歐委會：2020年數字經濟與社會指數（英文版）(124頁).pdf

1、 Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) 2020 Thematic chapters Digital Economy and Society Index 2020 Thematic chapters 2 Table of Contents 1 Introduction . 10 2 Key indicators of DESI for the economic recovery . 15 2.1 Very high capacity networks (VHCNs) and 5G . 15 2.2 Digital skills . 15 2.3 Ad

2、vanced digital technologies for businesses . 16 2.4 Digital public services . 17 3 Connectivity . 18 3.1 Broadband coverage . 19 3.2 Fixed broadband take-up . 26 3.3 Mobile broadband take-up . 32 3.4 Broadband prices . 37 3.5 Progress towards a Gigabit society . 39 3.6 EU support for National Broadb

3、and Plan (NBP) implementation . 40 3.7 Municipalities need more connectivity WiFi4EU . 41 3.8 EU harmonised radio spectrum underpins future wireless digital services within the EU . 43 3.9 Convergent radio spectrum management approaches are essential to support 5G investment . 44 3.10 Ex ante market

4、 regulation: state of play . 45 3.11 Open internet rules . 46 3.12 Widespread use of roam-like-at-Home (RLAH) these are all summarised in the score for the Digital public services dimension. Estonia, Spain and Denmark lead in this domain of the DESI, while Romania, Greece and Slovakia have the lowes

5、t scores in the EU. Figure 6 Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) 2020, Digital public services Source: DESI 2020, European Commission. The forthcoming chapters will present the key trends in the five dimensions of the DESI, as well as in emerging technologies, cyber security and the ICT sector.

6、 The information is based on data gathered prior to the COVID crisis. Digital Economy and Society Index 2020 Thematic chapters 18 3 3 ConnectivityConnectivity The connectivity dimension of the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) looks at both the demand and the supply side of fixed and mobile b

7、roadband. Under fixed broadband, it assesses the take-up of overall and ultrafast broadband (at least 100 Mbps), the availability of fast broadband (next generation access (NGA) providing at least 30 Mbps) and of fixed very high capacity networks (VHCNs)(8), and also considers the prices of retail o

8、ffers. Mobile broadband includes 4G coverage, the take-up of mobile broadband (3G and 4G) and the indicator on 5G readiness(9). Digital connectivity is considered a social right in the EU(10). In connectivity, Denmark had the highest score, followed by Sweden, Luxembourg, Latvia and Spain. Greece, C

9、yprus and Bulgaria had the weakest performance for this dimension of the DESI. As for the mobile broadband sub-dimension (including indicators 1c1, 1c2 and 1c3), Finland, Germany, Italy, Hungary and Denmark lead Europe, while Bulgaria and Slovenia registered the lowest scores. Table 2 Connectivity i

10、ndicators in DESI EU DESI 2018 DESI 2020 1a1 Overall fixed broadband take-up 75% 78% % households 2017 2019 1a2 At least 100 Mbps fixed broadband take-up 15% 26% % households 2017 2019 1b1 Fast broadband (NGA) coverage 79% 86% % households 2017 2019 1b2 Fixed Very High Capacity Network (VHCN) covera

11、ge 26% 44% % households 2017 2019 1c1 4G coverage 91% 96% % households (average of operators) 2017 2019 1c2 Mobile broadband take-up 90 100 Subscriptions per 100 people 2017 2019 1c3 5G readiness NA 21% Assigned spectrum as a % of total harmonised 5G spectrum 2020 1d1 Broadband price index NA 64 Sco

12、re (0 to 100) 2019 Source: DESI 2020, European Commission. (8) Fixed VHCN coverage includes FTTP and DOCSIS 3.1 coverage. (9) The 5G readiness indicator was introduced in the DESI in 2019. (10) https:/composite-indicators.jrc.ec.europa.eu/social-scoreboard/ Digital Economy and Society Index 2020 The

13、matic chapters 19 Figure 7 Digital Economy and Society Index 2020, Connectivity Source: DESI 2020, European Commission. 3.1 Broadband coverage Broadband is available to all households in the EU, when considering all major technologies (xDSL, cable, fibre to the premises (FTTP), FWA, LTE and satellit

14、e). Primary internet access at home is provided mainly by fixed technologies, which remained stable at 97%. Among these technologies, xDSL has the largest footprint (91%) followed by DOCSIS 3.0 cable (46%) and FTTP (34%). Coverage of NGA technologies (VDSL, VDSL2 vectoring, FTTP, DOCSIS 3.0, DOCSIS

15、3.1) capable of delivering download speeds of at least 30 Mbps reached 86%, up from 83% a year ago, thanks to an increase of 3 percentage points in VDSL and 4.5 percentage points in FTTP coverage last year. Coverage of DOCSIS 3.1 networks was 19%. DSL coverage remained stable. 44% of households alre

16、ady benefit from very high capacity network (VHCN) coverage with gigabit connectivity on FTTP and DOCSIS 3.1 networks, up from 29% last year. 4G mobile coverage is almost universal at 99.4%. Figure 8 Total coverage by technology at EU level (% of households), 2018-2019 Source: IHS Markit, Omdia and

17、Point Topic, Broadband coverage in Europe studies. Digital Economy and Society Index 2020 Thematic chapters 20 Broadband coverage of rural areas(11) remains challenging as 10% of households are not covered by any fixed network and 41% are not covered by any NGA technology. Rural fixed coverage incre

18、ased marginally from 88% to 90%. Rural coverage improved in VDSL (from 36% to 42%), DOCSIS 3.0 (from 10% to 11%) FTTP (from 14% to 18%) and VHCN (from 14% to 20%). Mobile broadband availability went up by 2 percentage points last year, although mobile is still mainly used as a complementary technolo

19、gy rather than a substitute for fixed technologies. Figure 9 Rural coverage by technology at EU level (% of households), 2018 2019 Source: IHS Markit, Omdia and Point Topic, Broadband coverage in Europe studies. Overall coverage of fixed broadband has only marginally increased since 2011 from 95% to

20、 97%. Rural coverage improved from 80% in 2011 to 90% in 2019. Figure 10 Fixed broadband coverage in the EU (% of households), 2011 - 2019 Source: IHS Markit, Omdia, Point Topic and VVA, Broadband coverage in Europe studies. (11) For the definition of rural areas see sub-chapter “3.2 Defining househ

21、olds and rural areas” in the methodology of the study “Broadband Coverage in Europe 2018”, page 16, by IHS Markit and Point Topic (https:/ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/study-broadband-coverage-europe-2018). Digital Economy and Society Index 2020 Thematic chapters 21 Fixed coverage is hi

22、ghest in the Member States with well-developed DSL infrastructures. In 12 Member States, more than 99% of households are covered. Poland, Lithuania, Romania and Slovakia are lagging behind with less than 90% of households covered. Figure 11 Fixed broadband coverage (% of households), mid-2019 Source

23、: IHS Markit, Omdia and Point Topic, Broadband coverage in Europe studies. Coverage of next generation access (NGA) technologies continued to increase, reaching 86% in 2019 up from 48% in 2011. By mid-2019, VDSL had the largest coverage among NGA technologies at 59%, followed by cable (46%) and FTTP

24、 (34%). NGA coverage improved significantly in rural areas, with an increase of 50 percentage points in 8 years: in 2011, it stood at 9% of households, while in 2019 at 59%. Figure 12 Next generation access (NGA) broadband coverage in the EU (% of households), 2011-2019 Source: IHS Markit, Omdia, Po

25、int Topic and VVA, Broadband coverage in Europe studies. Cyprus, Malta and Belgium are the leaders in NGA. In 13 Member States, fast broadband is available to at least 90% of households, whereas in France and Lithuania less than 70% of households have access to such networks. Digital Economy and Soc

26、iety Index 2020 Thematic chapters 22 Figure 13 Next generation access (NGA) broadband coverage in the EU (% of households), mid-2019 Source: IHS Markit, Omdia and Point Topic, Broadband coverage in Europe studies. Digital Economy and Society Index 2020 Thematic chapters 23 The discrepancy in overall

27、 and rural NGA broadband coverage is well illustrated by the two maps below. Figure 14 Overall Next generation access (NGA) broadband coverage in the EU (% of households), mid-2019 Source: Broadband Coverage in Europe 2019, a study by IHS Markit, Omdia and Point Topic. Digital Economy and Society In

28、dex 2020 Thematic chapters 24 Figure 15 Rural Next generation access (NGA) broadband coverage in the EU (% of households), mid-2019 Source: Broadband Coverage in Europe 2019, a study by IHS Markit, Omdia and Point Topic Overall very high capacity network (VHCN) coverage shows a spectacular increase

29、between 2011 and 2019 from 10% to 44%, an increase of 34 percentage points in 8 years. In rural areas, growth was lower, but still significant, from 2% to 20% within the same time period. The significant gap between total and rural VHCN coverage shows the regional disparities in digital opportunitie

30、s and confirms that more investment is needed in rural areas in order to catch up. Digital Economy and Society Index 2020 Thematic chapters 25 Figure 16 Fixed very high capacity network (VHCN) coverage (% of households) in the EU, 2011-2019 Source: IHS Markit, Omdia and Point Topic, Broadband covera

31、ge in Europe studies. On VHCN coverage, Malta is leading with 100% coverage, followed by Denmark and Luxembourg with above 90% coverage. The poorest performers in this respect are Greece (7%), the UK and Cyprus (both at 10%). Austria, Ireland and Czechia are below 30%, while Italy is at 30%. VHCN co

32、verage in Germany stands at a mere 33%. Figure 17 Fixed very high capacity network (VHCN) coverage (% of households), mid-2019 Source: IHS Markit, Omdia and Point Topic, Broadband coverage in Europe studies. 4G (LTE) is almost ubiquitous with 99.4% of households covered by at least one operator in E

33、urope (overall 4G coverage), and it is now even more widely available than fixed broadband (97.1%). 4G coverage increased mainly in Ireland, Romania, Cyprus and Croatia from 2018 to 2019. Looking at the 5 year trend, overall 4G coverage increased from 81% in 2014 by 18 percentage points to 99.4% in

34、2019. Rural 4G coverage went up from 38% in 2014 to 98% in 2019, an increase of 60 percentage points in 5 years. Digital Economy and Society Index 2020 Thematic chapters 26 Average 4G availability(12) is 96%, up from 85% in 2016. In comparison, overall 4G coverage increased only 3 percentage points

35、since 2016. Figure 18 4G mobile coverage in the EU (% of households), 2011-2019 Source: IHS Markit, Omdia, Point Topic and VVA, Broadband coverage in Europe studies. Figure 19 4G mobile coverage (% of households), mid-2019 Source: IHS Markit, Omdia and Point Topic, Broadband coverage in Europe studi

36、es. 3.2 Fixed broadband take-up Although fixed broadband is available to 97% of EU households, 22% of households do not have such a subscription. Growth in take-up has been steady over the last 6 years, up from 67% to 78%. (12) This indicator measures the average of mobile telecom operators coverage

37、 within each country. Digital Economy and Society Index 2020 Thematic chapters 27 Figure 20 Households with a fixed broadband subscription in the EU (% of households), 2012-2019 Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in Households and by Individuals. Take-up rates ranged from only 57% to 98

38、%. The Netherlands, the UK, Luxembourg and Germany registered the highest take-up rates, while Finland, Bulgaria, Italy, Poland and Latvia had the lowest. The relatively low take-up rates in Finland, Italy, Poland and Latvia may partly be due to fixed-mobile substitution(13). Figure 21 Households wi

39、th a fixed broadband subscription (% of households), 2019 Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in Households and by Individuals. There is a substantial gap between urban and rural fixed broadband penetration rates. This gap remained almost the same in 9 years, standing at 16 percentage po

40、ints in 2010 and at 14.6 percentage points in 2019. 68% of rural households in the EU had a fixed broadband subscription in 2019. The Netherlands, the UK and Luxembourg registered the highest figures, while in Bulgaria and Finland less than half of rural households subscribed. (13) See in sub-chapte

41、r “3.3. Mobile broadband take-up” below “Figure Error! Main Document Only. Households using only mobile broadband at home (% of households), 2019” and related description. Digital Economy and Society Index 2020 Thematic chapters 28 In the Netherlands, the UK, Luxembourg, Germany, Denmark, Sweden and

42、 Belgium, urban and rural penetration rates are identical or almost identical. However, in a large group of Member States (Bulgaria, Finland, Latvia, Romania, Italy, Poland, Lithuania, Malta, Portugal, Greece, France and Spain), fixed rural take-up is relatively low (below 63%) and there are signifi

43、cant gaps of 12-30 percentage points between urban and rural take-up. Figure 22 Households with a fixed broadband subscription of at least 100 Mbps (% of households) 2012 2019 Source: Estimated based on Eurostats “Community survey on ICT usage in Households and by Individuals” and data from the Communications Committee (COCOM). The Digital Agenda for Europe set the objective of at least 50% of households subscribing to ultrafast broadband by the end of 2020. In