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1、Towards Green And Just Cities 2021 United Nations Environment Programme and United Nations Human Settlements ProgrammeISBN No: 978-92-807-3889-6Job No: DEW/2387/NA This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission

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4、0100, Kenya. Cover design: Joseph Shmidt-Klingenberg and Sebastian Obermeyer Graphic Design: Joseph Shmidt-Klingenberg and Sebastian Obermeyer Layout: GRID Arendal Disclaimers All versions of this work may contain content reproduced under license from third parties. Permission to reproduce this thir

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7、ument does not imply endorsement by UNEP or the authors. The use of information from this document for publicity or advertising is not permitted. Trademark names and symbols are used in an editorial fashion with no intention on infringement of trademark or copyright laws. The views expressed in this

8、 publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Environment Programme. We regret any errors or omissions that may have been unwittingly made. Maps, photos, and illustrations as specified Suggested citation: United Nations Environment Programme and

9、 United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) (2021). Global Environment for Cities-GEO for Cities: Towards Green and Just Cities. UNEP, Nairobi.GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK FOR CITIESGEO FOR CITIES TOWARDS GREEN AND JUST CITIES UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in

10、its own activities. This report is printed on paper from sustainable forests including recycled fibre. The paper is chlorine free, and the inks vegetable-based Our distribution policy aims to reduceUNEPs carbon footprintAcknowledgementsThe sixth Global Environment Outlook (GEO) for Cities report is

11、a product of the generous dedication and extraordinary investment of numerous individuals. Their knowledge, expertise and insight have helped shape this important publication. A complete list of reviewers can be found at the end of this publication. Special thanks are extended to:Co-chairsJulie Gree

12、nwalt (Go Green for Climate)Diego Martino (Universidad ORT Uruguay; Asesoramiento Ambiental Estratgico AAE)Advisory committeeSarah Colenbrander (Overseas Development Institute)David Dodman (International Institute for Environment and Development)Rene Peter Hohmann (Cities Alliance) Megan Meaney (Int

13、ernational Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, Local Governments for Sustainability)Emmanuelle Pinault (C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group)Neha Sami (Indian Institute for Human Settlements)Michelle Wyman (Global Council for Science and the Environment)Chapter coordinatorsAndr Confiado, Yun

14、ting Duan, Marcia Guambe, Caroline Kaimuru, Casimir Legrand, Franklin Odhiambo, Adele Roccato, Isabel WetzelGEO for Cities core teamPierre Boileau (Head of GEO Unit), Bernhard Barth, Andr Confiado, Yunting Duan, Sharon Gil, Caroline Kaimuru, Sebastian Lange, Caroline Mureithi, Grace Odhiambo, Frankl

15、in Odhiambo, Brigitte Ohanga, Martina Otto, Adele Roccato, Andrew Rudd, Sharif Shawky, Isabel Wetzel, Edoardo ZandriVisual authorsJoseph Schimdt-Klingenberg, Sebastian Obermeyer (Joseph & Sebastian)Maps and graphicsJoseph Schimdt-Klingenberg, Sebastian Obermeyer (Joseph & Sebastian)Jie Liu, Zeeshan

16、Shirazi, Lei Wang (CASEarth).Fernanda Mackinnon Apolo, Emma Prevett (Universidad ORT Uruguay)Copy EditorStrategic AgendaGEO-6 funding and technical supportThe following organizations provided funding and technical support directly or indirectly to the Global Environment Outlook for Cities (GEO for C

17、ities): the Government of Norway, together with the United Nations Environment Programme Environment Fund and Regular Budget supported this project, while technical assistance was provided by GRID-Arendal and CASEarth. These generous contributions made the production of GEO for Cities possible.GEO f

18、or Cities4Table of contentsAcknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Executive Directors Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Co-chairs Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Summary for city-level decision makers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 CHAPTER 1: Why GEO for Cities, Why Now? . . . . . .

21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131.1 What you will find in this report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Re

22、ferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18CHAPTER 2: Urban Dynamics for Environmental Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222.2 The state of cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222.3 Unpacking city “lock-ins” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、. . . . . . . . . . .262.4 Catalyzing environmentally sustainable and just transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40CHAPTER 3: The State

27、of the Environment in Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433.1 The city as a nexus of connections in time and space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443.2 How ar

28、e global environmental changes affecting cities? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453.3 How are cities affecting the environment locally and globally? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29、 . . . . . . .503.4 Data and information needs on the state and trends of the environment at the city scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .543.5 Equity and the environment: impacts on human health and well-being in cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

30、63.6 Interacting impacts and the urgency of action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60CHAPTER 4: Cities that Work for People and Planet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .654.1 Cities as opportunities: using local turning points to avoid global tipping po

32、ints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .664.2 Future cities: three dimensions of integrated action for urban transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .674.3 Working across dimensions for maximum local to global impact . . . . . . . . .

33、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .824.4 From city visions to realities: transformative pathways to change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89CHAPTER 5: Achieving Urban Transformation: From Visions to Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .955.1 From lock-ins to transformative pathways . . . . . .

35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .965.2 Net-zero circular cities pathway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36、 .985.3 Decarbonization pathway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1045.4 Resilient and sustainable cities pathway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1085.5 Inclusive and just city pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1125.6 Achieving urban transformations: key lessons .

38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39、. . . . . . . .122Co Chairs Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129Reviewers . . . . . . . . .

41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132Table of contents5Fig

43、uresBoxesTablesWhy GEO for Cities, Why Now?Figure 1.1: Location and boundaries for Mandlakazi, Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14Figure 1.2: Location and surroundings of Toronto, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Urban Dynamics for Environmental ActionFigure 2.1: City growth rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45、. . . . . . . . .23Figure 2.2: Population distribution by size and class of settlement and region, 2018 and 2030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23Figure 2.3: Where rapid growth faces vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25Figure 2.4: Effects of political economy lock-ins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27Figure 2.5: Effects of urban planning lock-ins . . . . . . . . . .

47、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29Figure 2.6: Effects of urban governance lock-ins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48、.32The State of the Environment in CitiesFigure 3.1: Interconnections: how cities influence the environment and the environment influences cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Figure 3.2: The impact of drivers of environmental change on cities and human well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49、. . . . . . . . . . . . .46Cities that Work for People and PlanetFigure 4.1: Dimensions of integrated action for urban transformation and their relationships across sub-areas . . . . . . . . . . .68Figure 4.2: Maps of retrievable copper in Amsterdam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72Figure 4.3: Oslos bee highway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82Figure 4.4: Interactions betwe