline distance of 0.1 miles.Urbanicity:Included in the model as a categorical variable,with suburban and rural against a baseline category of urban.Partisan identification:Included

59、 in the model as a categorical variable,with Dem/Lean Dem and No lean against a baseline category of Rep/Lean Rep.In the table of results,Dem/Lean Dem is compared against Rep/Lean Rep.4 Including this distance variable in the model on a logarithmic scale means that the effect of a unit change lower

60、in the variables range will be larger than such a change higher in the range.This helps align the analysis with the way that humans actually perceive distances and ensures that the difference between a distance of 1 mile and a distance of 2 miles is not treated the same way as the difference between

61、 a distance of 50 miles and a distance of 51 miles.14 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Age:Included in the model as each respondents age in years.In the table of results,ages of 30,50 and 65 years are compared against a baseline age of 18 years.Educational attainment:Included in the model as

62、a numeric scale,ranging from 1(equivalent to less than a high school diploma)to 6(equivalent to a postgraduate degree).In the table of results,some college,college degree and postgraduate degree are compared against a baseline of high school graduate.Frequency of car trips longer than 100 miles:Incl

63、uded in the model as a numeric scale,ranging from 1(equivalent to never)to 5(equivalent to once a week or more).In the table of results,Once or twice a year and once a week or more are compared against a baseline of never.Home ownership:Included in the model as a binary variable.Income class:Include

64、d in the model as a numeric scale,ranging from 1(equivalent to lower income)to 5(equivalent to upper income).In the table of results,middle income and upper income are compared against a baseline of lower income.Each figure in the table shows the difference in predicted probability between two categ

65、ories or values of an explanatory variable if that variable is a statistically significant predictor of the outcome variable of interest in a given model.For example,in the first column of the table(Model 1),an individual who identifies with or leans toward the Democratic party is 46%more likely tha

66、n a Republican to favor phasing out production of new gasoline cars and trucks by 2035,holding the other variables at their central tendency(mean or mode,as appropriate).And in the same column(Model 1),someone who lives in a rural area is predicted to be 9%less likely than an urban resident to favor

67、 phasing out gas-powered vehicles,again holding the other variables at their respective mean or mode.The total number of respondents in each analysis ranges between 9,367 and a possible maximum of 10,329(the total number of respondents who took part in the survey),depending on the number of missing

68、responses to the questions included in the models.15 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Proximity to charging stations predicts positive attitudes towards EVs,even when controlling for other related factors Difference in predicted probability of outcome variable associated with specified change

69、 in each predictor Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Outcome variable:Favor p phasing out hasing out prproduction of new oduction of new gasoline cars andgasoline cars and truckstrucks by 2035 Very/Somewhat likely to sto seriously eriously consider consider purchasing an purchasing an electric veelect

70、ric vehiclehicle the next time they purchase a vehicle Extremely/Very confident that the U.S.will builU.S.will build the d the charging stations charging stations and infrastructureand infrastructure needed to support large numbers of electric vehicles on the roads CurrentlCurrently owny own an elec

71、tric vehicle or hybrid Predictors:Distance from nearest charging station:1 mile(vs.0.1 mi)-0.05-0.09-0.06-0.04 2 miles-0.07-0.11-0.07-0.05 5 miles-0.09-0.15-0.09-0.06 Demographics:Suburban(vs.Urban)NS NS NS NS Rural-0.09-0.08-0.09 NS Dem/Lean Dem(vs.Rep/Lean Rep)+0.46+0.35+0.17+0.03 Age 30(vs.18)-0.

72、04-0.04 NS-0.01 Age 50-0.1-0.1 NS-0.03 Age 65-0.16-0.17 NS-0.05 Some college(vs.HS diploma)+0.04+0.05 NS+0.01 College grad+0.11+0.14 NS+0.04 Postgraduate degree+0.14+0.18 NS+0.05 Frequency of trips 100 miles:Once or twice a year(vs.Never)NS+0.03 NS+0.02 Once a week or more NS+0.1 NS+0.1 Socioeconomi

73、c status:Homeowner NS NS NS+0.05 Middle income(vs.Lower income)NS+0.11 NS NS Upper income NS+0.22 NS NS Model N 9,367 9,452 9,452 9,433 Note:Figures shown are differences between selected groups in the predicted probabilities of saying the response shown while other factors are held at their mean or

74、 mode using binary logistic regressions.Positive and negative values indicate the direction of effects.“NS”indicates variable coefficient is not statistically significant(based on a threshold p value 0.05).Source:Surveys of U.S.adults conducted May 30-June 4,2023,and Aug.7-27,2023;U.S.Energy Departm

75、ent,Alternative Fuels Data Center.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 16 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Based on these analyses,proximity to charging infrastructure is a statistically significant predictor of more positive attitudes toward EVs,even when controlling for other factors:Those who live closer t

76、o charging stations are more in favor of phasing out production of gas-powered vehicles(Model 1).When compared with an individual who lives 0.1 miles from the nearest charger,someone who is 1 mile away is 5%less likely to say they favor phasing out production of new gasoline cars and trucks by 2035;

77、someone 2 miles away is 7%less likely and someone 5 miles away is 9%less likely to say this.Those who live closer to charging stations are more likely to consider buying an EV(Model 2).When compared with an individual who lives 0.1 miles from the nearest charger,someone who is 1 mile away is 9%less

78、likely to say they are very or somewhat likely to seriously consider purchasing an electric vehicle the next time they purchase a vehicle;someone 2 miles away is 11%less likely and someone 5 miles away is 15%less likely to say this.Those who live closer to charging stations are more confident that t

79、he U.S.will build the required infrastructure(Model 3).When compared with an individual who lives 0.1 miles from the nearest charger,someone who is 1 mile away is 6%less likely to say they are extremely or very confident that the U.S.will build the charging stations and infrastructure needed to supp

80、ort large numbers of electric vehicles on the roads;someone 2 miles away is 7%less likely and someone 5 miles away is 9%less likely to say this.Those who live closer to charging stations are more likely to already own an electric vehicle or hybrid(Model 4).When compared with an individual who lives

81、0.1 miles from the nearest charger,someone who is 1 mile away is 4%less likely to already own an electric vehicle or hybrid;someone 2 miles away is 5%less likely and someone 5 miles away is 6%less likely to own one.17 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Appendix B:Vehicle-to-charger ratios for e

82、ach state Electric vehicle registrations and charging stations by state State Public charging stations Registered EVs EVs per public charging station Alabama 361 13100 36.3 Alaska 62 2700 43.5 Arizona 1179 86200 73.1 Arkansas 308 7600 24.7 California 15710 1264700 80.5 Colorado 2110 83900 39.8 Conne

83、cticut 756 35100 46.4 Delaware 187 8200 43.9 District of Columbia 341 9100 26.7 Florida 3228 213800 66.2 Georgia 1933 78200 40.5 Hawaii 354 25400 71.8 Idaho 181 9400 51.9 Illinois 1248 92600 74.2 Indiana 536 27800 51.9 Iowa 354 11100 31.4 Kansas 514 11900 23.2 Kentucky 301 12000 39.9 Louisiana 239 8

84、800 36.8 Maine 471 10700 22.7 Maryland 1605 69000 43 Massachusetts 2911 79900 27.4 Michigan 1394 57400 41.2 Minnesota 770 36200 47 Mississippi 142 4000 28.2 Missouri 1188 28300 23.8 Montana 124 5000 40.3 Nebraska 260 7500 28.8 Nevada 572 41700 72.9 New Hampshire 231 11800 51.1 New Jersey 1230 113800

85、 92.5 New Mexico 293 11000 37.5 New York 3796 144500 38.1 North Carolina 1504 64400 42.8 North Dakota 95 1200 12.6 18 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Ohio 1555 51900 33.4 Oklahoma 333 27800 83.5 Oregon 1176 69500 59.1 Pennsylvania 1667 72800 43.7 Rhode Island 300 7700 25.7 South Carolina 515

86、 20200 39.2 South Dakota 91 2200 24.2 Tennessee 840 30900 36.8 Texas 3157 191800 60.8 Utah 880 38200 43.4 Vermont 376 9500 25.3 Virginia 1454 78300 53.9 Washington 2104 135500 64.4 West Virginia 137 3300 24.1 Wisconsin 572 25700 44.9 Wyoming 95 1400 14.7 Note:Charger location data accessed Feb.27,20

87、24;vehicle registration counts reflect end of 2022.Source:U.S.Energy Department,Alternative Fuels Data Center.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 19 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Methodology American Trends Panel survey methodology The American Trends Panel(ATP),created by Pew Research Center,is a nationa

88、lly representative panel of randomly selected U.S.adults.Panelists participate via self-administered web surveys.Panelists who do not have internet access at home are provided with a tablet and wireless internet connection.Interviews are conducted in both English and Spanish.The panel is being manag

89、ed by Ipsos.Data in this report is drawn from ATP Wave 128,conducted from May 30 to June 4,2023,and includes an oversample of Hispanic adults,non-Hispanic Asian adults,non-Hispanic Black adults and 18-to 29-year-olds in order to provide more precise estimates of the opinions and experiences of these

90、 smaller demographic subgroups.These oversampled groups are weighted back to reflect their correct proportions in the population.A total of 10,329 panelists responded out of 12,178 who were sampled,for a response rate of 85%.The cumulative response rate accounting for nonresponse to the recruitment

91、surveys and attrition is 3%.The break-off rate among panelists who logged on to the survey and completed at least one item is 2%.The margin of sampling error for the full sample of 10,329 respondents is plus or minus 1.5 percentage points.Panel recruitment The ATP was created in 2014,with the first

92、cohort of panelists invited to join the panel at the end of a large,national,landline and cellphone random-digit dial survey that was conducted in both English and Spanish.Two additional recruitments were conducted using the same method in 2015 and 2017,respectively.Across these three surveys,a tota

93、l of 19,718 adults were invited to join the ATP,of whom 9,942(50%)agreed to participate.American Trends Panel recruitment surveys Recruitment dates Mode Invited Joined Active panelists remaining Jan.23 to March 16,2014 Landline/cell RDD 9,809 5,338 1,498 Aug.27 to Oct.4,2015 Landline/cell RDD 6,004

94、2,976 879 April 25 to June 4,2017 Landline/cell RDD 3,905 1,628 432 Aug.8 to Oct.31,2018 ABS 9,396 8,778 4,113 Aug.19 to Nov.30,2019 ABS 5,900 4,720 1,465 June 1 to July 19,2020;Feb.10 to March 31,2021 ABS 3,197 2,812 1,541 May 29 to July 7,2021;Sept.16 to Nov.1,2021 ABS 1,329 1,162 785 May 24 to Se

95、pt.29,2022 ABS 3,354 2,869 1,691 Total 42,894 30,283 12,404 Note:RDD is random-digit dial;ABS is address-based sampling.Approximately once per year,panelists who have not participated in multiple consecutive waves or who did not complete an annual profiling survey are removed from the panel.Panelist

96、s also become inactive if they ask to be removed from the panel.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 20 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org In August 2018,the ATP switched from telephone to address-based recruitment.Invitations were sent to a stratified,random sample of households selected from the U.S.Postal Se

97、rvices Delivery Sequence File.Sampled households receive mailings asking a randomly selected adult to complete a survey online.A question at the end of the survey asks if the respondent is willing to join the ATP.In 2020 and 2021 another stage was added to the recruitment.Households that did not res

98、pond to the online survey were sent a paper version of the questionnaire,$5 and a postage-paid return envelope.A subset of the adults who returned the paper version of the survey were invited to join the ATP.This subset of adults received a follow-up mailing with a$10 pre-incentive and invitation to

99、 join the ATP.Across the five address-based recruitments,a total of 23,176 adults were invited to join the ATP,of whom 20,341 agreed to join the panel and completed an initial profile survey.In each household,one adult was selected and asked to go online to complete a survey,at the end of which they

100、 were invited to join the panel.Of the 30,283 individuals who have ever joined the ATP,12,404 remained active panelists and continued to receive survey invitations at the time this survey was conducted.The U.S.Postal Services Delivery Sequence File has been estimated to cover as much as 98%of the po

101、pulation,although some studies suggest that the coverage could be in the low 90%range.5 The American Trends Panel never uses breakout routers or chains that direct respondents to additional surveys.Sample design The overall target population for this survey was noninstitutionalized persons ages 18 a

102、nd older living in the U.S.,including Alaska and Hawaii.It featured a stratified random sample from the ATP in which Hispanic adults,non-Hispanic Asian adults,non-Hispanic Black adults and 18-to 29-year-olds were selected with certainty.The remaining panelists were sampled at rates designed to ensur

103、e that the share of respondents in each stratum is proportional to its share of the U.S.adult population to the greatest extent possible.Respondent weights are adjusted to account for differential probabilities of selection as described in the Weighting section below.Questionnaire development and te

104、sting The questionnaire was developed by Pew Research Center in consultation with Ipsos.The web program was rigorously tested on both PC and mobile devices by the Ipsos project management team and Pew Research Center researchers.The Ipsos project management team also populated 5 AAPOR Task Force on

105、Address-based Sampling.2016.“AAPOR Report:Address-based Sampling.”21 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org test data that was analyzed in SPSS to ensure the logic and randomizations were working as intended before launching the survey.Incentives All respondents were offered a post-paid incentive f

106、or their participation.Respondents could choose to receive the post-paid incentive in the form of a check or a gift code to A or could choose to decline the incentive.Incentive amounts ranged from$5 to$20 depending on whether the respondent belongs to a part of the population that is harder or easie

107、r to reach.Differential incentive amounts were designed to increase panel survey participation among groups that traditionally have low survey response propensities.Data collection protocol The data collection field period for this survey was May 30 to June 4,2023.Postcard notifications were mailed

108、to all ATP panelists with a known residential address on May 30.Invitations were sent out in two separate launches:soft launch and full launch.Sixty panelists were included in the soft launch,which began with an initial invitation sent on May 30.The ATP panelists chosen for the initial soft launch w

109、ere known responders who had completed previous ATP surveys within one day of receiving their invitation.All remaining English-and Spanish-speaking sampled panelists were included in the full launch and were sent an invitation on May 31.All panelists with an email address received an email invitatio

110、n and up to two email reminders if they did not respond to the survey.All ATP panelists who consented to SMS messages received an SMS invitation and up to two SMS reminders.Invitation and reminder dates,ATP Wave 128 Soft launch Full launch Initial invitation May 30,2023 May 31,2023 First reminder Ju

111、ne 2,2023 June 2,2023 Final reminder June 4,2023 June 4,2023 PEW RESEARCH CENTER 22 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Data quality checks To ensure high-quality data,the Centers researchers performed data quality checks to identify any respondents showing clear patterns of satisficing.This inc

112、ludes checking for very high rates of leaving questions blank,as well as always selecting the first or last answer presented.As a result of this checking,19 respondents were removed from the survey dataset.An additional 70 respondents were removed from the survey due to a sample loading error which

113、occurred during survey launch.All 89 ATP respondents were excluded from the data prior to weighting and analysis.Weighting The ATP data is weighted in a multistep process that accounts for multiple stages of sampling and nonresponse that occur at different points in the survey process.First,each pan

114、elist begins with a base weight that reflects their probability of selection for their initial recruitment survey.These weights are then rescaled and adjusted to account for changes in the design of ATP recruitment surveys from year to year.Finally,the weights are calibrated to align with the popula

115、tion benchmarks in the accompanying table to correct for nonresponse to recruitment surveys and panel attrition.If only a subsample of panelists was invited to participate in the wave,this weight is adjusted to account for any differential probabilities of selection.American Trends Panel weighting d

116、imensions Variable Benchmark source Age(detailed)Age x Gender Education x Gender Education x Age Race/Ethnicity x Education Born inside vs.outside the U.S.among Hispanics and Asian Americans Years lived in the U.S.2021 American Community Survey(ACS)Census region x Metro/Non-metro 2021 CPS March Supp

117、lement Volunteerism 2021 CPS Volunteering&Civic Life Supplement Voter registration 2018 CPS Voting and Registration Supplement Party affiliation Frequency of internet use Religious affiliation 2022 National Public Opinion Reference Survey(NPORS)Additional weighting dimensions applied within Black ad

118、ults Age Gender Education Hispanic ethnicity 2021 American Community Survey(ACS)Voter registration 2018 CPS Voting and Registration Supplement Party affiliation Religious affiliation 2022 National Public Opinion Reference Survey(NPORS)Note:Estimates from the ACS are based on noninstitutionalized adu

119、lts.Voter registration is calculated using procedures from Hur,Achen(2013)and rescaled to include the total U.S.adult population.PEW RESEARCH CENTER 23 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Among the panelists who completed the survey,this weight is then calibrated again to align with the populati

120、on benchmarks identified in the accompanying table and trimmed at the 1st and 99th percentiles to reduce the loss in precision stemming from variance in the weights.Sampling errors and tests of statistical significance take into account the effect of weighting.The following table shows the unweighte

121、d sample sizes and the error attributable to sampling that would be expected at the 95%level of confidence for different groups in the survey.24 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Sample sizes and margins of error,ATP Wave 128 Group Unweighted sample size Plus or minus Total sample 10,329 1.5 p

122、ercentage points 2 miles 3,536 2.5 percentage points Ages 18-29 861 4.5 percentage points 30-49 3,282 2.5 percentage points 50-64 3,006 2.6 percentage points 65+3,143 2.5 percentage points Urban 2,610 3.1 percentage points Suburban 5,305 2.0 percentage points Rural 2,377 3.0 percentage points Rep/le

123、an Rep 4,716 2.1 percentage points Dem/lean Dem 5,336 2.1 percentage points H.S.graduate or less 1,914 3.1 percentage points Some college 3,296 2.5 percentage points College graduate+5,086 1.8 percentage points Lower income 2,208 3.3 percentage points Middle income 5,030 2.1 percentage points Upper

124、income 2,496 2.7 percentage points Note:This survey includes oversamples of Hispanic adults,non-Hispanic Asian adults,non-Hispanic Black adults and 18-to 29-year-olds.Unweighted sample sizes do not account for the sample design or weighting and do not describe a groups contribution to weighted estim

125、ates.See the Sample design and Weighting sections above for details.PEW RESEARCH CENTER Sample sizes and sampling errors for other subgroups are available upon request.In addition to sampling error,one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can int

126、roduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls.25 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Dispositions and response rates Final dispositions,ATP Wave 128 AAPOR code Total Completed interview 1.1 10,329 Logged on to survey;broke off 2.12 186 Logged on to survey;did not complete any items 2.1

127、121 100 Never logged on(implicit refusal)2.11 1,467 Survey completed after close of the field period 2.27 7 Completed interview but was removed for data quality 89 Screened out 0 Total panelists sampled for the survey 12,178 Completed interviews I 10,330 Partial interviews P 0 Refusals R 1,753 Non-c

128、ontact NC 7 Other O 89 Unknown household UH 0 Unknown other UO 0 Not eligible NE 0 Total 12,178 AAPOR RR1=I/(I+P+R+NC+O+UH+UO)85%PEW RESEARCH CENTER Cumulative response rate as of ATP Wave 128 Total Weighted response rate to recruitment surveys 12%of recruitment survey respondents who agreed to join

129、 the panel,among those invited 71%of those agreeing to join who were active panelists at start of Wave 128 48%Response rate to Wave 128 survey 85%Cumulative response rate 3%PEW RESEARCH CENTER 26 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Adjusting income and defining income tiers To create upper-,midd

130、le-and lower-income tiers,respondents 2021 family incomes were adjusted for differences in purchasing power by geographic region and household size.“Middle-income”adults live in families with annual incomes that are two-thirds to double the median family income in the panel(after incomes have been a

131、djusted for the local cost of living and household size).The middle-income range for the American Trends Panel is about$43,800 to$131,500 annually for an average family of three.Lower-income families have incomes less than roughly$43,800,and upper-income families have incomes greater than roughly$13

132、1,500(all figures are expressed in 2021 dollars).Based on these adjustments,29%of respondents in Wave 128 are lower income,47%are middle income and 18%fall into the upper-income tier.An additional 6%either didnt offer a response to the income question or the household size question.Here is more info

133、rmation about how the income tiers were determined.27 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Additional survey questions Additional questions used for this analysis were asked on ATP Wave 133.Read more about the methodology for Wave 133.Sources for geographic data EV charger locations Data on the l

134、ocations of EV chargers in the United States comes from the U.S.Energy Departments Office of Energy Efficiency&Renewable Energy and its Alternative Fuels Data Center,which maintains a database of alternative fueling stations that includes EV chargers.EV registrations Data on the number of electric v

135、ehicles registered in each state comes from the U.S.Energy Departments Office of Energy Efficiency&Renewable Energy and its Alternative Fuels Data Center,which maintains a database of vehicle registration counts and associated fuel types by state.Urban and rural census blocks Data on whether a censu

136、s block is considered an urban or rural area is based on the Census Bureaus updated urban-rural classification scheme.28 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org Survey question wording and topline 2023 PEW RESEARCH CENTERS AMERICAN TRENDS PANEL WAVE 128 EV TOPLINE May 30-June 4,2023 N=10,329 NOTE:AL

137、L NUMBERS ARE PERCENTAGES UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED.ROWS/COLUMNS MAY NOT TOTAL 100%DUE TO ROUNDING.THE QUESTIONS PRESENTED BELOW ARE PART OF A LARGER SURVEY CONDUCTED ON THE AMERICAN TRENDS PANEL.THE OTHER QUESTIONS ON THIS SURVEY HAVE BEEN PREVIOUSLY RELEASED.Sample size Margin of error at 95%confiden

138、ce level U.S.adults 10,329+/-1.5 percentage points ASK ALL:EVCAR3 Do you favor or oppose phasing out the production of new gasoline cars and trucks by the year 2035?Favor Oppose No answer May 30-Jun 4,2023 40 59 1 May 2-8,2022 43 55 2 Apr 20-29,2021 47 51 3 ASK ALL:EVEREAD How confident are you that

139、 the U.S.will build the charging stations and infrastructure needed to support large numbers of electric vehicles on the roads?RANDOMIZE ORDER OF RESPONSE OPTIONS 1-5 AND 5-1 FOR RANDOM HALF SAMPLE May 30-Jun 4,2023 5 Extremely confident 12 Very confident 30 Somewhat confident 26 Not too confident 2

140、7 Not at all confident 1 No answer 29 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org ASK ALL:EVCAR2 The next time you purchase a vehicle,how likely are you to seriously consider purchasing an electric vehicle?Very likely Somewhat likely Not too likely Not at all likely I do not expect to purchase a vehicle

141、 No answer May 30-Jun 4,2023 15 23 22 28 13 1 May 2-8,2022 16 25 21 24 13 1 Apr 20-29,2021 15 24 24 23 14 1 ASK ALL:EVCAR1 Do you currently have an electric or hybrid vehicle?Yes No No answer May 30-Jun 4,2023 9 90 1 May 2-8,2022 9 91 1 Apr 20-29,2021 7 93 1 30 PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.or

142、g 2023 PEW RESEARCH CENTERS AMERICAN TRENDS PANEL WAVE 133 EV TOPLINE AUGUST 7-27,2023 N=11,945 NOTE:ALL NUMBERS ARE PERCENTAGES UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED.ROWS/COLUMNS MAY NOT TOTAL 100%DUE TO ROUNDING.THE QUESTIONS PRESENTED BELOW ARE PART OF A LARGER SURVEY CONDUCTED ON THE AMERICAN TRENDS PANEL.THE

143、OTHER QUESTIONS ON THIS SURVEY HAVE BEEN PREVIOUSLY RELEASED.Sample size Margin of error at 95%confidence level U.S.adults 11,945+/-1.4 percentage points ASK ALL:LONGTRIPS How often do you take car trips that are 100 miles or more?RANDOMIZE RESPONSE OPTIONS 1-5 OR 5-1 Aug 7-27 2023 5 Once a week or more 15 Around once a month 28 Every few months 40 Once or twice a year 13 Never 1 No answer Pew Research Center,2024