1、目錄1Contents1.BACKGROUND 52.METHODOLOGY 6 2.1 RESEARCH FRONTS SELECTION AND NAMING 6 2.2 FINAL SELECTION AND INTERPRETATION OF KEY RESEARCH FRONTS 7BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGAGRICULTURAL,PLANT AND ANIMAL SCIENCESECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESGEOSCIENCES1.HOT RESEARCH FRONT 11 1.1 TREND OF THE TOP

2、10 RESEARCH FRONTS IN AGRICULTURAL,PLANT AND ANIMAL SCIENCES 11 1.2 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals”13 1.3 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Research and application of plant pan-genome”162.EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT 19 2.1 OVERVIEW OF EMERGING RESEARCH FRONTS

3、 IN AGRICULTURAL,PLANT AND ANIMAL SCIENCES 19 2.2 KEY EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT “The mechanism and methods of alleviating arsenic poisoning in crops”191.HOT RESEARCH FRONT 23 1.1 TREND OF THE TOP 10 RESEARCH FRONTS IN ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 23 1.2 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Environmental cons

4、equences and management of solid waste and medical waste caused by COVID-19”25 1.3 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and COVID-19 epidemiological surveillance based on wastewater”292.EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT 32 2.1 OVERVIEW OF EMERGING RESEARCH FRONTS IN ECOLOGY AND ENVIRO

5、NMENTAL SCIENCES 32 2.2 KEY EMERGING RESARCH FRONT “The impact of the 2019/2020 megafires on Australian forest ecosystem and the climate related drivers”321.HOT RESEARCH FRONT 35 1.1 TREND OF THE TOP 10 RESEARCH FRONTS IN GEOSCIENCES 35 1.2 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Radiocarbon age calibration curves,

6、data sets,and applications”36 1.3 KEY HOT RESARCH FRONT “Analysis of asteroid surface characteristics and composition”402.EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT 44 2.1 OVERVIEW OF EMERGING RESEARCH FRONTS IN GEOSCIENCES 44 2.2 KEY EMERGING RESARCH FRONT “Multi-scale characterization of reservoir,insights from oil

7、fields,Gulf of Suez,Egypt”44研究前沿2CLINICAL MEDICINEASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICSBIOLOGICAL SCIENCESCHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS SCIENCEPHYSICS1.HOT RESEARCH FRONT 47 1.1 TREND OF THE TOP 10 RESEARCH FRONTS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE 47 1.2 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Genetics and renaming of NAFLD”48 1.3 KEY HOT RESEA

8、RCH FRONT “Impaired interferon activity in COVID-19 patients”522.EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT 54 2.1 SUMMARY OF EMERGING RESEARCH FRONTS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE 54 2.2 KEY EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT GROUP “Side effects and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against variants”551.HOT RESEARCH FRONT 57 1.1 TREND

9、OF THE TOP 10 RESEARCH FRONTS IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 57 1.2 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Discovery and drug development of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2”58 1.3 KEY HOT RESARCH FRONT “PCR nucleic acid detection of SARS-CoV-2”622.EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT 63 2.1 OVERVIEW OF EMERGING RESEARCH FRO

10、NTS IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 63 2.2 KEY EMERGING RESARCH FRONT “AlphaFold and other artificial intelligence predict protein structure”641.HOT RESEARCH FRONT 67 1.1 TREND OF THE TOP 10 RESEARCH FRONTS IN CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 67 1.2 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Nanozymes”68 1.3 KEY HOT RESARCH FRO

11、NT “Machine learning-assisted chemistry synthesis”702.EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT 73 2.1 OVERVIEWOF EMERGING RESEARCH FRONTS IN CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 73 2.2 KEY EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT “Research on Core Fundamental Problems and Commercialization Technology of Perovskite Solar Cells”731.HOT RES

12、EARCH FRONT 77 1.1 TREND OF THE TOP 10 RESEARCH FRONTS IN PHYSICS 77 1.2 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Magnetic topological insulators MnBi2Te4”78 1.3 KEY HOT RESARCH FRONT“Efficient metal halide perovskite light-emitting diodes”812.EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT 85 2.1 OVERVIEW OF EMERGING RESEARCH FRONTS IN PH

13、YSICS 85 2.2 KEY EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT “Two-dimensional MoSi2N4 materials”851.HOT RESEARCH FRONT 87 1.1 TREND OF THE TOP 10 RESEARCH FRONTS IN ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 87 1.2 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Heliophysics research using Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter”88 1.3 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “S

14、imulations of stars,galaxies,and the universe”92目錄3MATHEMATICSECONOMICS,PSYCHOLOGY AND OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCESINFORMATION SCIENCE1.HOT RESEARCH FRONT 97 1.1 TREND OF THE TOP 10 RESEARCH FRONTS IN MATHEMATICS 97 1.2 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Numerical algorithms for high-dimensional partial differential

15、equations based on deep learning”98 1.3 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Dense packing of equal-sized spheres in 8-and 24-dimensional space”1022.EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT 104 2.1 OVERVIEW OF EMERGING RESEARCH FRONTS IN MATHEMATICS 104 2.2 KEY EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT “Recurrent neural networks for time series f

16、orecasting”1041.HOT RESEARCH FRONT 107 1.1 TREND OF THE TOP 10 RESEARCH FRONTS IN INFORMATION SCIENCE 107 1.2 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Research on deep learning methods for de novo drug design”108 1.3 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Research on multi-agent reinforcement learning”1122.EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT

17、115 2.1 OVERVIEW OF EMERGING RESEARCH FRONTS IN INFORMATION SCIENCE 115 2.2 KEY EMERGING RESARCH FRONT “Explainable Artificial Intelligence(XAI)”1151.HOT RESEARCH FRONT 117 1.1 TREND OF THE TOP 10 RESEARCH FRONTS IN ECONOMICS,PSYCHOLOGY AND OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES 117 1.2 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT:“Finan

18、cial market volatility amid the COVID-19 global pandemic”118 1.3 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Research on scientific mapping in the field of economic management based on bibliometric analysis”1222.EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT 126 2.1 SUMMARY OF EMERGING RESEARCH FRONTS IN ECONOMICS,PSYCHOLOGY AND OTHER SOCIAL

19、 SCIENCES 126 2.2 KEY EMERGING RESARCH FRONT “Studies of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and related issues”1272.EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT 95 2.1 OVERVIEW OF EMERGING RESEARCH FRONTS IN ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 95 2.2 KEY EMERGING RESARCH FRONT “The properties of GW190814s secondary component with 2.

20、6 solar mass”95Compilation Committee 137APPENDIX RESEARCH FRONTS:IN SEARCH OF THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENCE 1284RESEARCH FRONTS BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOG2022 RESEARCH FRONTS 5BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOG1.BACKGROUNDThe world of scientific research presents a sprawling,ever-changing landscape.The ability to

21、identify where the action is and,in particular,to track emerging specialty areas,provides a distinct advantage for administrators,policy makers,and others who need to monitor,support,and advance the conduct of research in the face of finite resources.To that end,Clarivate generates data and reports

22、on“Research Fronts.”These specialties are defined when scientists undertake the fundamental scholarly act of citing one anothers work,reflecting a specific commonality in their research sometimes experimental data,sometimes a method,or perhaps a concept or hypothesis.By tracking the worlds most sign

23、ificant scientific and scholarly literature and the patterns and groupings of how papers are cited in particular,clusters of papers that are frequently cited together,“Research Fronts”can be discovered.When such a group of highly cited papers attains a certain level of activity and coherence(detecte

24、d by quantitative analysis),a Research Front is formed,with these highly cited papers serving as the fronts foundational“core.”Research Front data reveal links among researchers working on related threads of scientific inquiry,even if the researchers backgrounds might not suggest that they belong to

25、 the same“invisible college.”In all,Research Fronts afford a unique vantage point from which to watch science unfold not relying on the possibly subjective judgments of an indexer or cataloguer,buthinging instead on the cognitive and social connections that scientists themselves forge when citing on

26、e anothers work.The Research Fronts data provide an ongoing chronicle of how discrete fields of activity emerge,coalesce,grow(or,possibly,shrink and dissipate),and branch off from one another as they self-organize into even newer nodes of activity.Throughout this evolution,the foundations of each co

27、re the main papers,authors,and institutions in each area can be ascertained and monitored.Meanwhile,analysis of the associated citing papers(those papers that cite the core literature)provides a tool for unveiling the latest progress and the evolving direction of scientific fields.In 2013,Clarivate

28、published an inaugural report in which 100 hot Research Fronts were identified.In 2014 and 2015,Research Fronts 2014 and Research Fronts 2015 were undertaken as a collaborative project by the Joint Research Center of Emerging Technology Analysis established by Clarivate and the National Science Libr

29、ary,Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).In 2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,and 2021,the Institutes of Science and Development,CAS,National Science Library,CAS and Clarivate jointly released the Research Fronts 2016,Research Fronts 2017,Research Fronts 2018,Research Fronts 2019,Research Fronts 2020,and Researc

30、h Fronts 2021.These reports have gained widespread attention from around the world.This year,the same methodology with some modifications was employed.For the newest edition,Research Fronts 2022,110 hot Research Fronts and 55 emerging Research Fronts were identified based on co-citation analysis tha

31、t generated 12610 Research Fronts in the Clarivate database Essential Science Indicators(ESI).6RESEARCH FRONTS 2.METHODOLOGY The study was conducted in two parts.The process of selecting and naming 165 Research Fronts was completed collaboratively by Clarivate and the Institute of Strategic Informat

32、ion within the Institutes of Science and Development,CAS.Moreover,Clarivate provided data on the core papers and citing papers of the selected 165 Research Fronts.Final selection of key Research Fronts(i.e.,hot Research Fronts and emerging Research Fronts),and the interpretation of these respective

33、specialty areas,were completed by the Institute of Strategic Information.For the 2022 update,the Research Fronts drew on ESI data from 2016-2021,which were obtained in March 2022.2.1 RESEARCH FRONTS SELECTION AND NAMINGResearch Fronts 2022 presents a total of 165 Research Fronts,including 110 hot an

34、d 55 emerging ones.In 2022,the Research Fronts are classified into 11*broad research areas in the sciences and social sciences.Starting from 12610 Research Fronts in ESI,the objective was to discover which Research Fronts were most active or developing most rapidly.The specific methodology used for

35、identifying the 165 Research Fronts is described as follows.2.1.1 SELECTING THE HOT RESEARCH FRONTSIn addition to the area of Mathematics and Information Science,Research Fronts in each ESI field were first ranked by total citations,and the Top 10%of the fronts in each ESI field were extracted.These

36、 Research Fronts were then merged into 9 broad areas and re-ranked according to the average(mean)year of their core papers to produce the“youngest”ones in each broad area.Based on these data,the strategic information professionals with domain knowledge adjusted and merged some Research Fronts,result

37、ing in a total of 90 hot Research Fronts.Due to the publication and citation characteristics of“Mathematics”and“Information Science”,a new method was applied to select the hot and emerging Research Fronts in these two broad areas in 2022.First,Research Fronts were ranked based on their average citat

38、ions per core paper,and those above the mean calculated independently in mathematics and information science were selected.Then,based on the ratio of core papers published in Q1 journals in these Research Fronts,the ones above the average ratio in a broad area were identified and re-ranked according

39、 to mean publication years of their core papers.Among these specialty areas,the Research Fronts that met the criteria were selected and provided to the strategic information professionals.Based on the professionals judgment of which candidate fronts have accelerated the advancements of knowledge in

40、the two main fields,ten hot Research Fronts were chosen separately for“Mathematics”and“Information Science”.The 10 fronts selected for each of the 11 highly aggregated,main areas of science and social sciences represent the hottest of the largest fronts,not necessarily the hottest Research Fronts ac

41、ross the database(all disciplines).Due to the different characteristics and citation behaviors in various disciplines,some fronts are much smaller than others in terms of number of core and citing papers.2.1.2 SELECTING THE EMERGING RESEARCH FRONTSA Research Front with core papers of recent vintage

42、indicates*11 broader areas include Agricultural,Plant and Animal Sciences”,“Ecology and Environmental Sciences”,“Geosciences”,“Clinical Medicine”,“Biological Sciences”,“Chemistry and Materials Science”,“Physics”,“Astronomy and Astrophysics”,“Mathematics”,“Information Science”,and“Economics,Psycholog

43、y and Other Social Sciences”.Q1 journals refer to the journals ranked in the top 25%based on the journal impact factors in Journal Citation ReportsTM.“7BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGa specialty with a young foundation that is rapidly growing.To identify emerging specialties,the immediacy of the core pape

44、rs is a priority,and that is why it is characterized as“emerging.”For the nine broader areas,to identify emerging specialties,extra preference,or weight,was given to the currency of the foundation literature:only Research Fronts whose core papers dated,on average,to the second half of 2020 or more r

45、ecently were considered.Then these were sorted in descending order by their total citations in each ESI field corresponding to the nine broader area.We selected the top 10%Research Fronts in each ESI field and ensured that at least one front was selected in an ESI field even if there were only a lim

46、ited number of research fronts in the field.The selected Research Fronts were delivered to the Institute of Strategic Information,where information professionals with domain knowledge made the final selection of emerging Research Fronts and grouped them into 9 broader fields.Fifty one fronts were se

47、lected as emerging for the nine broader areas,and the earliest mean year of the emerging fronts was 2020.5.The identification of emerging Research Fronts in“Mathematics”and“Information Science”drew upon the same method employed in selecting hot Research Fronts in the two broad areas.Potential emergi

48、ng Research Fronts were chosen based on their average citations per core paper and,additionally,on the ratio of core papers published in Q1 journals.Ultimately,according to the mean publication years of the fronts,two most-recent Research Fronts were determined as emerging fronts for each of the two

49、 broad areas.There are in total 55 emerging Research Fronts in the 11 broader areas.Because the selection was not limited to any research area,the 55 fronts are distributed unevenly in the 11 fields.For example,there is no emerging Research Front in Mathematics,while there are 17 emerging Research F

50、ronts in Clinical Medicine”,but only one in Geosciences.Based on the above two methods,the report presents the Top 10 hot fronts in each of the 11 broad areas(110 fronts in total)and 55 emerging ones.2.1.3.NAMING THE RESEARCH FRONTSBased on the research themes,main contents,and characteristics of th

51、e selected Research Fronts,the strategic information professionals re-named each of the 165 Research Fronts and made some adjustments after consulting the domain experts.2.2 FINAL SELECTION AND INTERPRETATION OF KEY RESEARCH FRONTSBased on the core papers and citing papers of 165 Research Fronts pro

52、vided by Clarivate,information professionals at the Institute of Strategic Information,conducted a detailed analysis and interpretation to highlight 32 key Research Fronts and 1 key Research Front group(Chapter 2 to Chapter 12)of particular interest,including both hot and emerging fronts.As discusse

53、d above,a Research Front consists of a core of highly cited papers along with the citing papers that have frequently co-cited the core.In other words,core papers are all highly cited papers in ESI papers that rank in the top 1%in terms of citations in the same ESI field and in the same publication y

54、ear.Since the authors,institutions and countries/territories listed on the core papers have made significant contributions to the particular specialty,a tabulation of these appears in the analysis of the Research Fronts.Meanwhile,by reading the full text of the citing articles,greater precision can

55、be obtained in specifying the topic of the Research Front,especially in terms of its recent development or leading-edge findings.In this case,it is not necessary that the citing papers are themselves highly cited.2.2.1 FINAL SELECTION OF KEY RESEARCH FRONTSIn Research Fronts 2014,an index known as C

56、PT was designed to select key Research Fronts.From 2015 on,a scale indicator,the number of core papers(P),has also been considered.(1)The number of core papers(P)ESI classifies Research Fronts according to the co-cited paper clusters and reveals their development trend based on the metadata of the p

57、aper clusters,along with statistical analysis.The number of core papers(P)indicates the size of a Research 8RESEARCH FRONTS Front,and average(mean)publication year and the time distribution of the core papers demonstrates the progress of the area.The number of core papers(P)also illustrates the impo

58、rtance of the knowledge base in the Research Fronts.In a certain period of time,a higher P value usually represents a more active Research Front.(2)CPT indicatorThe CPT indicator was applied to identify the key Research Fronts.C represents the number of citing articles,i.e.,the tally of articles cit

59、ing the core papers;P is the number of core papers;T indicates the age of citing articles,which is the number of citing years,from the earliest year of a citing paper to the latest one.For example,if the most-recent citing paper was published in 2021 and the earliest citing paper was published in 20

60、17,the age of citing articles(T)equals 5.CPT is the ratio of the average citation impact of a Research Front to the age/occurrence of its citing papers,meaning the higher the number,the hotter or the more impactful the topic.It measures how extensive and immediate a Research Front is and can be used

61、 to explore the emerging or developing aspects of Research Fronts and to forecast future possibilities.The degree of citation influence can be seen from the amount of citing papers,while it also takes the publication years of citing papers into account and demonstrates the trend and extent of attent

62、ion on certain Research Fronts across years.Given the condition that a particular Research Front was cited continuously,1)When P as well as T is equal in two Research Fronts,the higher C is,the higher CPT will be,indicating the broader citation influence of the Research Front with higher C.2)When C

63、as well as P is equal in two Research Fronts,the lower T,the higher CPT,indicating the Research Front with lower T attracts more intensive attention in a short period.3)When C as well as T is equal in two Research Fronts,the lower P,the higher CPT,indicating the broader citation influence of the Res

64、earch Front with lower P.In the Research Fronts 2022,for each of the 11 broad research areas,one key hot Research Front was selected based on the number of core papers(P)in combination with the professional judgment of analysts from the Institute of Strategic Information.Another key hot Research Fro

65、nt was chosen by the indicator CPT.Based on their knowledge,the analysts assessed the significance of the key hot Research Fronts in addressing major issues in the given area.Firstly,the Research Front with the greatest number of core papers(P)in a broad research area was selected.If the front with

66、the greatest P had been interpreted in previous years and there was no significant change of the core papers,then the Research Front with the second highest P would be selected as the key hot Research Front,and so on.Furthermore,another key hot front was selected based on the integration of CPT and

67、professional judgement.By taking advantage of the above two indicators as well as our domain experts judgment,we selected 22 key hot Research Fronts from the 110 hot Research Fronts in the 11 broad research areas.Moreover,based on CPT and experts judgment,10 key emerging Research Fronts and 1 key em

68、erging Research Front group were selected from the emerging Research Fronts.Thus,we interpret in detail the selected 32 key Research Fronts and 1 key Research Front group from the 165 Research Fronts.2.2.2 ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION OF KEY RESEARCH FRONTSBased on the data of the selected 165 Researc

69、h Fronts,the development trends of the 110 hot Research Fronts in the 11 broad areas were analyzed,and the research themes of the emerging Research Fronts were revealed and researched.The 33 key Research Fronts(groups)were subsequently examined in greater detail.(1)Examination of key hot Research Fr

70、ontsIn each broad area,the development trends of the Top 10 hot Research Fronts,including the important research directions,distribution characteristics,and evolving trends of Research Fronts(groups),were analyzed based on the number of core papers,times cited,mean publication year of core papers,an

71、d the annual change of the citing paper distribution.The first table under each discipline section lists the 10 top-ranked Research Fronts for each of the 11 broad areas,as well as the number of core papers,total citations,and the average 9BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGpublication year of the core papers

72、 of each Research Front.A bubble diagram shows the age distribution of the citing articles in the 10 Research Fronts listed for each broad area.The size of the bubble represents the quantity of citing articles per year.Key hot Research Fronts can be easily identified,particularly when large amounts

73、of citing papers appear in a very short publication window(i.e.,the first two explanations for CPTs values,as discussed above).But other data must be considered when the number of core papers is small.Generally speaking,the number of citing papers in most fronts will grow with time,so the bubble dia

74、gram can also help us understand the development of the Research Fronts.For the two key hot Research Fronts selected in each broad area,their concepts and connotations,development contexts,layout of research force were further analyzed and interpreted,and the research content,value,and impact of the

75、 top cited core papers were revealed.The first table for each key hot Research Front statistically analyzes the affiliated countries and institutions represented in the core papers and summarizes their active status,thereby revealing the players making fundamental contributions in the key hot Resear

76、ch Front.Countries and institutions of the citing papers in a key hot Research Front are analyzed in the second table to reveal their research strategy as they carry forward the work in these specialty areas.(2)Interpretation of key emerging Research FrontsBecause the emerging Research Fronts identi

77、fied were usually small in terms of number of core and citing papers,the figures did not generally lend themselves to detailed statistical analysis.Nevertheless,information professionals endeavored to examine and interpret the research topics to better understand the fundamental concepts,the current

78、 research breakthroughs,and future development prospects in the key emerging Research Fronts.10RESEARCH FRONTS AGRICULTURAL,PLANT AND ANIMAL SCIENCES11AGRICULTURAL,PLANT AND ANIMAL SCIENCES1.HOT RESEARCH FRONT1.1 TREND OF THE TOP 10 RESEARCH FRONTS IN AGRICULTURAL,PLANT AND ANIMAL SCIENCESThe Top 10

79、 hot Research Fronts in agricultural,plant and animal sciences mainly involve four subfields,consisting of food science and engineering,plant genome,plant resistance mechanism,and animal epidemics transmission(Table 1).The subfield of food science and engineering accounts for four hot Research Front

80、s,pertaining respectively to:oleogel replacement in food fat;application of lactic fermentation in the novel fruit and vegetable functional drinks;pH-sensing intelligent packaging films for meat freshness monitoring;and 3D food printing.Three hot Research Fronts concerning plant genomes,focus,in tur

81、n,on tea plant genome,plant pan-genome,and a new-generation plant genome editing system.Two fronts occupy the subfield of plant resistance mechanism one studying the regulating role of hydrogen sulfide in plant abiotic stress adaptation,and the other the role of plant NLR immune receptors in immune

82、regulation.Another front on animal epidemics transmission is devoted to infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals.Compared with previous Research Front surveys,all four of the subfields mentioned above have registered in previous hot fronts on the Top 10 lists in recent years.In t

83、he subfield of plant genome,a key Research Front on plant pan-genome appeared in the 2021 Research Front roundup,and surfaces again in the 2022 Top 10 list thanks to ongoing progress notably,the application of plant pan-genome.Similarly,the topic of plant genome editing appeared in 2018 and 2021,and

84、 does so again this year,having continued to record significant advancement.This continuity shows that these two fronts are in a vigorous development stage and that breakthrough achievements are emerging.The subfield of animal infectious diseases has also appeared for three consecutive years,having

85、respectively focused on porcine circovirus type 3 in 2020,on African swine fever in 2021,and,in this new survey,on infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals.The subfield of plant resistance mechanism has always been a research hotspot,and new achievements have been produced in dif

86、ferent directions.Since 2013,related topics have successively registered in the Top 10 list,including oomycete RXLR effectors and suppression of plant immunity(2013),molecular mechanism of inducible plant innate immunity(2015),plant innate immune mechanism(2016),the jasmonate signaling mechanism for

87、 regulation of plant growth and defense(2019),and plant immune receptor NLR(nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat)and its mediated disease resistance mechanism(2021).Additionally,in the subfield of food science and engineering,related fronts have repeatedly appeared in the Top 10 list since 2016,in

88、cluding food detection,food pollution prevention and control,food functional packaging film,fruit,and vegetable food processing.12RESEARCH FRONTS 201620172018201920202021 Infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals The regulating role of hydrogen sulfide in plant abiotic stress adap

89、tation Study of oleogels as fat replacers in food Application of lactic fermentation in the novel fruit and vegetable functional drinks Genome study and functional gene analysis of tea plant The role of plant NLR(nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat)immune receptors in immune regulation A new gene

90、ration plant genome editing system CRISPR/Cpf1 Research and application of plant pan-genome A pH-sensing intelligent packaging films based on plant antioxidants for meat freshness monitoring 3D food printingTable 1:Top 10 Research Fronts in agricultural,plant and animal sciencesRankHot Research Fron

91、tsCore PapersCitationsMean Year ofCore Papers1Infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals4158192020.42The regulating role of hydrogen sulfide in plant abiotic stress adaptation3412672019.93Study of oleogels as fat replacers in food2515182019.44Application of lactic fermentation in t

92、he novel fruit and vegetable functional drinks1513692019.35Genome study and functional gene analysis of tea plant1611872019.36The role of plant NLR(nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat)immune receptors in immune regulation4129752019.27A new generation plant genome editing system CRISPR/Cpf11912172

93、019.28Research and application of plant pan-genome1819252019.19A pH-sensing intelligent packaging films based on plant antioxidants for meat freshness monitoring3424752019103D food printing2418372019Figure 1:Citing papers for the Top 10 Research Fronts in agricultural,plant and animal sciences13AGRI

94、CULTURAL,PLANT AND ANIMAL SCIENCES1.2 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals”Since its outbreak at the end of 2019,COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world,exerting profound impact on human health,life,and socio-economic development.In a global effor

95、t to effectively control the disease,scientists worldwide have made great efforts.A large number of papers on SARS-CoV-2 have been published and widely cited.In the past two years,many research directions related to SARS-CoV-2,both in biology and clinical medicine,have figured among the top 10 hot R

96、esearch Fronts.Research on COVID-19 in the field of agricultural,plant and animal sciences,on one hand,seeks to trace the natural host and intermediate host of COVID-19 to cut off the transmission chain;on the other hand,the imperative is to track the variation of virus strains to understand the pat

97、hogenesis of the virus.Researchers have done much work on the infection and transmission of COVID-19 to domestic animals a concentration of activity that has propelled this research concentration into the Top 10 hot Research Fronts list for 2022.Forty-one core papers underlie this hot Research Front

98、,with nine having been published in prestigious international journals including Science,Nature,and Cell.These papers mainly report on the pathogenesis,virus detection and isolation,pathological characteristics and epidemic investigation of SARS-CoV-2 transmitted to domestic animals in various count

99、ries.Those nations include the Netherlands,France,Syria,Spain,Switzerland,the UK,the USA,Brazil,Croatia,and China.The domestic animals studied include cats,dogs,minks,ferrets,pigs,chickens,and hamsters,with cats and dogs commanding the most attention.Other papers in the core have also developed mous

100、e infection models used for animal infection research.Among the 41 core papers,the most frequently cited paper has now attracted more than 700 citations(Figure 2).The paper was published in Science in 2020 by researchers at the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultu

101、ral Sciences and the National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention of China,CDC.The paper explores the sensitivity of ferrets,cats,dogs,and other domestic animals to SARS-CoV-2.Figure 2:Citating frequency distribution curve of core papers in the Research Front “Infection and transmissi

102、on of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals”10100400700200500800300600739291939511312141173727153525133323CitationsSerial Numberof Core Papers14RESEARCH FRONTS Table 2:Top countries and institutions producing core papers in the Research Front “Infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals”Co

103、untryRankingCountryCore PapersProportionInstitutionRankingInstitutionAffiliatedCountryCorepapersProportion1USA1229.3%1Utrecht UniversityNetherlands614.6%2China1024.4%2Erasmus University RotterdamNetherlands512.2%3Netherlands717.1%3Chinese Academy of SciencesChina49.8%4Spain614.6%4Wageningen Universi

104、ty&Research CenterNetherlands37.3%5Germany49.8%4Institute Pasteur ParisFrance37.3%5France49.8%4GD Animal HealthNetherlands37.3%7Italy37.3%4US Department Health and Human ServicesUSA37.3%7UK37.3%4University of GlasgowUK37.3%9Australia24.9%4University of Hong KongChina37.3%9Switzerland24.9%9Brazil24.9

105、%9Denmark24.9%Among the top countries and institutions producing this fronts core papers(Table 2),the USA has the highest contribution rate,with its 12 papers accounting for 29.3%of the total.China,with 10 papers ranks 2nd,accounting for 24.4%of the core literature.Netherlands ranks 3rd,with 17.1%.A

106、mong the prolific contributing institutions,both the University of Utrecht and Erasmus University Rotterdam in the Netherlands have performed strongly,ranking 1st and 2nd,with respective contribution rates of 14.6%and 12.2%.The Chinese Academy of Sciences ranks 3rd,having contributed to 9.8%of the c

107、ore.By this measure,it is demonstrable that the USA,China,and the Netherlands have devoted a heightened level of attention to transmission research on SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals.0246814101212107643432222 Core Papers USAGermany FranceItalyUKAustraliaSwitzerland Brazil DenmarkNetherlands SpainChin

108、a In this report,China includes Mainland China,Hong Kong,and Macau,but not Taiwan.15AGRICULTURAL,PLANT AND ANIMAL SCIENCES01002003004005001000600900800700948552223170145121121120104100In terms of countries and institutions that cite the core papers in this hot front(Table 3),the USA and China,which,

109、as noted above,rank 1st and 2nd by their respective number of core papers,are also the two most prolific contributing countries in terms of papers that cite the core literature,accounting for 43.7%and 22.7%respectively.This is a clear indication that the USA and China continue to maintain robust res

110、earch activity in this area.The UK,meanwhile,which ranks 7th in its output of core papers,ranks 3rd by the measure of citing papers.In terms of citing institutions,China-based institutions have actively pursued research in this area.The Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of Hong Kong con

111、stitute the top two in their prolific follow-up research,contributing 5%and 3.9%of the citing papers.Meanwhile,the National Institutes of Health in the USA ranks 3rd.Table 3:Top countries and institutions producing citing papers in the Research Front “Infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in dome

112、stic animals”CountryRankingCountryCitingPapersProportionInstitutionRankingInstitutionAffiliated CountryCitingPapersProportion1USA94843.7%1Chinese Academy of SciencesChina1195.0%2China55222.7%2University of Hong KongChina943.9%3UK22312.2%3National Institutes of Health(NIH)-USAUSA823.4%4Germany1709.6%

113、4Harvard UniversityUSA803.4%5France1457.4%5Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences-Peking Union Medical CollegeChina753.1%6India1215.9%6National Institute of Health and Medical Research(INSERM)France622.6%6Italy1214.7%7National Center for Scientific Research of France(CNRS)France582.4%8Canada1204.7%8Nat

114、ional Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesUSA502.1%9Netherlands1044.3%9Washington University in St.LouisUSA461.9%10Australia1002.9%10Icahn Sch Med Mount SinaiUSA451.9%USAChinaUKGermanyFranceIndiaItalyCanadaNetherlandsAustralia Citing Papers 16RESEARCH FRONTS 105020035045010025040050015030042

115、5151036161191481813717121.3 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Research and application of plant pan-genome”Plant pan-genome research appeared in the Top 10 hot Research Fronts list in 2021.The concept of“pan-genome”was first proposed in the field of microbiomics in 2005 by Herve Tettelin and his colleagues,an

116、d was quickly applied to the field of animal and plant genomics,leading genome research into the new era of pan-genomics.The aim of pan-genome research is to collect all genome sequences existing in the whole species or population,then to understand the unique genetic traits and related genes of eac

117、h individual.Therefore,pan-genome research is of great significance to fully tap biological genetic variation resources,identify regulatory genes for unique traits of strains,and cultivate the most promising agricultural animal and plant varieties.In recent years,new progress has been made in this R

118、esearch Front.In 2018,3,010 cultivated rice genomes were sequenced,and the first nearly complete pan genome of Asian cultivated rice was constructed by researchers based in China,together with scientists from 16 institutions worldwide.In 2020,an international team led by Canada drew the most complet

119、e wheat genome map in history by using 15 wheat varieties from around the world.In the same year,China-based scientists re-sequenced the genome of 2,898 soybean samples and completed the construction of plant pan genome based on graphical structure for the first time.Of the 18 core papers in this ho

120、t Research Front this year,14 papers appeared previously in the core(then comprising 16 papers)of the comparable hot front last year,mainly studying the pan-genome of tomato,rice,sunflower and other crops,and the functional gene mining based on pan-genome research.The other two different core papers

121、 in last years front investigated the whole-genome sequencing of rapeseed germplasm resources and the genetic basis of their ecotype differences,as well as the assembly and comparison of the genomes of two closely related species of Brassica napus,focusing more on the research of sequencing and asse

122、mbly methods.This year,the four new papers mainly examine how the pan-genome has gradually changed crop genomics;how super pan-genome is accelerating crop improvement by integrating the wild side of a species;and,the population genetics of structural variants in grapevine domestication;highlighting

123、the application of pan-genome in another instance of crop improvement.Among the 18 core papers this year,the most-cited paper is the same as last year,now cited more than 440 times(Figure 3),far ahead of other papers,and nearly twice as many as last years count of 252.This paper was published jointl

124、y in Nature in 2018 by researchers at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,the International Rice Research Institute,Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shenzhen BGI,the University of Arizona,and other institutions.The paper details the genetic variation,population structure and diversity among 3,0

125、10 diverse Asian-cultivated rice genomes.Figure 3:Citating frequency distribution curve of core papers in the Research Front “Research and application of plant pan-genome”CitationsSerial Number of Core Papers17AGRICULTURAL,PLANT AND ANIMAL SCIENCESAmong the countries and institutions producing core

126、papers(Table 4),Australia can boast the highest contribution rate,surpassing 50%,followed by the USA with about 44%.China ranks 3rd,accounting for half of Australias contribution.Among the top contributing institutions,the University of Western Australia,the University of Queensland,and the Universi

127、ty of Melbourne in Australia rank in the top three in turn,with respective contribution rates of 44.4%,22.2%,and 22.2%.In particular,the University of Western Australia performs outstandingly,contributing eight of the 10 core papers published by Australia-based authors.Meanwhile,the University of Ge

128、orgia,the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,and the National Research Institute for Agriculture,Food and Environment(France)are tied for 4th place with 16.7%of global contribution to the core literature.Table 4:Top countries and institutions producing core pape

129、rs in the Research Front “Research and application of plant pan-genome”CountryRankingCountryCore PapersProportionInstitutionRankingInstitutionAffiliated CountriesCore PapersProportion1Australia1055.6%1University of Western AustraliaAustralia844.4%2USA844.4%2University of QueenslandAustralia422.2%3Ch

130、ina527.8%2University of MelbourneAustralia422.2%4France422.2%4University of GeorgiaUSA316.7%5Israel316.7%4Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChina316.7%6Germany211.1%4Chinese Academy of SciencesChina316.7%6Canada211.1%4National Research Institute for Agriculture,Food and EnvironmentFrance316.7%

131、8Switzerland15.6%8University of Paris SaclayFrance211.1%8India15.6%8University of FloridaUSA211.1%8South Africa15.6%8Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryUSA211.1%8Philippines15.6%8Shanghai Normal UniversityChina211.1%8Spain15.6%8Cornell UniversityUSA211.1%8Czech Republic15.6%8National Center for Scientific

132、 Research of France(CNRS)France211.1%8Republic of Georgia15.6%18RESEARCH FRONTS 111111234581012In terms of countries and institutions that cite the core papers of this hot front(Table 5),China has become the top contributor,accounting for 44.3%.The USA ranks 2nd,matching its ranking in core papers,a

133、ccounting for 29.7%.Australia,which ranks 1st in the number of core papers,ranks 3rd with 12.9%of citing papers.China,the USA,and Australia all rank in the top three countries in both terms of core papers and citing papers.The top three citing institutions,in turn are the Chinese Academy of Agricult

134、ural Sciences,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,and Huazhong Agricultural University.AustraliaUSAChinaFranceIsraelGermanyCanadaSwitzerlandIndiaSouth AfricaPhilippinesSpainCzech RepublicRepublic of Georgia Core Papers Table 5:Top countries and institutions producing citing papers in the Research Front

135、“Research and application of plant pan-genome”CountryRankingCountryCitingPapersProportionInstitutionRankingInstitutionAffiliatedCountryCitingPapersProportion1China51344.3%1Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChina15313.2%2USA34429.7%2Chinese Academy of SciencesChina1149.8%3Australia14912.9%3Huaz

136、hong Agricultural UniversityChina1018.7%4Germany13311.5%4University of Western AustraliaAustralia655.6%5UK887.6%5National Research Institute for Agriculture,Food and EnvironmentFrance574.9%6France817.0%5United States Department of Agriculture(USDA)USA574.9%7India756.5%7International Rice Research In

137、stitute-PhilippinesPhilippines443.8%8Japan675.8%8National Center for Scientific Research of France(CNRS)France393.4%9Canada484.1%9China Agricultural UniversityChina373.2%10Philippines443.8%9Cornell UniversityUSA373.2%9Max Planck SocietyGermany373.2%19AGRICULTURAL,PLANT AND ANIMAL SCIENCES60040010050

138、02003000ChinaUSAAustralia GermanyUKFranceIndiaJapanCanadaPhilippines2.EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT2.1 OVERVIEW OF EMERGING RESEARCH FRONTS IN AGRICULTURAL,PLANT AND ANIMAL SCIENCESIn the area of agricultural,plant and animal sciences,two emerging Research Fronts have been identified:“The COVID-19 impacts

139、 on agriculture and food system”and“The mechanism and methods of alleviating arsenic poisoning in crops”(Table 6).Table 6:Emerging Research Fronts in agricultural,plant and animal sciencesRankEmerging Research FrontsCore papersCitationsMean Year of Core papers1The COVID-19 impacts on agriculture and

140、 food system174862020.62The mechanism and methods of alleviating arsenic poisoning in crops71912020.62.2 KEY EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT “The mechanism and methods of alleviating arsenic poisoning in crops”Arsenic(As)is a toxic metalloid,which can adversely affect plant growth and poses a serious threat

141、 to human health.It interferes with many physiological and metabolic pathways,such as the imbalance of nutrient,water and redox;abnormal photosynthesis and ATP synthesis;and loss of membrane integrity.In recent years,the accumulation of arsenic in soil has been increasing,resulting in the higher tox

142、icity of arsenic in various crops.Citing Papers 51334414913388817567484420RESEARCH FRONTS Therefore,it is urgent to study the regulation mechanism of arsenic stress tolerance in crops and to introduce some novel modifiers to improve the tolerance.This area has become a new Research Front in the fiel

143、d of agricultural science.The seven core papers in this emerging Research Front focus on the regulation mechanism of the enhancement of arsenic stress tolerance of crops and the use of modifiers to alleviate the toxicity of arsenic to crops.The main research contents of arsenic tolerance regulation

144、mechanism include:the study of how salicylic acid-induced nitric oxide enhances arsenic toxicity tolerance in maize plants by upregulating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and glyoxalase system;and how melatonin-mediated regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis and antioxidant defense confer tolerance

145、to arsenic stress in tea plants.In terms of using modifiers to reduce arsenic toxicity,the roles of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles,TiO2 nanoparticles,melatonin,and calcium are chiefly studied as modifiers in reducing arsenic toxicity in soybean and rice.21AGRICULTURAL,PLANT AND ANIMAL SCIENCES202222RESEAR

146、CH FRONTS ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES23ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES1.HOT RESEARCH FRONT1.1 TREND OF THE TOP 10 RESEARCH FRONTS IN ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESThe Top 10 hot Research Fronts in ecology and environmental sciences,as the name implies,are mainly distributed in two sub-

147、areas:ecological sciences and environmental sciences.Throughout the Top 10 hot Research Fronts,the predominant themes involve global ecological and environmental challenges,as well as environmental issues related to COVID-19.The Hot Research Fronts in the environmental-science subfield mainly focus

148、on COVID-19-related research,along with the environmental character,risk,and control of organic pollutants,microplastic and heavy metals.In the wake of COVID-19s global spread from 2020,four hot fronts focus on the scientific questions about COVID-19 and environmental issues.These fronts are“Environ

149、mental consequences and management of solid waste and medical waste caused by COVID-19”,“Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and COVID-19 epidemiological surveillance based on wastewater”,“Impact of the lockdown on air quality during the COVID-19 pandemic”,and“Impact of weather and ambient factors

150、 on the COVID-19 pandemic”.Among these specialty areas,“Impact of the lockdown on air quality during the COVID-19 pandemic”was listed in last years survey as one of the Top 10 hot Research Fronts of 2021.Meanwhile,“Impact of weather and ambient factors on the COVID-19 pandemic”was listed in Emerging

151、 Research Fronts of 2021.The hot Research Fronts related to the environmental character,risk,and control of organic pollutants include“Degradation of organic pollutants by persulfate activation with catalyst”,“Ecological and environmental risks of interaction and combination between microplastics an

152、d microorganisms in aquatic environment”,and“Spatial distribution,source identification and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils”.The problem of microplastics is also a significant presence in the hot Research Front“Environmental consequences and management of solid waste and medical wast

153、e caused by COVID-19”.Research on these pollutants has been central to hot fronts in environmental sciences for years.For example,microplastics-related research was selected among the Top 10 hot Research Fronts of 2015,2016,2017,2020,and 2021,while degradation of organic pollutants by persulfate-rel

154、ated studies emerged in the 2017 and 2018 surveys,and heavy-metals-related studies emerged in the 2016 survey.The three hot Research Fronts in the ecological science subfield mainly emphasize biodiversity,forest habitat,and soil ecology,as examined in“The trend,extinctions,and drivers of insect decl

155、ines”,“Global patterns of forest habitat fragmentation and the impact on biodiversity”,and“Formation mechanisms of humus and the role of microorganisms during composting with different materials”.Biodiversity-related research has been a hot topic for multiple years,and“The trend,extinctions,and driv

156、ers of insect declines”has been listed as a hot front for the second consecutive year.24RESEARCH FRONTS 201620172018201920202021 Environmental consequences and management of solid waste and medical waste caused by COVID-19 Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and COVID-19 epidemiological surveillan

157、ce based on wastewater Impact of the lockdown on air quality during the COVID-19 pandemic Impact of weather and ambient factors on the COVID-19 pandemic Degradation of organic pollutants by persulfate activation with catalyst The trend,extinctions,and drivers of insect declines Formation mechanisms

158、of humus and the role of microorganisms during composting with different materials Ecological and environmental risks of interaction and combination between microplastics and microorganisms in aquatic environment Global patterns of forest habitat fragmentation and the impact on biodiversity Spatial

159、distribution,source identification and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soilsTable 7:Top 10 Research Fronts in ecology and environmental sciencesRankHot Research FrontsCore papersCitationsMean Year of Core Papers1Environmental consequences and management of solid waste and medical waste cau

160、sed by COVID-194019702020.72Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and COVID-19 epidemiological surveillance based on wastewater1627982020.13Impact of the lockdown on air quality during the COVID-19 pandemic18363120204Impact of weather and ambient factors on the COVID-19 pandemic19263820205Degradatio

161、n of organic pollutants by persulfate activation with catalyst17142020206The trend,extinctions,and drivers of insect declines1834352019.77Formation mechanisms of humus and the role of microorganisms during composting with different materials2221862018.88Ecological and environmental risks of interact

162、ion and combination between microplastics and microorganisms in aquatic environment1618492018.89Global patterns of forest habitat fragmentation and the impact on biodiversity1014192018.810Spatial distribution,source identification and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils3845182018.7Figure

163、 4:Citing papers for the Top 10 Research Fronts in ecology and environmental sciences25ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES1.2 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Environmental consequences and management of solid waste and medical waste caused by COVID-19”In addition to COVID-19s immediate effects on public heal

164、th,the global emergency provoked by the pandemic has also raised social and economic concerns that have spilled over into environmental issues.In response to COVID-19,the use of Personal protective appliances and medical supplies in hospitals surged greatly.It is estimated that 129 billion face mask

165、s and 65 billion gloves are used globally each month.The explosive growth of medical wastes and solid wastes is resulting in widespread environmental contamination and negative impacts on environmental and human health.The main components of personal protective equipment are plastics,on which SARS-C

166、oV-2 can survive for up to three days.These medical wastes and their residual pathogens pose a risk of disease transmission and threaten public health.People are increasingly opting for single-use plastic medical products rather than reusing them,due to concerns that plastic can serve as a vector fo

167、r disease.As a result,the outbreak has also made the implementation of single-use-plastic bans difficult,which has directly led to a significant increase in the risk of plastic pollution.Relevant research has prompted deep concerns from environmental researchers since the outbreak of the epidemic in

168、 2020.Forty core papers identify this Research Front,covering two themes.The first theme centers on ecological and environmental risks to land and marine environments,as well as the management challenges arising from personal protective equipment.The front focuses on the global environmental prolife

169、ration of personal protective equipment as a new source of microplastics pollution and its impact and challenges on waste management.One of the most frequently cited core papers in this front specified and emphasized the environmental consequences related to plastic use and follow-up waste owing to

170、COVID-19,proposed the concept of Plastic Waste Footprint(PWF),and discussed the emerging challenges in waste management during and after the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of research and environmental policies.This article comes from Brno University of Technology,Czech Republic,and its coll

171、aborating institutions and was published by J.J.Klemes and colleagues in Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews in 2020.The article has now been cited nearly 200 times.The second theme is pollution-control technology,harmless disposal measures,and management measures for personal protective equipment

172、produced during the COVID-19 pandemic.This area focuses on new strategic and policy-based solutions for balancing public health,environmental security,and industrial and supply-chain requirements.Multinational researchers from the University of Aveiro in Portugal and other institutions published a h

173、ighly cited paper in the Chemical Engineering Journal in 2021.The paper discussed the potential strategies to overcome the challenge of plastic pollution associated with COVID-19,and emphasized that future measures should balance public health and environmental safety and turn to sustainable plastic

174、 alternatives.The authors urged that the issue of plastic pollution be placed at top the global and regional political agenda,given the need for prompt,coordinated action by the scientific community,industry,and politicians.26RESEARCH FRONTS 1060402012018080140200100160732124149291920222426283032343

175、638395 6168181011312140173727153525133323Figure 5:Citation frequency distribution curve of core papers in the Research Front “Environmental consequences and management of solid waste and medical waste caused by COVID-19”CitationsSerial Number of Core PapersAccording to the statistics on the top coun

176、tries and institutions in this front(Table 8),China,Canada and India are the three countries with the most core papers.China has 11 core papers,exceeding a quarter of the total.In terms of the most prolific institutions:five schools or agencies-Dalhousie University in Canada,the University of Aveiro

177、 in Portugal,the AgencyforScience,TechnologyandResearch in Singapore,the Institute of High Performance Computing in Singapore,and Brno University of Technology in the Czech Republic-all contributed three foundational papers.27ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Core Papers 117644443333ChinaCanadaIndi

178、aIranPortugal Singapore AustraliaMalaysiaTurkeyCzech RepublicIndonesiaTable 8:Top countries and institutions producing core papers in the Research Front“Environmental consequences and management of solid waste and medical waste caused by COVID-19”CountryRankingCountryCore PapersProportionInstitution

179、RankingInstitutionAffiliated CountryCore PapersProportion1China1127.5%1Dalhousie UniversityCanada37.5%2Canada717.5%1University of AveiroPortugal37.5%3India615.0%1Agency for Science,Technology and Research(A*STAR)Singapore37.5%4Iran410.0%1Inst High Performance Comp(IHPC)Singapore37.5%4Portugal410.0%1

180、Brno University of Technology Czech Republic37.5%4Singapore410.0%6Middle East Technical UniversityTurkey25.0%4Australia410.0%6Chulalongkorn UniversityThailand25.0%8Malaysia37.5%6Istinye UniversityTurkey25.0%8Turkey37.5%6Instituto de Diagnostico Ambientaly Estudios del Agua(IDAEA)Spain25.0%8Czech Rep

181、ublic37.5%6University of San Ignacio LoyolaPeru25.0%8Indonesia37.5%6Institut Catala de Recerca de lAigua(ICRA)Spain25.0%6Indian Institute of Technology(IIT)India25.0%6University of GironaSpain25.0%6Memorial University of NewfoundlandCanada25.0%6Spanish National Research Council(CSIC)Spain25.0%6Pozna

182、n University of TechnologyPoland25.0%28RESEARCH FRONTS Table 9:Top countries and institutions producing citing papers in the Research Front “Environmental consequences and management of solid waste and medical waste caused by COVID-19”CountryRankingCountryCiting PapersProportionInstitutionRankingIns

183、titutionAffiliated CountryCiting PapersProportion1China26424.1%1Brno University of Technology Czech Republic282.6%2USA13912.7%2Chinese Academy of SciencesChina242.2%3India11710.7%3Indian Institute of Technology(IIT)India232.1%4UK948.6%3Islamic Azad University KarajIran232.1%5Iran898.1%5Egyptian Know

184、ledge BankEgypt181.6%6Canada766.9%5National University of SingaporeSingapore181.6%7Australia666.0%7Agency for Science,Technology and Research(A*STAR)Singapore161.5%8Malaysia635.7%7Dalhousie UniversityCanada161.5%9South Korea615.6%7University of TehranIran161.5%10Italy575.2%10National Center for Scie

185、ntific Research of France(CNRS)France151.4%10Tsinghua UniversityChina151.4%In terms of the countries and institutions citing the core papers(Table 9),China is still the largest national source of citing papers in this field,with 264 articles in total,accounting for nearly a quarter.The USA and India

186、 rank 2nd and 3rd with 139 and 117 citing papers respectively,accounting for more than 10%.The main institutional sources of citing papers include Brno University of Technology in the Czech Republic,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,the Indian Institute of Technology,and Islamic Azad University Karaj

187、in Iran.The Chinese Academy of Sciences ranks 2nd with 24 citing papers.26413911794897666636157 Citing Papers ChinaUSAIndiaUKIranCanadaAustraliaMalaysia South KoreaItaly29ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES500050100200250300350400450150162581136912101314151471.3 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Detection of S

188、ARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and COVID-19 epidemiological surveillance based on wastewater”Currently available evidence demonstrates that viral RNA has been present in raw wastewater in communities during the COVID-19 pandemic.On one hand,evidence suggests that wastewater might be one possible route for

189、exposure and infection of SARS-CoV-2,which has aroused concern about the spread of the virus in untreated wastewater in communities.On the other hand,the SARS-CoV-2 detected in the wastewater also reflects the existence of virus in the community.The data can be used to monitor the prevalence of infe

190、ction.Wastewater-based monitoring of the spread of the SARS-CoV-2,also referred to as wastewater-based epidemiology(WBE),has been suggested as a tool to augment other epidemiological measures.Sixteen core papers anchor this Research Front,largely focusing on three aspects:(1)Content in media,environ

191、mental characteristics,and monitoring methods of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater;(2)The exposure pathways of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater,the impact on virus transmission,and the assessment of ecological risk and health risk;(3)Epidemiological surveillance and early warning through the detection of SARS-CoV-2

192、in wastewater before the situation becomes a large-scale outbreak.The most-cited core paper comes from the Commonwealth Scientific&Industrial Research Organisation in Australia and other institutions.The authors estimated viral RNA copy numbers observed in the wastewater and then calculate the numbe

193、r of infected individuals in the catchment via Monte Carlo simulation,which is in reasonable agreement with clinical observations.The paper was published in Science of the Total Environment in 2020,and its citation total currently reach to 441.In another 2020 publication,researchers from KWR Water R

194、esearch Institute,Netherlands,found that the RNA signal detected in wastewater correlated significantly with the increase of reported COVID-19 prevalence.The article was published in Environmental Science&Technology Letters,and has achieved the second-highest citation in this Research Front,exceedin

195、g 350.These works highlight the viability of wastewater-based epidemiology for monitoring infectious diseases,such as COVID-19,in communities.Figure 6:Citation frequency distribution curve of core papers in Research Front “Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and COVID-19 epidemiological surveillan

196、ce based on wastewater”CitationsSerial Number of Core Papers30RESEARCH FRONTS 1111111754332Statistics on the countries and institutions in this front(Table 10)indicates that the USA,Japan,and a selection of European countries and institutions are the most prolific by this measure.Seven of the core p

197、apers list contributing authors based in the USA,accounting for 43.8%of the total core of 16 papers.Japan and Australia account for five and four core papers,earning the two nations 2nd and 3rd places,respectively.Hokkaido University in Japan is the most prolific institution with 5 core papers.Commo

198、nwealth Scientific&Industrial Research Organization in Australia,University of Yamanashi in Japan,and University of Notre Dame in USA tie for 2nd with four core papers respectively.Table 10:Top countries and institutions producing core papers in the Research Front“Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewat

199、er and COVID-19 epidemiological surveillance based on wastewater”CountryRankingCountryCore PapersProportionInstitutionRankingInstitutionAffiliated CountryCore PapersProportion1USA743.8%1Hokkaido UniversityJapan531.3%2Japan531.3%2Commonwealth Scientific&Industrial Research Organisation(CSIRO)Australi

200、a425.0%3Australia425.0%2University of YamanashiJapan425.0%4Italy318.8%2University of Notre DameUSA425.0%4Spain318.8%5Spanish National Research Council(CSIC)Spain212.5%6Canada212.5%5Ecoscience PrecinctAustralia212.5%7UK16.3%5University of ValenciaSpain212.5%7India16.3%5University of QueenslandAustral

201、ia212.5%7Germany16.3%7Ecuador16.3%7Netherlands16.3%7Switzerland16.3%7New Zealand16.3%USAJapanAustraliaItalySpainCanadaUKIndiaGermanyEcuadorNetherlandsSwitzerlandNew Zealand Core Papers 31ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESBy the measure of citing papers(Table 11),the USA is still the most prolific so

202、urce of research that cites the core literature of this front,with 267 citing papers contributing about one-third of the total citing papers.China ranks 2nd with 98 citing papers and India ranks 3rd,with 96.In terms of institutions,the Indian Institute of Technology published 36 citing papers,accoun

203、ting for 4.3%of the total.The University of Notre Dame in the USA ranks 2nd with 27 citing papers(3.2%),and the National Center for Scientific Research of France and Spanish National Research Council tie for 3rd with 22 citing papers(2.6%)respectively.The Chinese Academy of Sciences ranks 6th with 2

204、0 citing papers.Table 11:Top countries and institutions producing citing papers in the Research Front “Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and COVID-19 epidemiological surveillance based on wastewater”CountryRankingCountryCiting PapersProportionInstitutionRankingInstitutionAffiliated CountryCiting

205、 PapersProportion1USA26732.0%1Indian Institute of Technology(IIT)India364.3%2China9811.7%2University of Notre DameUSA273.2%3India9611.5%3National Center for Scientific Research of France(CNRS)France222.6%4Australia728.6%3Spanish National Research Council(CSIC)Spain222.6%5UK728.6%5University of North

206、 CarolinaUSA212.5%6Spain667.9%6Chinese Academy of SciencesChina202.4%7Canada657.8%7Commonwealth Scientific&Industrial Research Organisation(CSIRO)Australia192.3%8Italy576.8%8Stanford UniversityUSA182.2%9Brazil465.5%8University of QueenslandAustralia182.2%10France394.7%10Hokkaido UniversityJapan161.9

207、%10Tulane UniversityUSA161.9%989672726665574639USAChinaIndiaAustraliaUKSpainCanadaItalyBrazilFrance267 Citing Papers 32RESEARCH FRONTS 2.EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT2.1 OVERVIEW OF EMERGING RESEARCH FRONTS IN ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESThe area of ecology and environmental sciences features two em

208、erging Research Fronts:“Impacts of social factors such as economy,policy,energy,and globalization on environmental sustainability”and“The impact of the 2019/2020 megafires on Australian forest ecosystem and the climate change and variability drivers”.Table 12:Emerging Research Fronts in ecology and

209、environmental sciencesRankEmerging Research FrontsCore papersCitationsMean Year of Core Papers1Impacts of social factors such as economy,policy,energy,and globalization on environmental sustainability3911812020.92The impact of the 2019/2020 megafires on Australian forest ecosystem and the climate re

210、lated drivers61732020.82.2 KEY EMERGING RESARCH FRONT “The impact of the 2019/2020 megafires on Australian forest ecosystem and the climate related drivers”The megafires in Australia,which started at the end of 2019 and lasted until the beginning of 2020,constitute one of the most serious forest fir

211、es ever recorded.The fire spread to large areas of the continent,burning 115,000 square kilometers of forest,and destroying more than 3,500 houses.Nearly 3 billion animals died or lost their habitat in this fire.The research in this emerging front focuses on two topics.Firstly,the main research emph

212、asis is to assess quantitatively the destructive impact of the 2019-2020 megafires on the Australian forest ecosystem,habitat and diversity of animals and plants,and to assess the effects of fire on the recovery potential of populations.The study calls for strengthening the research on species fire

213、response and post-fire population persistence.The second prominent research topic is the relationship between climate change and the mega forest fires in Australia.The year 2019 was the hottest and driest on record in Australia.Persistent drought and record temperatures are the main driving forces f

214、or fire spread.The data on long-term observations of heat and drought,along with climate models,show that,due to the long-term warming trend,heat extremes have become more likely by at least a factor of 2,increasing the risk of extreme fire caused by weather.The megafires in Australia warns people t

215、hat continuous drought and climate change may lead to forest fires lasting longer and occurring more frequently,becoming a new normal in the future.The need is urgent for humanity to control carbon dioxide emissions,prevent catastrophic global warming,and reduce extreme weather events.33ECOLOGY AND

216、ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES202234RESEARCH FRONTS GEOSCIENCES35GEOSCIENCES1.HOT RESEARCH FRONT1.1 TREND OF THE TOP 10 RESEARCH FRONTS IN GEOSCIENCESSix of the Top 10 Research Fronts in geosciences focus on geology,while three pertain to geography and one concerns atmospheric science.Radiocarbon dating tec

217、hnology has been highlighted for the first time in this annual survey,underscoring significant progress in geoscience research and testing technology.The topics related to the in-situ detection and sampling return analysis of extraterrestrial objects by spacecraft have been selected as hot Research

218、Fronts for six consecutive years since 2017,reflecting the continuous research attention and enthusiasm of the academic community for planetary science.It is worth noting that,based on 2022 data,asteroids have replaced Mars as the most actively researched objects.Climate change related research from

219、 the perspective of earth-system science continues to heat up.Climate sensitivity assessment based on multiple earth-system models,and research on the impact of ice loss in Antarctica and Greenland on sea level change,have been selected as hot frontiers for several years.Research on the spatiotempor

220、al distribution and tectonic settings of the North China Craton gold deposits,research progress on gas hydrate accumulation and mining technology have also been on the list for many years,confirming that geosciences research has made profound contributions to our understanding and utilization of the

221、 Earth.Table 13:Top 10 Research Fronts in geosciencesRankHot Research FrontsCore papersCitationsMean Year of Core Papers1Radiocarbon age calibration curves,data sets,and applications1017422019.32Analysis of asteroid surface characteristics and composition1213782019.33Climate sensitivity based on var

222、ious Earth system models4263372019.14Research on Archean Earth geological changes and plate tectonics13123920195Gold deposits of the north China craton：spatiotemporal distribution and tectonic settings1412572018.86Contribution of Antarctic and Greenland ice-volume loss to sea-level change3245622018.

223、77Optimization of seismic data analysis using machine learning methods3532562018.78Research progress on gas hydrate accumulation and mining technology2326162018.79Hydrological response to the glacier mass change in high Asia1826122018.710Effects of permafrost thaw in the Northern Hemisphere on tundr

224、a hydrology and carbon storage1519722018.536RESEARCH FRONTS 201620172018201920202021 Radiocarbon age calibration curves,data sets,and applications Analysis of asteroid surface characteristics and composition Climate sensitivity based on various Earth system models Research on Archean Earth geologica

225、l changes and plate tectonics Gold deposits of the north China craton：spatiotemporal distribution and tectonic settings Contribution of Antarctic and Greenland ice-volume loss to sea-level change Optimization of seismic data analysis using machine learning methods Research progress on gas hydrate ac

226、cumulation and mining technology Hydrological response to the glacier mass change in high Asia Effects of permafrost thaw in the Northern Hemisphere on tundra hydrology and carbon storage1.2 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Radiocarbon age calibration curves,data sets,and applications”Figure 7:Citing papers

227、for the Top 10 Research Fronts in geosciencesRadiocarbon dating,also known as Carbon-14 dating,is a radioactive decay-based method using natural Carbon-14 isotopes for determining the age of organic remains.Willard Frank Libby,who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1960,invented the method.For more

228、 than half a century,as a powerful and reliable scientific research method,radiocarbon dating has been widely used for age determination in archaeology,geology,geophysics,and other disciplines.Radiocarbon dating continues to evolve as scientists acquire new data and our understanding of the Earth sy

229、stem grows.The latest version of radiocarbon age calibration curves was released in 2020,and has attracted much attention worldwide.In the future,ongoing and active research based on this method is expected to lead to a more accurate understanding of the evolution of the Earth and the history of hum

230、an beings.The Research Front“Radiocarbon age calibration curves,data sets,and applications”consists of 10 core papers,focusing on the latest revision of radiocarbon age calibration curves,continuously updated radiocarbon data sets,and certain current applications of radiocarbon dating method in seve

231、ral fields.The most salient topic is the new generation of radiocarbon age calibration curves.In August 2020,the highly anticipated new revision of radiocarbon age calibration curves was published in a special issue of Radiocarbon,including the IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibratio

232、n Curve(0-55 cal kBP);MARINE20-the Marine Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve(0-55 cal kBP);and SHCal20 Southern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve(055 cal kBP).Core papers discussing the above three curves were published by a team led 37GEOSCIENCESby P.J.Reimer at Queens University of Belfa

233、st(UK),a team led by T.J.Heaton at the University of Sheffield(UK),and a team led by A.G.Hogg,affiliated with both University ofNewSouthWales(Australia)and University of Waikato(New Zealand).The relevant research has been updated to include a wealth of fresh data and the extension to 55,000 cal BP.T

234、he use of Bayesian spline methodology improves the curve construction significantly.The convergence and agreement between data sets are stronger,and the total uncertainties smaller.The publication of the latest revision of radiocarbon age calibration curves has exerted a high impact on the research

235、community,and subsequent work based on the new curves is expected to achieve more breakthroughs.The development of a range of new statistical and computational techniques has prompted the upgrade of analysis of radiocarbon data sets.In one report,C.B.Ramsey at the University of Oxford(UK)compares th

236、ree different approaches of Bayesian models,concluding that kernel density analysis is a powerful method that could be much more widely applied in a broad range of dating applications.E.R.Crema at the University of Cambridge(UK)and A.Bevan A at University College London(UK)developed an open-source s

237、oftware package for the R statistical computing language;this tool is expected to improve the large sets of radiocarbon dates.Recent advances in the constantly updated data sets and the latest revision of calibration curves further promote groundbreaking research on population and climate change,inc

238、luding population dynamics and climatic trends,marine reservoir correction,prehistoric demography,agriculture,and population growth.Figure 8:Citation frequency distribution curve of core papers in the Research Front “Radiocarbon age calibration curves,data sets,and applications”102005007003006008001

239、004007324956810CitationsSerial Number of Core Papers38RESEARCH FRONTS The most prolific countries producing core papers include many technology powers such as the UK,the USA,Germany,Japan,and France.The UK ranks 1st(80%of the total core literature)with substantial contributions from the University o

240、f Oxford,the University of Cambridge,the University of Sheffield,University College London,Queens University of Belfast,and others.Researchers from Xian Jiaotong University in China participated in one core paper.Table 14:Top countries and institutions producing core papers in the Research Front “Ra

241、diocarbon age calibration curves,data sets,and applications”CountryRankingCountryCore PapersProportionInstitutionRankingInstitutionAffiliated CountryCore PapersProportion1UK880.0%1University of OxfordUK440.0%2USA660.0%1University of CambridgeUK440.0%3Germany440.0%3University of SheffieldUK330.0%4Den

242、mark220.0%3University College LondonUK330.0%4Switzerland220.0%3Queens University of BelfastUK330.0%4New Zealand220.0%6National Research Institute for Agriculture,Food and EnvironmentFrance220.0%4Australia220.0%6University of MunichGermany220.0%4Japan220.0%6University of St AndrewsUK220.0%4France220.

243、0%6University of WaikatoNew Zealand220.0%10China110.0%6English HeritageUK220.0%10Netherlands110.0%6University of Aix-MarseilleFrance220.0%10Italy110.0%6University of KielGermany220.0%10Czech Republic110.0%6Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionUSA220.0%10Spain110.0%6College FranceFrance220.0%10Sweden1

244、10.0%6French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development(IRD)France220.0%6UHI Millennium InstituteUK220.0%6University of New South WalesAustralia220.0%6Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine ResearchGermany220.0%6University of California IrvineUSA220.0%6Smithsonian InstitutionUSA2

245、20.0%6Universite PSLFrance220.0%6Helmholtz AssociationGermany220.0%6National Center for Scientific Research of France(CNRS)France220.0%6Durham UniversityUK220.0%6Ruprecht-KarlsUniversitaet HeidelbergGermany220.0%6University of ArizonaUSA220.0%6Aarhus UniversityDenmark220.0%39GEOSCIENCES8642222221111

246、11In terms of countries producing the citing papers,the USA ranks 1st with 429,while the UK ranks 2nd with 344 and Germany 3rd with 303.As for institutions producing the most citing papers:the National Center for Scientific Research of France ranks 1st,followed by the Russian Academy of Sciences,the

247、 University of Cambridge,and various European entities.The Chinese Academy of Sciences ranks 5th.USAGermanyDenmarkSwitzerlandNew ZealandAustraliaJapanFranceChinaNetherlandsItalyCzech RepublicSpainSwedenUK Core Papers Table 15:Top countries and institutions producing citing papers in the Research Fro

248、nt “Radiocarbon age calibration curves,data sets,and applications”CountryRankingCountryCiting PapersProportionInstitutionRankingInstitutionAffiliated CountryCiting PapersProportion1USA42927.6%1National Center for Scientific Research of France(CNRS)France1509.6%2UK34422.1%2Russian Academy of Sciences

249、Russia694.4%3Germany30319.5%3University of CambridgeUK684.4%4France19112.3%4University of OxfordUK674.3%5Spain19012.2%5Chinese Academy of SciencesChina613.9%6Australia16510.6%6Australian National UniversityAustralia593.8%7China1449.3%6Helmholtz AssociationGermany593.8%8Canada1016.5%8Spanish National

250、 Research Council(CSIC)Spain523.3%9Italy996.4%9Max Planck SocietyGermany513.3%10Switzerland895.7%10University College LondonUK503.2%40RESEARCH FRONTS 4293443031911901651441019989USAUKGermanyFranceSpainAustraliaChinaCanadaItalySwitzerland Citing Papers 1.3 KEY HOT RESARCH FRONT “Analysis of asteroid

251、surface characteristics and composition”Asteroids are rocky objects revolving around the sun that are too tiny to be called planets.At present,upwards of 30,000 near-Earth asteroids have been detected in our Solar System,and they are believed to hold key information about the formation and evolution

252、 of our system.The most extensive geomorphic feature on the asteroid surface is the impact crater.Since most asteroids have“rubble pile”structures,we can get information on asteroid density and impact age by analyzing the sputtering blanket of the impact crater.Studying the weathering layer and expo

253、sed rocks on the surface of asteroids helps to obtain primordial information about the properties of the materials inside asteroids and their parent-bodies.Rocks of different colors and shapes can also represent different sources or evolutionary processes of the materials on the surface of asteroids

254、.In the early days of research,asteroid exploration mainly focused on flyby detection.New scientific and technological development brought in-situ observations and sampling detection of asteroids.Hayabusa2,a Japanese spacecraft that explored asteroid Ryugu,was launched in 2014 and,four years later,s

255、uccessfully touched down on Ryugu to collect a sample from the surface,departing the asteroid in 2019.In December 2020,Hayabusa2s sample-return capsule landed in Australia.Another spacecraft,OSIRIS-Rex,was developed by the USA and launched in 2016.It traveled to a near-Earth asteroid called Bennu,an

256、d collected a sample of surface rocks and material that it will return to Earth in 2023.It is the first US mission to return samples from an asteroid to Earth.The 12 core papers of this hot Research Front focus on the preliminary detection results of the two spacecraft on Ryugu and Bennu,reporting t

257、he analysis of their geomorphic characteristics,surface composition and thermal characteristics,and revealing detailed information about the crater and terrain of the two asteroids.“OSIRIS-REx:sample return from asteroid(101955)Bennu”,published in 2017 in 41GEOSCIENCES101002501505020073249568101112S

258、pace Science Reviews,from a team led by Dante Lauretta,principal investigator of the mission and professor of planetary science,University of Arizona,and colleagues.The paper described the scientific objective,instrumental payload,ground system,and operation principle of the mission.“The unexpected

259、surface of asteroid(101955)Bennu”is another paper authored by Lauretta and colleagues,published in Nature in 2019.It introduces the preliminary detection results of Bennus surface,which will help to select the landing site.“Hayabusa2 arrives at the carbonaceous asteroid 162173 Ryugu-A spinning top-s

260、haped rubble pile”,published in Science by a team led by Nagoya University and JAXA,presented Hayabusa2 observations of Ryugus shape,mass,and geomorphology.Ryugu has an oblate“spinning top”shape,with a prominent circular equatorial ridge.Large surface boulders suggest a rubble-pile structure.Surface

261、 slope analysis shows Ryugus shape may have been produced from having once spun at twice its current rate.Figure 9:Citation frequency distribution curve of core papers in Research Front “Analysis of asteroid surface characteristics and composition”CitationsSerial Number of Core Papers42RESEARCH FRON

262、TS 1010988765522In terms of top countries producing core papers,the USA,France,and Japan occupy the top rungs.The USA led the research and development of OSIRIS-Rex,and Japan led Hayabusa2.According to the disclosure of the CNES,France is the only cooperative country participating in the Ryugu sampl

263、e analysis.Not coincidentally,the top institutions producing core papers are based within these three countries,including Johns Hopkins University,CNRS,Nagoya University,NASA,and JAXA.These institutions cooperate closely with each other,highlighting the advantages and possibilities for task leading

264、countries,main participating countries and relevant institutions to lead conceptual design,master first-hand data,and make major original innovation achievements.Table 16:Top countries and institutions producing core papers in the Research Front “Analysis of asteroid surface characteristics and comp

265、osition”CountryRankingCountryCore PapersProportionInstitutionRankingInstitutionAffiliated CountryCore PapersProportion1USA1083.3%1Johns Hopkins UniversityUSA975.0%1France1083.3%1National Center for Scientific Research of France(CNRS)France975.0%3Japan975.0%1Nagoya UniversityJapan975.0%4UK866.7%1Japa

266、n Aerospace Exploration Agency(Jaxa)Japan975.0%4Italy866.7%1National Aeronautics&Space Administration(NASA)USA975.0%6Canada758.3%6University of ArizonaUSA866.7%7Spain650.0%6Sorbonne UniversityFrance866.7%8Australia541.7%6Universit CtedAzurFrance866.7%8Czech Republic541.7%6Observatoire de ParisFrance

267、866.7%10South Korea216.7%6Universite PSLFrance866.7%10Germany216.7%Core Papers USAFranceJapanUKItalyCanadaSpainAustraliaCzech RepublicSouth KoreaGermany43GEOSCIENCES182162881053176926636367USAJapanFranceUKItalySpainCanadaCzech RepublicChinaGermanyAs for countries producing the most citing papers:the

268、 USA ranks 1st with 317,followed by Japan and France.The Top 10 citing institutions are also exclusively dominated by these three countries.Table 17:Top countries and institutions producing citing papers in the Research Front “Analysis of asteroid surface characteristics and composition”CountryRanki

269、ngCountryCiting PaperProportionInstitutionRankingInstitutionAffiliated CountryCiting PaperProportion1USA31755.1%1National Aeronautics&Space Administration(NASA)USA15126.3%2Japan18231.7%2National Center for Scientific Research of France(CNRS)France13223.0%3France16228.2%3Japan Aerospace Exploration A

270、gency(Jaxa)Japan12421.6%4UK10518.3%4University of ArizonaUSA12321.4%5Germany8815.3%5University of TokyoJapan8715.1%6Italy6912.0%6Universit Cte d AzurFrance7513.0%7Spain6711.7%7Planetary Science InstituteUSA7412.9%8Canada6311.0%7Sorbonne UniversityFrance7412.9%8China6311.0%9Chiba Institute of Technol

271、ogyJapan5910.3%10Czech Republic264.5%10Johns Hopkins UniversityUSA579.9%10Universite PSLFrance579.9%Citing Papers 44RESEARCH FRONTS 2.EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT2.1 OVERVIEW OF EMERGING RESEARCH FRONTS IN GEOSCIENCES“Multi-scale characterization of reservoir,insights from oil fields,Gulf of Suez,Egypt”w

272、as selected as the emerging Research Front in geosciences for 2022.Table 18:Emerging Research Front in geosciencesRankEmerging Research FrontCore papersCitationsMean Year of Core Papers1Multi-scale characterization of reservoir,insights from oil fields,Gulf of Suez,Egypt912720212.2 KEY EMERGING RESA

273、RCH FRONT “Multi-scale characterization of reservoir,insights from oil fields,Gulf of Suez,Egypt”The Gulf of Suez is the northwestern extension of the Red Sea located between the east coast of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt.It is one of the two main oil producing areas in Egypt.According to

274、 statistics,there are hundreds of oil fields in the Gulf of Suez,accounting for 70%of Egypts oil and gas resources.The Belayim oil field and the El Morgan oil field are located offshore,while the Abu Rudeis field is on land.In February 2022,a 100-million-barrel oil reserve was discovered in Egypts G

275、ulf of Suez,becoming the biggest oil discovery in the area in more than two decades.Reservoir characterization is a process of quantifying reservoir attributes,and identifying geological information and spatial variation uncertainty.By studying the reservoir petrological characteristics,reservoir ph

276、ysical properties,main controlling factors of high-quality reservoir development and development potential,researchers can find oil and gas enrichment areas and determine the distribution of remaining oil.The nine core papers of this emerging Research Front in geosciences focus on the characterizati

277、on of unconventional tight reservoirs in October field of Suez Bay and El Morgan oil field.Studying the reservoir pore pressure and fracture pressure simulation has great value to sustainable oil-field development.Jagiellonian University,Krakow,Poland,and Gulf of Suez Petroleum,Cairo,Egypt,jointly p

278、roduced eight papers.The most-cited report,“Multi-scale characterization of unconventional tight carbonate reservoir:Insights from October oil field,Gulf of Suez rift basin,Egypt”was published in 2021 by A.E.Radwan and colleagues in the Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering and has collected

279、19 citations.Thirteen sidewall core samples and 60 thin sections from OCT-X well were studied to investigate the petrophysical characteristic,pore system and formation potentiality as a reservoir rock.45GEOSCIENCES202246RESEARCH FRONTS CLINICAL MEDICINE47CLINICAL MEDICINE1.HOT RESEARCH FRONT1.1 TREN

280、D OF THE TOP 10 RESEARCH FRONTS IN CLINICAL MEDICINEThe Top 10 Research Fronts in clinical medicine focus mainly on COVID-19,with the exception of one front pertaining to research on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.The COVID-19 pandemic remains a major challenge for modern medicine and internation

281、al public health.Since the breakout of COVID 19 at the end of 2019,the virus has caused more than 600 million infections and 6 million deaths worldwide.COVID-19-related research including clinical features of COVID-19 patients with underlying medical conditions,the clinical features of COVID-19 in w

282、omen and children,complications of COVID-19,vaccine safety,and drug therapy continues its high visibility in 2022,occupying nine seats in the Top 10 Research Fronts in clinical medicine.Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),the most common liver disease worldwide,also becomes the focus of researc

283、h in clinical medicine for its heterogeneity in disease pathogenesis and progression.Table 19:Top 10 Research Fronts in clinical medicineRankHot Research FrontsCore papersCitationsMean Year of Core Papers1Safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine460852020.82Effect of tocilizumab in critically ill COVI

284、D-19 patients1123632020.63Clinical features,outcome,and vaccine efficacy of COVID-19-infected cancer patients3751412020.34COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury2140152020.35Role of complement in pathogenesis of COVID-19 and therapeutic effects of complement inhibitors4360222020.26Clinical features

285、and obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnant patients with COVID-191333832020.17Risk for venous thromboembolic events in COVID-19 patients7854720208COVID-19 associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children14421020209Genetics and renaming of NAFLD303172202010Impaired interferon activity in

286、 COVID-19 patients22288202048RESEARCH FRONTS 201620172018201920202021 Safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine Effect of tocilizumab in critically ill COVID-19 patients Clinical features,outcome,and vaccine efficacy of COVID-19-infected cancer patients COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury Role of

287、complement in pathogenesis of COVID-19 and therapeutic effects of complement inhibitors Clinical features and obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnant patients with COVID-19 Risk for venous thromboembolic events in COVID-19 patients COVID-19 associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in childre

288、n Genetics and renaming of NAFLD Impaired interferon activity in COVID-19 patientsFigure 10:Citing papers for the Top 10 Research Fronts in clinical medicine1.2 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Genetics and renaming of NAFLD”NAFLD,the most common manifestation of metabolic liver disease,affecting a quarter o

289、f the global population,is characterized by liver steatosis exceeding 5%of the liver weight not attributable to alcohol consumption or any other identifiable cause.NAFLD may develop into cirrhosis,hepatocellular carcinoma,or liver failure,also increasing the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disea

290、ses,thus causing huge social and economic burdens.The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex,and there is currently no approved drug therapy for the condition.As obesity and diabetes become increasingly serious,the incidence of NAFLD grows rapidly as well.Hence,NAFLD has become a global health concern and

291、 a hot research topic.The revolution in precision medicine has changed the diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD.Genes related to the condition,such as PNPLA3,TM6SF2,MBOAT7,GCKR,ApoC3 and HSD17B13 have been identified.Epigenetic changes such as N6-methyladenosine(m6A)modification have also been confirmed

292、 to play a vital role in NAFLD.These studies have laid the foundation for the discovery of potential drug targets and biomarkers for NAFLD and have provided the direction for precision diagnosis and treatment.At the same time,the heterogeneous pathogenesis,along with inaccuracies in terminology and

293、definitions for NAFLD,necessitate a reappraisal of nomenclature to better inform clinical trial design and drug development.In 2020,an international expert panel controversially proposed to rename NAFLD,a term used for 40 years,as MAFLD(metabolic associated fatty liver disease).This caused much disp

294、ute and discussion for example,the controversy featured in a“year in review”roundup published in Nature Reviews Endocrinology in November 2020.The expert consensus aims to emphasize metabolic disorder in MAFLD pathogenesis,and to change the phenomenon involving the absence of“positive”diagnostic cri

295、teria,thus promoting change in the mode of diagnosis and treatment.49CLINICAL MEDICINEThe 30 core papers that anchor the key hot Research Front“Genetics and renaming of NAFLD”mainly focus on susceptibility gene research and disease renaming.NAFLD susceptibility gene research principally involves HSD

296、17B13,MBOAT7/TMC4 and PNPLA3.For example,a report published in Gastroenterology in May 2016 by authors from University of Gothenburg,with 337 citations at this writing,provides evidence for an association between the MBOAT7 rs641738 variant and the development and severity of NAFLD in individuals of

297、 European descent.This association Figure 11:Citation frequency distribution curve of core papers in the Research Front“Genetics and renaming of NAFLD”As for the top countries producing core papers in this key hot front,the USA,Italy,and Australia take the lead.The USA stands out,contributing 46.7%o

298、f the core papers,reflecting the nations high impact in NAFLD genetic research,disease diagnosis,and treatment standardization.Among the top institutions producing core CitationsSerial Number of Core Papers010020030040050060017321241492919 2022242628305 61681810 1121172715251323seems to be mediated

299、by changes in the hepatic phosphatidylinositol acyl chain remodeling.Research on renaming NAFLD is much hotter.The consensus authored by more than 30 experts from more than 10 countries/regions was published in Gastroenterology in May 2020 and has now collected nearly 500 citations.The proposed nome

300、nclature MAFLD received 72.4%support among other suggestions.The new diagnosis criteria for MAFLD,published in Journal of Hepatology in July 2020 and subsequently garnering more than 500 citations,proposed evidence of metabolic dysregulation and other criteria for positive diagnosis of MAFLD.Renamin

301、g a condition and assigning new diagnostic criteria inevitably cause concerns and confusion,such as the possible inadequacy of evidence for new diagnosis and treatment,the question of how to grade and stage previous steatohepatitis,and concern whether there is intervention for patients with fibrosis

302、 who are not included in the new definition.50RESEARCH FRONTS 141298766655papers,CaGranda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and the University of Milan both contributed one-third of the core papers,followed by the University of Gothenburg,the University of Sydney,Magna Grcia University of Catanzaro,the

303、Egyptian Knowledge Bank,and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas.Table 20:Top countries and institutions producing core papers in the Research Front“Genetics and renaming of NAFLD”CountryRankingCountryCore PapersProportionInstitutionRankingInstitutionAffiliated CountryCore P

304、apersProportion1USA1446.7%1CaGranda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoItaly1033.3%2Italy1240.0%1University of MilanItaly1033.3%3Australia930.0%3University of GothenburgSweden826.7%4Sweden826.7%4University of SydneyAustralia723.3%5Finland723.3%4Magna Graecia University of CatanzaroItaly723.3%6China620.0%6

305、Egyptian Knowledge BankEgypt620.0%6Egypt620.0%6Univ Texas SW Med Ctr DallasUSA620.0%6UK620.0%8University of PalermoItaly413.3%9Japan516.7%8Helsinki UniversityFinland413.3%9Switzerland516.7%8Menia UniversityEgypt413.3%8Kuopio Univ HospFinland413.3%8Minerva FdnFinland413.3%8Mansoura UniversityEgypt413

306、.3%8University of East FinlandFinland413.3%Core Papers USAItalyAustraliaSwedenFinlandChinaEgyptUKJapanSwitzerland51CLINICAL MEDICINE44935731919417811891908979In terms of the citing papers,the USA is the most prolific,demonstrating a heightened research interest in NAFLD genetics and the renaming deb

307、ates attention that might be closely related to the increasing incidence rate in the USA.China,Italy,the UK,and Germany,all of which are also high-incidence areas of NAFLD,have actively followed up on this front.The University of Milan,CaGranda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico,and the University of Syd

308、ney are the top three institutions producing citing papers.Table 21:Top countries and institutions producing citing papers in the Research Front “Genetics and renaming of NAFLD”CountryRankingCountryCiting PapersProportionInstitutionRankingInstitutionAffiliated CountryCiting PapersProportion1USA44926

309、.7%1University of MilanItaly955.7%2China35721.2%2CaGranda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoItaly865.1%3Italy31919.0%3University of SydneyAustralia794.7%4UK19411.5%4Harvard UniversityUSA563.3%5Germany17810.6%5University of GothenburgSweden533.2%6Australia1187.0%6CIBERSpain513.0%7Sweden915.4%7National Ins

310、titute of Health and Medical Research(INSERM)France482.9%8Japan905.4%8University of VeronaItaly472.8%9Spain895.3%9Magna Graecia University of CatanzaroItaly452.7%10France794.7%10Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityChina442.6%USAChinaItalyUKGermanyAustraliaSwedenJapanSpainFrance Citing Papers 52RESEARCH FRO

311、NTS 1.3 KEY HOT RESEARCH FRONT “Impaired interferon activity in COVID-19 patients”COVID-19 research has yet to produce a wonder drug.Interferons are broad-spectrum antiviral agents which can rapidly activate multiple antiviral proteins,inhibit viral replication,and activate immune cells to eliminate

312、 viruses.Interferon response has been found to be impaired after SARS-CoV-2 infection,mainly by mechanisms such as inhibiting interferon production,signal transduction and protein production,thereby enabling massive virus replication,overwhelming inflammatory response,and precipitating multiple orga

313、n failure.Some early studies found that interferons may control COVID-19 progression.Interferon treatment was then recommended by COVID-19 guidelines in some countries.However,further clinical trials found that interferons were unable to alleviate COVID-19 progression,and that the improper use of in

314、terferons could even aggravate disease by promoting inflammatory cytokine secretion and immune cells infiltration.Discussion and concerns about the suitable patients,therapeutic effects,timing of administration,and optimal dosage have made interferons in COVID-19 a hot research topic.The key hot Res

315、earch Front“Impaired interferon activity in COVID-19 patients”includes two core papers one published in Cell,the other in Science-in 2020,with 1,394 and 894 citations respectively.Both reports examined the imbalance of host transcriptional response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and virus replication,as we

316、ll as immune response-i.e.,the low IFN-I/III expression with high chemokines/IL-6 expression.The paper published in Cell on May 28,2020,by Daniel Blanco Melo from Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and colleagues,showed that host IFN-I/III response failed after SARS-CoV-2 infection and that che

317、mokines accumulation might weaken immune response and aggravate inflammation.This result suggests that immunomodulatory drugs should be a direction for COVID-19 treatment.The other paper,published online in Science,on July 13,2020 by Jrme Hadjadj from the University of Paris and colleagues,found tha

318、t impaired interferon activity together with aggravated inflammation response might be one of the manifestations of severe COVID-19.Moreover,interferon deficiency is presumed to be relieved by the administration of interferon drugs,and the duration,timing,and location of interferon drug exposure to

319、the virus appear to be critical to the success of treatment.Both studies pointed out that using interferon in the treatment of COVID-19 might be effective,but the findings require further verification.Subsequent research has recommended that interferon should be given as early as possible,as delayed

320、 administration might aggravate the overwhelming inflammation.However,distinct findings from other research have questioned benefits of interferon treatment,and even questioned whether low interferon was the cause or a consequence of disease deterioration.Interferon treatment has thus been removed f

321、rom previous COVID-19 guidelines in some regions due to insufficient clinical evidence.With these unsettled matters regarding the mechanisms of interferon in SARS-CoV-2 infection,the question of whether interferon agents can be useful in COVID-19 treatment and its therapeutic mechanism remains open.

322、In terms of citing papers,the USA takes the lead,indicating a considerable scale of activity in this research front.The nation is followed by China,the UK,France,Germany,Italy,India,and Canada,which have also demonstrated strong performance.Half of the top institutions producing citing papers are ba

323、sed France.The National Institute of Health and Medicine of France,the University of Paris,the Paris Public Aid Hospital,and Harvard University are the top four institutions contributing citing papers.53CLINICAL MEDICINE7242982071931731731261038272Table 22:Top countries and institutions producing ci

324、ting papers in the Research Front “Impaired interferon activity in COVID-19 patients”CountryRankingCountryCiting PapersProportionInstitutionRankingInstitutionAffiliated CountryCiting PapersProportion1USA72436.9%1National Institute of Health and Medical Research(INSERM)France1276.5%2China29815.2%2Uni

325、versity of ParisFrance874.4%3UK20710.5%3Assistance Public Hospital ParisFrance844.3%4France1939.8%4Harvard UniversityUSA824.2%5Germany1738.8%5National Center for Scientific Research of France(CNRS)France773.9%5Italy1738.8%6Chinese Academy of SciencesChina572.9%7India1266.4%7National Institutes of He

326、alth(NIH)-USAUSA522.6%8Canada1035.2%8Icahn Sch Med Mount SinaiUSA502.5%9Australia824.2%9Sorbonne UniversityFrance462.3%10Switzerland723.7%10Yale UniversityUSA452.3%USAChinaUKFranceGermanyItalyIndiaCanadaAustraliaSwitzerland Citing Papers 54RESEARCH FRONTS 2.EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT2.1 SUMMARY OF EMER

327、GING RESEARCH FRONTS IN CLINICAL MEDICINEAmong the 17 emerging Research Fronts in clinical medicine,15 focus on COVID-19,tackling topics that include the side effects and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines;sequela and complications;drug therapy;and rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2.Meanwhile,the other t

328、wo fronts focus on drug therapies for obesity and diabetes.“Side effects and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against variants”was selected as the key emerging Research Front Group.This front group was also a continuation of the 2021 emerging Research Front group“SARS-CoV-2 vaccine research and de

329、velopment”.Table 23:Emerging Research Fronts in clinical medicineRankEmerging Research FrontsCore papersCitationsMean Year of Core Papers1Neutralizing antibody LY-CoV555 for COVID-19 patients4100120212Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta463920213SARS-CoV-2 reinfections

330、460420214Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variant354120215Long COVID-19729920216Antithrombotic strategies in COVID-19528920217Effect of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity94372020.98Repurposed antidepressant used to treat COVID-19 123132020.99Va

331、ccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination2418962020.810Rapid antigen test for detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus3317322020.811Allergic reactions to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines86612020.812Pathological features and mechanisms of COVID-19-associated myocardial injury135322020.813Effect

332、 of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes32562020.714Saliva sample for SARS-CoV-2 testing1115702020.615Effects of COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 on male reproductive function2111462020.616Benefits of rehabilitation in COVID-19114432020.617Androgen deprivation therapy and risk of SARS

333、-CoV-2 infection and implication of androgen regulation of TMPRSS2 and ACE2 in COVID-19 therapy53562020.655CLINICAL MEDICINE2.2 KEY EMERGING RESEARCH FRONT GROUP “Side effects and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against variants”Vaccination is still one of the most effective measures to control the COVID-19 epidemic,bringing hope to millions of people during the ongoing global pandemic.Based on