1、2023RESULTSMonitoring Climate Mitigation Efforts of 59 Countries plus the EU covering 92%of the Global Greenhouse Gas EmissionsJan BurckThea Uhlich Christoph BalsNiklas HhneLeonardo Nascimento2CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkContentsForeword31.StateoftheClimat

2、e:Tryingtobeattheclock42.OverallResultsCCPI202362.1 Category ResultsGHG Emissions 82.2 Category ResultsRenewable Energy 102.3 Category ResultsEnergy Use 122.4 Category ResultsClimate Policy 143.KeyCountryResults164.AbouttheCCPI265.Endnotes28Annex29ImprintAuthors:Jan Burck,Thea Uhlich,Christoph Bals,

3、Niklas Hhne,Leonardo Nascimento,Monica Tavares,Elisabeth StrietzelWithsupportof:Pieter van Breevoort,Bjrk Lucas,Lotta Hambrecht,Ana TamblynThe authors would also like to thank Nicklas Forsell(IIASA)for his great support regarding the LULUCF emissions.Editing:Adam Goulston,Tobias RinnMaps:Made by 23D

4、esign:Dietmar PutscherCoverphoto:Unsplash/Annie SprattNovember 2022You can find this publication as well as interactive maps and tables at www.ccpi.orgGermanwatchBonnOfficeKaiserstr.201D-53113 Bonn,GermanyPh.:+49(0)228 60492-0Fax:+49(0)228 60492-19 GermanwatchBerlinOfficeStresemannstr.72D-10963 Berl

5、in,GermanyPh.:+49(0)30 57 71 328-0Fax:+49(0)30 57 71 328-11E-mail:ccpigermanwatch.org www.germanwatch.orgNewClimateInstituteCologneOffice Waidmarkt 11aD-50676 Cologne,Germany Ph.:+49(0)221 99983300NewClimateInstituteBerlinOffice Schnhauser Allee 10-11D-10119 Berlin,Germany Ph.:+49(0)030 208492742CAN

6、ClimateActionNetworkInternational Kaiserstr.201 D-53113 Bonn,GermanyWith financial support from the Barthel Foundation3CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkThe Index is published by Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute and the Climate Action Network.The CCPIs unique cl

7、imate policy section,evaluating countries national and international climate policy performance,is only possible through the continued support and contributions of around 450 climate and energy experts.We express our gratitude to these experts and greatly appreciate their time,efforts,and knowledge

8、in contributing to this publication.*Authors and acknowledgements*A full list of contributors to the climate policy evaluation can be found in the Annex of this publication.Published annually since 2005,the Climate Change Perfor-mance Index(CCPI)is an independent monitoring tool for tracking the cli

9、mate protection performance of 59 coun-tries and the EU.Every year,the CCPI sets off important public and political debates within the countries assessed.The CCPI aims to enhance transparency in international climate politics and enables comparison of climate protec-tion efforts and progress made by

10、 individual countries.The climate protection performance of those countries,which together account for 92%of global greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions,is assessed in four categories:GHG Emissions,Renewable Energy,Energy Use and Climate Policy.The countries commitments under the Paris Agreement are still i

11、nsufficient:to limit global warming to a maximum of 1.5C a more ambitious climate action is urgently needed.ForewordInforming the process of raising climate ambitionIn this context,the CCPI has gained further relevance as a long-standing and reliable tool to identify leaders and lag-gards in climate

12、 protection.The impact of the CCPI as a climate protection monitor-ing and communication tool also depends on whether and how the index is used by different actors.We are glad to see that the CCPI is increasingly used by financial actors to rate sovereign bonds.Given the key role of the financial ma

13、rket in determining whether investments are made in high-emission or low-emission infrastructures and tech-nology developments for shifting the trillions.Therefore,the CCPI is an important tool to promote the reallocation of investments by providing crucial information on climate change for Environm

14、ental,Social and Governance(ESG)ratings for finance actors.Jan Burck(Germanwatch)Niklas Hhne(NewClimate Institute)Thea Uhlich(Germanwatch)Leonardo Nascimento(NewClimate Institute)Christoph Bals(Germanwatch)Tasneem Essop(Climate Action Network International)4CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate In

15、stitute&Climate Action Network1.State of the Climate:Trying to beat the clockRussias invasion of Ukraine illustrates that most countries still heavily depend on fossil fuels.This dependency af-fects countries ability to function and to provide essential services for their populations.The COVID-19 re

16、covery has largely been a missed op-portunity for climate progress,and we are again at a crossroads.We can use this external shock to improve how we heat,move,and live sustainably,or we can con-tinue supporting our current and dangerous fossil system.This sustainable transformations importance and u

17、rgency have never been clearer not only to save our climate but for our future society and peace.Expansion of renewables and energy savings are the backbones of decarbonisation.1 In 2022,renewable en-ergy(RE)supply grew significantly because of falling costs.The World Energy Investment Report 2022 s

18、hows RE comprising the majority of energy sector investments.Investments in fossil fuels,meanwhile,did not rebound to pre-pandemic levels.2 These positive developments and trends could trigger an upward spiral supporting a sustainable and just transi-tion.Yet there is a persistent and critical need

19、to use all available opportunities and to halt all support for fossil fuels.Recent developments show that fossil infrastructure is growing in response to the energy crisis.Countries must phase out fossil fuel subsidies and redirect their investments to avoid undermining efforts to increase the low-c

20、arbon energy supply.Energy demand reduction in developed countries and energy efficiency improvements in developing countries are also imperative for supporting the energy transition.Fossil fuel production:The elephant in the roomFossil fuels account for over 75%of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas(G

21、HG)emissions.3 Therefore,curbing fos-sil fuel extraction and production is a vital part of the solu-tion.Countries extracting and profiting from selling fossil fuels to others should be subject to increased scrutiny.Rather than decreasing fossil fuel production,govern-ments are planning to,by 2030,p

22、roduce twice the amount of fossil fuels globally than what is consistent with limiting global warming to 1.5C.4 The nine largest coal-procuring countries5 account for 90%of global coal production.6 While countries such as France,Costa Rica,and Denmark have introduced or scheduled moratoriums on foss

23、il fuel exports,others such as Mexico and Saudi Arabia plan to increase their exporting capacity.7 Instead of focusing its investments on RE,the G20 nations have added nearly USD300 billion towards fossil fuel activities since the COVID-19 pandemic began.8 These investments are at risk of becoming s

24、tranded assets and locking in additional fossil fuel use.The CCPI has decided to flag the 17 countries responsible for a large share of fossil fuel production.These countries belong to the top 20 oil and gas producers,top nine global coal producers,and/or plan to increase annual produc-tion of fossi

25、l fuels by 2030.To keep the Paris Agreement promises in reach,no new permits for fossil fuel extraction should be handed out,and no new fossil fuel infrastruc-ture switched on.Countries must stop investing in fossil fuels and they must expand their investments in RE.A ship loaded with rotor blades f

26、or wind turbines.The expansion of renewables is an important pillar of decarbonisation.Photo:Shutterstock/biggunsband5CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkA long road to go,but with little timeIn 2021,the countries we assessed in the CCPI accounted for 92%of all GH

27、G emissions.The graph below shows the development of some of the key economic indicators.Some notable findings are:Since 2000,GHGemissions grew globally by over 40%.After a drop in 2020 due to the pandemic,2021 saw a rebound.GHGpercapita shows relatively even development over the last 20 years.This

28、is because,together with emissions,population also grew.Countries such as the US(16.6 t per capita)and Canada(17.9 t per capita)are among the countries with the highest per capita emissions,whereas India(2.2 t per capita)and the Philippines(2.3 t per capita)are substantially lower.The growth of rene

29、wables has increased steadily since 2000 which is a good sign.Yet simultaneously,theenergysupplyis also rising,which leads to a cur-rent share of barely 17%of REintheenergysupply.From all indicators shown in the graph,GHGperGDP is the only one continuously falling.This means a steady relative decoup

30、ling of energy supply from GDP.A de-carbonisation trend would be visible only if the carbonintensityoftheenergysupply also decreased it cur-rently is flat.To keep 1.5C within reach and prevent dangerous climate change,countries must halve their emissions by 2030.Only if we use significantly less ene

31、rgy and more renew-able sources is this target reachable.Global development of key indicatorsGHGGHG/capitaRETPESRE/TPESGHG/GDPGHG/TPESDevelopment in per cent(2000 level=0)20002003200620092012201520182021806040200-20-40GHG=Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRE=Renewable EnergyTPES=Total Primary Energy SupplyGDP

32、=Gross Domestic ProductGermanwatch 2022Sources:PRIMAP,IEA&Worldbank6CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkGermanwatch 2022Very HighHighMediumLowVery LowNot includedUkraine was not rated this year because of the Russian invasionRating2.Overall Results CCPI 2023Top 3

33、remain vacant as countries need to speed up implementationKey results:The world map shows the aggregated results and overall performance for the countries the CCPI evaluated.The table shows the overall ranking and indicates countries performance in the four index categories.No country was strong eno

34、ugh in all index categories to achieve an overall very high rating.Therefore,once again,the top three places remain empty.Denmark is again the top-ranked country,as in the pre-vious years CCPI,but it does not perform well enough to achieve an overall very high rating.G20 performance:With India(8th),

35、the United Kingdom(11th),and Germany(16th),only three G20 countries are among the high performers in CCPI 2023.Twelve G20 countries receive an overall low or very low.The G20 has a particular responsibility in climate mitigation,as its members emit more than 75%of the worlds greenhouse gas emis-sion

36、s.Canada,Russia,South Korea,and Saudi Arabia are the G20s worst-performing countries.EU performance:Overall,the EU rises three spots from the previous year,to 19th,and just barely misses high classification.Nine EU countries are among the high and medium performers,with Denmark(4th)and Sweden(5th)le

37、ad-ing the overall CCPI ranking.Spain improves its performance in all four CCPI catego-ries,vaulting it 11 spots to 23rd,though still performing at a medium level.France,in contrast,drops 11 ranks to 28th,mainly due to its poorer placement in the Climate Policy category compared with the previous ye

38、ar.Hungary(53rd)and Poland(54th)are the remaining EU countries receiving a very low rating.The following sections look into the results for the index categories:GHG Emissions(2.1),Renewable Energy(2.2),Energy Use(2.3),and Climate Policy(2.4).Germanwatch 20227CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate I

39、nstitute&Climate Action NetworkClimate Change Performance Index 2023 Rating tableRankRank changeCountryScore*Categories 1.*2.3.4.0 Denmark79.615.0Sweden73.286.3 Chile69.547.1 Morocco67.448.2 India 67.359.23 Estonia65.1410.-4 Norway 64.4711.-4 United Kingdom 63.0712.11 Philippines62.7513.6 Netherland

40、s62.2414.2 Portugal61.5515.-1 Finland61.2416.-3 Germany 61.1117.1 Luxembourg60.7618.-6 Malta60.4219.3 European Union(27)59.9620.1 Egypt59.3721.-10 Lithuania59.2122.-7 Switzerland58.6123.11 Spain58.5924.0Greece57.5225.1 Latvia56.8126.1 Indonesia 54.5927.-2 Colombia54.5028.-11 France52.9729.1 Italy52.

41、9030.-1 Croatia52.0431.-3 Mexico 51.7732.5 Austria51.5633.2 New Zealand50.5534.6 Slovak Republic50.1235.7 Cyprus49.3936.8 Bulgaria49.1537.9 Ireland48.4738.-5 Brazil 48.3939.10 Belgium48.3840.3 Vietnam48.3141.9 Slovenia48.1642.-11 Thailand47.2343.-7 Romania47.0944.-5 South Africa 45.6945.6 Czech Repu

42、blic44.1646.2 Belarus43.6947.-6 Turkey43.3248.6 Algeria42.2649.-2 Argentina41.1950.-5 Japan40.8551.-13 China 38.8052.3 United States 38.5353.0Hungary38.5154.-2 Poland 37.9455.4 Australia 36.2656.1 Malaysia33.5157.1 Chinese Taipei28.3558.3 Canada 26.4759.-3 Russian Federation 25.2860.0Korea24.9161.3

43、Kazakhstan 24.6162.1 Saudi Arabia 22.4163.-1 Islamic Republic of Iran 18.77Very HighHighMediumLowVery LowRatingIndexCategoriesClimate Policy (20%weighting)Renewable Energy(20%weighting)Energy Use (20%weighting)GHG Emissions (40%weighting)Germanwatch 2022*None of the countries achieved positions one

44、to three.No country is doing enough to prevent dangerous climate change.*rounded The labelled countries are the biggest pro-ducers of oil,gas,and coal worldwide.8CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkGermanwatch 2022*Greenhouse Gas Emissions2.1 Category ResultsGHG*E

45、missionsCCPI countries must halve their emis-sions by 2030 to prevent dangerous climate changeKey developments:After the sharp 5.2%drop in CO2 emissions in 2020,due to the COVID-19 pandemic,energy-related CO2 emissions in 2021 rebounded,increasing by 6%and reaching a record high.9 The CCPI results r

46、eflect this.The current IPCC report indicates global emissions must be halved by 2030(compared with 2020 levels)to keep global warming within the 1.5C reach.10 A strong rebound effect was expected,but now the coun-tries need to intensify their efforts.Collectively,the coun-tries the CCPI covered are

47、 responsible for more than 92%of all GHG emissions.Key results:The table on the right details the performance of all coun-tries included in the CCPI in the four indicators comprising the GHG Emissions category.Chile and Sweden are at the top,receiving a very high rating in this category.G20 performa

48、nce:Only three G20 countries the United Kingdom,India,and Germany receive an overall high rating.Eight G20 countries are among the very low performers,including China,South Korea,Canada,and the United States.Most G20 countries show worse performance than in the previous year.As in the previous years

49、,Saudi Arabia remains the worst-performing G20 country.EU performance:As in previous years,the EU rates medium for its overall performance,but this year it drops one rank to 24.The best-performing EU country is Sweden at 3rd,though Denmark,Estonia,Finland,Malta,and Germany rate high in this category

50、.Ireland and Poland are the only EU countries to receive a very low.Very HighHighMediumLowVery LowNot includedUkraine was not rated this year because of the Russian invasionRatingGermanwatch 20229CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkGreenhouse Gas Emissions Rating

51、tableRankCountryScore*Overall RatingGHG per Capita current level(including LULUCF)*GHG per Capita current trend(excluding LULUCF)*GHG per Capita compared to a well-below-2C benchmarkGHG 2030 Target compared to a well-below-2C benchmark1.*Very High2.Chile34.50Very HighVery highHighVery highVery high3

52、.Sweden34.48Very HighVery highVery HighHighHigh4.Philippines31.45HighVery highLowVery highVery high5.Denmark31.42HighMediumVery highMediumVery high6.Estonia30.55HighLowVery HighHighMedium7.United Kingdom30.38HighMediumHighHighVery high8.Egypt29.88HighHighHighHighHigh9.India29.69HighVery highLowVery

53、highVery high10.Finland29.23HighHighVery HighHighMedium11.Morocco29.04HighHighVery LowVery highVery high12.Malta28.67HighHighHighHighMedium13.Germany27.36HighLowVery HighMediumHigh14.Luxembourg26.76MediumVery LowHighHighHigh15.Switzerland26.60MediumHighHighMediumMedium16.Mexico26.52MediumHighHighMed

54、iumMedium17.France26.52MediumMediumHighMediumMedium18.Norway26.42MediumMediumHighMediumHigh19.Portugal26.14MediumMediumHighLowMedium20.Spain25.97MediumHighHighLowMedium21.Lithuania25.57MediumHighLowHighHigh22.Slovak Republic25.31MediumMediumMediumMediumMedium23.Greece25.30MediumMediumVery HighMedium

55、Very Low24.European Union(27)24.94MediumMediumHighMediumMedium25.Romania24.87MediumHighMediumHighMedium26.Netherlands24.60MediumLowHighLowMedium27.Algeria24.46MediumMediumMediumHighMedium28.Belarus23.77MediumHighLowHighMedium29.Italy22.81MediumMediumHighMediumLow30.Colombia22.67MediumHighMediumMediu

56、mLow31.Slovenia22.29LowMediumHighLowVery Low32.Thailand21.89LowMediumMediumMediumLow33.Turkey21.89LowHighMediumHighVery Low34.Bulgaria21.78LowMediumHighLowLow35.Latvia21.56LowHighMediumLowMedium36.Belgium21.44LowLowHighLowMedium37.Czech Republic21.40LowLowHighLowLow38.Indonesia20.97LowMediumLowMediu

57、mMedium39.Vietnam20.87LowHighVery LowHighLow40.Brazil20.63LowMediumMediumLowLow41.Hungary20.54LowMediumLowMediumLow42.South Africa20.09LowLowHighLowLow43.Austria20.07LowLowHighVery LowLow44.Croatia20.06LowHighLowLowLow45.Japan19.92LowLowHighVery LowLow46.Cyprus19.92LowMediumMediumLowMedium47.Ireland

58、19.22Very LowVery LowHighVery LowMedium48.New Zealand19.15Very LowLowHighLowLow49.Australia18.39Very LowVery LowHighLowHigh50.Poland18.33Very LowLowMediumLowLow51.Argentina17.90Very LowLowHighVery LowVery Low52.Russian Federation15.17Very LowLowLowMediumVery Low53.United States14.24Very LowVery LowH

59、ighVery LowLow54.Malaysia13.47Very LowVery LowMediumVery LowLow55.China11.56Very LowLowVery LowVery LowVery Low56.Korea10.51Very LowVery LowMediumVery LowVery Low57.Canada10.45Very LowVery LowHighVery LowVery Low58.Chinese Taipei9.98Very LowVery LowMediumVery LowVery Low59.Kazakhstan9.23Very LowVery

60、 LowHighVery LowVery Low60.Saudi Arabia6.43Very LowVery LowHighVery LowVery Low61.Islamic Republic of Iran5.16Very LowVery LowVery LowVery LowVery Low*Only two countries achieve a very high rating in this category.The first position in the ranking therefore remains empty.*weighted and rounded *Land

61、Use,Land-Use Change and ForestryGermanwatch 202210CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkRating2.2 Category ResultsRenewable EnergyRenewable energy growth continuesKey developments:Renewable energy capacity continues to expand at a high pace amidst the economic recov

62、ery after the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.This comes despite supply chain challenges.In 2021,257 GW of capacity was installed globally.11 Nonetheless,the energy system worldwide is still heavily dependent on fossil fuels.12 This is despite the fact wind and solar power generation are the ch

63、eapest sources of new electricity generation in most of the world.13 Key results:The table details the performance of all countries included in the CCPI in the four indicators comprising the Renewable Energy category.The energy sector greatly contributes to a countrys GHG emissions.Therefore,the res

64、ults of the Renewable Energy rating indicate substantial room for improvement in mitigat-ing emissions by accelerating deployment of renewable energy.For the second year running,Norway receives a very high in this category.Algeria,Iran,and Russia are at the bottom.G20-performance:Eleven G20 countrie

65、s rank low or very low,with the United States,Mexico,and Russia among them.Brazil,Indonesia,Turkey,and China are the only G20 members receiving a high.EU performance:The EUs performance shows no improvement from that in last years CCPI,as it rates medium.Ten EU countries receive a high,including Swe

66、den,Denmark,the Netherlands,and Austria.As in previous years,no EU country performs very low.Poland,Hungary,Czech Republic,France,Slovak Republic and Romania are the worst-performing EU countries.Germanwatch 2022Germanwatch 2022Very HighHighMediumLowVery LowNot includedUkraine was not rated this yea

67、r because of the Russian invasion11CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkRenewable Energy(RE)Rating tableRankCountryScore*Overall RatingShare of RE in Energy Use(TPES)*current level(incl.hydro)RE current trend (excl.hydro)Share of RE in Energy Use(TPES)(incl.hydro)c

68、ompared to a well-below-2C benchmark RE 2030 Target(incl.hydro)compared to a well-below-2C benchmark1.*Very High2.Very High3.Norway19.35Very HighVery highVery highVery HighVery High4.Sweden15.96HighVery highMediumHighHigh5.Denmark14.76HighHighHighHighHigh6.Latvia13.07HighHighMediumHighHigh7.Finland1

69、2.89HighHighMediumHighHigh8.New Zealand12.09HighVery highVery LowMediumMedium9.Estonia11.91HighHighHighHighMedium10.Croatia11.49HighMediumVery highLowMedium11.Brazil11.46HighVery highMediumMediumMedium12.Indonesia11.09HighHighVery highMediumMedium13.Luxembourg10.88HighMediumVery highLowMedium14.Chil

70、e10.25HighHighMediumHighMedium15.Turkey10.25HighMediumVery highMediumLow16.Netherlands9.69HighMediumVery highLowMedium17.China9.59HighLowVery highVery LowMedium18.Lithuania9.56HighMediumMediumMediumMedium19.Austria9.42HighHighVery LowMediumMedium20.Bulgaria9.07MediumLowVery highVery LowMedium21.Port

71、ugal8.91MediumHighLowLowMedium22.Malta8.82MediumLowVery highVery LowMedium23.Ireland8.49MediumMediumHighLowMedium24.India7.77MediumMediumHighVery LowMedium25.Switzerland7.73MediumHighMediumLowLow26.European Union(27)7.69MediumMediumMediumLowMedium27.Philippines7.60MediumHighVery LowVery LowMedium28.

72、Greece7.57MediumMediumHighLowMedium29.Cyprus7.55MediumMediumHighVery LowMedium30.Spain7.39MediumMediumMediumLowMedium31.Morocco7.20MediumVery LowVery highVery LowLow32.Slovenia7.17MediumMediumHighVery LowMedium33.Italy6.87MediumMediumLowLowMedium34.Germany6.82MediumMediumMediumLowLow35.Belgium6.71Me

73、diumLowHighVery LowMedium36.United Kingdom6.44MediumMediumHighMediumVery Low37.Malaysia6.34MediumVery LowVery highVery LowVery Low38.Vietnam6.20MediumMediumHighVery LowLow39.Saudi Arabia5.81LowVery LowVery highVery LowVery Low40.Poland5.78LowLowMediumVery LowMedium41.Hungary5.69LowLowHighVery LowMed

74、ium42.Kazakhstan5.43LowVery LowVery highVery LowVery Low43.Czech Republic5.16LowLowLowVery LowMedium44.France4.97LowLowHighVery LowLow45.Slovak Republic4.86LowLowVery LowVery LowMedium46.Romania4.86LowLowVery LowVery LowMedium47.Thailand4.85LowHighVery LowVery LowLow48.Japan4.62LowLowHighVery LowVer

75、y Low49.Colombia4.52LowMediumVery LowVery LowLow50.Argentina4.00LowLowHighVery LowVery Low51.Korea3.49Very LowVery LowHighVery LowVery Low52.Canada3.30Very LowMediumLowVery LowVery Low53.South Africa3.17Very LowVery LowMediumVery LowLow54.Belarus2.98Very LowLowHighVery LowVery Low55.Egypt2.98Very Lo

76、wLowMediumVery LowVery Low56.Australia2.94Very LowLowHighVery LowVery Low57.Chinese Taipei2.65Very LowVery LowHighVery LowVery Low58.United States2.65Very LowLowMediumVery LowVery Low59.Mexico2.38Very LowLowMediumVery LowVery Low60.Algeria1.65Very LowVery LowHighVery LowVery Low61.Islamic Republic o

77、f Iran1.46Very LowVery LowHighVery LowVery Low62.Russian Federation1.27Very LowVery LowLowVery LowVery Low*Only one country achieves a very high rating in this category.The first and second position in the ranking therefore remain empty.*weighted and rounded *Total Primary Energy SupplyGermanwatch 2

78、02212CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkGermanwatch 2022*Increases in energy efficiency are,strictly speaking,complex to measure and would require a sector-by-sector approach.As no comparable data sources across all countries are available,the CCPI evaluates a co

79、untrys per-capita energy use to measure improvements in this category.2.3 Category ResultsEnergy Use*Energy demand returns to pre-pandemic levelsKey developments:The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent slowdown of economic activity led to a 4%decrease in energy demand in 2020.However,a strong rebound w

80、as expected for 2021,as economic activity increased.The IEA estimated the global energy demand to rebound after its drop,increasing 4%in 2021 and returning to pre-pandemic levels.14Key results:The table details the performance of all countries included in the CCPI in the four indicators comprising t

81、he Energy Use category.No country receives a very high;with Colombia,Egypt,and the Philippines,three countries from the Global South,leading this category.Finland,Kazakhstan,and Canada,like last year,bring up the rear.G20-performance:Of the G20 countries,seven perform very low.The United Kingdom,Ind

82、ia,Mexico,Argentina,South Africa,and Brazil receive a high.All other G20 members are ranked medium(except for Turkey,which is a low).EU performance:As in previous years,the EU ranks medium in this cat-egory.Four EU countries,including Greece and Romania,per-form high;while Sweden,Norway,and Finland

83、are very low.RatingGermanwatch 2022Very HighHighMediumLowVery LowNot includedUkraine was not rated this year because of the Russian invasion13CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkEnergy Use Rating tableRankCountryScore*Overall RatingEnergy Use(TPES)*per Capita curr

84、ent levelEnergy Use (TPES)per Capita current trendEnergy Use(TPES)per Capita compared to a well-below-2C benchmarkEnergy Use 2030 Target compared to a well-below-2C benchmark1.Very High2.Very High3.Very High4.Colombia17.71HighVery highHighHighHigh5.Egypt16.80HighVery highMediumHighHigh6.Philippines1

85、6.75HighVery highLowVery highHigh7.United Kingdom16.37HighMediumVery highHighMedium8.Morocco16.11HighVery highLowVery highHigh9.India16.03HighVery highLowVery highHigh10.Mexico15.97HighVery highHighHighMedium11.Greece15.71HighHighHighMediumLow12.Argentina15.43HighHighHighLowLow13.Malta15.31HighVery

86、highMediumHighLow14.South Africa15.16HighMediumHighMediumMedium15.Estonia14.88HighLowVery HighHighVery Low16.Brazil14.66HighVery highMediumLowLow17.Romania14.31HighHighLowHighHigh18.Belarus14.01MediumMediumLowHighHigh19.Switzerland13.99MediumLowMediumMediumMedium20.Italy13.93MediumMediumHighLowLow21

87、.Spain13.84MediumMediumHighLowLow22.Germany13.76MediumLowHighLowLow23.Portugal13.73MediumHighMediumLowLow24.Cyprus13.65MediumHighLowMediumLow25.Algeria13.53MediumVery highLowLowLow26.Denmark13.43MediumMediumHighMediumLow27.European Union(27)13.30MediumLowHighLowLow28.Ireland13.29MediumMediumHighLowL

88、ow29.Indonesia13.16MediumVery highVery LowHighLow30.France13.15MediumLowHighLowVery Low31.Thailand13.11MediumHighMediumVery LowLow32.Netherlands13.07MediumLowHighLowLow33.Japan12.98MediumLowHighLowLow34.Lithuania12.86LowMediumVery LowHighHigh35.Croatia12.63LowHighLowLowLow36.Bulgaria12.34LowMediumLo

89、wMediumLow37.Latvia12.24LowMediumLowMediumLow38.Slovak Republic12.21LowLowLowMediumLow39.Luxembourg11.68LowVery LowHighMediumLow40.Vietnam11.46LowVery highVery LowLowLow41.New Zealand11.41LowVery LowHighVery LowVery Low42.Slovenia11.36LowLowMediumVery LowVery Low43.Czech Republic11.27LowLowMediumLow

90、Very Low44.Belgium11.22LowVery LowHighLowVery Low45.Chile11.05LowMediumLowVery LowVery Low46.Austria10.99LowLowHighVery LowVery Low47.Poland10.88LowMediumLowLowLow48.Hungary10.87LowMediumLowLowVery Low49.Turkey10.70LowHighLowVery LowVery Low50.Malaysia10.00Very LowMediumMediumVery LowVery Low51.Swed

91、en9.97Very LowVery LowMediumLowVery Low52.Norway8.98Very LowVery LowHighVery LowVery Low53.Russian Federation8.85Very LowVery LowLowVery LowLow54.Chinese Taipei8.38Very LowLowMediumVery LowVery Low55.United States8.00Very LowVery LowHighVery LowVery Low56.Australia7.43Very LowVery LowMediumVery LowV

92、ery Low57.Islamic Republic of Iran7.14Very LowLowLowVery LowVery Low58.Saudi Arabia6.01Very LowVery LowHighVery LowVery Low59.China5.95Very LowMediumVery LowVery LowVery Low60.Korea5.93Very LowVery LowMediumVery LowVery Low61.Finland5.75Very LowVery LowMediumVery LowVery Low62.Kazakhstan5.55Very Low

93、LowVery LowLowVery Low63.Canada4.45Very LowVery LowMediumVery LowVery Low*weighted and rounded *Total Primary Energy SupplyGermanwatch 202214CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkGermanwatch 20222.4 Category ResultsClimate PolicyCountries must implement their climat

94、e targetsKey developments:In light of the energy crisis,initiated by Russias aggressive war against Ukraine,climate policy fades into the back-ground this year.Australia submitted a stronger National Determined Contribution(NDC)in 2022 and is,thus,the only G20 country to increase its ambition.Brazil

95、 and India did not increase their targets with their new NDCs.15 The UN United in Science Report states that the progress in NDC improvement is insufficient for keeping 1.5C in reach.16 In the Climate Policy indicators in CCPI 2023,not only are national emissions targets assessed,but also sectoral t

96、ar-gets and their specific implementation.Key results:The table on the right details the performance of all coun-tries included in the CCPI in the two indicators comprising the Climate Policy category.Only four countries receive a high for overall perfor-mance:Denmark,Morocco,the Netherlands,and the

97、 EU.G20-performance:The EU is the only G20 member with a high in this cat-egory.Ten of the G20 countries rate low or very low,with Brazil,Turkey,and Russia as the worst performers.EU performance:Denmark,an EU country,leads the Climate Policy rank-ing,owing to its national and international climate p

98、er-formance.The Netherlands is the only other EU country with a high rating.Eleven EU countries receive a low or very low,with Poland and Hungary as the worst performers.RatingGermanwatch 2022Very HighHighMediumLowVery LowNot includedUkraine was not rated this year because of the Russian invasion15C

99、CPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkClimate Policy Rating tableRankCountryScore*Overall RatingNational Climate Policy PerformanceInternational Climate Policy Performance1.Very High2.Very High3.Very High4.Denmark20.00HighHighVery High5.Morocco15.09HighMediumHigh6.Ne

100、therlands14.87HighMediumHigh7.European Union(27)14.03HighMediumHigh8.India13.85MediumMediumMedium9.Chile13.74MediumMediumMedium10.United States13.64MediumMediumHigh11.Finland13.38MediumMediumMedium12.Germany13.17MediumMediumHigh13.Sweden12.89MediumMediumMedium14.Portugal12.77MediumMediumMedium15.Chi

101、na11.70MediumMediumMedium16.Luxembourg11.44MediumMediumMedium17.Spain11.38MediumLowMedium18.Lithuania11.21MediumMediumMedium19.Austria11.08MediumMediumMedium20.Switzerland10.28MediumLowMedium21.Latvia9.95MediumMediumMedium22.United Kingdom9.88MediumLowMedium23.Vietnam9.78MediumLowMedium24.Norway9.72

102、MediumLowMedium25.Egypt9.70MediumLowMedium26.Colombia9.60MediumMediumMedium27.Indonesia9.37MediumLowMedium28.Italy9.29MediumLowMedium29.Belgium9.01MediumLowMedium30.Greece8.93MediumLowMedium31.France8.33MediumLowMedium32.Cyprus8.27MediumLowMedium33.Canada8.26MediumLowMedium34.New Zealand7.90MediumLo

103、wLow35.Croatia7.85LowLowLow36.Estonia7.80LowLowLow37.Slovak Republic7.75LowLowMedium38.Malta7.62LowLowMedium39.Australia7.51LowLowMedium40.Ireland7.46LowLowMedium41.Thailand7.38LowLowLow42.Chinese Taipei7.33LowLowMedium43.Slovenia7.33LowLowLow44.South Africa7.27LowLowMedium45.Philippines6.95LowLowLo

104、w46.Mexico6.90LowLowLow47.Czech Republic6.33LowLowLow48.Bulgaria5.96LowLowLow49.Islamic Republic of Iran5.02LowLowVery Low50.Korea4.98LowVery LowLow51.Kazakhstan4.40LowLowLow52.Saudi Arabia4.17LowLowLow53.Argentina3.87Very LowVery LowLow54.Malaysia3.70Very LowLowVery Low55.Japan3.33Very LowLowVery L

105、ow56.Romania3.05Very LowLowVery Low57.Poland2.95Very LowLowVery Low58.Belarus2.93Very LowLowVery Low59.Algeria2.61Very LowLowVery Low60.Brazil1.65Very LowLowVery Low61.Hungary1.41Very LowVery LowVery Low62.Turkey0.48Very LowVery LowVery Low63.Russian Federation0.00Very LowVery LowVery Low*weighted a

106、nd roundedGermanwatch 202216CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkThe following overview provides a brief summary on the performance of 27 selected countries and the EU.The coloured boxes indicate a countrys rank in this years CCPI,while the grey boxes refer to its

107、rank last year.When directly comparing the ranks between the CCPI 2022 and 2023 editions,please note that ranks from last year are unadjusted throughout the publication.Denmark 44 Denmark ranks 4th in this years CCPI and is again the frontrunner.Overall,Denmark receives a high rating,but was unable

108、to achieve an overall very high rating necessary to enter the,still vacant,top three.Despite its relatively strong showing,Denmarks performance remains unaligned with limiting global warming to 1.5C.As in the previous years CCPI,Denmark receives high ratings in the GHG Emissions,Renewable Energy,and

109、 Climate Policy categories.However,it ranks 26th in Energy Use,earning only a medium in that category.Denmark has committed to,by 2030,achieving a 70%emissions reduction compared with 1990 levels,and aims at climate neutrality by 2050.The independent Danish Council on Climate Change(DCCC),under the

110、Danish Climate Act,is charged with assessing whether govern-mental policies sufficiently match the target.After two years with the 70%target,the DCCC concluded there has been significant progress but the efforts are not yet suf-ficient to meet the target.The reduction gap from 2030 has been lowered

111、by 10 million tonnes CO2.The CCPI experts criticise that the government focuses too much on carbon capture and storage,with plans to spend 5 billion in support of it until 2030.Denmark adopted a new CO2 tax in June 2022.While this tax does not cover the entire economy,the CCPI experts deem it a good

112、 start.Denmark is a progressive player in climate policy,ranked 4th both in international and national climate policy.Partnering with Costa Rica,Denmark launched the Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance last year,aimed at moving more countries away from extracting fossil fuel.Domestically,the CCPI experts fe

113、el Denmarks climate neutrality goal should be brought forward from the current 2050 to reach neutrality by 2040.They note that Denmark is currently not on track to meeting its 2025 target of a 50%emissions reduction compared with 1990.3.Key Country Results Sweden 55 Sweden holds its ranking of 5th i

114、n this years CCPI,receiving an overall high rating.While Sweden performs very high in the GHG Emissions category,with its low per capita emissions of 0.47 tCO2eq(including LULUCF),and receives a high in Renewable Energy,its performance is considerably worse in Climate Policy and Energy Use,with a me

115、dium and very low,re-spectively.The CCPI experts welcome Swedens small share of gas and coal in electricity generation complemented by a high Share of Renewable Energy in Energy Use of 47.71%.Although the country has a credible plan to phase out coal in the iron ore and steel industry,emissions from

116、 waste incineration and the transport sector remain excessive.Another major point of criticism the experts note is Swedens reliance on nuclear energy and on forest bio-mass with carbon capture and storage,as well as its pro-motion of forest biomass.There are also very low ambi-tions and very few inc

117、entives for energy efficiency,as this is not recognised as necessary.Moreover,the influence of the forestry industry along with increased use of biomass and subsequent forest loss are concerning because of detrimental effects on biodiversity and forests becoming carbon sources rather than carbon sin

118、ks.To become aligned with a well-below-2C trajectory,Sweden needs to improve its transport,reduce waste incineration,and improve energy efficiency for buildings.A new government is set to take office following the 2022 Swedish general election.The experts expect and fear lower climate ambitions as w

119、ell as steps backwards that would lead to a drop off in the next CCPI ranking.One of the first governmental activity was the dissolution of the environmental ministry,which is heavily criticised by experts.Chile 69 ChilerisesthreeranksinthisyearsCCPIto6th,remain-ingamongthehigh-performingcountries.C

120、hile only receives a low rating in the Energy Use cat-egory and a medium rating in Climate Policy,but respec-tively a high and very high in Renewable Energy and GHG Emissions.The strong performance in GHG Emissions owes to rela-tively low per capita emissions of 2.24 tCO2eq(including LULUCF).It rece

121、ives a very high rating for that indicator and for the GHG per capita compared with a well-below-2C benchmark and GHG 2030 target indicators.17CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkIn June 2022,Chile adopted a Climate Change Framework Law that includes a commitment

122、to reach net zero by 2050,and policies to achieve this target.Chile also sub-mitted a long-term low GHG emissions strategy.The CCPI experts welcome this move.They further note an increase in the share of renewable energy,leading to a high rating in this indicator as well as in the renewable energy c

123、ur-rent trend indicator.Progress has also been made on a biodiversity services law.Despite these significant advancements and develop-ments,which the experts recognise and welcome,the experts criticise the countrys lack of mitigation and ad-aptation strategies regarding water scarcity.To become alig

124、ned with a well-below-2C trajectory,Chile must reduce its emissions from the energy and transport sectors and reduce destruction of the valuable ecosystem serving as a carbon sink.Chile must therefore limit peat extraction and macro algae extraction.There is also a need to implement Nationally Deter

125、mined Contribution(NDC)commitments on forestry,protected areas,and native forests.Morocco 78 Morocco rises one spot to 7th a top 10,high-perform-ing country in this years CCPI.As in the previous two years,Morocco rates high in three main CCPI categories:GHG Emissions,Energy Use,and Climate Policy.An

126、d while the trend in renewable energy rates very high,the country receives a very low rating for its share of renewable energy and a low for its 2030 targets.This results in Moroccos overall medium for Renewable Energy.If Morocco maintains its positive trend in renewable en-ergy,it should improve in

127、 the other two indicators as well.Despite this positive development,the CCPI experts note that Morocco lacks the will to decentralise renew-able energy and encourage citizens to produce their own renewable energy.Morocco has been at the forefront of reducing its GHG Emissions and it strengthened thi

128、s effort after COP22.The government has established a framework to reduce emissions and adhere to the Paris accords.Morocco has committed to a target of planting 600,000 hectares of forest by 2030.The CCPI experts welcome the positive developments the country has made over the past years.Still,they

129、criticise current laws for lack-ing implementing force and lacking the industrial sectors adherence to them.The experts welcome the positive changes the new gov-ernment has undertaken to further improve the coun-trys climate performance.Yet they note that the global COVID-19 pandemic,water stress,an

130、d the geopolitical and economic crisis induced by the aggressive Russian war against Ukraine are brakes on ambitions.India 810 Indiarisestwospotstorank8thinthisyearsCCPI.The country is among the high performing countries in the index.India earns a high rating in the GHG Emissions and Energy Use cate

131、gories,with a medium for Climate Policy and Renewable Energy.The country is on track to meet its 2030 emissions targets(compatible with a well-below-2C scenario).However,the renewable energy pathway is not on track for the 2030 target.Since the last CCPI,India has updated its Nationally Determined C

132、ontribution(NDC)and announced a net-zero target for 2070.The country experts welcome the new targets and the political signals towards climate action.Despite Indias medium in the Renewable Energy category,the country has included renewables targets in its updated NDC.Yet the experts cite missing roa

133、dmaps and concrete action plans for achieving the targets.The experts stress the importance of a just and inclusive energy transition,as well as the need for decentralised renewable energy and capacities for rooftop photovol-taics.A carbon pricing mechanism,the need for more capacities at the subnat

134、ional level,and concrete action plans for achieving the targets are key demands.India is among the nine countries responsible for 90%of global coal production.It also plans to increase its oil,gas,and oil production by over 5%by 2030.This is incompatible with the 1.5C target.Norway 106 Norway falls

135、four ranks to 10th in this years CCPI,still receiving an overall high rating.Norway rates very high in the Renewable Energy catego-ry,with its share of over 50%renewables in energy sup-ply.Nevertheless,the country earns a medium for GHG Emissions and Climate Policy and very low for Energy Use.The CC

136、PI country experts recognise the countrys ambi-tious and effective climate policies.Norway has a very high share of renewables,mostly through hydropower.There is a high carbon tax for multiple sectors and sup-port for electric vehicles.The experts also acknowledge the role Norway plays in internatio

137、nal climate policy.It is a frontrunner in climate negotiations and relatively sup-portive in climate finance.However,the experts criticise other areas of Norways climate politics.There is a lack of long-term strategies for specific policies and of long-term targets.Strategies to meet energy efficien

138、cy targets are missing and the country lags in decarbonising the industry sector.While other industries have cut emissions by 40%since 1990,the petroleum industry has increased to current levels almost 50%above those in 1990.18CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkT

139、he experts strongest criticism regards Norways oil and gas exploration and exports.The country continues to ex-pand oil and gas extraction,including in the Arctic.There is no phase-out plan for oil and gas extraction.The experts demand a just transition away from oil and gas extraction in Norway.Des

140、pite the countrys high rank-ing in the CCPI,Norway is among the 20 countries with the largest developed oil and gas reserves.It also plans to increase its gas production by over 5%by 2030.This is incompatible with the 1.5C target.An additional topic the experts raised is a Norwegian Supreme Court ru

141、le that decided two wind power fields built in the Trndelag region violate the indigenous rights of the Smi people and the livelihoods of the local rein-deer herders.Mining waste dumping in fjords is also af-fecting Smi rights.United Kingdom 117 The United Kingdom falls four spots but still ranks 11

142、th in this years CCPI edition,placing it among the high performers.The UK earns a medium in the Renewable Energy and Climate Policy categories and high ratings in GHG Emissions and Energy Use.The UK government is committing to phasing out coal power by 2024.The country plans to double its use of ren

143、ewables within 15 years.There is also a mandate to end the sale of new petrol-and diesel-powered vehicles by 2030.The CCPI experts see these commitments as key climate policy strengths.The experts,however,criticise the UK for its lack of a policy framework to phase out oil and gas extraction.The gov

144、ernment continues to use fos-sil fuel subsidies,despite the call in the COP27 Glasgow Climate Pact to phase them out for their inefficiency.After Norway,the UK is Europes second-largest oil and gas producer.The main demands the experts express were to end fossil fuel extraction,push for more energy

145、efficiency in buildings,electrify heating and transport,and scale-up renewables.The UK has taken the lead in international climate policy in some areas and helped launch many international pledges as president at COP27.The experts welcome the lead the country has taken.However,they note that there h

146、as been little follow up regarding these pledges.The coun-trys commitment to reach net zero by 2050 has been criticised and the experts suggested 2045 or earlier for a new net-zero target(Scotland has committed to 2045).Philippines 1223The Philippines rises 11 places to 12th in this years CCPI and i

147、s now among the high-performing countries.The countrys performance is mixed across the four main CCPI categories:a high rating in GHG Emissions and Energy Use,medium in Renewable Energy,and low in Climate Policy.The Philippines performs very well in the current level indicators of the GHG Emissions

148、and Energy Use categories,with relatively low per capita emissions of 2.29 tCO2eq,receiving a very high rating.While the Philippines rated very low in the trend indicators in the GHG Emissions and Energy Use categories in last years edition,this year saw a slight improvement to low.The Philippines r

149、eceives a low rating in the national cli-mate policy indicator,while the CCPI experts note nu-merous policies for emissions reduction in place,such as the Renewable Energy Act and Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act.In its Nationally Determined Contribution(NDC)submitted in April 2021,the Philipp

150、ines also committed to reducing GHG emissions by 75%by 2030 compared with 2010 levels.However,the experts criticise inconsistency among existing policies along with a lack of implementation.Though there is a moratorium on coal plant development,already approved coal plants are still being built.The

151、new government under President Ferdinand Bong-bong R.Marcos,Jr.plans to expand natural gas and encourages a shift to fossil gas.The experts therefore demand stronger implementation of the abovementioned policies to reduce GHG emissions,as well as a clear net-zero target.The Philippines also must com

152、mit to a genuine just energy transition with a strict coal phase-out,eliminate natural gas expansion,and expand renewable energy.Additionally,policies encouraging fossil fuel divestment and increased ambition in renewable energy targets are needed.Netherlands 1319 The Netherlands CCPI ranking contin

153、ues to rise,now up six places to 13th.This puts it among the high-performing countries.While the Netherlands receives a high rating in the Renewable Energy and Climate Policy categories,its performance in GHG Emissions and Energy Use earn a medium.The Netherlands generally performs well in the trend

154、 in-dicators,and this time receives a very high rating in the renewable energy current trend indicator as well as a high in the GHG emissions current trend indicator.In the national climate policy indicator,the country re-ceives a medium rating.The CCPI experts note the pres-ence of strong policies

155、to increase deployment of renew-19CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action Networkable energy,primarily of offshore wind(in the North Sea region).An increase in the share of renewable energy in energy use is expected thanks to policies promoting offshore wind.While natural ga

156、s extraction in the Groningen gas field was halted because of a risk of induced earthquakes,the Netherlands still supports offshore oil and gas production and plans to replace domestically produced fossil gas with imports.As a large agricultural product producer,the Netherlands needs policies to red

157、uce agricultural sector emissions,primarily policies to reduce livestock.Germany 1613Germany remains a relatively high performer in this years CCPI,despite a three-spot drop from last year,to 16th.In contrast with last year,Germany receives a high rating in the GHG Emissions category.In Renewable En

158、ergy,Energy Use,and Climate Policy,it receives a medium.The slowed expansion of renewables until 2020 and the high rebound of emissions in the transport sector in 2021 are the main reasons for the overall lower ranking.At the same time,Germany rises seven ranks in the Climate Policy category caused

159、by the improvements the new government has implemented over the past year,getting Germany back on track.The CCPI experts welcome the new laws under the“Easter Package”that the federal government adopted in spring 2022.The newly elected government has been in place for about a year and has implemente

160、d some positive climate policy measures.Notably,expansion of renewable energy can again pick up speed.Germany has specific yearly reduction targets for its GHG emissions,but the CCPI experts criticise that the recent energy crisis has shown these policies are not robust enough as Germany has plans t

161、o invest in alternative fossil fuel sources and new LNG infrastructure to compensate the lack of Russian gas.The experts criticise Germanys reaction to the energy crisis by turning to countries such as Senegal to develop new gas reserves and Colombia to mine additional coal.The experts demand govern

162、ment policies to phase out all fossil fuels faster,stop fossil fuel subsidies and push more towards implementing renewable energy.Germany has adopted a legislated coal phase-out by 2038 and the new government announced in the coalition agreement its intention to bring forward the coal phase-out to 2

163、030.Yet it remains among the nine countries responsible for 90%of global coal production.This is incompatible with the 1.5C target.In agriculture,animal production and farming on peat soils are the main emitters.The government recently released a strategy to re-wet peatland currently used as grassla

164、nd and arable land.The CCPI experts note that,at the same time,there is no plan in place to reduce the high animal numbers and those current actions to re-wet peatlands are not yet sufficient.The common agriculture policy was under revision,but the CCPI experts criticise the lack of significant prog

165、ress.Transportation is still the sector with the least emissions reduction in Germany.The experts demand stronger regu-lations,the phase-out of fossil fuel cars,highway speed limits,and more support for the public transportation sys-tem.Germany is a progressive player in climate negotiations,and it

166、receives a high rating in the international climate policy indicator.Still,the CCPI experts wish the country would take an even more ambitious role in climate policy and establish the climate foreign policy concept promised by the new foreign minister.EU 1922The European Union rises three places to

167、19th in this years CCPI,achieving an overall medium rating and landing within the top 20.The EU receives a medium rating in the GHG Emissions,Renewable Energy,and Energy Use categories.In Climate Policy,it receives a high,reflecting the progress the su-pranational union has made in this category sin

168、ce a year before.The EU is updating its 2030 climate and energy policy framework considering its Nationally Determined Contri-butions(NDCs)to reach a 55%net emissions reduction by 2030 and climate neutrality by 2050.Negotiations be-tween European Council and European Parliament are un-derway within

169、the“Fit For 55 package”and are expected to conclude in late 2022 or early 2023.The CCPI experts noted that foreseen ambition lev-els remain inconsistent with the 1.5C goal of the Paris Agreement.Also,to contribute a fair share to achiev-ing the Paris Agreement objectives,the EU should cut emissions

170、by at least 65%by 2030 and become climate-neutral by 2040.During the recent energy crisis resulting from factors such as drastically reducing Russian natural gas imports be-cause of the invasion of Ukraine,the EU has looked inter alia towards Africa and other areas for securing new fossil gas suppli

171、es and developing new gas/hydrogen infra-structure(pipelines,LNG).The CCPI experts highlight that the EUs diversifica-tion strategy towards new gas supplies and infrastruc-ture should by no means be financed by public funding sources in order to not lock in additional emissions for decades to come.S

172、uch sources need to be channelled only to deployment of renewable energy and energy sav-ings.The experts demand that the EU ensure that current 20CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action Networkemergency measures and diversification strategy do not hamper the long-term decarb

173、onisation targets.Egypt 2021Egypt rises one spot to 20th in this years CCPI,with an overall medium rating.The country receives mixed ratings in the four main CCPI categories.It rates high in GHG Emissions and Energy Use,and medium in Climate Policy,but very low in Renewable Energy.Egypt submitted it

174、s first Nationally Determined Con tri b u-tion(NDC)update in July 2022.According to the Climate Action Tracker,however,the new NDC only includes emissions reduction targets for the electricity,transport,oil,and gas sectors.These account for 42%of Egypts emissions(as of 2015).The CCPI experts also co

175、ndemn the NDC updates lack of transparency.As Egypt did not communicate its business-as-usual pathway,the overall emissions level resulting from the NDC is unclear and dif-ficult to quantify.Egypt plans to expand fossil gas operations.It is encour-aging expansion of gas in Egypt and in other African

176、 coun-tries and striving to become a gas hub(risking locking-in of emissions).The CCPI experts,however,note that Egypt is open to dialogue on increasing ambition in a clean en-ergy transition and willing to increase efforts upon receiv-ing adequate climate finance.The experts welcome green energy an

177、d green hydrogen projects that are ready to receive finance.They also wel-come the emerging partnership between the European Union and Egypt on renewable energy,green hydrogen,energy efficiency,and for a limited period fossil gas,emphasising that less economically developed coun-tries demands can be

178、 met without threatening the Paris Agreement.Egypt is the host of COP27,prioritising climate finance and climate adaptation.The CCPI experts welcome the in-crease in overall awareness of environmental and climate issues owing to COP27s taking place in Egypt.Yet civil society participation is noted t

179、o be difficult(with human rights organisations reporting repression and harassment of environmental activists and groups working in Egypt).17,18 Spain 2334 Spain rises 11 spots to 23rd in this years CCPI edition,and is an overall medium performer.Spain receives medium ratings across all four main CC

180、PI categories:Climate Policy,Renewable Energy,Energy Use,and GHG Emissions.In 2021,Spain adopted the Climate Change and Energy Transition Law,which commits the country to,by 2030,cutting emissions by 23%compared with 1990 levels.The law includes the target of increasing the share of renewa-bles in e

181、nergy end-use by 42%by 2030.The CCPI country experts criticise the absence of a gov-ernmental commitment to phasing out fossil fuel subsi-dies.The experts demand that Spain include civil society participation in renewable energy projects for a just en-ergy transition in the country.Indonesia 2627Ind

182、onesia rises one rank to 26th in this years CCPI,receiving an overall medium rating.The country earns a high in the Renewable Energy cat-egory,medium in Energy Use and Climate Policy,and low in GHG Emissions.Indonesia submitted an updated Nationally Determined Contribution(NDC)in September 2022.Howe

183、ver,the CCPI experts criticise its lack of ambition and note that the Indonesian government stated the NDC update is only provisional until the next NDC update in 2024.Presidential Regulation 112 on renewable energy,cover-ing the topic of energy transition,was also enacted in September 2022.This inc

184、ludes a commitment to stop building new coal-fired power plants,except for projects approved before 2022.It also includes a roadmap for speeding up coal retirement and a coal phase-out by 2050.The regulation could serve as much-needed legal basis for future acceleration of energy transformation.The

185、CCPI experts welcome the plans to phase out coal,along with a new target aiming to achieve 23%renewable energy use by 2025.Yet the experts also note there is no detailed plan for the coal phase-out,and criticise a gap between regulations and their implementation.Indonesia is among the nine countries

186、 responsible for 90%of global coal production.This is incompatible with the 1.5C target.Moreover,there is a new forestry and other land use tar-get that aims to achieve net carbon sequestration through the forestry and land use sector by 2030.A cut in the an-nual deforestation quota,however,is neede

187、d.Indonesia needs to enhance its currently insufficient NDC to make it 1.5C-compatible.Regulations to incentivise renewable energy and a clear roadmap to achieve the targets are also needed.Colombia 2725Colombia ranks 27th in this years CCPI,dropping two places from the previous year.Colombia shows

188、a mixed performance across the CCPI categories,with a high in Energy Use,medium for GHG Emissions and Climate Policy,and low for Renewable Energy.All these ratings are the same as last year.21CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkWhile Colombia generally performs we

189、ll in the indicators measuring the current levels,with a high for the GHG per Capita indicator(and a very high for the Energy Use per Capita indicator),the country performs considerably worse in the indicators for future targets.Gustavo Petro was elected as Colombias new president in May 2022.Petro

190、said he wanted to end new fossil fuel exploration,phase out fossil fuel use,and protect the Amazon rainforest.In his manifesto,he promised a shift from an extractive,fossil-based economy to a diversified economy based on renewable energy.Colombia is the country with the most deaths of envi-ronmental

191、 defenders(according to Global Witness),and environmental activists hope for greater safety after the change of government,considering the new vice presi-dent Francia Marquez is an environmental activist.The CCPI experts welcome the increased political interest in climate change after the government

192、 change,as well as new regulations,but they criticise inefficiency in the information,monitoring,and evaluation system.France 2817France plunged 11 spots in this years CCPI,ranking 28th and with an overall medium rating.The country receives mixed ratings in the four main CCPI categories.Its performa

193、nce in GHG Emissions,Energy Use,and Climate Policy rate a medium.However,it re-ceives a low for Renewable Energy,with a very low rating in the share of renewable energy compared with a well-below-2C trajectory(and only a 9.67%share of renew-able energy).The CCPI experts note improvement in the trans

194、port sec-tor,with investment in climate-friendly mobility(cycling and rail).However,they criticise continued subsidies for aviation and insufficient investment in public transport.Moreover,in the renewable energy sector,the CCPI ex-perts condemn the lack of implementation,owing to a strong dependenc

195、e on nuclear energy.The French gov-ernment defends nuclear energy instead of supporting renewables.It already has a low target for renewable energy,which is worsened by slow implementation with a lack of political will.While the share of renewables has grown in recent years(with the 5-year trend for

196、 its share in energy supply rated high),the experts argued that more could be done to sup-port them.Thus,France receives its low in the Renewable Energy category.The experts welcome the recent commitment to stop funding new oil and coal projects,but note the absence of commitments regarding gas fund

197、ing.France continues to play an important role in international climate policy(rated medium this year for that indicator).At the EU level,France pushes for nuclear energy.France also blocks international climate finance,predominantly regarding loss and damage.To become aligned with a well-below-2C t

198、rajectory,France needs to increase the share of renewable energy,doing more to support it.More investment in public trans-port and a stop of subsidies for aviation are also needed.France should push for support of ecological agriculture at the EU level and increase climate finance for adaptation and

199、 loss and damage.New Zealand 3335New Zealand rises two places in this years CCPI to 33rd,putting it among the medium-performing coun-tries.The country shows a mixed performance across the CCPI categories,with a low rating in Energy Use,very low in GHG Emissions,medium in Climate Policy,and high in R

200、enewable Energy.New Zealand has a legislated Zero Carbon Act,which includes a commitment to the 1.5C target as well as a net-zero emissions target and yearly emissions budgets.There is also an accompanying Emissions Reduction Plan and an Emissions Trading Scheme(ETS).Despite the above,the CCPI exper

201、ts criticise that these pieces of legislation are not 1.5C-compatible(despite the commitment to the 1.5C target)and lack important de-tails.And although agricultural sector emissions(including methane and nitrogen dioxide NO2)account for 50%of New Zealands overall GHG emissions,the agricultural sect

202、or is not included in the ETS and does not face any regulations.This exclusion is another major point of criti-cism from the experts.The experts welcome a ban on new offshore oil and gas exploration,as well as a target of 100%renewable elec-tricity by 2035(with already a relatively high 43%share of

203、renewables in energy use),but they note that coal mining and onshore oil and gas exploration remain unrestricted.They also criticise a lack of policies to incentivise deploy-ment of new renewables,noting that the high share of renewables mainly owes to hydroelectric power plants,which were built in

204、the last century and dominate the electricity sector.Additionally,the experts emphasise that electricity only makes up 4%of New Zealands overall GHG emissions,leading to the 100%renewable electricity commitment only having limited effects on overall emissions.To become aligned with a well-below-2C t

205、rajectory,New Zealand needs to include the agricultural sector in the ETS and implement policies to reduce agricultural emissions,along with banning synthetic nitrogen fertiliser.22CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action Network Brazil 3833Brazil ranks 38th this years CCPI,d

206、ropping five places from last years CCPI and from an overall medium to a low rating.The country shows a mixed performance across the CCPI categories,with a high rating for Renewable Energy and Energy Use but low for GHG Emissions and very low for Climate Policy.Institutions that play a major role in

207、 environmental policy have suffered attacks and funding cuts from the fed-eral government since the president entered office in 2019.The CCPI experts are worried about current trends to expand Brazils fossil fuel use,which has intensified since the energy crisis emerged,caused by the aggres-sive Rus

208、sian war against Ukraine.Brazil is among the 20 countries with the largest developed oil reserves.It also plans to increase its gas and coal production by over 5%by 2030.This is incompatible with the 1.5C target.While Brazil has a goal of zero illegal deforestation by 2028,deforestation has,in fact,

209、risen to a record high since 2006,along with wildfires in the Amazon and tropi-cal savanna(Cerrado)biomes,under the current federal government.Existing policies in the country are often underfunded and poorly enforced.The CCPI experts criti-cise the current governments reversal of achievements in en

210、vironmental laws and regulation.Brazil was able to increase its share of renewables,such as by rapid growth of wind energy,as well as solar en-ergy,though at a slower pace.The CCPI experts note that this outcome has actually come with human rights viola-tions against local people and Indigenous grou

211、ps.Brazil is also highly reliant on hydro power,which is vulnerable to droughts and the risk of increased use of fossil electric-ity.This happened in 2021 through the beginning of 2022 due to a 91-year record-breaking drought in the countrys central-western and south-eastern regions.It is expected t

212、hat the newly elected President Lula will increase the countrys climate policy ambition.Protecting the Amazon and phasing out fossil fuel production are key measures in this respect.South Africa 4439 South Africa falls five spots to 44th in this years CCPI,with an overall low rating.The country rece

213、ives mixed ratings across the four main CCPI categories:very low in Renewable Energy,low in GHG Emissions and Climate Policy,but high in Energy Use.A Just Energy Transition Partnership(JETP)was announced at COP26 held in Glasgow in 2021.This partnership between South Africa,the United States,United

214、Kingdom,France,Germany,and the European Union aims to decommission coal-fired power plants in South Africa.The partnership has USD8.5 billion in funding.The CCPI country experts welcome JETP and other ongo-ing projects in South Africa,but they criticise that sparse details are made publicly availabl

215、e.The experts demand that JETP be implemented in a just way,without leaving anyone behind.The experts also welcome the Presidential Climate Com-mis sion.South Africas President Cyril Ramaphosa estab-lished the Commission in September 2020 to oversee and facilitate a just and equitable transition tow

216、ards a low-emission,climate-resilient economy.Though the experts note the new policies in place to ac-celerate climate action,they criticise the governments fossil fuel subsidies and support for fossil fuel.South Africa is among the nine countries responsible for 90%of global coal production.This is

217、 incompatible with the 1.5C target.Overall,the experts demand a clear fossil fuel phase-out plan,more climate finance,and a just en-ergy transition.Japan 5045 Japan falls five places to 50th in this years CCPI,giving it a low overall rating.Japan receives a very low in the GHG Emissions and R e-new

218、able Energy categories,but a medium for Energy Use.All three ratings are the same as last years,but the coun-try falls to a very low in Climate Policy.Japan is aiming for carbon neutrality by 2050 and a 46%emissions reduction by 2030.While the CCPI expert wel-come this development,they criticise tha

219、t the absence of a clear plan for delivering these goals is an issue,with few concrete policies in place for meeting either target.Overall,the CCPI experts see Japans targets as insuffi-cient.Japan lacks a phase-out for coal power production,lacks effective carbon pricing and a robust renewable ener

220、gy development plan.Japans international climate policy rates very low.The CCPI experts note that Japan has blocked discus-sions over decarbonised power systems and decarbon-ised transport in the G7 process.Similarly,Japans na-tional climate policy receives only a low rating and the CCPI experts not

221、e the need to improve climate-related policies.China 5138 China falls 13 places to 51st in this years CCPI and receives an overall very low rating.In the GHG Emissions and Energy Use categories,the country ranks very low.However,because of its strong renewable energy development over the past years,

222、China 23CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action Networkrates high in the Renewable Energy category.For Climate Policy,it receives a medium.China has committed to its carbon emissions peaking by 2030 and the countrys achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.The CCPI experts note t

223、hat the governments strategies are focused on the medium-term goal of peak-ing carbon and its long-term policies are not concrete enough.Still,current Chinas GHG per capita and 2030 target are not aligned with a well-below-2C trajectory.China has shown strong development in renewable en-ergy on the

224、one hand,but invested in new coal power plants on the other.It is among the 20 countries with the largest developed oil and gas reserves.It is also among the nine countries responsible for 90%of global coal pro-duction.Additionally,China plans to increase its gas and coal production by over 5%by 203

225、0(compared with 2019 levels).This is incompatible with the 1.5C target.The CCPI experts criticise this reliance on coal and other fossil fuels and demand that the country focus on decarbonis-ing the power sector.Chinas international climate policy rates a medium,as the country will ban overseas coal

226、 projects.Yet at the same time,its planning of new domestic coal plants undermines this policy.Engagement between China and the United States remain crucial for the success of the COP,and the complex trade and geopolitical relationships of the countries endanger effective progress in tackling the cl

227、imate crisis.United States 5255 The United States rises three ranks to 52nd,still an overall very low,in the latest CCPI.The US receives a very low in the GHG Emissions,Renew-able Energy,and Energy Use categories,though rates a medium in Climate Policy.The US under the Biden administration has annou

228、nced many new targets and policies for climate action.As part of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act,$90 billion will be spent on public transport,$21 billion on environ-mental projects,$7.5 billion on electric vehicles,and$65 billion on power infrastructure,including the electrical grids adj

229、ustment to renewable energy.The US has a net-zero target for 2050 and plans to phase out unabated coal plants by 2035.President Biden an-nounced a new target of,by 2030,achieving a 5052%emissions reduction from 2005 levels in GHG pollution.And the administration plans to plant 2.5 billion trees.Over

230、all,the CCPI country experts welcome the US gov-ernments new commitments.They note the obstructing role the Republican opposition plays in climate politics.However,the experts criticise that some policies lack a mandatory character,and implementation will not be quick enough.The main shortcoming des

231、cribed is that the US will not halt domestic fossil fuel extraction,and there are still fossil fuel subsidies in place.The US is among the 20 countries with the largest de-veloped oil and gas reserves.It is also among the nine countries responsible for 90%of global coal production.Additionally,the U

232、S plans to increase its gas and coal pro-duction by more than 5%by 2030.This is not compatible with the 1.5C target.The main demands the experts expressed are to phase out fossil fuel subsidies and extraction quickly and to increase renewable energy.In international climate policy,the US is playing

233、an impor-tant role in launching and supporting important interna-tional climate partnerships(such as the Global Methane Pledge and Just Energy Transition Partnership).Poland 5452 Poland ranks 54th in this years CCPI down two spots and is an overall very low performer.In the GHG Emissions and Climate

234、 Policy categories,Poland receives a very low and in the Renewable Energy and Energy Use categories a low rating.Poland has no climate neutrality goal and is lacking policy instruments,which would effectively reduce GHG emis-sions in transport and buildings.Rather than being driven by Polands own pr

235、oactive initiative,European Union poli-cies drive Polands GHG reductions.Poland plans to exit coal power production by 2049.The CCPI experts say this needs to be sooner to keep global warming within 2C.Poland is among the nine countries responsible for 90%of global coal production.The war in Ukraine

236、 has also affected Polands gas supply,as Poland has relied heavily on Russian gas.At the same time,Poland opened its Baltic pipe in September.The CCPI experts express concern about Polands plans to increase reliance on fossil gas,often described in the official docu-ments as low-emission fuel.Energy

237、 security issues first energy security then climate policy currently determine political and public discus-sion in Poland.Although the Polish government has ap-proved a draft law on onshore wind energy to amend the 10H Act,this is not yet discussed in the Parliament.Also,a new renewable energy targe

238、t and an update of the Polish Energy Policy for 2040 were announced,but nei-ther has been published as an official document.The CCPI experts criticise that all current measures and policy to tackle the energy crisis have a strong focus on fossil fuels rather than renewable energy sources and energy

239、efficiency.They also criticise that Poland is block-ing the Fit for 55 package within the European Union.This is reflected in the very low rating Poland receives for its international climate policy.24CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action Network Australia 5559Australias r

240、anking improves in this years CCPI up four places to 55th.Despite the rise,it remains among the very low perform-ing countries and trails many other developed economies.Australias overall performance rates very low,as well as in the GHG Emissions,Renewable Energy,and Energy Use categories,and low fo

241、r Climate Policy.Australias climate policies and performance have fluc-tuated in the wake of its federal election in May 2022.The Australian Labor Party took over the majority and its government promised more ambitious climate action.The Australian Parliament recently passed the countrys Climate Cha

242、nge Bill 2022,legislating to,by 2030,reduce GHG emissions by 43%vs 2005 levels(up from the previ-ous 2628%)and to reach net zero by 2050.Australia has also formally strengthened its Nationally Determined Contribution(NDC)with these targets.While the CCPI experts acknowledge the improvement and wel-c

243、ome the updated NDC,they criticise the targets relative weakness.They note movement on measures for imple-mentation related to industrial emissions,electric vehicle incentives,and energy use,as well as increased govern-ment consultation.However,much of this action is at an early stage,and the expert

244、s note that the final measures effectiveness is still unclear.In addition,despite the lack of electric vehicle and energy efficiency programs,these are under discussion.The Safeguard Mechanism,intended to play a key role in Australias GHG emissions targets,is criticised as in-sufficient and covering

245、 only a small part of Australias emissions.The CCPI experts express concerns about continued fos-sil fuel exploration and extraction,and about continued subsidies for fossil fuel infrastructure and projects.As one of the worlds largest LNG and coal exporters,Australia heavily subsidises the fossil f

246、uel industry and has refused to limit fossil fuel production.It also has no policies or na-tional plan on phasing out coal and gas mining.However,additional investment has been committed to support the growth of renewable energy and storage,including new transmission infrastructure.Australias develo

247、ped gas reserves rank it among the worlds top 20.The country is also among the nine coun-tries responsible for 90%of global coal production and plans to increase coal and gas production by over 5%by 2030.The increase is not compatible with the global 1.5C target.Despite the above,Australias internat

248、ional climate policy rating of medium has improved substantially compared with last years very low.The CCPI experts note a commit-ment to improving engagement in international processes,including a bid to host a COP.The experts also emphasise that Australia is still not a member of climate initiativ

249、es such as the Global Methane Pledge or Powering Past Coal Alliance.Australia has failed to contribute its fair share of climate finance or even re-join the Green Climate Fund.To align with a well-below-2C trajectory,Australia must halt gas and coal mining for both domestic use and ex-port,end fossi

250、l fuel subsidies,take further action to re-duce GHG emissions from transport,and further increase its NDC ambition.Canada 5861Canada rises three ranks in this years CCPI to 58th and remains among the very low performers.The countrys performance rates very low overall,with very low in the GHG Emissio

251、ns,Renewable Energy,and Energy Use categories,and medium for Climate Policy.In March 2022,the Minister of Environment and Climate Change published the 2030 Emissions Reduction Plan.This is a policy roadmap for reducing GHG emissions by 40%by 2030 and reaching net zero by 2050.It covers all sectors o

252、f the economy.A regulation to cap emissions from oil and gas is also being developed.While the CCPI experts welcome the Emissions Reduction Plan,they emphasise that the Plan and Canadas cur-rent Nationally Determined Contribution(NDC)were not 1.5C-compatible and must be considerably strengthened.Can

253、ada is among the 20 countries with the largest de-veloped oil and gas reserves.It also plans to increase its gas and oil production by more than 5%by 2030.This is not compatible with the 1.5C target.The CCPI experts criticise Canadas continuing fossil fuel subsidies and fos-sil fuel extraction.Despi

254、te commitments to eliminate fos-sil fuel subsidies,these subsidies continue because of a lack of implementation and a focus on insufficient/false solutions such as carbon capture and storage,as well as fossil-based hydrogen.Moreover,while Canada is working to phase out coal,this commitment to phase

255、out fossil fuel production and export does not extend to oil and gas.Yet oil and gas production continue at high levels.To become aligned with a well-below-2C trajecto-ry,Canada must enhance its NDC and strengthen the Emissions Reduction Plan.In doing so,it should outline deadlines for most measures

256、 and strategies and provide a clearly defined pathway to achieve net zero by 2050.The cap on all oil and gas sector emissions also must in-clude an ambitious trajectory and be implemented swiftly.And fossil fuel production must decline significantly.25CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institut

257、e&Climate Action NetworkMore country texts can be found at:www.ccpi.org/countries Russian Federation 5956 Russia falls another three spots and is near the bottom of this years CCPI at 59th very low performance.As in the last two years CCPI,Russia receives a very low rating in the GHG Emissions,Renew

258、able Energy,and Climate Policy categories.It also falls to a very low in Energy Use,down from last years low rating.Russia submitted its goal of,by 2030,reducing emissions to 2530%of its 1990 levels.The CCPI experts note that since the start of the aggressive Russian war against Ukraine,it has becom

259、e difficult to verify Russias climate actions.In 2020,Russia only received 3.06%of its energy from renewable sources,which is far less than most countries evaluated in this years CCPI.The experts demand that Russia focus on real low-carbon development based on fossil fuel phase-out,ambitious renewab

260、le energy devel-opment,and energy efficiency measures,as well as a cir-cular economy,sustainable forestry,and effective wildfire management.Russia is among the 20 countries with the largest de-veloped oil and gas reserves.It is also among the nine countries responsible for 90%of global coal producti

261、on.Additionally,Russia plans to increase its gas and oil pro-duction by above 5%by 2030.This is incompatible with the 1.5C target.The CCPI experts criticise the Russian governments focus on replacing coal with gas instead of developing renew-able energy,and that it ignores the urgency of the climate

262、 crisis.Russia receives a very low for its international and na-tional policy.In its war against Ukraine,Russia has under-mined the global struggle to limit global warming to 1.5C.The war has led to massive mobilisation of weapons,jets,tanks,and trucks by Russia and Ukraine,expelling large amounts o

263、f GHG emissions in the process.The energy crisis resulting from the war has weakened climate action worldwide,as countries are looking for new fossil fuel sources instead of pursuing climate action.Korea 6060 In this years CCPI,the Republic of Korea(ROK;South Korea)remains at 60th place and remains

264、a very low performer.South Korea receives very low ratings across the four main CCPI categories:GHG Emissions,Renewable Energy,Energy Use,and Climate Policy.In December 2021,South Korea submitted its updated Nationally Determined Contribution(NDC)target for 2030,aiming to reduce emissions by 40%belo

265、w 2018 levels and achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.The CCPI experts welcome this increase of GHG emission targets from 26.3%to 40%,but they criticise the govern-ments plans to reduce the renewable energy target from 30%to only 21.5%by 2030.CCPI experts stress that South Korea must raise its climate

266、 ambitions by enhanc-ing its 2030 renewable energy target to above 30%and phase out coal by 2030.The CCPI experts note that complicated permit schemes and grid access challenges are already hindering the nec-essary expansion of renewable energy in South Korea.They also highlight that the current pow

267、er market is struc-tured to favour fossil fuels over renewable energy and enable the majority state-owned utility company KEPCO to continue fossil fuel subsidies.The CCPI experts stress that South Korea needs to not only return to its former tar-get of 30%renewable energy by 2030 but also to increas

268、e its commitment.In its updated NDC,South Korea also in-cluded sections on improving sustainable forest manage-ment and maintaining forests.The CCPI experts note that environmental groups in the country have condemned the South Korea Forest Services plans to log older trees and replant with new tree

269、s to increase carbon absorption.South Koreas natural gas subsidies and overseas gas field projects are expected to increase,at least over the short term,as the country has set aside funds for a new offshore gas project in Barossa,Australia in June 2022.Considering the need to eliminate fossil fuel r

270、eliance as soon as possible,the CCPI experts criticise this move by their government and demand that it discontinues its subsidies of national gas and overseas gas field projects.Iran 6362 The Islamic Republic of Iran falls one spot from 62nd to 63rd,placing it last in this years CCPI rankings.Iran

271、receives a very low in the GHG Emissions,Renewable Energy,and Energy Use categories,and a low in Climate Policy.Collectively,this makes Irans overall performance very low.Compared with the previous year,Iran was able to improve its development of renewable energy,where it already rated a medium last

272、 year and now receives a high.Still,this is the only indicator for which the country was rated higher than a low,which suggest the wide range of areas in need of improvement.Iran is one of the worlds few countries that has not yet ratified the Paris Agreement.This contributes to the very low rating

273、it receives for its international climate policy.The CCPI experts urge ratification,along with the formulation of a more ambitious Nationally Determined Contribution(NDC)than the current one.Iran is among the worlds 20 countries with the largest developed oil and gas reserves.This reality is not com

274、pat-ible with the 1.5C target.26CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action Network4.About the CCPICountry coverage:covering more than 90%of global GHG emissions On the basis of standardised criteria,the CCPI currently evaluates and compares the climate protection perfor-mance o

275、f 59 countries and of the European Union(EU),which are together responsible for more than 90%of global greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.Methodological approach and data sources The CCPI assesses countries performance in four categories:“GHGEmissions”(40%of overall score),“RenewableEnergy”(20%of overall

276、score),“EnergyUse”(20%of overall score)and“ClimatePolicy”(20%of overall score).Aiming to provide a comprehensive and balanced evalua-tion of the diverse countries evaluated,a total of 14 indi-cators are taken into account(see figure below).Around 80%of the assessment of countries performance is base

277、d on quantitative data taken from the International Energy Agency(IEA),PRIMAP,the Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)and the national GHG inventories(sub-mitted to the UNFCCC).The categories“GHG Emissions”,“Renewable Energy”and“Energy Use”are each defined by four indicators:(1)Current Level;(2)Pa

278、st Trend;19(3)well-below 2C Compatibility of the Current Level;and(4)well-below 2C Compatibility of the Countries 2030 Target.The remaining 20%of the assessment is based on the glob-ally unique climate policy section of the CCPI.The index category“Climate Policy”considers the fact that climate prote

279、ction measures taken by governments often take sev-eral years to have an effect on the emissions,renewable energy and energy use indicators.This category thereby covers the most recent developments in national climate policy frameworks,which are otherwise not projected in the quantitative data.This

280、categorys indicators are(1)National Climate Policy and(2)International Climate Policy,and the qualitative data for these is assessed annually in a comprehensive research study.Its basis is the performance rating provided by climate and energy policy experts from non-governmental organisations(NGOs),

281、universities and think tanks within the countries that are evaluated.20Compatibility of countries performance with well-below-2C pathway and NDC analysisIn 2017,the methodology of the CCPI was revised to fully incorporate the 2015 Paris Agreement,a milestone in inter-national climate negotiations wi

282、th the goal to limit global warming to well below 2C or even to 1.5C.Since then,the CCPI includes an assessment of the well-below 2C compatibility of countries current performances and their own targets(as formulated in their Nationally Determined Contributions,or NDCs).Within the quantitative index

283、 cate-gories “GHG Emissions”,“Renewable Energy”and“Energy Use”current performance and the respective 2030 target are evaluated in relation to their country-specific well-below-2C pathway.For the well-below-2C pathways,ambitious benchmarks are set for each category,guided by the long-term goals of th

284、e Paris Agreement.The three benchmarks are:nearly zero GHG emissions(taking into account country-specific pathways,which give develop-ing countries more time to reach this goal);100%energy from renewable sources;and keeping to todays average global energy use per capita levels and not increasing bey

285、ond.The CCPI compares where countries actually are today with where they should be to meet the ambitious benchmarks.Following a similar logic,the CCPI evaluates the countries own 2030 targets by comparing these to the same benchmarks.Interpretation of results In interpreting the results,it is import

286、ant to note that the CCPI is calculated using production-based emissions only.Thereby the CCPI follows the currently prevailing method of accounting for national emissions and the logic that the nation producing the emissions is also the one held accountable for them.Further,it is important to note

287、that more than half of the CCPI ranking indicators are quali-fied in relative terms(better/worse)rather than absolute.Therefore even those countries with high rankings have no reason to sit back and relax.On the contrary,the results illustrate that even if all countries were as committed as the curr

288、ent frontrunners,efforts would still not be sufficient to prevent dangerous climate change.More detailed information on the CCPI methodology and its calculation can be found in the“Background and Methodology”brochure,available for download at:www.ccpi.org/methodology27CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,Ne

289、wClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkThe CCPI 2023(for 59 selected countries and the EU)is based on the methodological design introduced in 2017 covering all greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions*and evalu-ates the 2030 targets and the well-below-2C compatibil-ity of countries current levels and targets

290、in the categories“GHG Emissions”,“Renewable Energies”and“Energy Use”.Therefore,there is only limited comparability between this years results and versions of the index prior to the CCPI 2018.However,this years results are comparable to the CCPI G20 Edition as well as to the CCPI 2018 to CCPI 2022.Pl

291、ease note that there have been slight methodological changes compared to the CCPI 2021.In the categories“GHG emissions”and“Energy Use”the 2030 target indica-tors are now calculated using an absolute difference to the 2C-pathway rather than a relative difference.Disclaimer on comparability to previou

292、s CCPI editionsDue to data availabilty,past CCPI editions were calculated using data recorded two years prior.However,CCPI 2023 uses GHG Emissions data for 2021(relying on numerical methods and linear extrapolation)in order to avoid 2020 COVID-19 related effects on emissions and to include re-boundi

293、ng emissions in 2021.The Renewable Energy and Energy Use categories are calculated with data recorded in 2020,as this is the most recent data available.Thus,CCPI 2023 is still heavily influenced by COVID-19.In this years CCPI,Ukraines climate performance was not assessed.This decision was due to the

294、 far-reaching impact of Russias aggressive war against the country.The war has caused massive damage and destruction in the energy,industry,transport and construction sectors.Disclaimer on dataDisclaimer on UkraineThe depictions of territorial boundaries on maps displayed in the CCPI do not imply a

295、political opinion or judgement on the legal status of any state territory.The state boundaries shown are aligned with the official stance of the United Nations(UN)on said matter.We apologise if any names used/borders depicted are in conflict with your national identity or your general beliefs.We wou

296、ld like to point out that the CCPI,focusing solely on the global goal of climate protection,in no way intends to spark geopolitical controversy.Disclaimer on maps*All Kyoto gases(CO2,CH4,N2O,HFKW,PFKW and SF6)including the emissions coming from Land Use,Land Use Change and Forestry(LULUCF).Current L

297、evel of GHG Emissions per CapitaGHG Emissions Reduction 2030 Target compared to a well-below-2C compatible pathwayCurrent Level of GHG Emissions per Capita compared to a well-below-2C compatible pathway Current Share of Renewables per TPESPast Trend of GHG Emissions per CapitaDevelopment of Energy S

298、upply from Renewable Energy Sources10%10%10%5%Current Share of Renewables per TPES compared to a well-below-2C compatible pathwayRenewable Energy 2030 Target compared to a well-below-2C compatible pathwayCurrent Level of Energy Use(TPES/Capita)Past Trend of TPES/CapitaInternational Climate PolicyNat

299、ional Climate PolicyTPES/Capita 2030 Target compared to a well-below-2C compatible pathwayCurrent Level of TPES/Capita compared to a well-below-2C compatible pathway10%10%5%5%40%GHG Emissions20%Energy Use20%Renewable Energy20%Climate Policy10%5%5%5%5%5%Germanwatch 2022GHG=Greenhouse Gases|TPES=Total

300、 Primary Energy SupplyComponents of the CCPI28CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkCopyrightThe content and works on these pages created by the operators of these pages are subject to German copyright law.The reproduction,processing,dissemination and all kinds of u

301、se outside the limits of copyright require the writ-ten consent of each author or creator.Downloads or copies of this site are for private,non-commercial use only.If the content on this site was not created by the operator,the rights in copyright of third parties were respected.In particular,content

302、 of third parties is marked as such.Nevertheless,should you notice a breach of copyright,you are requested to let us know.If we become aware of a breach of the law,we will remove this content immediately.5.Endnotes1 Zissler,R.(2022),In the Energy Crisis Renewable Energy Phenomenally Grows,Fossils an

303、d Nuclear Decrease.Available at:https:/www.renewable-ei.org/en/activities/column/REupdate/20221006.php.2 IEA(2022),World Energy Investment 2022.Available at:https:/www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2022/overview-and-key-findings.3 Piggot,G.andErickson,P.(2022),Fossil fuel export as a clima

304、te policy problem.Available at:https:/doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824046-5.00013-8.4 See note 1.5 India,Germany,Indonesia,China,South Africa,Poland,United States,Russia,Australia.6 KellyTroutetal.(2022),Existing fossil fuel extraction would warm the world beyond 1.5 C.Available at:https:/iopscience.io

305、p.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac6228/pdf.7 StockholmEnvironmentalInstitute(2022),The Production Gap.Available at:https:/productiongap.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/PGR2021_web_rev.pdf;Khne,K.etal.(2022),“Carbon Bombs”-Mapping key fossil fuel projects.Available at:https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.20

306、22.112950;see note 3.8 See note 7.9 IEA(2022),Global Energy Review:CO2 Emissions in 2021.Available at:https:/www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-co2-emissions-in-2021-2.10 IPCC(2021),AR 6 Climate Change 2021:The Physical Science Basis.Available at:https:/www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/.11 IRENA(202

307、2),Renewable Energy Statistics 2022.Available at:https:/www.irena.org/publications/2022/Jul/Renewable-Energy-Statistics-2022.12 See note 1.13 IRENA(2022),Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2021.Available at:https:/www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Jul/IRENA_Power_Generation_

308、Costs_2021_Summary.pdf?la=en&hash=C0C810E72185BB4132AC5EA07FA26C669D3AFBFC.14 IEA(2021),Energy Efficiency 2021.Available at:https:/www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2021.15 ClimateActionTracker(2022),Climate Target Update Tracker.Available at:https:/climateactiontracker.org/climate-target-update

309、-tracker-2022/.16 UNFCCC(2022),United in Science:We are Heading in the Wrong Direction.Available at:https:/unfccc.int/news/united-in-science-we-are-heading-in-the-wrong-direction.17 HumanRightsWatch(2022),Egypt:Government Undermining Environmental Groups.Available at:https:/www.hrw.org/news/2022/09/

310、12/egypt-government-undermining-environmental-groups.18 TheGuardian(2022),Egyptian NGOs complain of being shut out of Cop27 climate summit.Available at:https:/ The CCPI takes into account a five-year linear trend(for CCPI 2023,the period 20162021).20 The survey for the CCPI 2023 was carried out betw

311、een September and October 2022.The results therefore cover recent policy developments until mid of October.29CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkCountryNameOrganisationArgentinaRoque PedaceCANLAAustraliaMonica RichterWWFRichie Merzian&Alia Armistead The Australia

312、InstituteDr John Iser&Dr Graeme McLeay Doctors for the Environment AustraliaAndrew PetersenSustainable Business AustraliaAustriaForum Wissenschaft&UmweltKarl Schellmann WWF AustriaGreenpeace AustriaBelarusDr Maria FalaleevaEVRESCOBelgiumYelter BollenBond Beter LeefmilieuCarine Thibaut GreenpeaceKoen

313、 StuyckWWFBrazilMarcio Astrini,Claudio Angelo&Stela HerschmannClimate Observatory Executive SecretaryShigueo Watanabe JrInstituto ClimainfoCarlos Nobre University of Sao Paulos Institute for Advanced Studies Tercio AmbrizziUniversity of So PauloBulgariaGreenpeace CEE BulgariaRadostina Slavkova&Todor

314、 TodorovZa ZemiatasCanadaMitchell BeerThe Energy MixTeika Newton,Eddy Prez&Caroline Brouillette Climate Action Network-Rseau action climat CanadaStephen ThomasDavid Suzuki FoundationNate Wallace&Julia LevinEnvironmental Defence CanadaMichael PolanyiNature CanadaAndr BlisleAQLPAChileSam Leiva Fundaci

315、n Territorios ColectivosChinaWilson TANGWWF China officeChinese TaipeiRobin WinklerWild at Heart Legal Defense AssociationGloria Kuang-Jung HSUMom Loves Taiwan AssociationDr Ying-Shih HsiehEnvironmental Quality Protection FoundationColumbiaAlejandra TellezClimaLabCroatiaSociety for sustainable devel

316、opment designCzech RepublicKarel PolaneckHnut DUHA-Friends of the Earth Czech RepublicDenmarkGreen TransitionAnnexAbout 450 climate and energy experts contributed to this years edition of the Climate Change Performance Index with their evaluation of national climate policies and international climat

317、e policy performance.The following national experts agreed to be mentioned as contributors to the policy evaluation of this years CCPI:List of contributors to the climate policy evaluation30CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkCountryNameOrganisationEgyptKarim Elge

318、ndy Chatham HouseProf Dr Nabil el Hady&Prof Dr Galila el KadyUrban Design Cairo UniversityDr Monica HannaThe American University in CairoRiham Refaat M.HelmyEnviro X EG,Formerly EnvariousEUChiara Martinelli,Theodora Petroula&Klaus RhrigClimate Action Network(CAN)EuropeRaphael HanoteauxE3GOldag Caspa

319、rGermanwatchFinlandFinnish Innovation Fund SitraGermanySebastian Scholz NABUManfred Treber&Kai BergmannGermanwatchGreeceAlexandros Moulopoulos&Dimitris MantelisWWF GreeceNikos Mantzaris&Tassos ChatzieleftheriouThe Green TankHungaryAndrs Lukcs Clean Air Action GroupAdam HarmatWWF HungaryIstvn Bart Cl

320、imate Strategy 2050 InstituteIndiaRanjan PandaCombat Climate Change NetworkIndonesiaAndri Prasetiyo Trend AsiaFabby Tumiwa Institute for Essential Services ReformSatrio Swandiko PrilliantoItalyMauro AlbrizioLegambienteGianni SilvestriniKyoto ClubJapanTetsu IIDAInstitute for Sustainable Energy Polici

321、esYuri OkuboRenewable Energy InstituteKazakhstanRustam Nassirkhan Zhasyl DamuKoreaSolutions For Our Climate(SFOC)Jieon LeeKorea Federation for Environmental Move-mentsLatviaLilija Apine&Janis BrizgaGreen LibertyLithuaniaDomantas Traceviius V iedin ekonomikMalaysiaZelina Z.IbrahimCentre for Environme

322、nt,Technology and DevelopmentAnthony Tan Kee HuatEnvironmental Protection Society Malaysia&Society for the Promotion of Sustainable Development GoalsMexicoAnaluz Presbtero&Jorge VillarrealIniciativa Climtica de MxicoDr Jose Maria ValenzuelaInSIS&University of Oxford.Dolores RojasHeinrich Bll Stiftun

323、g,Ciudad de Mxico,Mxico y El CaribeMoroccoDr SADDIK MohammedlAESVT-MAROCAbderrahim KSIRIDr Yossef Ben-MeirHigh Atlas FoundationSaid ChakriExpert&consultantBarradi TouriaProfessor,expert&consultant31CCPI Results 2023Germanwatch,NewClimate Institute&Climate Action NetworkCountryNameOrganisationNetherl

324、andsDr Robert KoelemeijerPBLSible Schne HIERNew ZealandLawyers for Climate Action NZNick HenryAdvocacy Coordinator,Oxfam Aotearoa&Member NZCAN Alva Feldmeier350 AotearoaDavid Tong Oil Change InternationalGreenpeace AotearoaSimon TerrySustainability CouncilNorwayAled Dilwyn FisherFriends of the Earth

325、 Norway (Naturvernforbundet)Johan Hermstad Reinertsen&Embla Husby JrgensenThe Future in our Hands(FIOH)PhilippinesJohn Leo AlgoAksyon Klima Pilipinas&Living Laudato Si PhilippinesPolandAndrzej Ancygier Climate AnalyticsWojciech Szymalski&Andrzej KassenbergInstitute for Sustainable DevelopmentBartomi

326、ej KupiecStowarzyszenie z energi o prawieZofia Wetmaska&Aleksander niegockiReform InstitutePortugalFrancisco Ferreira&Pedro NunesZERO Association for the Earth SustainabilityLaura CarvalhoQuercus ANCNRomaniaLaura Nazare&Alexandra DorofteiBankwatch RomaniaRoxana Bucat2CelsiusRussian FederationAngelin

327、a Davydovan-ostSloveniaUmanotera-The Slovenian Foundation for Sustainable DevelopmentBarbara KvacFocus Association for Sustainable Develop-mentSouth AfricaTina Schubert Project 90 by 2030James Reeler,Prabhat Upadhyaya&Nokwethaba MakhanyaWWF South AfricaSpainGroup of Scientists and Engineers for a No

328、n Nuclear FutureSwitzerlandGeorg Klingler HeiligtagGreenpeace SchweizThailandTara Buakamsri-Country DirectorGreenpeace ThailandBoonrod YaowapruekCreagyTurkeyzgr Grbz Ekosfer Associationnder AlgedikClimate,Energy and Environment Reasearch AssociationUnited KingdomCF Energy Research&Consulting UGUnite

329、d StatesCF Energy Research&Consulting UGVietnamLars BlumeGIZ BangladeshGermanwatchFollowing the motto of Observing.Analysing.Acting.Germanwatch has been actively promoting global equi-ty and livelihood preservation since 1991.We focus on the politics and economics of the Global North and their world

330、wide consequences.The situation of marginalised people in the Global South is the starting point for our work.Together with our members and supporters,and with other actors in civil society,we strive to serve as a strong lobbying force for sustainable development.We aim at our goals by advocating fo

331、r prevention of dangerous climate change and its negative impacts,for guaranteeing food security,and for corporate compliance with human rights standards.Germanwatch is funded by membership fees,donations,programme funding from Stiftung Zukunftsfaehigkeit(Foundation for Sustainability),and grants fr

332、om public and private donors.You can also help us to achieve our goals by becoming a member or by making a donation via the following account:Bank fuer Sozialwirtschaft AG BIC/Swift:BFSWDE33BER IBAN:DE33 1002 0500 0003 2123 00www.germanwatch.orgNewClimate InstituteThe NewClimate Institute for Climat

333、e Policy and Global Sustainability is a Germany-based research institute gen-erating ideas on climate change and driving their imple-mentation.They do research,policy design and know-ledge sharing on raising ambition for action against climate change and supporting sustainable development.Their core expertise lies in the areas of climate policy analysis,climate action tracking,climate finance,carb